(MAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1.1 


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mm 

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122 
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Fhotograjiiic 

Sciences 

CarpaFadon 


\\ 


SI  WIST  MUM  STNIT 
VMMTN.N.V.  l4StO 

(71*)I71^>0S 


\ 


;\ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Inatituta  for  Hiatorical  Microraproductiona  /  Inatitut  Canadian  da  microraproductiona  hiatoriquaa 


\ 


Tcehnical  and  BlbNofraphie  NotM/NoiM  taehniquM  m  bibUographiqiiM 


TIm  InstHuM  Imw  flttwnpMd  to  oteflw  tlw  bMt 
original  copy  avoNoMo  for  filmln«.  Fotwaa  off  thla 
eopv  wMeh  may  bo  MbHograpMeaNy  unlquo. 
wMeh  may  altar  any  off  tha  Imagaa  In  tha 
raprodwetion,  or  wMch  may  algnlffieantly  ehanga 
tha  uaual  mathod  off  ffllmtng,  aia  chaekad  balow. 


□   Colourad  eovara/ 
^kMivartura  da  coulaur 

I — I  Covara  damagad/ 


D 


D 
0 


D 


0 


Couvartura  andommagAa 

Covars  rattorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  raatauria  at/ou  pallicuMa 


pn  Covar  titia  miaaing/ 


La  titra  da  couvartura  manqua 


I — I   Colourad  map*/ 


Carta*  gAographiquat  an  coulaur 


□   Colourad  ink  (i.a.  othar  than  blua  or  black)/ 
incra  da  coulaur  (i.a.  autra  qua  blaua  ou  noira) 

I — I  Colourad  plataa  and/or  illuatrationa/ 


Planchaa  at/ou  illuatrationa  1%  coulaur 

Bound  with  othar  matarial/ 
Rali4  avac  d'autraa  documanta 

Tight  binding  may  causa  shadows  or  distortion 
along  Intarior  margin/ 

La  r«  iiura  sarrte  paut  causar  da  i'ombra  ou  da  ia 
distortion  ia  long  da  ia  marga  intAriaura 

Blank  laavas  addad  during  rastoration  may 
appaar  within  tha  taxt.  Whanavar  possibla.  thasa 
hava  baan  omittad  from  filming/ 
II  sa  paut  qua  cartainas  pagas  blanchas  ajoutias 
iors  d'una  rastauration  apparaiaaant  dana  la  taxta, 
mais,  loraqua  cala  Atait  poaaibia,  cas  pagaa  n'ont 
pas  4t«  fiim4as. 


L'Inatitut  a  mieroffMm*  la  maWaur  asamplaira 
quii  hil  a  At*  poaaibia  da  aa  procurer.  Las  details 
da  oet  axampteira  qui  sont  pout-#tra  unlquaa  du 
point  do  vua  MbNographiqua,  qui  pauvant  modif iar 
una  imaga  raproduHa,  ou  qui  pauvant  axigar  una 
modifflcatkMit  dana  la  mMioda  normaia  da  f  Umaga 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dossous. 


D 


Colourad  pagas/ 
Pagaa  da  coulaur 


r~1   Pagaa  damagad/ 


Pagas  andommagAas 

Pagas  rastorad  and/oi 

Pagas  raataurAas  at/ou  palliculAas 

Pagas  discotourad,  stainad  or  foxai 
Pagas  dAcoiorAas.  tachetAas  ou  piquAas 

Pagas  datachad/ 
Pagas  dAtachAat 

Bhowthrough/ 
Transparanca 

Quality  of  prir 

QualitA  inAgala  da  I'imprassion 

Includas  supplamantary  matarii 
Comprand  du  matArial  supplAmantaira 

Only  adition  availabia/ 
Saula  Adition  disponibki 


pn  Pagas  rastorad  and/or  laminatad/ 

Fyl  Pagas  discotourad,  stainad  or  foxad/ 

I     I  Pagas  datachad/ 

r~pt  Bhowthrough/ 

I     I  Quality  of  print  varias/ 

rn  Includas  supplamantary  matarial/ 

r~|  Only  adition  availabia/ 


P 
o 
fi 


O 

b4 
th 


oi 
ffii 
all 
or 


D 


Pagaa  wholly  or  partially  obscurad  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc..  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Lea  pagas  totalement  ou  partieliement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuiilet  d'arreta,  una  palure. 
etc..  ont  At  A  fiimAes  A  nouveau  da  fa^on  A 
obtanir  ia  meilleure  image  possible. 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppiAmentalres: 


IrrttMlsr  psfinstion:  (il-xii.  (91- 


Tl 
sh 
Tl 


M 

d 

be 
rifl 
rm 
m« 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  fHmA  au  taux  da  rAductton  indiquA  ci-doeeous. 


10X 

14X 

1BX 

ax 

MX 

30X 

7 

12X 

itx 

aox 

MX 

ax 

3IX 

TlM  copy  fHiiMd  bmim  hmb^mt  raproducMl  thanks 
to  tho  gonorocity  of: 

Notional  Library  of  Canada 


L'axamplairo  fNmA  fut  roproduit  grAea  A  la 
9An4roait«  do: 

BibNothAquo  nationala  du  Canada 


Tho  imagaa  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  batt  quality 
poMlblo  conaidoring  tho  condition  and  lagibMity 
of  tho  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spocifications. 


Original  copies  in  printod  papar  covers  ara  flimad 
beginning  with  tha  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  Ail 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustreted  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  lest  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustreted  impresston. 


Lee  Imagee  suhrentee  ont  AtA  reproduKee  evec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compto  tenu  do  le  condition  et 
do  le  nettetA  do  rexempleire  filmA.  et  en 
conformitA  evec  les  conditions  du  contrat  da 
filmage. 

Lee  exemplelres  orlglneux  dont  le  couverture  en 
papier  est  ImprimAo  sent  filmAs  en  commen^nt 
per  le  premier  plot  et  en  terminent  soit  per  la 
damlAre  pege  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impreesion  ou  d'iNustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  oakm  le  cos.  Tous  les  eutres  exempleires 
originaux  sent  fllmAs  en  common^ent  per  le 
promlAre  pege  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impreesion  ou  d'lllustretion  et  en  terminent  par 
la  demlAre  pege  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^-  (mooning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  ▼  (mooning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  dos  symboles  suhrents  apparattra  sur  la 
dernlAre  imege  do  cheque  microfiche,  sslon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  -^  signifie  "A  8UIVRE",  le 
symbole  y  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  stc,  may  be  filmed  et 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  ierge  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  ere  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  msny  frames  es 
rsquirad.  Ths  following  diegrsms  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  plenches.  tableeux.  etc..  pouvent  Atre 
filmAe  A  dee  teux  do  rAduction  dlffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grend  pour  Atre 
roproduit  en  un  soul  cllchA.  11  est  filmA  A  partir 
da  I'angie  supArieur  gauche,  do  geuche  A  droite. 
et  do  heut  en  bos.  en  prenant  la  nombre 
d'imeges  nAcesscirs.  Lee  diagremmee  suivsnts 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

S 

6 

'i  ■«    ■* 


\: 


TRK 


HISTORY 


( 


or   TBI 


STATE  OF  MAIl^E; 


FROM 


ITS  FIRST  DISCOVERY,  A.  D.  160«, 


TO 


THE  SEPARATION,  A.  D.  ISao,  INCLUSIVE 


By  WILLIAM  D.  WILLIAMSON. 


IN  TWO  VOLUMES. 


VOL.  I. 


GLAZIER,  MASTERS  *  CO. 
1888. 


pin 


163019 


)^ULfAM SO/^ ^   ^'O^ 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1832,  by 
William  D.  Williamson,  in  tlie  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District 
Court  of  Maine. 


PREFACE. 


An  authentic  History  of  this  State  has  been  long  and  much  de- 
fiired.  Maine  is  a  corner-pillar  in  the  American  Republic.  Its  ter- 
ritory equals  one  half  of  New- England, — its  natural  resources  are 
great  and  various — its  climate  is  good — its  population  now  consider- 
ably exceeds  400,000, — and  only  two  individual  States  have  a 
greater  extent  of  seaboard  or  more  shipping.  Several  settlements 
have  existed  within  its  limits,  more  than  two  centuries ;  through 
which  period,  as  plantations  have  spread  and  multiplied,  it  has  been 
the  destiny  of  successive  generations  to  struggle  with  wars  and 
difficulties  reiterated  and  uncommon,  and  to  wade  through  suffer- 
ings deep  and  indescribable.  The  last  age,  however,  particularly 
since  the  American  Revolution,  has  been  a  period  of  remarkable 
prosperity,  apparent  in  the  improvements,  wealth  and  numbers  of 
the  people. 

To  present,  in  a  general  historic  view  of  such  a  State,  the  cir- 
cumstantial details  of  facts  and  events,  so  as  to  meet  with  universal 
acceptance,  cannot  be  anticipated.  Approbation,  or  censure,  often 
springs  from  the  motive  of  perusal ;  nay,  what  aifords  entertainment 
to  one,  may  be  more  than  toil  to  another.  All  are  never  equally 
pleased  with  the  same  repast,  for  men  as  often  differ  in  taste  and 
opinion,  as  in  feature  and  character. — As  to  parts  and  arrangement, 
it  is  presumed  the  Introductory  Sections  need  no  apology  for  their 
length,  as  they  give  a  history  of  nature,  little  less  entertaining  than 
that  of  culture  and  society.  Should  any  one  raise  objections  to  the 
long  Narratives  of  Indian  Wars  interspersed,  it  is  believed,  he  must, 
on  reflection  and  review,  be  fully  convinced,  that  any  considerable 
abridgement  of  them  would  occasion  an  unsatisfying  void ; — so 
much  have  the  fortune  and  fate  of  the  country,  depended  upon  the 
amity  or  hostilities  of  the  natives.  Nor  by  any  means  could  the 
early  history  of  this  State  possess  the  attribute  of  perspicuity,  with- 
out frequent  allusions  to  the  annals  of  Nova  Scotia ;  as  the  po- 
litical affairs  and  current  events  in  that  Province,  and  in  the  east- 
ern parts  of  Sagadahock,  were  for  a  century,  blended  too  entirely 
and  perpetually,  to  be  kept  separate  and  distinct.  The  topographi- 
cal notes  upon  Towns  contain  facts  which  could  not  with  propriety 
be  incorporated  with  the  text,  and  yet  were  thought  too  valuable  to 


PREFACE. 


•  i 


5  r 


be  loat ;  for  descriptions  of  these  municipalities  are  not  only  in* 
Ceresting  to  their  respective  inhabitants, — they  are  collectively  the 
local  chronicles  of  the  State  itself. 

This  production,  though  it  has  co&t  the  Compiler  many  years' 
unremitting  labor,  is  presented  to  an  enlightened  community,  with 
great  diffidence  :  For  he  is  sufficiently  aware,  that  the  arrangement, 
the  style  and  the  correctness,  arc  to  pass  in  review  before  many  in- 
vidious bystanders,  disposed  to  censure  rather  than  to  commend ; 
while  the  more  alloyed  parts  are  to  be  severely  tested  in  the  crucible 
of  the  critic.  Nor  perhaps  ought  any  one  in  the  present  age  to  ex- 
pect a  better  destiny,  who  relates  facts  for  the  public  eye, — designed 
for  the  perusal  of  all  classes,  under  the  responsibility  of  his  name. 
The  Historian,  in  short,  is  the  devoted  recorder  of  truth  ;  authentic 
annals  are  his  stories ;  and  facts  monumental  as  marble  are  the  only 
materials  allowed  in  his  employment.  It  is  a  departure  from  duty 
and  an  imposition  upon  his  readers,  to  give  reins  to  his  imagina- 
tion and  freedom  to  his  pen — permitting  them  to  play  with  figures, 
flowers  and  phantoms  in  the  fields  of  fancy. 

The  Compiler's  research  for  materials  has  been  thorough,  in  the 
Libraries  of  the  Capitol  at  Wasliington,  the  Boston  Athcnaium,  the 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  and  the  Massachusetts' 
Historical  Society.  He  has  also  made  extracts  from  more  than 
twenty  volumes  of  the  Massachusetts'  Public  R-ecords,  and  from  let- 
ters of  15U  correspondents,  residing  in  different  parts  of  the  State, 
The  works  of  the  oldest  and  best  Authors  have  been  carefully  con- 
sulted ; — a  list  of  whose  names  will  be  submitted. — Availing  himself 
of  all  these  and  some  other  sources  of  information,  he  has  written, 
with  great  care  and  assiduity,  a  General  History  of  the  State  ;  and 
the  Public  will  deterniine,  whether  any  expression  appears,  inconsis- 
tent with  what  is  chaste  and  correct  in  religion,  sentiment  or  fact, — 
or  whether  such  an  amount  and  variety  of  matter,  distributed 
through  a  period  of  200  years,  could  have  been  judiciously  com- 
pressed within  a  narrower  compass.  The  plan  chosen  may  not  have 
been  the  best ;  for  like  surveyors  and  settlers  in  all  new  Countries, 
he  has  bjen  obliged  to  traverse  an  unexplored  region,  where  the 
footsteps  of  no  predecessor  to  any  considerable  extent  could  be 
traced.  Should  the  work  possess  the  humble  merit  of  being  a  useful 
compilation,  he  will  not  have  labored  in  vain ;  for  man  subserves 
the  purposes  of  his  moral  cxistenre,  when  he  does  what  is  a  real 
benefit  to  his  Country. 

Bangor,  if  arch  1S33, 


A 

A 


only   in- 
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ly   years' 
ity,  with 
igcment, 
many  in« 
)mmend ; 
;  crucible 
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-designed 
lis  name, 
authentic 
e  the  only 
Tom  duty 
imagina- 
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sachusetts' 
more  than 
d  from  let- 
the  State, 
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|s  written, 
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istributed 
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not  have 
iountries, 
here   the 
could   be 
g  a  useful 
[subserves 
is  a  real 


LI§T  OF  AUTHORS  CITED  IN  THIS  HISTORY. 


Allen  ;\Villiam)  Dingrapliical  and  Historical  Dictionary,  od.  1809. 

American  and  British  Cliroiiicle  of  War  and  I'olitici,  from  A.  D.  1773  to  17*3. 

Annual  Register  from  A.  1>.  177t>  to  1782. 

B. 
Barton  (Bcnj.  S.)  New  Views,  &.C.  of  the  Tribes  in  Amrrica. 
Belknap  (Jeremy)  History  of  New-Hampshire,  3  vols. 

American  Biography,  2  vols.  ed.  1694-S. 
Bigclow  (Jacob)  American  Medical  Botany,  3  vols.  ed.  1817. 
Bouchctte  (Joseph)  Topographical  Description,  d:c.  of  Canada,  ed.  1815. 
Bradford  (Alden)  History  of  Massacliusetts,  2  vols,  ed   1822. 
British  Dominions  in  North  America,  from  A.  D.  14!)7  to  1763,  ed.  1773. 
British  Empire  in  .\mcrica,  3  vols.     [J.  Oldmixon.] 

C. 
Chalmers  (George)  Political  Annals  of  the  United  Colonies  to  A.  D.  1686,  ed.  1780, 4to. 
Charlevoix  fPere  de)  Hiftorio  et  Disc.  Gen.  <ie  la  Neuville  France,   &.c.  from  A.  D. 
1j04  to  1731.  G  vols.  12mo.  Paris  cJ.  1744.    [In  4th  vol.  plates  and 
dcscri/.tion  of  90  plants.     See  remark  in  vol.  5  upon  M.  L'Escarbot,  S. 
Champlain,  J.  de  Lact,  M.  Denys  and  Baron  la  Hontaii,  as  authors.] 
"  "        Travels  in  North  America,  ed.  1763. 

Champlain  (SicCir  de)  Voyages,  &,c.  dc  la  Canada,  [from  1603  to  1629,]  Paris  ed.  1632. 
Church  (Benjamin,)  5  Expeditions  Eastward,  in  second  Indian  War. 
Cleaveland  (Parker)  Treatise  on  Mineralogy  and  Geology. 

C«11ections  of  Mass.  Historical  .Society,  10  vols. — 2d  series,  5  vols. — 3d  series,  3  vols. 
Messrs.  Farmer  it  Moore,  New-Hampshire,  2  vols. 
New-Hampshire  Historical  Society,  2  vols,  [for  1824-6.] 
Maine  Historical  Society,  ed.  1832. 
D. 
Denys  (M.)  Geog.  and  Hist.  Description  of  North  America,  and  Natural  Tlistory  of  tho 

country,  2  vols. 
Delaplaine  (Joseph)  Repository — Biograpli,  of  American  CharRCt«»s,  with  plates. 
Douglass  (William)  Summary,  of  British  Settlements  in  North  A:  •   ':»,  2  vols.  ed.  1749. 

E. 
Edwards  (Dr.  Jonathan)  Observations,  &.c.  on  the  Muhhekaneew  Indians,  ed.  1786. 
Eliot  (Juhn)  Biographical  Dictionary,  ed.  1809. 
European  Settlements  (Account  of)  in  America,  ed.  17C0. 

F. 
Folsom  (George)  History  of  Saco  and  Biddeford,  ed.  1830. 

G. 
Gordon  (William)  History  of  tlie  United  .States,  3  vols.  ed.  1780. 
Grecnlcaf  (Moses)  Survey  of  the  State  nf  Maine,  Statistics,  ^c.  ed   1829. 

(Jonathan)  Sketches  of  the  F>:clesiastical  History  of  Maine,  ed.  1921. 
Gorges  (Ferdinando)  Description  of  New-England,  ed.  1059. 

11. 
Halliburton's  History  of  Nova  Scotia,  2  vols. 
Haiard  (Ebenezer)  Historical  Collections, 2  vols.  4to.  ed.  1792-4. 
Heckewelder(John)  Writings  as  to  the  Indians,  &,c.  A.  Phil.  Soc.  Philadei.  ed.  U\9. 
Holmes  (Abiel)  American  Annals,  2  vols. 


VI 


LIST  f)F  AUTHORS. 


ill 


H 


llulibflrd  (William)  Gtiieral  History  of  New-F:iiglan(l,  ed.  18I.S. 

Narrative  of  the  Indian  Wars,  4c.  A.  I).  1G07— 77,  Worce*.  ed.  1801 . 
HutchinKii.  (Thomaii)  History  of  Maisacliusettb,  2  vols.  ed.  1795. 
Collection  of  State  Papers,  ed.  1769. 

J. 
Jeffreya  (Thomas)  History  of  tlie  French  Doniininns  iii  .N.  if  S.  Amer.  ed.  17(50,  folio. 
JoKelyn  (John)  Account  of  livo  VoyagCb  to  New-England,  ed.  167-1. 

L. 
Laei  (John  de)  Novui  Orbis,  sen  Des.  in.  Occ.  f>d.  1G33. 
La  Hontan  (Baron)  New  Voyages  to  America,  id  cd.  1705,  3d  ed.  1735. 

Letters,  from  160J  to  169C,  2  vols. 
Laws  of  Massachusetts,  Colonial,  I'rovincial, — State,  General  and  Special,  and  Char- 
ters, 10  vols. 
L'Escarboi  (Mark)  History,  8vo.  A.  D.  1609. 

M. 

Mather  (Cotton)  Magnalia,  or  History  of  New-England,  2  vols.  Hartford  ed.  1820. 

Memoirs  of  the  War,  Ac.  from  A.  D.  1744  to  1748, Treaty  of  Aix  laChapelle,  cd.  1758. 

Minot  (George  R)  Continuation  of  the  History  of  Massachusetts,  3  vols. 

Moll  (Herman)  Geography,  3d.  ed.  1709. 

Morse  (Jedidiah)  American  Universal  (Jcography. 

Morton  (Nathaniel)  New-England  Memorial,  cd.  1772. 

N. 
Neal  (Daniel)  History  of  New-England,  ed.  1742. 

O. 

Ogilby  (John)  America  ;  or  Description  of  the  New  World,  London  ed.  1671,  folio. 

P. 
Palairet  (John)  Description  of  thcEnglisli  and  French  Possessions  in  N.  A.  ed.  1755. 
Fenhallow  (Samuel)  History  of  the  Indian  Wars,  A.  D.  1703  to  1713. 
Prince  (Thomas)  Chronological  History  of  New-Fhigland,  ed.  1736. 
Purchas  (Samue!)  Pilgrimage. 

R. 
Records,  Resolves,  and  Journals  vtf  Massachusetts  Government,  30  voli. 
Remembrancer,  from  1775  to  1784. 
Reynal  (Abbe)  Historic  Phil,  el  I'ol.  ^c.  5  and  6  Tome,  ed.  Hague,  1774.     Translated 

cd.  1732. 
Rouchefoucault  Liancourt  (Duke  de  la)  in  United  States  and  Canada,  1795-7. 
Rogers  (Robert)  concise  account  of  .North  America,  1  vol. 

S. 
Sketches  of  New  Brunswick.     [Cliubb  and  Sears]  ed.  1825. 
Smith  (John)  History  of  North  and  South  Virginia. 

(Thomas)  Journal  of  Falmouth,  ^-c.  A.  D.  1720  to  1787,  ed.  1821. 
Sullivan  (James)  History  of  the  District  of  Maine,  ed.  1795. 

T. 
Trumbull  (Benjamin)  IFistory  of  Connecticut, 2  vols.  ed.  18in. 
(Henry)  History  of  the  Indian  Wars,  ed.  1819. 

U. 
Universal  history,— vols.  39,  40, 41,  cd.  17fi3"4. 

W. 
Willis  (William)  History  of  Portland. 
Williams  (Samuci)  History  of  Vermont,  2  vols.  ed.  1809. 
Winliirop  (John)  Journal  from  1G30  to  1(545,  cd.  1790. 
Wynne's  History  of  the  British  Empire  in  America  to  1763,  2  vols. 

Y, 
Young  (W.  A.)  History  of  North  and  South  America,  2  vols.  12mo. 


Iff 


Hi' 


CONTENTS  OP  VOL.  I. 


.    Tranilated 


A.  D. 

1602-3. 
1603-4. 

1605. 
1606. 
1607-8. 


INTRODUCTION.  Page  10  to  182. 

Sec.  1.  The  limits  of  the  Htatc  ;  2d,  its  Qeot^raphy  ;  Sd,  its  Climate  ; 
4lh,  its  Vegetable  ProdtictioDS ;  5tb,  iu  Native  Animals;  and  6th,  its  Min- 
•rals. 

CHAPTER  I.  p.  183—203. 

Goanold's  and  Print's  voyages  to  this  country. 

De  Monts'  Patent  of  Acadia,  and  hisi  visits  to  St.  Croix. 

Weymouth^  Chalons'  and  Hanham's  voyages  to  our  coasts. 

North  and  South  Virginia  Patent  granted. 

Sagadahock  Colony  commenced  and  terminated. 

CHAPTER  II.  p.  204—219. 

1609-lC.  French  settlements  at  Port  lloyal,  Quebec  and  Mount  Desert.— 

South  Virginia    aud  Newfoundland   plantations.      K.   Vines' 

visits  to  Saco  river. 
1611-12.  Voyages  of  Argal,  Bomers  and  llarlotv  noticed. 

1613.  Eastern  French  subdued  by  Argal. 

1614.  Smith's  and  Ilunt'ti  visits  at  Sagadahock.    Smith's  Map  aud  His- 

tory of  New-England. 

1615.  Attempts  to  effect  settlements  in  Maine. 

1015-18.  Wars,  famine  and  plague  among  the  Indians  of  New-England. 
1617-19.  The  designs  of  Vines,  Smith,  Rocroft  and  Dermer,  to  effect 
plantations,  unsuccessful. 
New-Plymouth  Colony  planted. 

CHAPTER  III.  p.  220—244. 

The  Council  of  Plymouth,  in  England,  established,  and  the  Orand 

Patent  granted. 
Mariana,  Nova  Scotia,  Laconia— Patents  granted.    Monhegan 

peopled. 
Saco,  ?ta  -Hampshire,  Sagadahock,  and  Pemaquid  settled.    Rob- 
ert Gorges,  Governor  of  New-England,  arrives.     Sir  Ferdi- 

nando  defends  the  Grand  Patent. 
Settlement  of  Agamenticus  and  patents  there. 
King  Charles*  marriage  with  a  French  Princess, — the  occasion  of 

subsequent  evils  to  this  country. 
Monhegan  purchased  by  Elbridgc  and  Aldsworth.    Trading  bonse 

at  Penobscot  erected. 
Kenncbeck  and  Massachusetts'  Patents  granted ;  the  Kirks  take 

Canada. 
1629-30.  New-Hampshire— Cammock's — Kenncbeck — Saco — Lygonia  and 

Muscongus  Patents  obtained  from  the  Plymouth  Council. 
1631.       Pemaquid  Patent  granted— settlements  on  the  Eastern  coasts. 


1620. 


1620. 


1621-2. 


1623. 


1624. 
I62S. 

1626. 

1627-8. 


■M 


I    . 


(    1 


nil  CONTENTS. 

A.  D.  CHAPTER  IV.  Page  245—260. 

1631-2.     La  Tour'i  claim.     Treaty  of  8t.  Germaini.    '<  Acadia"  rciifn«d 

to  France.     Razilia  take*  postewion.     Plunder  of  Penobscot 

trading-house. 
16SS.        French  grants  to  Rarilla  and  la  Tour.     Machias  trading-bouse 

plundered. 

1684.  Difficulties  with  the  Indians  and  with  Dixj  Bull  and  other  pirates. 
1639.        The  Grand  Patent  divided  into  12  Provinces,  and  the  Charter 

resigned.     Lords  Commissioners  of  Plantations  appointed — Sir 
Ferdinando  Gorges  nominated  Governor  of  iNcw-Eogland. 

CHAPTER  V.  p.  261—271. 

1685.  Extent  and  right  of  the  French  claim  to  Penobscot  examined. 

1686.  New  Somersetshire  established. — William  Gorges,  its  Governor, 

arrives,  forms  an  administration,  and  holds  Courts.      Nine  set- 
tlements between  Piacataqua  and  Penobscot. 
1687-8.     Governor  Gorges  returns  home.      Pequods  subdued.    Sir  Ferdi- 
nando appointed  Governor  General  of  Ncw-England.     G.  Bur- 
dct.     An  earthquake. 

CHAPTER  VI.  p.  272— a06. 

1689-40.  Gorges  obtains  a  Charter  of  the  Province  of  Maine.  He  in- 
stitutes a  government  there.  The  administration  and  ofEcers, 
under  Thomas  Gorges,  Governor.  Origin  of  York  and  Somer- 
set counties  or  divisions. 

1641-2.  Agamenlicus  made  a  Borough — raised  to  a  City.  New-Hamp- 
shire and  Pejcpscot  unite  with  Massachusetts.  The  Isles  of 
Shoals  revolt.     The  British  Commons  favor  New-England. 

1643.  Confederacy  of  4  Colonics.  Wells  settled.  Alexander  Rigbj 
purchases  Lygonia,  and  appoints  G.  Cleaves  his  Deputy-Presi- 
dent. 

I644-.5.  Cleaves  calls  a  Court,  and  contends  for  jurisdiction  with  the  Gov- 
ernment under  Gorges — now  administered  by  R.  Vines  and  a 
Council. 

1648.  Decision  in  favor  of  Rigby's  claim.  Cleaves  opens  a  Court  at 
Saco.  The  administration  under  Gorges'  Charter  revised ;  and 
Edward  Godfrey  elected  Governor. 

1647.        Kittery  made  a  town.    Death  and  character  of  Sir  F.  Gorges. 

CHAPTER  VII.  p.  307—324. 

1635-40.  Death  of  Razilia.    La  Tour  settled  at  St.  John's,  and  d'AuIney 

at  'Biguyduce.     Their  contentions. 
1641-3.    La  Tour  applies  for  help  to  Massachusetts.      The  rivals  among 

the  eastern  settlers.    D'Aulney  affronted  with  the  English. 
1644-6.    He  negotiates  with  Massachusetts.     His  attack  on  la  Tour's  fort 

repulsed  by  his  wife.    His  treaty  with  Massachusetts. 
1647.        He  captures  la  Tour's  fort  at  St.  John's.    Death  of  la  Tour's  wife. 
1648-9.     His  villainy  and  absence.    A  political  view  of  the  natives. 
1650-2.    D'Aulney  dies; — and  la  Tour  returns  and  marries  his  widow. 

The  English  missionaries  and  French  settlements. 


CXWTCNTS. 


IX 


A.  D.  CHAPTER  VIII.  page  325—333. 

1647-8.    The   4   civil  division!   eastward, — viz.  Maine— Lvponia.—Saga- 

dahock,— Penobscot,— and  their  respective  c^ovcrnmcnts. 
I6S0-I.     Rijby's  death.    The  Drowne,  Brown  and  Tappan   Rights.     Ser- 

cral  f&lands  purchased  at  Sagadahock. — The  Cowicgan  Claim. 
CHAPTER  IX.  p.  334—357. 

1631-2.    Massachusetts  extends  Lcr  claim  eastward.      She  is  opposed  bj 

Gov.  Godfrey  and  his  adherents  in  Maine.      Edward   Kigby't 

mandatory  letter  to  tho  people  of  Lygonia. 

1652.  (,'ommissioners  appointed  by  Massachusetts  to  bring  the  people  of 

Mai>tk  under  her  jurisdiction.  Kittcry  and  Agamcnticns  sub* 
mit.  The  latter  made  a  town  by  the  name  of  York.  York* 
shire  established  and  Courts  of  justice  instituted. 

1653.  Kittery   and    York  first  represented  in  the  General  Court    at 

Boston.    Wells,  iiaco  and  Cape  Porpoise  submit.     Their  civil 

affairs.     Mass.  is  opposed  by  Cleaves  and  others  in  Lygonia. 

CHAPTER  X.  p.  358—364. 

1632-3.    The  Dutch  War.     View  of  the  Natives  and  the  eastern  French. 
1G94-5.     Reduction  of  Nova  Scotia  to  the  English  government,  by  the  oflS- 

ccrs  of  Lord  Cromwell ; — and  Temple  appointed  Governor. 
1656-7.    A  Charter  of  Nova  Scotia,  granted  by  the  Protector,  to  la  Tour, 

Temple  and  Crown  jointly.     Mistakes  in  the  Charter  coi.  \iered. 

CHAPTER  XI.  p.  365—370. 

1650-3.    Affairs  at  Kennebeck  regulated  by  New-Plymouth. 

1654-5.    A  government  instituted  there,  by  her  Commissioner.      A  lease 

of  the  trade  there  for  seven  years 
1656-60.  All  attempts  to  revive  the  trade  unsuccessful. 
1661.        The  Kennebeck  Patent  sold  to  Bois  and  others,  for  j^400. 

CHAPTER  XII.  p.  371—386. 

1653-4.  The  government  and  laws  of  Massachusetts  transferred  to  the 
people  of  Maine.     Officers,  Courts  and  Militia. 

1640-60.  Code  of  statute  law.  Sectaries  assailed.  Crimes  and  punish* 
raents, — Education,  taxes  and  assessments,  reviewed. 

CHAPTER  XIII.  p.  387—397. 

I653-5-6.  Massachusetts  extends  her  patent  jurisdiction  to  Clapboard  IsU 
and  in  Casco  bay.  Maine  militia  formed  into  a  regiment.  Reg- 
ulations of  the  Indians  revised. 

1657-8.  Scarborough  and  Falmouth  submit  to  Massachusetts— are  made 
towns — and  become  a  part  of  Yorkshire. 

CHAPTER  XIV.  p.  398—411. 

1660.  Restoration  of  Charles  II.     Lygonia  lost,  and  New-Hampshire 

and  Maine  restored  to  their  respective  claimants. 

1661.  Isles  of  Shoals  formed  into  a  town,  under  the  name  of  Appledore. 
1662-3.     Revolntion  attempted  in  Maine  by  John  Archdale,  agent  of  Gor- 
ges.    Col.  Temple's  government  of  Nova  Scotia. 

1664.        Massachusetts  ordered  to  restore  Maine  to  Gorges.    Sagadahock 
Province  patented  to  the  Duke  of  York.    The  king  appoints 
Vol.  I.  2 


4X>flTCN1V. 


16M. 

IM7-S. 


I6«S. 


A.  D.  famr  Comminiraere,  to  rtctify  allain  and  wttlo  tNMbM 
throof boat  N«w-Enf  land. 

CHAPTER  XV.  page  413—430. 

1W4-S.    The  dispute  aboot  the  snrrcnder  or  Maine.    The  kioj't  Commis- 
■ionen  visit  tbo  Pronnce.    Tbey  forai  a  Judiciarj  of  eleren 
Joatices;— William  Philiipa  appointed  commandant  of  the  pro- 
rineial  militia.    Tbe  settlement  of  a  g^rernment  hj  tbe  Com^ 
'  raittionen  in  tbe  docal  Province  of  Sagadabock.    Their  ac- 

count of  the  country. 
Tbej  are  recalled.    War  with  France.  ''  ^ 

Treaty  of  Breda.  Nora  Scotia  resigned  to  the  French.  Admin- 
istration of  the  civil  affairs  in  Maine,  under  the  g;oremment  in- 
stituted by  the  Commissioners. 

CHAPTER  XVI.  p.  431—452. 

Massachusetts  resumes  tbe  govoroment  of  Maine.  Gov.  Nichols 
opposes  her.  He  is  succeeded  by  Gov.  Lovelace.  Tbe  contro- 
versy (in  July)  at  York,  between  her  Commissioners  and  the 
Provincial  Justices.  The  fcrmcr  prevail,  and  organize  the  af- 
fairs of  Yorkshire— also  appoint  Bryan  Pendleton,  Major-com- 
eaandant  of  the  militia. 

Affairs  of  Maine  settled.  Wars  between  the  Mohawks  and  N. 
England  Tr  ibes. 

Massachusetts,  under  a  new  survey  of  her  patent,  extends  ber 
jurisdiction  eastward  to  Penobscot  bar. 

Another  Duteb  war.— The  ducal  Gov.  neglects  Sagadahoek. 

Devonshire  established  by  Commissioners  firom  Massachusetts,  as 
a  new  County,  extending  from  Sagadahoek  to  Broad-bay.  Tbe 
oiBcers,  regulations,  militia,  courts  and  taxes.  The  Dnke, 
James,  takes  a  new  patent  of  Sagadahoek,  and  appoints  E.  An- 
droe,  Governor. 

1675.  King  Philip's  war  begins.    Militia  and  papulation  of  Maine. 

1676.  Project  of  tbe  Duke  of  Monmouth.    Gorges*  and  Mason's  olaima 

revived.    Randolph's  visit  and  representations.    Memorial  of 
Massachusetts. 

1677.  Tbe  Province  of  Maine  purchased  by  Massachusetts  for  j^ISSO. 

CHAPTER  XVII.  p.  453-462. 

101S-78.  Tbe  Aborigines.  The  Mohawks  and  tribes  of  New-England. 
Their  Dialects.  Indians  of  New-Hampshire.  Pauaconaway 
and  Rowles. 

CHAPTER  XVIII.  p.  463—483. 

ltlft-7S.  Tbe  Abenaques  and  Etechemina — the  two  great  aboriginal  peo- 
ple of  Maine,  embracing,  the  one  four,  and  the  other  three 
Tribes.    Their  names,  places  of  lesidence  and  their  numbers. 

CHAPTER  XIX.  p.  484—614. 

1615-7ft.  The  persons,  character,  habits  and  government  of  the  Natives. 
.  Their  wars  with  tiie  colonists.    Their  crimes,  cmploymentsv 
arts,  WBnsements,  kaowledge  and  laaguaf  o. 

.1  .i^y.- 


I6W-70. 

mi-t. 

itrs. 
ia74. 


ooffnaiTK 


ttMblai         »■ 

A.  D. 

'^1 

1«7». 

13—430.        B 

Commb-         |H 

of  eleren         ^H 

'  the  pro-         |H 

the  Conr>         IB 

Their  ac-         :^B 

1678. 

Admin-          |H 

■nment  in-          ;B 

31-452.         fl 

V.  NichoU          |B 

le  contro-           9K 

1877. 

1  and  tho            « 

ize  the  af-            9 

[ajor-com-          .^ 

csand  N.          9 

1878. 

tends  her          9 

'» 

1877-8 

pidahoek.          ;^| 

1879. 

hnsetta,  at          |H 

liay.    The           ^ 

1880. 

h«  Duke,             ^ 

ati  E.  An-        ^ 

[aine.                H 

>n'i  olaima         fl 

emorial  of        H 

18tl. 

or  £1S50.         ■ 

I88S. 

53-402.         9 

1683. 
1684. 

•Eng^Iand.         fl 

aconaway         H 

1888. 

63—483.         I 

final  peo-         B 

ler  three         fl 

niimbera.           9 

1870-3 

^1 

1874-8. 

34—614.        ■ 

1878. 

Nntivei.         ■ 

ilojrment^         ■ 

CHAPTER  XX.  pigeS15--45a 

KiBf  Pbilip'a  war.  Ita  eawea.  PnrohM*  faoM*  at  Pcjtpaeot 
plandered.  Wakely  and  hit  Tamily  at  Preaumpacot,  killed. 
Saeo  asaailed,  Searboroofh  burned,  and  NewioltawanBoek  at< 
attacked,  twice,  by  the  Indiana.  Death  of  Plaitted  and  his  sons. 
Affiura  at  Sagfadabock.  Shnrte'a  tmoe.  Depredations  at  8tar> 
g«oD-creek  and  in  Wells.    A  trace. 

Oenend  warrants  iMued  to  arrest  Indians.  A  parley  at  Tecon< 
net.  Death  of  kinff  Philip.  His  subjects  6f  to  Maine.  Thirty- 
fenr  people  killed  or  made  captire  at  Casca  Pfequasaet  [Wool- 
wich] and  Arrowsick,  nssailcd  and  burnt.  Penaquid  reduced 
to  ashes.  Skirmish  on  JewePs  Island.  The  troops  under  Wal- 
dron  and  Frost  meet  400  Indians  at  Dorcr.  The  sham-fig^f 
and  seiznre  of  them.  The  result.  Cape  Neddock  destroyed. 
Black-point  attacked.  A  vessel  and  crew  seized  at  Richmond** 
Island.    Mug^^'s  treaty  of  peace.    The  story  of  Cobbet. 

A  parley  and  skirmish  at  Mare-point.  A  bloody  affray  at  Pema- 
quid.  A  g'arrison  established  westward  of  Arrowsick.  Nine 
killed  there,  seven  in  York,  and  several  in  Wells.  Mngg  awails 
Black-point  ^.-irrison,  and  is  killed.  Tho  savages  kill  seven  and 
take  two  in  \trk  and  Wells.    The  g^ood  policy  of  Gov.  Androa. 

April  12,  Peace  with  the  Indians  at  Casco. 

CHAPTER  XXI.  p.  564—679. 

AffaiVs  of  Maine.     Andres,  Gov.  of  Now- York  and  Sagadahock. 

Last  session  of  the  Courts  in  Maine,  under  the  Colony  charter 
of  Massachusetts. 

Massachnsetts,  after  her  purchase  of  Maine,  assumes  the  charter 
of  Gorges.  Agents  appointed  to  establish  the  government  An 
opposition.  Randolph's  representations.  North-Yarmouth  made 
a  town.  A  form  of  government  established  and  Thomas  Dan- 
forth  appointed  President.  The  Provincial  Council  and  Gen- 
eral Assemblies  of  Maine. 

Articles  of  union  and  agreement,  adopted  by  Massachusetts.  Pro- 
vince Treasurer.  President's  powers.   Th«  Baptists  persecuted. 

Woodlands  first  taxed.    Grants  made. 

Pros.  Danforth  and  other  statesmen  prosecuted  by  Randolph. 

Tlie  Colonial  Charter  of  Massachusetts  vacated.  Wharton's  par- 
chase  of  Pejcpscot.    Danforth's  administration.  Indian  treaty. 

May, — New  administration  over  Massachnsetts,  Rhode  Island,' 
New-Hampshire  and  Maine,  under  President  Dudley  ;  who  was 
superseded,  December  20th,  by  E.  Andros. 

CHAPTER  XXIl.  p.  679—603. 

Nova  Scotia  neglected  by  the  French.   Their  claim  to  Penobscot. 
The  Dnich  seize  Penobscot— abandon  it.    Le  Bourg  affronted. 
Tho  Dutch  capture  the  French  garrison  at  Penobscot,  and  (he 
English  drive  them  away. 


CONTENT^!. 


,^i.^i^% 


1; 


,1 

I) 


I   I 


'm 


168ft-«. 


1688. 


.fcH^yr- 


1689. 


A.  D. 

1911-93.  The  mcMures  of  Gor.  Antlros  gt  Sagadahock.  He  U  succeeded 
by  Mr.  Dung^an,  Gor.  of  tliat  Provioco  and  New- York. 

Death  of  Charles  II.  and  accccsion  of  James  II.  who  reappoints 
Don; an,  Gor.  of  N.  York  and  Sagadahock.  His  measures  of  ad- 
ministration under  Palmer  and  West,  in  the  Duke's  Province. 

March, — Dungan  superseded  by  £.  Andros.  Commander-in-Chief 
over  New-England,  including  Sagadahock,  New- York  and  tho 
Jersies.  The  grievances  of  his  administration.  He  seizes  upon 
Penobscot,  and  orders  the  fort  at  Pemaquid  to  bo  rebuilt.  His 
eastern  expedition.  He  establishes  in  Sagadahock  and  Maine, 
eleven  garrisons  or  forts. 

April. — Gov.  Andrus  and  hi;,  adherents  seized  and  thrown  into 
prison.  A  Council  of  Safety  formed.  The  Gen.  Court  of  Mas- 
sachusetts convened  t:nder  th'  Colony  Charter.  James  II.  ab- 
dicates the  British  tlirone,  and  William  and  Mary  proclaimed. 
The  adminislration  of  President  Hanforth  reestablished  and  his 
Council  named.  The  command  of  tho  eastern  military  given  to 
Col.  Tyng  and  Maj.  Frost.    War  between  England  and  France. 

Conquest  of  Nova  Scotia  by  Sir  W.  Pbips.  Unfortunate  expedi- 
tion against  Canada.    First  paper  money  issued. 

Charter  of  William  and  Mary  granted— embracing  Massachusettif 

New-Plymoutli,  Maine  and  Sagadahock. 

CHAPTER  XXIII.  p.  004—650. 

King  William's  or  the  2d  Indian  War.  Its  causes.  The  Saga- 
mores mentioned.  North-Yarmouth  assailed.  New-Dartmouth 
and  Shccpscot  destroyed — also  Dover,  in  New-Hampthire. 

English  captives  first  sold  in  Canada.  Pemaquid  burnt.  1st  East. 
Expedition  of  Maj.  Church.    Defeats  the  enemy  at  Falmouth. 

Berwick  destroyed.  Falmouth  laid  waste.  The  garrisons  at  Pur- 
pooducU,  Spurwink  and  Scarborough,  retire  to  Saco,  and  thcnco 
to  Wells.    Church's  2d  E.  Expedition.    Visits  Androscoggin. 

Attacks  on  WoUs ;  and  Cape  Neddock  laid  in  ashes. 

Feb.^A  great  part  of  York  burnt.  Wells  attacked.  Church's 
8d  E.  Expedition.    Fort  William  Heary  erected  at  Pemaquid. 

A  stone  fort  built  at  Saco- falls.     A  truce. 

Attack  on  Kittcry.    Indians  seized  at  Saco  and  Pemaquid. 

A  parley  at  Rutherford's  Island— not  far  from  the  new  fort 

Jtdy. — Fort  William  Henry  surrendered  to  the  enemy  by  Chubb. 
Church's  4tli  E.  Expedition.  He  ascends  the  Penobscot,  then 
proceeds  to  i'assaniaquoddy  and  tho  bay  of  Fundy. 

Maj.  Frost  killed.    A  skirmish  at  Damariscotta.    Treaty  of  Rys- 
wick  negotiated. 
1698-0.    Indians  sue  for  peace.    Treaty  of  Maro-puint.     I^osscs. 

APPENDIX. 

No.  1 Patent  of  Acadia  to  i)e  Monts:      Nov.  8,  1608.  Page  651 

t Patent  of  Nora  Scotia  to  Sir  W.  Alexander.     Sept.  10,  1681.    65ft 

a.~N«rrative  of  Mrs.  Hannah  Swarton's  Capttrity,  1690-ft.  657 


1690. 


1691. 


1688. 


1689. 


1690. 


1691. 
1691 

1698. 
1694. 
1695. 
1096. 


1697. 


?fc»irJ<wf 


fti^ 


Uviccecdcd 
ork. 
D  reappoints 
asures  of  ad- 
'«  Province. 
ider-in-Cliicf 
fork  and  Iho 
e  seizes  upon 
rebuilt.  His 
k.  and  Maine, 

thrown  into 
.'ourt  of  Mas- 
James  II.  ab- 
y  proclaimed, 
jibbed  and  his 
itary  given  to 
i  and  France. 
Lunate  expcdi- 

^assachusetts, 

p.  004— fiSO. 

I.     The  Saga- 
lew-DarlmoutU 

pahirc. 
irnt.    IstEasU 
at  Falmouth, 
rrisons  at  Pur- 
ee, and  thence 
idroscoggin. 

cd.    Church's 
at  Pcmaqutd. 

maquid. 
ew  fort 
tmy  by  Chubb, 
nobscot,  then 

treaty  of  Ilys- 

[)RSCI. 

Page  651 

|10,  16S1.    Mft 

I.  «B7 


<?-.f 


':#-:f5;' 


..■•tt' 


INTRODUCTION. 


GEOGRAPHY  AND  NATURAL  HISTORT  OF  MAINE. 

In  perusing  the  History  of  a  country,  it  is  desirable  to  have  a 
previous  acquaintance  with  its  geography  and  natural  productions. 
A  view,  therefore,  is  now  to  be  taken  of  this  State  under  the  fol- 
lowing arrangement  of  particulars  >—  :        .      !,, .   ,  ' 

Sec.  I.  The  situation,  extent  and  boundaries  of  Maine.  ' . 
II.  The  face  of  the  country,  seacoast,  rivers,  rooiuattini 

>  y       i'        ; 

and  soils. 
m.  The  air,  climate  and  seasons. 
IV.  Tlie  natural  growths — trees,  shrubs,  plants^  roots  imd 

vmes. 
V.  The  native  animals — beasts,  birds,  fishes,  vermes,  rep- 
tiles, and  insects. 
VI.  Minerals. 
Our  remarks  upon  these  sev^eral  subjects  are  intended  to  rdate 
exclusively  to  this  State ;  and  in  exploring  such  difficult  and  un- 
trodden grounds,  facts  and  fidelity,  without  perfect  descriptions, 
are  all  which  ou|^t  reasonably  to  be  expected. 


rfj  •*  II  »**'  i.*^  **^> 


d 


H» 


i*^A 


tf-i$  n  b'vi»^Aitt9  ~ 


SECTION  I. 
Situation,  extent  and  boundariHt, 
The  state  of  Maine  is  situated  between  43°  4'  and  48°  6'  nortli 
latitude;  and  66'  60  and  70*  53  west  longitude  from  London ^Lstiimht sad 
or  between  6^  16',  and  10'  18',  east  longitude  fi-om  the  capitol    -   ""^ 
at  Washington.* 


*  Maine  was  called  •VavMAm  or  Mavooihen,  by  anciant  voyagtrs  and 
writers.  In  Purcbas*  Pilgrims,  Mr.  ilakluyt  describes  it  to  be**  acoinitry 
lying  to  the  north  and  east  of  Virginia,  between  the  degrees  of  4S  and  4>. 
It  is  40  leagues  broad  and  60  in  length,  lying  in  breadth  cast  and  west  and 
in  length  north  and  south.  It  is  bordered  on  the  east  side  with  a  country, 
the  people  whereof  they  call  Tarrantines ;  on  the  west  with  Ephistoma ; 
on  the  north  with  a  great  wood,  called  Senagiecouna  ;  and  on  tb«  soatb 
with  the  main  ocean,  sea,  and  many  islands.  In  Mivoosben  it  seemeth 
I  there  are  nine  rivers— the  wasteronaost  of  which  is  Shawacotoc  [Bace]. 
Vol    I.  a 


10 


BOUNDARIES  AND  EXTENT 


I. 

■  I 

I 


In 


Arat. 


[TlVTRODUC. 

The  southwesterly  extremity  of  the  State  is  Kittery  point,  on 
the  eastern  bank  of  Piscataqua  river  at  its  mouth,  in  latitude  43* 
4'  and  in  longitude  78  34  west  from  London.  Its  westera  line 
from  that  point,  which  separates  it  from  New-Hampshire,  is  148 
miles  in  length ;  its  northern  line,  which  divides  it  from  Canada, 
is  about  290  miles  long,  in  a  direct  course ;  its  eastern  line,  be- 
ginning at  West>Quoddy-head,  the  southeastwardly  comer  of  the 
State,  in  latitude  44^  43  north,  and  in  longitude  66"  50'  east 
from  London,  and  extending  thence  to  the  nortlieast  corner  of 
the  State,  is  about  234  miles  long,  and  divides  Maine  from  New- 
Brunswick.  Its  southerly  line  from  Kittery  point  to  West-Quod- 
dy-head,  in  a  direction  of  N.  £.  by.E.  and  in  a  straight  course, 
is  about  220  miles. 

Its  area  has  been  variously  estimated :  Some  have  supposed  it 
embraced  a  territory  equal  to  200  miles  square,  and  consequently 
to  contain  a  surface  of  40,000  square  miles,  or  25,600,000  acres 
in  land  and  water  ;  but  by  investigation,  the  State  includes  a  ter- 
raqueous surface  of  about  35,000  square  miles.*  Of  this  it  hai 
been  said  one  sixth  part  may  be  deducted,  being  covered  witft 
water. 
Bwindariot.  But  in  giving  an  exact  description  of  the  extent  and  boundaries 
of  Maine,  it  is  necessary  to  go  into  particulars. 

As  we  find  its  western  line  laid  down  in  Gorges'  charter,  A.  D. 
1639,  and  in  that  of  William  and  Mary,  A.  D.  1691,  it  runs, 
"  from  the  entrance  of  Piscataqua  harbour  up  through  the  same 
into  the  river  Newichawannock  and  through  the  same  into  the 
farthest  head  thereof,  and  from  thence  northwestwards,  till  one 
hundred  and  twenty  miles  be  finished." 

Massachusetts  and  New-Hampshire  had  a  long  controversy 
about  this  line  ; — to  settle  which,  a  commission  was  issued,  April 
9,  1737,  under  the  great  seal  of  England,  to  twenty  colony  coun- 
cilors, selected  from  New- York,  New-Jersey,  Rhode-Island  and 

At  the  head  of  this  river— to  tlic  northwest,  there  is  a  small  province 
which  they  rail  Crokcmapo,  wherein  is  one  town"— prohably  the  Indian 
PcR:waUet.  10  PuTchat*  Pit.  chap.  1.  A  Dticription  of  the  Counlnj  of 
JVttvoothcny  diicovered  by  the  English  in  the  years  1602,  3,  5,  6,  7,  S  and  0. 

**  Geo; raplicrs  have  CHtimatcd  the  residue  of  New-England  at  32,232 
square  uiilos,  thus,  Vermont  10,2:17  ;  New-Hampshire  9,491 ;  Massachu- 
setts 6,350 ;  Rhode-Island  1,500,  and  Connecticut  4,374  square  miles.  JUr. 
Qrtfnlea/,  in  hit  itttrrey,  states  the  contents  of  Maine  to  be  83,223  square 
miles,  or  21, 263,OuO  acres,  as  estimated  "under  the  head  of  grants  and 
sales  of  litndn." 


Western 

linaor 

bottttds. 


Nom-Scodt ; '  of  whom  any  6ve  were  to  constitute  m  quorum 


It 


**  ibr  settling,  •djusting  and  determining  the  respective  boundaries  hm. 
of  Massachusetts  and  New-Hampshire  in  dispute." 

Seven  of  them  after  holding  a  session  in  Hampton,  New-Hamp» 
shire,  and  hearing  the  parties,  made  their  determbation,  Septem- 
ber 2,  1 737, — **  that  the  dividing  line  shall  pass  up  through  the 
mouth  of  Piscataqua  harbour  and  up  the  middle  of  the  river  into 
the  river  Newichawannock,  part  of  which  is  now  called  Salmon 
Falls,  and  through  the  middle  of  the  farthest  head  thereof,  and 
from  thence  north  2'  westerly,  until  120  miles  be  finished  from 
the  mouth  of  Piscataqua  harbour  aforesaid,  or  until  it  meets  witli 
his  Majesty's  other  governments ;  that  the  same  dividing  line 
shall  part  the  Isles  of  Shoals  and  run  through  the  middle  of  the 
harbour  between  the  Islands,  to  the  sea  on  the  southerly  side ; 
and  that  the  southwesterly  part  of  the  said  Islands  shall  lie  in  and 
be  accounted  part  uf  the  Province  of  New-Hampshire  and  the 
northeasterly  part  belong  to  Maine."  But  the  parties,  not  being 
satisfied,  had  a  hearing  before  the  king  in  council ;  and  on  the  5th 
of  March,  1740,  he  settled  and  established  the  line,  "north  2* 
west,  true  course,  or  north  8 '  east  by  the  needle."* 

Still  the  contending  Colonies  could  not  agree  on  a  surveyor  to 
run  and  mark  the  line;  and  therefore  New-Hampshire  in  1741, 
txparte  ,  employed  Walter  Bryant  to  perform  that  service.  Ac- 
cordingly, he  began  in  that  year  at  the  mouth  of  the  harbour, 
and  run  up  the  river  in  a  north-northwest  course  through  the  river 
Newichawannock  and  Salmon  Fall  river,  to  its  most  northerly 
head,  which  is  a  pond  partly  in  New-Hampshire  and  partly  in 
Maine,  about  forty  miles  as  the  river  runs,  from  the  mouth  of 
Piscataqua  harbour.  It  is  now  called  Lovell's  pond,  and  is  fed 
by  two  streams,  viz.  the  easterly  and  westerly  branches  ;  "  the 
former  of  which  was  found  to  be  the  largest  and  to  vent  the  most 
water." 

Bryant  thence  proceeded  north,  2*  west,  in  confoitnity  to  the 
royal  determination,  30  miles,  and  marked  the  line  as  he  survey- 
ed it ;  but  it  being  in  March,  and  the  snows  melting,  he  was 
obliged  to  stop  there,  leaving  60  miles  of  the  line  unsurveyed. 

Massachusetts  objected,  that  Bryant  bad  taken  the  wrong 

*' '     ■  '  ■■  — ■—     — ^— ,         —    ■■■■     -t ^ 

*  S««  tabia  of  variation  ot  the  compau  at  Boaton,  Portland,  and  Panob' 
•cot,  from  A.  D.  1672  to  1900,  by  ProfcMor  John  Winlhrop.  16  SMimaiCi 
Itatelt.    p.  83. 


Wattorljr 


•JBJtt 


A  wrrey. 


J-fwJ?' 


Weitorly 
liM. 


Northwett 
corner. 


BOUNDARim  AND  EXTENT  [^T»W»UOj 

branch ;  and  in  1767,  applied  to  New-Hampshire  uppa  the  sub- 
ject. But  It  had  no  effect,  for  the  latter,  regardless  of  the  objec- 
tion, appointed  one  Isaac  Rindge,  the  next  year,  to  complete  the 
survey. — He  began  where  Bryant  left  off,  and  ran  and  marked  a 
line  on  the  same  course,  by  the  compass,  35  miles  farther, 
to  a  point  about  sixteen  miles  northward  of  Androscoggin  river, 
and  six  below  lake  Umbagog.  But,  because  the  needle  then 
in  fact  traversed  westerly  less  than  it  did  when  Bryant  surveyed, 
Rindge's  line  had  a  westerly  inc]inati9^«,stiU  ooore  t|ian  that  of 
his  predecessor.  t 

The  next  survey  was  undertaken  after  tlie  deBnitive  treaty  of 
1783,  by  Messrs.  Cramm  and  Eames,  whom  New-Hampshire,  in 
1789,  appointed  surveyors,  to  complete  the  line.  They  pursued 
the  same  course  by  the  needle  as  Bryant  and  Rindge  had  done, 
without  regard  to  its  perpetual  traverse  eastwardly,  and  thus  gave 
their  Une  a  still  further  inclination  westerly.  They  made  their 
report  in  January,  1790.  It  seems  they  began  below  where 
Rindge  left  tlie  line,  at  a  point  16  miles  and  240  rods  south  of  Um- 
bagog lake  ;  thence  to  it  and  across  a  branch  of  it  54  rods  wide  ; 
thence  a  mile  and  3-4ths  on  the  east  side  of  the  lake  ;  tlience 
4  miles  and  3-4ths,  over  die  lake  to  its  northerly  edge ;  thence  2 
miles  and  226  rods  to  Magallaway  river,  ten  rods  wide,  a  branch  of 
Androscoggin ;  and  thence  to  the  high  lands,  54  miles  from  the 
N.  £.  corner  of  Shelbume,  where  they  began  ;  that  is,  37  miles 
and  l-4th  north  of  the  southerly  edge  of  Umbagog  I^e,  and 
148  from  the  mouth  of  Piscataqua  harbour.  '       , '^ 

At  that  place  they  marked  a  large  birch  tree,  which  stands  on 
those  highlands,  tlius,  "  N.  £.  54  m.  New-Hampshire,  1 789 ;" 
and  consequently  this  is  reputed  to  be  the  northwest  corner 
of  Maine.  Its  west  line  is  thus  28  miles  longer  than  that  express- 
ed in  the  charters  either  to  Gorges  or  to  the  Massachusetts 
Province. 

From  tliis  monument  tlie  nortlierly  line  of  Maine  is  nearly  a 
N.  £.  general  course,  passing  along  the  highlands  (where  are 
found  the  sources  of  the  streams  which  run  northwardly  into  the 
Chaudiere  and  southwardly  into  the  Kennebec)  50  miles  to  a  noted 
monument  called  '•  Milk  Thee,"  on  the  height  of  land.  It  is  a 
large  birch  marked  with  marking  irons ;  and  20  otlier  trees  tliere- 
abouts  are  marked  in  a  similar  way,  with  the  names  of  persons, 
or  with  the  initials  of  their  names.  This  conspituous  place,  in  lat. 
45*  48',  i>  on  the  road  from  Kcniubt-c  to  Canada,  distant  about  44 


ft«CT.   l.]n  *         OP  MAINS. 

miles  from  the  crotch,  or  mouth  of  Dead  River,  m  the  rotd  runs. 
Soodi  of  east  from  MiU  Tree  is  Bald  mountain,  a  loftjr  height  near 
a  league  in  length.  ii 

The  residue  of  the  northerly  line  of  Maine  being  unsettled,  and 
in  controversy,  it  is  proper  to  consider  the  other  boundaries 
which  are  established,  before  vre  proceed  with  this. 

The  southerly  boundary  of  the  State  begins  at  a  point  in  a  line  Soaiberl/ 
S.  S.    E.  from  "the    entrance  into  Piscataqua  harbour,"  60 
miles  distant,   and   thence  extends  nortlieastwardly   along  the 
Adantic  waters  of  the  coast,  enclosing  all  the  Islands  within  twenty 
leagues  of  the  main  land,  to  Passamaquoddy  bay.*    »i  «.' 4:-t{f«  ' 

All  the  country  east  of  the  State,  till  the  year  1785  was  called  i^^)**^' 
JN'ova-Scotia :  and  the  partition  or  boundary  line  which  divides  it 
from  Maine  or  New-England  has  been  the  subject  of  repeated 
controversy.  The  English  and  French  long  contended  about  it ; 
nor  did  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  1713,  by  which  the  latter  ceded 
the  country  to  the  former,  settle  the  dispute.  Commissioners,  of  d  m 
whom  Grov.  Shirley  was  one,  attempted  in  1751  to  settle  it,  but 
in  vain  : — it  only  ended  in  the  conquest  of  Cpuada,  to  be  revived 
by  the  English  and  Americans  after  the  treaty  of  1783.   ^r^i  imi 

By  the  Charter  to  Sir  William  Alexander,  Sept.  10,  1631, 
I  Nova-Scotia  extended  westward  **  to  the  river  St.  Croix,  and  to 
' "  the  farthest  source  or  spring  which  first  comes  from  die  west  to 
"  mingle  its  waters  with  those  of  that  river ;  from  thence  by  a 
"  straight  imaginary  line  crossing  the  lands  or  running  towards 
"  the  north  as  far  as  the  first  bay,  river,  or  spring  which  runs  into 
"  the  great  river  of  Canada,  and  from  thence  continuing  eastward 
"  to  the  sea,  along  the  shores  of  the  river  of  Canada,  to  the  river, 
"  bay,  or  latitude  of  Gaspe.f 

On  the  7th  of  Oct.  1763,  the  new  Province  of  Quebec,  was 
erected,  and  its  southern  boundary  was  a  line  "  passing  along  the 


"  Gorg^et'  Charter  says  "  within  Jive  leajjucs ;"— and  the  Charter  of 
William  and  Mary  says  within  Itn  Icagfurs,  directly  opposite  to  the  main 
land  J  but  in  the  Treaty  of  Sept  8,  1783  "  all  Islands  within  tveenty  league* 
of  any  part  of  the  shores"  are  embraced.    Art.  II.  i 

t  In  the  Commissions  of  Montague  Wilmot,  dated  October,  1763,  and 
Francis  Legge,  dated  1766,  the  Governors  of  Nova-Scotia,  we  find  that 
Colony  and  their  jurisdiction  to  be  limited,  and — '«  bounded  on  the  west- 
»•  ward  by  a  line  drawn  from  Cape  Sable,  across  the  entrance  of  the  bay  of 
"  Fundy,  to  the  mouth  of  the  river  St.  Croix ;  by  the  said  river  to  its  sourer, 
"  and  by  a  line  drawn  due  north  ;  from  theuce  to  the  southern  Boundary 
"  of  our  Prorinco  [Colony]  of  Quebec." 


14 


Fii«ieni 
line. 


^nd' 


y.-iw- 


Si.  Croix. 


Eatlern 
mouumcm. 


S  hlandt, 
Aloow, 
Dudley, 
Frederic. 


BOtNDARlES  AND  EXTENT  [IfmiOW&l^ 

**  highlands  which  divide  the  riven  that  empty  theroselvet  iato  the 
*'  river  St.  Lawrence,  from  those  which  fall  into  the  sea  :**— And 
the  Act  of  Parliament,  Oct.  7,   1 774,  for  governing  that  Pro- 
vince, draws  the  line  "  from  the  bay  of  Chaleur,  along  the  high- 
"  lands  which  divide  the  rivers  that  empty  into  the  St.  Lawrence, 
**  from  those  that  fall  into  the  sea,  to  a  point  in  45'  of  N.  latitude.'* 
With  these  data  and  Mellish's  map  before  the  American  and 
British  Commissioners,  who  negociated  the  treaty  of  peace,  signed 
Sept.  3, 1783,  they  in  the  2d  article,  described  the  boundary  to 
be  "  from  the  northwest  angle  of  Nova-Scotia,  viz.  that  angle 
"  which  is  formed  by  a  line  drawn  due  north  from  the  source  of 
**  St.  Croix  river  to  the  highlands ;  along  the  said  highlands  which 
"  divide  those  rivers  that  empty  tliemselves  into  tlie  river  St.  Law- 
"  rence,  from  those  which  fall  into  the  Atlantic  ocean,  to  the 
"  northwestemmost  head  of  Connecticut  river.*' 
>  Afterwards  doubts  arose  what  was  the  river  intended  by  the 
name  "  St.  Croix,^*  mentioned  ;  and  hence,  pursuant  to  the  5th 
article  of  the  treaty,  signed  Nov.  19,  1794,  Commissioners  were 
appointed,  by  each  government,  to  determine  that  question.    They 
first  met  at  Halifax,  and  ultimately  made  their  report  Oct.  35, 
1798,  by  which  it  was  settled,  that  the  intended  river,  "St. 
Croix,"  had  its  source  in  the  head  of  a  stream  called  Che- 
putnetecook,  [Schoodic,]  at  a  stake  near  a  certain  yellow  birch 
tree,  about  5  miles  and  3-4ths  of  a  mile  nortli  of  the  point  where 
that  stream  empties  into  the  Schoodic  lake ;  and  tliere  they  estab- 
lished a  Monument,  in  lat  45°  48 ,  which  is  a  yellow  birch  tree, 
hooped  with  iron  and  marked  '<  S.  T.  and  L  H.   1797,  called 
tlie  "  Eastern  Monument."* 

Yet,  there  were  three  islands  in  the  Passamaquoddy  bay,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Schoodic,  near  the  western  shore,  viz.  Moose 
Island,  Dudley  Island  and  Frederic  Island,  which  being  occupied 
and  claimed  by  the  Americans,  were  seised  upon  in  the  late  war 
by  the  British,  and  not  surrendered  till  John  Holmes  and  Thomas 
Barclay,  Commissioners  appointed  under  the  4th  article  of  the 
treaty  of  Ghent,  decided,  Nov.  24, 1817,  that  they  belonged  to  the 


* Samutl  Tilcomb  and  John  Hairit  were  the  sun'ejors. — Tbomu  Bare- 
laj,  David  Howell,  and  Egbert  Benton,  were  the  CominiMioners.— In  1817 
the  aurTeyora  under  the  treaty  of  Ghent  erected  a  new  monument,  « 
few  feet  north  of  the  furincr,  coniiating^  of  a  large  cedar  poit  with  large 
rocka  about  it,  marked  July  31,  1817.  Jos.  Bouchctte  and  John  Johnaon, 
survey  on.— Onetilf  a/.  ,         ■   -, .   i  .,  „    , , 


IITBODtTC. 


»!  ,n  at 


SbCT.   I.J'I  tf^T      OP  MAI7(B.^O^  ^^ 

United  Sutes;  and  that  all  other  Islands  in  Passamaquoddy  bajr* 
including  Grand-Manan,  belong  to  his  Britanic  Majesty,  accord- 
ing to  **  the  true  intent  of  article  3d  in  the  treaty  of  1783.**  ^ 

The  eastern  boundary  line  therefore  of  Maine,  which  divides  £•«»« 
it  from  New-Brunswick,  passes  from  West-Quoddy-head,  up  the 
channel  on  the  east  side  of  these  Islands,  through  the  middle  of 
Schoodic  river,  and  Schoodic  lake,  to  the  mouth  of  Cheputnete- 
cook  stream,  and  thence  to  its  source  at  the  Ea$tem  Monument  f 
which  is  distant  from  West-Quoddy-head,  in  a  direct  northwest- 
erly course,  about  90  miles.  The  line  however  if  followed  as  the 
lakes  lie  and  river  runs,  would  considerably  exceed  100  miles 
in  length.    >)■:?:»":' »i    ;w  '>•  -'/■^''  ^"ir-  ■  ■ « ■   .-Ji  ni  u  •■ 

But  neither  the  boundary  divisional  line  running  north  front  tfiai  Nnrih«rly 
monument  and  separating  Maine  from  New;-Brunswick  ;  nor  the  waliSViiM. 
north  line  of  the  State  extending  northeastwardly  from  **  MiU 
Tree"  along  the  highlands,  dividing  Canada  from  Maine,  and  inter-     ^'  -^^  *» 
secting  or  crossing  the  other  at  the  northeast  comer  of  the  State, 
has  as  yet  been  fully  established.  -    ■     {'  i  ^  \,>  '  ,  -f  ittal 

Under  the  dth  article  of  the  treaty  of  Ghent,   1814,  Thomas  r«„„,;,. 
Barclay  and  Cornelius  Van  Ness  were  appointed  Commissioners  *!;^'*'J|^y"j 
by  the  British  and  American  governments  to  survey  and  deter-  ^i*!"*.  "C 
mine  these  lines  and  boundaries.     The  Commissioners  and  Agents 
had  no  less  than  eleven  meetings ;  the  first  was  at  St.  Andrews 
on  the  23d  of  Sept.  1816,  and  the  last  at  New-York,  April  13, 

1822.       '^     ■'    in    •    ^-      :-\         '■  ■      >:•     .      -'.  .—  -^'   ' 

They  caused  two  surveying  parties  to  be  appointed,  one  Amer- 
ican and  the  other  English,  and  gave  them  instructions  to  begin  at 
the  Eastern  Monument  and  run  a  line  due  north  to  some  stream 
that  empties  into  the  St.  Lawrence.  Each  party  was  to  mark  all 
elevations  and  rivers,  compare  notes  and  reconcile  variations 
every  morning ;  and  on  an  agreed  boundary  to  cut  away  the  trees 
eight  feet  on  each  side  of  the  line,  and  to  mark  every  mile.  Also 
they  appointed  an  exploring  party  to  survey  the  highlands  towards  »'«*«^ 
the  head  of  Connecticut  river ;  to  examine  the  sources  of  the 
streams,  which  empty  themselves  into  the  St.  Lawrence  and  into 
the  Atlantic  ;  and  to  return  a  plan  of  80  chains  to  an  inch. 

In  1817  and  1818,  the  line  running  north  of  the  eastern  Mon- 
ument was  surveyed ;  and  afterwards,  plans  of  the  surveys  were 
reported.  Also  an  exploring  view  was  taken  of  the  highlands, 
northerly  and  southerly  of  the  St.  John  river  to  its  sources,  and  to 
those  of  Penobscot ;  and  the  American  surveyor  made  a  general 


'V 


Survey 


If 

Eatian 

liM. 


B0VNDABIK8  AND  EXTCNT 


*))• 


144  mile 
cvrner. 


[Iinnumve. 

plan  i  but  the  Ommmiiifxtn  could  not  tgree,  when  to  MMUnh 
the  boundary  lines. 

Mr.  Van  Ness  insisted  that  the  line  on  the  east  side  of  the  State 
ought  to  be  thus  established  :— to  begin  at  the  Eastern  Monument 
and  run  due  north  across  Bull's  branch  to  Meduxnekeag  south 
branch  19  miles,  to  the  north  branch  22  and  ^  miles,  to  Presque 
Isle  35,  to  Goosequill  43,  to  Des  Chutes  45,  to  Aroostic  59,  to 
Limestone  63,  and  to  the  main  St.  John  77,  the  others  emp^ing 
bto  the  latter ;  thence  continuing  due  north,  across  the  Resti- 
gouche  101  miles,  the  Mempticook  114,  and  the  Memkeeswee  or 
Katwamkuway,  in  all  131  miles  from  the  Monument,  also  over  a 
branch  of  the  Metepediac,  a  tributary  to  the  Restigouche  which 
falls  into  the  Bay  Cbaleur,  reaching  the  highlands  144  miles* 

^, !';::      north  of  the  Monument,  these  highlands  being  found  to  divide  the 
waters  last  mentioned  from  those  of  Beaver  Stream  and  the  Metis, 

•r  Maiue.  which  fall  into  the  St.  Lawrence  ;  the  end  of  the  line  to  be  the 
angle  or  "  the  144  MUe  Comer ;"  and  by  estimation  234  miles 
from  West-Quoddy-head. 

The  same  Commissioner  drew  the  northern  boundary  line, 
which  divides  Maine  from  Canada,  thus :— To  conunence  at  the 
144  Mile  Comer f  f  viz.  at  the  northwest  angle  of  Nova-Scotia, 
and  thence  passing  the  sources  of  Memkeeswee  or  grand  Fourche 
and  second  fork  of  the  lakes,  emptying  into  the  St.  John,  to  the 
head  or  spring  of  Tuladi  river,  {  which  empties  into  Temiscouata 
lake,  50  miles  from  the  corner ;  thence  by  the  head  waters  of 
that  lake  to  the  source  of  the  eastern  branch  of  the  St.  JVaneou, 
around  the  sources  of  the  Chrand  and  Petit  du  Trots  PistoleSf 
which  latter  two  empty  into  the  St.  Lawrence,  to  the  source  of  the 
main  St.  Francois ;  thence  between  the  western  source  of  the  St. 
Francois  and  of  Green  River,  which  run  into  the  St  Lawrence, 
to  the  source  of  the  Petit  St.  John,  about  80  miles,  W.  S.  W. 
direct  course,'^  from  "  the  144  Mile  Comer ;"  thence  passing  the 
head  of  Black  river,  and  the  sources  of  the  northwest  and  west 
branchp«  of  the  St.  John  nearest  the  waters  of  the  riVer  La 


>  X 


Tuladi 
river. 


Norihei'R 
liue. 


•  Lat.  48"  8'. 

t  The  Charter  to  the  Pljmonth  Council,  Nor.  3,  162C,  extended  to  the 
48lh  dog',  north  latitude.     Vide  poxt.  Chap.  III. 

X  Tuladi  mouth  is  in  Ut.  47Je8^.  40'  and  Ion.  68deg.  48' ;  and  15  milei 
aboTo  ita  mouth  it  rcceivea  the  watera  of  Squattack  lake. 

}  But  the  diatance,  as  the  line  runt,  is  about  120  milea.      -         .     "> 


;  xj^ 


'.ij?^ 


oriiAiNB.     '«Mi« 


WmuMm,  wmI  the-  loaiM  of  tke  Penobtoot,  iMtrtM  to  MfllgvuMtM,  N«iiMni 
which  emptiet  into  the  river  du  Loup  about  1 60  miles,  direct     j;^^^^! 
course  S.  S.  W  to  **  Mile  Tree  ;**— ebout  240  miles,  from  the 
'*  144  Mile  Comer."     Proceeding  from  Mile  Tree  it  runs  south- 
westerly between  the  sources  of  du  Loup  and  Moose  rivers,  and  "   "*' 
by  the  sources  of  Dead  and  Magalloway  rivers  to  Sunday  rnoun- 
tain ;  and  thence  to  the  northwest  comer  of  Maine,  where  it 
angles  on  New-Hampshire,  as  before  described,  50  miles  from 
Mile  Tree,  making  the  nortliem  line  290  miles  in  length.  *        *>-• 

The  Government  of  Canada  has  caused  nearly  all  the  country 
between  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  northern  line  of  Maine  from  the 
Chaudiere,  toward  the  river  Pistoles,  to  be  surveyed  into  town- 
ships, and  in  many  places  these  surveys  have  run  over  the  true 
divisional  boundary.f  ^>i^,.i^s'^«JJ>.t^i,y:  -iji  i- 

In  several  places  the  streams  run  from  their  sources  in  opposite 
directions  northerly  and  southerly,  and  of  course  render  the  line     . 
sigzag  and  iUshapen,  and  multiply  the  difficulties  of  establishing  it 
with  satisfactory  correctness  and  precision. 

The  American  Commissioner  and  Agent,  in  proving  the  eastern  n.  ami  E. 
lines  just  described  to  be  the  true  divisional  bounds  intended  by  '" ' 
the  treaty  of  1783,  say,  1,  that  the  phraseology,  in  the  Charter '••»« «*"!»••• 
to  Sir  William  Alexander — in  the  royal  order  for  erecting  Canada 
into  a  Province — in  the  Parliamentary  Act  for  governing  it,  and 
especially  in  the  treaty  itself,  forms  a  connected  argument  in  favour 
of  the  position.  2.  The  Geography  of  the  country  gives  it  great 
strength  ;  for  the  rivers  Chaudiere,  Quelle,  Hamourasky,  du 
Loup,  Verte,  Trois  Pistoles,  Rimousky  and  Metis  or  Beaver  river, 
are  the  only  rivers  opposite  Maine  which  empty  themselves  into 
the  St;  Lawrence  on  its  southerly  side ;  all  which  have  been  vis- 
ited by  the  surveyors.  On  the  other  hand,  the  rivers  running  into 
the  Atlantic  are  the  Restigouche,  the  Meraraichi,  the  St.  John, 
the  St.  Croix,  the  Penobscot,  the  Kennebec  and  their  tributaries ; 
and  these  with  the  exceptions  of  Meramichi  and  St.  Croix,  have 
their  sources  near  to  the  sources  of  the  streams  which  run  into 
the  St.  Lawrence.  The  lands  between  the  Restigouche  and 
Metis,  about  the  144  Mile  Corner,  are  so  elevated,  that  they  may 
be  called  the  heights  of  land.     3.   There  is  proof  also  in  the 

*The  above  descriptive  linea  are  drawn  from  tlie  papers  of  the  Commis- 
^oncrs  and  Surveyor,  iu  the  secretary  of  State's  office,  Wasbioglon. 
fGrccnIear.  •  .•       '  ■       .  's\V.i>      '' 


Ft    ■.11 

•I 


J 


li ; 


!  . 


ij  > 


I  '  w 


18 

N.mmIB. 
Hm. 

ThcditpMir 


BOUNDARIES  AMP  £XTENT  [iNTmODVO. 

caw,  not  only  by  what  was  done  in  the  Manachusetts  Legialatura 
m  1760,  and  by  Governors  Shirley,  Pownal,  and  Bernard,  at 
other  times  relating  to  the  boundaries  in  this  quarter :  but  in  what 
has  been  attested  by  the  Plenipotentiaries  of  1 783,  as  appears  by 
Doct.  Franklin's  letter,  1790,  and  the  affidavits  of  Mr.  Adams 
and  Mr.  Jay,  Aug.  1 797  and  May  1 798,  who  say  tiiat  they  had 
Mellish's  Map  before  them,  and  marked  tlic  ensiem  boundary  of 
Massachusetts  Province,  [Maine,]  as  expressed  in  her  teeond 
charter^  that  being  the  intended  boundary  of  the  United  States. 
4.  In  the  commission  appointed  to  determine  what  was  the  true 
St.  Croix,  the  British  made  it  a  matter  of  great  interest  to  have 
the  river  Chepumetecook  adopted,  because  their  Pleni|iotenti&  i  y 
said  "  it  would  give  a  greater  extent  of  navigation  on  the  9r.  ,)?)>m. 
to  his  Majesty's  subjects :" — Yet  how,  if  the  line  was  in  iia  wisa 
to  cross  the  St.  John  ? — is  the  question. 

But  the  British  Commissioner  and  Agent,  insirtrtd  that  the  di- 
visional or  boundary  line  ought  to  commence  at  Mars  HiU.*  40 
miles  north  of  the  Eastern  Monument,  and  extend  thence  south- 
westwardly,  over  and  along  the  highlands  between  the  waters  of 
the  St.  John  and  of  the  Penobscot,  to  MUe  Tree.  They  argue 
that  these  are  the  highest  lands  between  the  Atlantic  and  the  St. 
Lawrence :  that  in  this  direction,  60  miles  distant  from  Mars  Hill, 
are  Spencer  Mountains,  which  have  a  chain  of  high  hills  to  the 
northward ;  and  to  the  southward  is  tlie  great  Katahdin ;  and  not 
far  from  ''  Mile  Tree"  is  Bald  mountain,  and  between  the  two 
latter,  northward,  are  many  miles  of  connected,  high  and  broken 
ridges  interspersed  with  ponds  and  streams :  that  the  lands  be- 
tween the  heads  of  Beaver  stream,  the  Metapediac  and  Grand 
Fourche,f  about  the  pretended  "  144  Mile  Comer ^^  have  only 
one  high  point ;  and  then,  especially  at  the  north,  there  is  a  wide 
spread  meadow,  occasioned  by  a  Beaver  dam ;  and  farther  west 
is  a  swamp,  and  then  a  valley  from  which  low  grounds  the  water 
merely  moves  northerly  or  southerly  from  sources  only  20  rods 
apart:  thft  the  Plenipotentiaries  couid  not  in  the  tron'y  of  peace 
ever  have  intended  to  go  ove  /he  r>uu>  ains  and  high  lands  above 
mentioned,  to  these  meadows,  vallies,  and  swamps,  to  fix  or  find 
a  national  boundary  :  that  they  moreover  must  have  intended  to 

*Iu  Lat.  46dcg.  30'.    It  is  I50U  feet  higher  than  the  tide  ivaters  in  the 
St.  Lawrence.  _ ..      ,. 

'I  The  Grand  Fourcho  is  131  miles  above  the  monument.  '     '  - 


S«Cf.  I.]  or  MAINE.  10 

ncurt  to  tbeir  giMr«nimMiu  respeetivdy  the  whole  of  thoM  rirfn  N.  m4  E. 
which  emptied  tbemsehres  in  their  own  territories,  else  would  thejr  TiM<i«pttif). 
have  made  provision  for  the  mutual  navigation  of  them :  that  ac- 
cording to  Gov.  Pournal*s  topographical  deicriptionf  published  in 
1776,  "  all  the  tiead^  of  Kennebec,  Penobscot  and  Ptusamaquod- 
dy  rivers,  are  on  the  heights  of  land  running  east-northeast" — »■- 
swering  to  the  higli.  mds  froiii  Aliirs  Hill  westward  ;  and  Mr.  Sul- 
livan under  the  commission  of  1798,  des<  ribed  the  line  as  running 
" fnim  the  source  of  St.  Croix  to  the  highlands" — Mars  Hill 
being  the  highest  land  between  the  Monunicnt  and  the  St.  Law- 
rence :  that  by  the  "  Secret  Journal  of  Congress,"  the  American 
Ministers  were  instructed  to  negociate  a  boundary  line  "  drawn 
along  the  middle  of  St.  John  river  from  its  source  to  its  mouth  in 
the  bay  of  Fundy"— otherwise  to  have  it  "  adjusted  by  Commis- 
sioners, according  to  such  line  as  should  be  by  them  settled ;" 
evidently  having  in  mind  only  the  highlands  southerly  of  the  St. 
John :  and  that,  in  fine,  all  the  waters  mentioned  fall  either  into 
the  Atlantic  or  the  St.  Lawrence,  except  the  Resti^ouche  and  the 
St.  John,  which  fall  into  bays  spacious  and  well  kn'  wn  by  name 
and  not  into  the  "  Atlantic"  in  contemplation  of  those  who  framed 
the  treaty.  i'-f??  ,s'(-.st'":id  ']<>.  ■  n^min  jo:-;  d  r--^  tj^Ms 
Each  Commissioner  made  to  his  own  government  a  long  and 
elaborate  report  of  facts  and  arguments,  of  which  the  preceding 
is  a  very  concise  synopsis.*  The  territory  in  dispute  is  about 
10,705  square  miles,  viz.  south  of  St.  John  river  5,592,  and 
north  of  that  river  5,1 1 3,  being  nearly  a  third  part  oi  the  whole 
State  of  Maine. f  -"        ' 

iJThese  proceedings,  including^,  the  surveys,  journals,  ari^pumcnts  and  re- 
ports— are  very  voluminous,  and  in  manuscript, — now  in  the  office  of  Sec'j 
of  State,  at  Washington,  covering  near  a  thousand  pages. 

Moses  Greenleaf,  Esq.  in  his  "  Surrey  of  Maine"—  pp.  70—85— has  given 
many  correct  and  interesting  particulars  relative  to  the  northern  waters, 
rivers,  and  streams  of  this  State;   which  the  compiler  of  this  History  ~ 
believes  it  inexpedient  to  repeat. 

t  To  settle  (he  controversy,  agreeably  to  the  5lh  article  of  the  t'-caty 
of  Ghent,  the  subject  was  referred,  January  12,  1829,  to  William,  kinq;  of 
the  Netherlands,  who  gave  it  as  his  opinion,  Jan'y  10,  1831,  that  (he  boun. 
dar}'  line  b«  drawn  due  north  from  the  source  of  the  river  St.  Croix  to  the 
point  where  it  intersects  the  channel  of  the  river  St.  John;  thence  ascend> 
iBfr  the  same  channel  to  the  point  where  the  river  St.  Francois  empties 
itself  into  that  of  the  St.  John  \  thence  ascending  the  channel  of  the  St. 
Francois  to  the  souroe  of  its  southwestemmsst  branch ;  thence,  a  line 


■,'J 


I     .^ 


20 


.>»>i.«»i 


THE  WATRM  A?fD  COAST  [IHTRODITC. 

The  fraiitest  width  of  the  State,  on  the  parallel  of  latitude 
•*#  from  Quoddy-head  to  New-Hampshire,  is  about  198 miles;  from 
the  Eastern  Monument,  directly  west  across  the  Stat*  to  Canada 
line,  a  little  north  of  Mile  Tree,  is  about  130  miles  only  ;  while 
tlie  greatest  length  of  Maine,  transversely  through  it  from  Kittery 
point  to  its  northeast  angle,  or  144  Mile  Comer,"  is  estimated  to 
be  no  less  than  360  miles.   »*  -^.if*^,  • 


•"  ■.tf-.llfS-l,; 


Note. — JSladaxcoMka  settlement  is  composed  of  ancient  French  Neutrals 
and  others  wlio  endeavoured  to  escape  from  the  English  government  of 
Nora-Scotia — being  joined  from  time  to  time  by  their  own  countrymen.  In 
A.  D.  1820,  it  contained  1,114  souls.  A  British  military  post  was  formerly 
established  at  the  Grand  falls— 3  miles  below  where  the  line  crosses  the  St. 
John :  and  the  American  military  post,  was  first  established  at  Houlton,  in 
the  summer  of  1828. 


Country. 


SECTION  II. 
Face  of  the  Country,  Seacoast,  Islands,  Rivers,  Mountains,  and 

Soils. 

The  face  of  the  country  through  this  extensive  State  exhibits 
Fare  nf  th.-  the  Varieties  of  nature.  Upon  the  Atlantic  coast,  it  has  several 
deep  bays ;  a  great  number  of  harbors,  promontories,  and 
islands;  and  several  salt  marshes.  The  northern  interior  em- 
braces the  sources  and  tributaries  of  the  river  St.  John  ;  and  im- 
bosoins  four  other  considerable  rivers,  which  are  borne  through 
the  territories  of  the  State  to  the  ocean.  Skirting  these  waters 
and  the  streams  that  enlarge  them,  are  innumerable  vallies,  swells, 
and  ridges ;  some  hills  and  rugged  heights  ;  and  a  few  mountains. 
The  country  however  is  rather  elevated  than  mountainous ; — free 
of  miry  bogs,  barren  heaths  and  sandy  deserts ;  and  favored  with 
a  diffusion  of  waters  convenient  for  all  the  purposes  of  life.      .  < 

But  a  knowledge  of  particulars  can  only  be  acquired  by  a 
descriptive  view  of  the  shores,  the  waters,  the  islands,  and  the 
highlands  of  the  State,  which  arc  now  to  be  considered.  We 
shall  begin  on  the  western  borders  and  proceed  eastward,  and  in- 
tersperse collateral  facts  as  they  occur.  The  whole  Seaboard 
may  be  divided  into  foi.r  parts, — 1  st.  The  IVestern  Coast,  between 

drawn  due  west  to  the  point  where  it  unites  with  the  line,  claimed  by  the 
rnited  States,  "tielincittt'd  on  the  map  A. ;  thence  said  lino  to  the  point 
ut  which,  acconiing  (o  said  map,  it  ruincidrs  with  that  claimed  by  Great 
Britain ;  [probal>ly  mile  trac]  and  thence  the  lino  traced  ou  the  map  by 
the  two  power*,  to  tho  northwciternmost  source  of  Connecticut  rivtr." 


A  view  of 
the  w.iii  r 
and  luid. 


of  latitude 
miles;  from 

to  Canada 
only ;  while 
from  Kittery 
estimated  to 

•cnch  Neutral* 
government  of 
iintryinen.  In 
t  was  formerly 
crosses  the  St. 
at  Houlton,  in 


}unfatfw,  and 

State  exhibits 
t  has  several 
ontories,  and 
interior  em- 
>hn ;  and  im- 
orne  through 
these  waters 
v'allies,  swells, 
iw  mountains, 
[linous ; — free 
favored  witli 
of  life. 

L;qui:ed  by  a 
luis,  and  the 
sidered.  We 
ward,  and  in- 
olc  Seaboard 
oaat,  between 

}laimcd  by  the 
10  to  the  point 

noil  hy  Great 
111  the  map  by 

ticut  rivar." 


1 


Sbct.  II.]  oFMAwe.  lip 

Pisc&taqua  aod  Poftlaad;  2d,  Catco  Bay}   3d,  The  MiMUK  hmm 

'  '  ^  "  divMion  of 

Coa»U  from  Cape  Small  Point  to  Penobscot ;  and  thence,  4th,  iIm  cwnt. 
The  Eoitem  Coast^  to  Passaroaquoddy.     There  are,  it  is  said,     f <i%  «t 
365  Islands  on  the  coast  and  in  tiie  bays  of  this  State ;  about  300 
of  which  are  mentioned  in  the  following  pages ;   the  otlicrs  are 
very  small,  or  mere  rocks.        jrrm  t^  hn#  ri«{>*^-«75*-vI^»«», 

''^•^^       '  ^  '"    THE  WESTERN  COAST.  *«''>>«  »^^^^'^''«^' 

Tl)e  Piscataqiia*  river  in  its  whole  length,  forms  a  part  of  the  wvMem 
western  boundary  of   Maine.      Its  head  is  a   pond,   the   body'""*'' 

I' I  !^f  &  I  AQUA 

of  which  is  in  Wakefield,  on  the  New-Hampshire  side,  and  ilie  river, 
end  in  Shapleigh.     It  is  fed  by  two  other  pouds ;  and   tlie  tliree 
are  called  Salmon  Fall  pond,  tlie  Northeast  pond,   and   Lovell's 
pond.     The  river  runs  a  S.  S.  E.  course  about  40  miles  to  the 
sea.      From  the  ponds  to   Quampeagan  Jails,  near  the  mouth  k>»>  <'IIs- 
I  of  Great-works   river,   at   tlie   head   of  the   tide,   the    distance  .s,|„^    <•  ii 
lis  26  miles;  and  that  part  of  the  river,  being  only  a  large  mill ''*""■• 
stream,  is  called   Salmon  Fall  river,    from   the   abundance   of 
[salmon   formerly  taken  from  its  waters.      It  is  said,  fishermen 
mciently,  when  standing  on  the  rocks,  could  spear  them  in  great 
lumbers,  though  not  one  has  been  seen  there  for  an  age  past. 
Within  the  space  of  ten  miles  above  Quampeagan  are    three  .     c 

^tvaterfalls ;  the  upper  are  about  tlie  point  where  Berwick  and 
Lebanon  angle  on  the  river,  and  are  called  tlie  Stair  falls.  Four 
miles  below  are  the  Grtat  falls,  where  mills  arc  worked  with 
great  profit  and  convenience.  Not  far  from  these  two  falls,  are 
tlie  mouths  of  two  inconsiderable  streams.  Little  rivr.r  and  Wor- 
!  cester^s  river,  both  in  Berwick. f  >  ' 

Near  the  angle,  (at  the  river,)  between  Old  and  South-Berwick, 

[arc  Salmon  falls,  a  mile   and  a  half  above  Quampeagan,  well 

I  covered  with  useful  mills,  and  affording  eligible  places  for  machine- 

[ry.     Hereabouts  arc  caught  frost-fish  and  smelts  in  great  plenty, 

and  also  some  alewives. 

(luampingan  falls  are  ripples  or  descents  of  a  mile  long,  wash- 
ed by  tlic  tide  nearly  to  their  head  ;  and  the  river  is  navigable  from 
the  foot  of  thnn,    14  miles  to   its  mouth.      Agiiiiist  these,  on 
I  the  east  side,  empties  Uic  river  Great-works  or  Chudbourn's  river,  Swkl'riw. 


•  ri'cataqiia  is  of  Imliun  origin,  and  moans  ••  right  nnRliKi." 
t  MS.  I.ctttT  from  Burwick. 


DiNishiy'f 

Falls. 


Great  land 


Newirha- 
wmiiiack 
river. 


Piicataqua 


fliurreon 
mrk. 

creek. 


C  IilaiKb. 


Navv 
hlaad. 


Oerriiih'ii 
ami  Cutis' 
klaadi. 


THE  WATERS  AND  COAST  [IirtBODCC. 

which  issues  from  Bonnebeag  pond,  a  mile  long  and  half  a  roOe 
wide,  in  the  northeast  part  of  old  Berwick,  30  miles  from  its 
mouth.  In  this  river  are  Doughty't  falU^  5  miles  from  the  pond, 
and  others  still  greater  a  mile  above  its  mouth.  Here  [in  South- 
Berwick]  were  the  celebrated  mills  of  ancient  days,  erected  by 
one  Ledgors,  who  is  said  to  have  had  18  saws  moved  by  one 
wheel ;  which,  however,  required  too  much  head  of  water  to  work 
them  with  advantage.  Here  also  Mr.  Chadbourn,  a  first  settler, 
purchased  lands  of  the  natives  in  1643,  and  formed  a  noted  stand 
and  frontier.     ^   >f*^>'*-  -^^-^^     '   ^        '■    ^    ^ 

At  Quampeagan,  so  called  by  the  natives,  (because  fish  were 
taken  here  with  nets,)  is  the  great  landing  place,  whence  immense 
quantities  of  lumber  have  been  rafted  or  shipped  to  market ;  and 
where  are  now  many  mills  of  different  kinds. 

From  Quampeagan  to  the  junction  of  Cocheco,  Oyster,  Exe- 
ter and  New-Markel  rivers,  on  the  New-Hampshire  side,  a  run 
of  four  miles,  the  river  is  called  JVewichawannockj  and  is  suf^ 
ficiently  large  to  bear  vessels  of  an  hundred  tons  burthen  near  to 
the  falls.  Thence  to  the  sea,  8  or  9  miles,  the  course  is  from  S. 
to  S.  E.  and  the  river  itself  has  the  name  of  Piacataqua,  com- 
modious for  navigation  and  too  salt  and  too  rapid  to  freeze. 

Where  the  river  changes  its  name  from  Newichawannock  to 
Piscataqua,  on  the  eastern  side,  is  Sturgeon  creek.  Lower  down 
on  the  same  side,  is  Spruce  creek,  which  makes  up  into  Kittery, 
northeasterly  around  tlie  point,  three  miles  or  more ;  and  here, 
in  water  two  or  three  fathoms  deep,  is  the  harbour-  On  the  N. 
and  E.  side  of  the  channel,  in  proceeding  to  the  sea,  are  Riting 
Ctutle,  Furnars  or  JVavy,  Seavey^i,  BagerU,  Trefeth%n*$,  and 
Clark's  Islands,  all  which  are  small  except  Seavey's,  which  lies 
opposite  Spruce  creek  and  may  be  3-4ths  of  a  mile  across  either 
way  ;  and  Fumal's,  or  Navy  Island  of  58  acres,  which  has  been 
purchased  by  tlio  United  States,  at  the  cost  of  $5,500,  for  a 
ship-yard,  in  which  several  war  ships  have  been  already  buih. 

Southeastwardly  of  Kittery  point  are  Gerrish*s  and  Cutis* 
Islands^*  which  are  separated  from  the  main  by  a  very  small 
strait  only  boatable,  and  which  two  together  may  contain  an  area 
equal  to  a  league  square  ;  poor  and  uninhabited,  belonging  to  the 
town  of  Kiitrry.  West  of  the  former  and  north  of  Great  Island 
is  the  Pool. 


*  '•  Drnv«  hont  harhoiir,"  is  X.  E.  of  these  Mand*,  next  to  the  main. 


Sect,  ii.] 


OF  UAINe. 


SS 


o  the  main. 


The  celebrated  ItleM  of  Shoah,  which  are  often  mentioned  and  Tiw  IsIm  •! 
partially  described  in  the  succeeding  History,  lie  nine  miles  south* 
erly  from  the  mouth  of  Piscataqua  harbour,  and  are  seven  in 
number, — ^three  (besides  Anderson's  rock,)  on  the  west  and  four 
on  the  east  side  of  the  line;  the  former  belonging  to  New-  '  "^  ' 
Hampshire  and  tlie  latter  to  Maine.  Here  Is  a  good  naval 
road  with  moorings ;  where  ships  sometimes  take  shelter  in  bad 
weatlier.  Formerly  the  inhabitants  were  engaged  in  the  cod- 
fishery  to  great  advantage ;  and  on  one  of  the  Islands,  saltworks 
have  been  erected,  which  yielded  salt  of  a  most  excellent  quality 
for  curing  6sh. 

The  most  conspicuous  of  them  is  Star  Island,  which  forms  §,„  w.od. 
the  town  of  Gosport,  and  is  on  the  New-Hampshire  side  of  the 
line.  It  is  3-4lhs  of  a  mile  long  from  N.  W.  to  S.  E.  and  half 
a  mile  wide ;  and  has  a  meeting-house  fronting  the  west,  painted 
white,  with  13  feet  walls  and  a  steeple  in  the  middle,  about  30 
feet  in  height.  It  may  be  seen  25  miles  distant  in  almost  any 
direction.  It  bears  from  the  western  Agamcnticus  south  1-2  east ; 
—the  buildings  are  on  the  north  end  of  the  Island. 

White  Island*  is  a  mass  of  rocks  3-4ths  of  a  mile  in  length  Whit» 
[from  N.  W.  to  S.  E.  and  is  the  southwesternmost  one  of  the 
[cluster.     It  is  one  mile  and  3-4ths  from  Star  Island  meeting- 
'  house.     In  the  tower  of  the  lighthouse  is  a  bell  of  SOOlbs.  tolled 
by  machinery. 

The  northRrnmost  of  all  on  the  N.  H.  side  is  Londoner's  or  t.on.i«»m!r'» 
Lounging  Island,  which  has  rugged  rocks  projecting  in  every  di- 
rection ;  about  half  wny  between  which  and  Star  Island  lies  a 
rock,  bare  at  low  water.  This  Island  is  5-8ths  of  a  mile  in 
length,  and  one  third  of  a  mile  from  Star  Island,  and  lies  south- 
west of  Hog  Island. 

On  the  Maine  side  of  the  line  are  Duck  Island,  Hog  Island, 
Smutty-nose  Island,  and  Cedar  Island. 

Duck  Island,  which  is  north  of  all  the  others,  is  an  ill-shapen,  Pf"[« 
low,  rocky  Island,  the  most  dangerous  one  of  the  whole  seven, 
as  the  rocks  project  on  all  sides,  and  from  the  N.  W.  part,  a  ledge 
runs  off  half  a  mile.     It  is  7-6ths  of  a  mile    in  length  from  N. 
W.  to  S.  E.  and  a  league  from  Star  Island  mceting-honse. 

Hog  Island,  at  its  east  end,  bears  from  the  meeiing-lioujie  N.  Hog  luianti. 

*Tlir  liip^litlion^o  is  07  reel  in  livi^^lit  abo\c  iiighwatir  mark,  cont^tniiif 
li  jiatent  laiii)>«  willi  rcflcctorN,  mi  a  revolving  triunj^lc. 


•  iiK 


and. 


York  river. 


24  THE  WATERS  AND  COASl'  [IllXBOODO. 

. .  „>.t  <n  N.  £.,  7-8th8  of  a  mile  distant,  and  is  about  one  mile  in  length 
from  E.  to  W. ;  and  5-s8tbs  of  a  mile  across.  It  is  much  the 
largest  one  of  the  seven. 
BMuiiy-MM  South  of  Hog  Island  is  Stnutty-nose  or  HayUy'a  Idandf  which 
kiand.  has  an  artificial  dock,  constructed  with  great  labour  and  expense 
by  Mr.  Hayley,  for  the  accommodation  of  fishing  vessels.  It  is 
a  mile  long  from  E.  to  W.  and  nearly  half  a  mile  wide.  It  has 
a  windmill  on  its  northerly  part,  and  Hayl<  y's  cove  at  the  west 
end,  where  15  or  20  small  vessels  may  lie  safely  from  all  winds, 
and  where  the  buildings  are  situated.  The  east  end  of  this  Isl- 
and bears  £.  N.  £.  5-8ths  of  a  mile  distsiit  from  the  meeting- 
house. 

Cedar  Iilahd^  one  third  of  a  mile  in  length  from  E.  to  W., 
small  in  territory,  is  situate  between  Star  and  Smutty-nose  Isl- 
ands ;  its  east  end  bears  £.  l-4th  N.  3-8ths  of  a  mile  distant 
from  the  meeting-house.  Between  this  and  the  latter  Island,  the 
channel  is  crooked,  and  a  rock  lies  off  the  S.  E.  end.*  Some- 
times vessels  passing  between  Casco  bay  and  Boston,  run  within 
side  of  these Islands.f  ,.    ,  ,i^  ..;r,f,      .  r. 

Over  land  from  Spruce  creek  to  Jlgamentictu  or  York  mer, 
the  distance  is  only  four  miles ;  whereas  it  is  nearly  as  many 
leagues  around  by  water  to  the  mouth  of  that  river,  where  it 
forms  a  good  harbour.  The  river  itself  receives  no  considera- 
ble supply  from  its  short  fresh  water  stream  above  the  head  of  the 
tide,  and  therefore  is  indebted  to  the  ocean  for  its  existence.  Its 
length  of  flood-tide  is  seven  miles  ;  its  harbour,  which  is  narrow 
and  crooked  at  its  entrance,  can  receive  vessels  of  300  tons  bur- 
tl>en.J  .    ,,.        . 

Along  the  coast,  four  miles  distant,  a  part  of  which  is  a 
most  beautiful  beach  of  white  sand,  empties  Cape  JVeddock 
river^  which  is  a  stream  flowing  from  the  fooi  uf  Mount  Agamen- 
ticus.  It  receives  its  waters  from  the  sea  ;  has  a  bar  of  sand  at 
its  mouth,  and  is  so  small  of  itself  as  to  be  fordable  at  half  tide 

*MS.  Let.  Hon.  M.  Dcnnct. 

f  It  vrnn  on  tlicsc  Islands  tliat  the  (hinjith  was  cnrctl  in  80  celebrated  a 
manner  as  to  be  knoTrn  in  S|tain  nnd  other  places  in  the  Mediterranean. 
In  1745,  a  quintal  of  it  would  sell  for  a  f^iiinea,  when  other  articles  of  food 
were  low.  The  fisli  is  caiipfht  in  the  smnnicr  season,  cured  on  tho  rocks 
oy  ilryin!?  them  slowly  ami  very  carefully  without  much  salt.  It  was  an 
art  thought  to  be  peculiar  to  the  Itlo  of  bhoals,  but  is  now  known  else- 
where. 

{Hon.  D, Scwall. 


Cspe  Neil- 
dock. 


\  -n 


Sect. 


or  MAItft. 


4<i*'- 


il 


York  river, 
rly  as  many 
^r,  where  it 
considera- 
i  head  of  the 
istence.  Its 
:h  is  narrow 
)0  tons  bur- 

which  is  a 
pe  JVeddock 
jnt  Agamen- 
r  of  sand  at 

at  half  tide 


celebrated  a 
cditerranean. 
rticles  of  food 
OD  tho  rock* 
It  was  an 
knowo  oUe- 


It  is  never  navigable  more  than  a  mile  from  the  ocean  at  high     "' f      ^ 
water.     On  the  southwest  of  the  river,  and  at  the  upper  end  of 
Long-sands-bay,  is  the  Nubble,  which  is  nothing  more  than  a  Nubbi*. 
small  hillock. 

This  Nubble  is  the  nearest  main  land  to  Boon  Island,*  which 

is  l-4th  of  a  mile  in  length  and  six  or  seven  miles  distant,  in  a 

S.  E.  direction.     It  is  an  Island   of  rocks,  and   one  league  east 

from  it,  is  Boon  Island  ledge,  very  dangerous.     It  is  so  low  and  BoonWaid. 

small  an  Island,  that  sometimes  in  gales  and   storms,  the  waters 

drive  the  resident  family  to  the  second  story  of  the  Lighthouse.f 

Between  Cape  Neddock  and  the  river  Mousom,  there   are  no 

Islands  except  a  few  which  are  mere  appendages  of  the  main  ; 

but  here  we  find  the  extensive  salt  marshes  of   Wells,  the  river 

[Negunket,  anciently  Oguntiquit,  the  first  boundary  between  York 

land  Wells ;  and  a  few  miles  east  of  it  tlie  harbour  of  Wells,  tol- 


*  Upon  ihit  Island  is  a  dtvcllin^house  and  a  Lig^lilbouse.      It  is  6  or  6 
leag^iies  S.  E.  from  Ag;amenticu8. 

fOn  the  11th  of  Dec.  1710,  the  Noltinffham  Galley,  of  120  tons  burthen, 
with  ten  ^uns  and  14  men,  under  Juhn  Deanc,  master,  bound  to  Boston 
I  from  London,  was  driven  by  a  tremendous  gale,  accompanied  with  rain, 
liail  and  snow,  upon  Boon  Island.  It  was  in  total  darkness  when  their  suf- 
ferings commenced  there  :— They  beings  wet,  cold,  fatigpued,  and  hungry— 
rithout  shelter,  light  or  food.  In  so  dreadful  a  niis^ht,  some  soon  died.  The 
next  day  they  could  make  no  signal  to  be  noticed  from  the  shore,  and  after 
a  few  days,  two  of  them  attempted  to  get  to  York  on  a  raft,  but  they  were 
drowned.  The  best  and  only  food  of  these  forlorn  sufferers,  were  sbredt 
of  a  raw  hide,  a  few  muscles  and  rockweed.  For  several  days  they  prayed 
frequently  to  God  for  relief,  and  treated  each  other  with  condolence  and 
kindness. 

But  through  extreme  famine,  and  distress,  they  thought   upon  the  duty 

of  preserving  their  lives,  if  possible,  by  eating  some  flesh  of  a  wretched 

man  whoae  body  lay  lifeless  before  their  eyes.    They  deliberated,   sighed, 

and  chose  at  last,  this,  as  a  less  evil  than  death  ;  yet,  having  no  fire,  they 

were  obliged  to  swallow  it,  loathsome  as  it  was,  raw.     Their  dispositions 

immediately  underwent  a  total  change;   quarrels  and  profanity  ensued; 

jthey  viewed  themselves  forgotten  of  their  Maker,  and   prayed  to  him  no 

i  more.    Such  were  these  unliappy  mariners,  the  n.  .st  wretched  objects  of 

I  despair,  when  they  were  discovered  and  taken  off,  the  3d  of  January,  1711, 

emaciated  to  mere  skeletons  and  unable  to  walk. 

In  1811,  a  Lighthouse  was  built  there  of  stone,  which  cost  the  United 
States  $3,59U,  and  the  next  year  the  Island  was  ceded  to  that   government, 
which  pays  the  keeper  |I50  annually.    Hero  be  takes  abuodanoo  of  sea- 
fowl  which  furnishes  him  with  food  and  'eatbers. 
Vol.  I.  8 


THE  WATERS  AND  COAST 


[IlfTBOOUC. 


I*  ^-ii^-a 


Kennebuak 
fiver. 


Cap* 
PorpoiM. 


Wood 
Itlaitd. 


Winmr 
harbour. 


erable  for  small  vessels,  where  they  were  oftentimet  attacked  in 
the  Indian  wars. 

The  Motuotn,  formerly  called  Cape  Porpoise  river,  or  M agun- 
cook,  which  issues  from  ponds  of  that  name  in  Shapleigh,  20 
miles  remote,  turns  several  mills,  but  has  no  good  harbour  by  na- 
ture. It  is  only  two  miles  and  a  half  from  that  of  Wells'  :* 
And,  because  the  entrances  into  the  harbours  of  this  section  were 
obstructed  by  sand  bars,f  a  corporation  under  a  Legislative  act, 
passed  June  29,  1702,  stopped  the  natural  course  of  the  Mou- 
som,  by  a  dam  across  it ;  and  thence  opened  a  canal  through  a 
salt  boggy  marsh  and  a  narrow  beach  to  a  cove  of  the  sea.  It  is 
through  this  canal,  twenty  feet  wide,  seven  deep  and  two  hun- 
dred rods  in  length,  the  v.aters  of  the  river  now  find  their  outlet. 

Two  miles  further  east,  and  still  west  of  Cape  Porpoise,  at 
the  mouth  of  Kennebunk  river,  which  is  smaller  than  the  Mou- 
som,  is  a  good  harbour  for  small  vessels;  the  river  is  the  divid- 
ing line  between  Kennebunk  and  Kennebunk-port,  [lately  Arun- 
del,] and  turns  mills  which  have  cut  great  quantities  of  lumber. 
The  village  of  Kennebunk  is  3  or  4  miles  from  the  sea,  on  the 
the  river  Mousom. 

Cape  Porpoise,  which  is  seven  leagues  N.  E.  of  Cape  Neddock, 
is  a  difficult  and  narrow  harbour,  though  safe  from  winds ;  the 
entrance  into  which,  an  hundred  yards  from  the  sea,  is  between 
five  Islands,  three  on  the  right  and  two  on  the  left.  There  a 
vessel  which  draws  ten  feet  will  be  aground  at  low  water  and  can 
hardly  turn  on  the  flood.  At  the  mouth  of  Kennebunk  river  har- 
bour are  two  piers,  one  on  the  eastern  and  tlie  other  on  the  west- 
ern side  of  the  channel. 

Three  leagues  N.  E.  of  Cape  Porpoise  is  Wood  Island,  at  the 
mouth  of  Saco  river,  70  or  80  rods  from  the  main  land.  The 
entrance  into  tlie  harbour  is  on  both  sides  of  the  Island  ;  at  the 
westward  however,  there  is  a  long  bar  of  l-4tli  of  a  mile  and 
some  rocks ;  and  on  the  eastern  side  the  water  over  the  bar  is 
only  fourteen  feet  in  depth  at  high  tides.  The  celebrated  place, 
called  fVinter  Harbour,^  which  is   above  Wood   Island,   is  six 


*  Hon.  N.  Wells'  description. 

f  Depth  of  water  on  the  bar,  at  low  water,  is  only  2  or  3  feet :  tides  8  or 
9  feet.     The  '^Jishine;  Podi"  lie  off  tliis  harbour, 

I  So  c«Ued  after  aa  ancient  inhabitant  there  by  the  name  of  Jf''uU€r. 


.v 


Sect,  ii.]  of  mainc.  5J7 

miles  below  Saco  bridge,  and  the  head  of  the  tide ;  the  place  of       ttMit 
anchorage  is  near  Stage  Island,  on  the   Biddeford  side.     In  the  ., 

;  *'  Pool"  vessels  lie  safely  from  all  winds.     This  is  without  the  bar, 
[on  the  west  side  of  Saco  river,  and  is  formed  by  a  peninsula  called  i  "^ 

[Fletcher's  neck  and  the  main  land.     A  short  canal  across  would 
iconnect  the  Saco  with  the  Pool.     There  is  no  channel  between 
iood  and  J^Tegro  Islands. 

Wood  Island,  of  10  or  12  acres,  is  high  even  land,  and  cover- 
sd  with  trees.     Tlie  United  States  erected  a  Lighthouse  there  L'gi'ihout*. 
nth  a  repeating  light,  in  1 808,  at  tiie  cost  of  $4,898  80,  and  has 
since  paid  tlie  keeper  of  it  $300  by  the  year ;  his  is  the  only 
jTamily  on  the  Island.  • 

Saco  River\  in  its  course  is  about  140  miles  in  length,  rapid  and  sacorivw. 
lear  ;  and  at  ihc  lower  falls  it  is  an  hundred  yards  in  width.     Its 
lead  is  in  the  White  Mountains  of  New- Hampshire,  at  the  western        * 
^ss  called  the  JVotch  ;  and  Ellis  River,  another  branch  of  it,  rises 
^  the  eastern  pass.     Near  the  former  is  a  source  of  Connecticut 
^iver ;  and   within  ten  feet  of  the   latter,   Peabody  river   rises, 
irhicli  is  a  branch  of  the  Androscoggin. 
The  river  Saco,  after  running  in  a  southeasterly  direction  be- 
feen  30  and  40  miles    and    receiving  several  small   tributaries, 
liters   Maine    across  the  dividing  line  of  Conway   and    Frye- 
irg.     It  then  meanders  north  1 5  miles,  quite  to  the  north  line  of 
\e  latter  town ;  there,  after  receiving  Cold  river  and  tlie  waters 
>f  a  small  pond  at  the  north,  and  forming  a  bow,  runs  south   and 
sparates  Denmark  from  Brownfield.     The  serpentine  windings  of 
lis  river,  thirty-six  miles  in  length,  within  the  single  town  of 
Tyeburg,  forming  fine  intervales  and  progressing  only  4  miles,  is 
natural  curiosity.     But  to  avoid  this  circuity  in  part,  a  canal  more 
lan  three  mil^s  long,  was  in    1817 — 18,  cut  across  about  four 
liles  below  the  extreme  curve  of  the  bend,  through   Bear  and 
Jog  ponds,  and  this  laid  the  bed  of  the  bow  above  entirely   dry. 
Three  miles  below  the  canal,  between  Fryeburg   Academy  and 
le   Saco,   is   the  celebrated   Lovell's   pond,  half  a  league    in 
length,  though  less  than  a  mile  in  width  at  any  place.     It  was 

t  Anciently  "  Sawocotvck-,''^  "  Sawahi/ualrmk"  Prin.  An.  55,  C3.  Smith's 
Hist.  214.  ♦»  Sockhigonts,''''  Gorge*.  Fulioni't  llitt.  of  Saco  and  Biddtford^ 
13,  U. 


i^.i.A*- 


8Moriv«r. 


Gnal  falls. 


Oiwat  and 

Little  Otti< 


THE  WATERS  AND  COAST  [IimiODUC. 

through  this,  the  natives  used  to  pass  in  their  excursions  up  and 
down  the  river. 

This  beautiful  section  of  country  was  anciently  called  Peg- 
Pegwacket.  toocktt*,  one  of  the  principal  and  most  favourite  lodgements  of  the 
Sokokis  tribe ;  and  also  the  theatre  of  a  desperate  battle,  with  the 
Indians.  Here  are  curious  mounds  of  earth,  one  is  60  feet  in 
circumference,  artificially  raised  by  them,  either  as  receptacles  of 
'  the  dead  or  fortifications  of  the  living  ;  of  which  no  tradition  nor 

conjecture  can  give  any  satisfactory  account. f 

From  this  place  the  river  runs  sixty  miles  S.  S.  E.  before  it 
gives  its  waters  to  the  Atlantic.  In  Brownfield  it  forms  a  fine 
intervale ;  and  at  Hiram  it  exhibits  the  Great  falhy  where  the 
water  plunges  down  a  ledge  of  ragged  rocks  seventy-two  feet. 

Thirty-five  miles  from  its  mouth  it  is  joined  by  the  Great  Ossipee 
from  the  west,  which  issues  out  of  Great  Ossipee  pond,  in  New- 
Hampshire,  about  eighteen  miles  distant,  and  separates  Porter  and 
Hiram  from  Parsonsfield  and  Cornish,  and  also  forms  the  divid- 
ing line  between  the  counties  of  York  and  Oxford.  This  river 
though  a  short  one,  contributes  to  the  Saco  a  third  part  of  its 
waters. 

Above  the  mouth  of  the  Little  Ossipee,  at  Limington,  are  the 
Steep  falls,  o{  twenty  feet;  and  below,  at  Buxton,  ten  miles 
above  Saco  falls,  are  Salmon  falls,  of  thirty  feet,  giving  views 
variously  to  engage  the  eye  of  the  curious  observer,  and  afford- 
ing conveniences  to  the  ingenious  machinist.| 

Ijittle  Ossipee  springs  from  Balch  pond,  of  1000  acres,  lying 
each  side  of  the  line  dividing  the  two  States ;  and  after  separating 
Newfield  from  Shapleigh,  empties  itself  into  the  Saco,  between 
Limington  and  Hollis.  It  is  a  fine  mill  stream,  but  is  not  one 
fourth  so  large  as  the  Great  Ossipee.^  ,   .  si 

The  Main  river,  having  received  many  other  streams,  descends 
to  the  head  of  the  lower  or  Saco  falls,  where  it  is  divided  by 
Indian  Island,  containing  30  acres,  and  on  each  side  tumbles 
over  a  precipice  of  rocks,  forty-two  feet,  and  mixes  with  the 
tide.  From  the  east  side  of  that  Island,  which  i  i  fertile  and 
pleasant,  the  appearance  of  these  falls  is  majestic.  || 

♦*'  Peckwalket,"  Sullivan  25  ;  or  Poguawett,— Gov.  Lincoln.  [Sandy  Land.] 
f  MS.  Letter  of  A.  J.  Cook,  Esq.  and  a  plan. 
I  MS.  Letters  of  Rufus  Mclntire,  Esq.  and  James  Ayer,  jr.  Esq. 
{  MS.  Letter  of  John  Neal,  Esq.  ||  Rer.  Juna.  Cogswell,  of  Saco. 


SMep  falls. 

Salimm 

falls. 


Saco  falls. 


oln.  [Sandy  Land.] 


SlOT.   II.]  OF  MAINE. 

The  river  is  easily  affected  hj  freshets.     In  a  common  one  the  i 
water  rises  ten  feet,  and  sometimes  it  has  risen  25  feet ;    when 
in  many  places  it  overflows  its  banks  and  makes  gre'     destruc- 
tion.    This  was  particularly  the  case  in  the  great  flood  ^1*  Octo- 
ber, 1775,  when  a  large  stream,  called  JVew  river,  broke  out  of[«,«ri,^, 
Ithe  White  Mountains,  and  bore  down  every  thmg  in  its  way,  till 
|it  found  a  discharge  in  Ellis'  river.     The  Saco,  being  swelled 
[enormously  by  this  accession  to  its  waters,  swept  away   mills, 
)ridges,  domestic  animals,  and  great  quantities  of  lumber.      The 
)urst  of  New  river  from  the  mountains  was  a  great  phenomenon  ; 
id  as  its  water  was  of  a  reddish  brown,  or  bloody  colour,  the 
people  considered  it  an  ill  omen  in  those  times  of  revolution.* 
After  passing  the  ancient  plantations  of  Kittery,  York,  Wells, 
id  Saco,  we  come  to  Scarborough,  which  has  never  changed  its  ScBrt>oro'. 
ime  since  its  first  incorporation.     It  extends  towards  the  east, 
lix  miles  in  width  on  the  coast,  to  the  mouth  of  Spurmnk  river,  ^purwiak. 
rhich  seems  to  cut  ofl*  as  it  bounds  the  eastwardly  corner  of  the 
)wn.     This  part  is  called  Black  point ;   and  between  the  mouth  Black  point. 
)f  Spurwink  and  those  of  hibby's,  JVonesuch,  and   Dunston  riv- 
ers, which  discharge  their  waters  in  confluence,  is  ProuVs  JVeck,  •*««>'• 
rejecting  into  the  sea  and  forming  a  semi-globular  mound,  of 
>me  height,  joined  to  the  main  land  by  a  narrow  isthmus.     The 
^onesuch  enters  the  town  from  Saco  on  the  south  side,  crossing  NoDtwch. 
^e  line  five  miles  from  the  sea,  runs  round  Scottow's  hill  in  the 
3rm  of  a  circle,  nearly  to  the  east  line  of  the  town,  and  joins 
P[)unston  river  near  its  mouth.     Between  this  and  Little  river,  on 
Jaco  line,  in  the  southwest  quarter  of  Scarborough,  is  Blue  point  _, 
id  the  highlands.     Dunston  and  Nonesuch  are  both  small ;  the 
|atter  has  nine  bridges  over  it ;  the  former,  being  westward  of  the 
}ther,  is  the  shorter  and  larger  of  the  two  and  forms  a  difficult 
larbour  for  vessels  of  a  small  size.     Outside  of  the  bar  are  Steten 
id  Bluff  Islands,  south  of  the  neck.f 

*"  At  the  mouth  of  the  Saco  are  Gooseberry  Island,  Stage  Island  and 
lonument,  Basket  Island,  Ram  and  Eagfle  Islands, 
t  Rev.  Nathan  TUUm'i  MS.  detcription  »f  Scarborough  and  a  plan. 
[The  early  grant  to  Henry  JosseJyn  was  confirmed  in  1684,  to  Joshua  Scot- 
Jtow  and  others,  by  President  Danforth.  But  Josseiyn  married  the  widow 
IConimock,  and  thus  acquired  a  large  estate  at  Black  point,  which,  eillier 
[by  the  above  confirmation  or  otherwise,  became  Scottow's.  The  "  MUU- 
ben  ciatm,"  arose  from  an  Indian  purchase  by  tlte  llgers. 


Falmouft. 


IVi  moo- 
duck. 


Cape  Eliza 


Cape 
belli. 


Portlaad- 
liead. 


.i>      i 


>,!•    li    n\ 


Fore  river. 


Simud- 
waier. 


Rirhinan'i 
Island. 


Wnlch 
iedso. 


Back  cove. 


THE  WATERS  AND  COAST  [ImthODWC. 

The  ancient  Falmouth*  the  next  plantation  to  Scarborough, 
eastward,  was  originally  eijrht  miles  wide,  in  a  straight  line  on 
the  seaboard  of  Case )  hay,  and  embraced  the  present  towns  of 
Cape  Elizabeth,  Weslbrook,  Portland  and  what  is  now  Falmouth. 
We  propose  to  describe ^r*^  the  Coast,  and  second  the  Bay.  •  >'*^^ 
VV  Upon  the  Coast,  the  town  of  Cape-Elizabeih,  from  the  mouth 
of  Spurwink  south,  to  tlie  utmost  extreme  of  Purpooduck  north, 
is  eight  miles,  as  the  shore  runs,  and  from  two  to  three  miles 
wide.  On  its  easterly  side  are  two  noted  projections  of  land ; 
•  one  is  Cape  Elizabeth,  at  the  southwesterly  limit  and  site  of  Cas- 
co  bay,  four  miles  from  the  mouth  of  Spurwink  river,  on  which 
is  a  Pyramid  of  stone ;  the  other  is  Portland-head,  two  miles 
farther  north,  opposite  to  the  entrance  into  the  sound.  On  this 
head  is  Portland  Lighthouse,  in  lat.  43''  39  and  long.  TO*  3 , — 
an  edifice  of  stone  72  feet  in  height,  exclusive  of  the  lantern, 
and  was  erected  in  1 790.  Spurmnk  settl  :nent  was  and  is  in 
the  southerly  angle  of  the  town,  towards  that  river.  The  Pur' 
pooduckf  villege  is  nearly  opposite  the  compact  part  of  Portland 
and  is  connected  with  that  place  by  a  bridge,  2,600  feet  in 
length. 

'  Between  Portland  peninsula  and  the  town  of  Cape  Elizabeth 
is  Fore  river,  a  salt  water  indent,  stretching  first  southerly  and 
then  westerly,  in  all  a  league  .>r  more,  and  terminating  in  Stroud- 
water  river  which  descends  mrough  Westbrook.  Spurwink 
settlement  was  prosecuted  under  Samuel  Jordan,  an  Episcopal 
clergyman ;  and  that  of  Purpooduck  by  several  brothers  whose 
surname  was  Wallace. 

Richman's  Island  is  southwesterly  of  the  headlands  on  Cape 
Elizabeth  point,  distant  2J  miles ;  and  N.  E.  of  Wood  Island, 
three  leagues.  It  is  situated  J  mile  from  the  main  land  by  a 
strait  fordable  at  low  water.  It  is  good  land,  about  3  miles  in 
circumference  and  inhabited  by  two  families.  It  has  a  harbour 
for  small  vessels  ;  though  it  has  sunken  rocks  called  Watch  ledge^ 
half  a  mile  in  extent,  east  from  the  northeast  end  of  the  Island. 
In  early  History  this  Island  is  frequently  mentioned. 

On  the  north  and  east  side  of  Portland,  is  a  bay  called  Back 
cove,  which  stretches  up  westerly  near  to  the  head  of  Fore  river. 


♦  Indian  name,  Tu/atn—J.  De  Lact,  (printed  1633.) 

t  TliC  Indians  called  this  land  and  llic  country  west,  "  .1;)i«ta»ia." 


■ai: 


•jm 


SXCT.  n.^  OF  MAINE. 

leaving  an  intervening  isthmus,  which  joins  the  peniniuia  to  the 
main  land  in  Westbrook.  At  the  mouth  of  the  cove,  is  a  very 
commodious  and  substantial  toU-bridge  about  120  rods  in  length. 
With  the  waters  in  the  northerly  margin  of  that  cove,  at  its 
mouth,  mix  those  of  Presumpscot*   river,  which  is  navigable  a  |)^'JS 


■j^;! 


short  distance  from  the  sea.  Its  head  is  in  Sebago  lake^  the  *r*^* 
easterly  edge  of  which  is  fifteen  miles  irom  the  salt  water  in  a 
straight  line.  The  lake  is  about  four  leagues  by  three  in  com- 
pass, and  receives  a  number  of  tributary  streams ;  the  principal 
one  being  Crooked  river,  which  rises  in  the  north  part  of  Albany, 
near  a  bend  of  the  Androscoggin,  and  finds  its  mouth  in  Sebago 
pond  after  running  southerly  about  35  miles,  and  turning  a  num- 
ber of  mills.  Northwest  of  it  is  Long  pond,  between  Bridgeton  ^"f  P***' 
and  Harrison,  9  miles  in  length. + 

About  two  miles  nortlieast  of  the  place  where  the  Presump- 
scot  receives  its  waters  from  Sebago  lake,  is  Sebago  pond,  which  poad. 
lies  partly  in  Gray,  though  mostly  in  Windham.  It  was  origin- 
ally in  two  parts,  separated  by  a  neck  25  feet  in  width,  but  con- 
nected by  one  Hardy,  about  1 760,  who  lived  on  an  Island  in  the 
northern  one,  to  avoid  carrying  his  boat  from  tlie  one  to  the  other ; 
the  southern  one  before  had  no  outlet.  About  the  year  1 790, 
Col.  Anderson  cut  a  canal  from  tlie  latter,  half  a  mile  long,  south- 
westerly, to  Pleasant  river,  a  mill  stream,  through  which  he  drew 
a  small  brook  to  aid  in  turning  his  mills.  In  the  great  freshet  of 
1814,  the  water  in  the  pond  rising  to  an  unusual  height,  burst 
away  the  bank  of  the  pond,  at  the  head  of  the  canal,  which  was 
sand ;  and  with  a  tremendous  torrent  opened  a  channel  300  feet 
in  width  and  50  feet  in  depth,  and  swept  away  a  house  in  which 
a  family  lived,  also  a  mill  and  a  bridge ;  and  rushed  into  a  thick 
and  heavy  growth  of  forest  trees,  tearing  them  up  by  the  roots, 
and  swelling  Pleasant  river,  so  that  its  waters  did  much  damage  '-*  ' 
before  they  were  discharged  into  the  Presurapscot.  The  latter 
is  itself  rapid,  though  not  very  large,  and  has  high  banks  espe- 
cially towards  its  mouth. | 

RoyalVs,  or  fVestecustego  river,  is   about  seven  miles  north-  "'!?«J,o*,r 
east  of  Presumpscot ;  and  between  the  two  there  are,  along  the  '**•* 

♦  Or  Spring-pmnl.  f  MS.  Letter  of  Z.  Leach,  E«q. 

I  A  MS.  Letter  from  J.  Waterman,  Esq.,  with  a  plan.    Alto  3  MaH. 
Hit.  Coll.  p.  469. 


r>i< 


u 


>  rivar. 


9» 


Nonh-Yar. 


Mamcook 
bmj. 


Harr»aM< 
kM  rivw. 


MfdTjrco* 
ncBf. 
Middle  bay 
Mara-point. 


Sebascode- 
gan. 

Quaheaf. 


THE  WATERS  AMP  COAST  [IkTBODWO. 

court,  several  shoal  indents  of  water  and  salt  marshes.  It  is  a 
small  river,  and  has  a  good  harbour  at  its  mouth,  about  which 
the  ancient  settlements  of  North- Yarmouth  were  commenced 
which  suffered  so  exceedingly  in  the  early  Indian  wars.  The 
river  rises  in  New-Gloucester,  and  after  running  fifteen  miles, 
descends  a  fall  two  miles  from  the  sea,  where  it  meets  the  tide 
•t  the  head  of  navigation. 

The  original  Nortli- Yarmouth  lay  about  nine  or  ten  miles  long 
from  the  easterly  line  of  Falmouth,  in  direct  course,  on  the  mar- 
gin of  the  salt  water ;  extended  back  two  leagues  and  a  half 
from  die  mouth  of  Royall's  river  and  from  Magocook  bay,  which 
terminates  northeast  in  Alaquoit*  ;  and  embraced,  besides  the 
present  town  of  that  name,  tlie  towns  of  Freeport,  southeast,  and 
Pownal  in  the  rear.  In  Freeport  are  several  small  creeks,  where 
wood-coasters  can  load.  In  the  western  section  of  the  town  is  a 
small  stream  called  Harrcueeket  river,  where  the  first  settlements 
were  established ;  and  in  the  centre  are  Porter's  and  Mast  land- 
ings, two  or  three  miles  from  the  sea,  at  which  vessels  of  400 
tons  have  been  built.f 

It  was  between  the  head-waters  of  Maquoit  and  Brunswick, 
or  Pejepscot  ialls,  where  the  Indians  passed  over  land  three  or 
four  miles  only,  in  their  travels  across  tlie  country. 

Between  Magocook  bay  terminating  at  Maquoit,  and  the  jpen' 
intula  Merryconeag  [in  HarpsweU]  is  Middle  Bay,  which  bor- 
ders on  tliat  town  east,  and  northwest,  on  a  tongue  of  land 
called  "  Mare-point"  which  is  the  south  extremity  of  Brunswick, 
and  which  separates  the  waters  of  tlie  two  bays.|     ; ,   ; 

Tha.t  peninsula  is  nine  miles  in  length  and  its  average  width 
one  mile,  and  joins  Brunswick  on  the  north  by  an  isthmus  "  a 
very  few  rods  wide."  Eastward  of  it  is  tlie  Island  Sebascodegan^ 
which  lies  north  of  Quaheag  bay,  and  which  is  separated  from 
the  main  land  on  the  east  by  JVew  Meadows  bay,'^  and  river ; 

*  D.  Neal  sajt,  A.  D.  1700,  "  Maquoit  is  a  small  Tillage."  In  "  1662 
Boies  and  others  built  a  fortification  at  Musequoite."    Ketuubtck  Ciaimt 

f  Rev.  R.  Nason. 

I  From  this  place  may  be  seen  Portland  Observatory. 

{  Qualicag  and  Netv  Meadows  bays,  Torm  Broad  toutul,  between  Harps- 
well  and  Cape  Small-point, 


Scot,  h.]  or  mainb. 

and  these  latter  arge  their  waters  up  within  one  mile  of  the  An- 
drosco^^^in.  Oii  this  Island  are  70  houses.  Originally,  the 
town  o(  llarpavvell  was  considered  a  part  of  North- Yannoutb  ; 
though  the  title  to  the  lands  caine  tlurough  the  Plymouth  com- 
pany.* 

J\'eu)  Meadows  bay  and  river,  form  an  arm  of  the  sea,  making 
up  noril)  from  Small-point  and  east  of  Sebascodegan,  in  width 
from  one  to  two  miles,  and  in  length  15  miles,  within  one  mile 
(as  above  mentioned,)  of  the  Androscoggin  waters ;  its  head  has 
been  called  Stevens^  river,  f  The  harbour  is  formed  by  a  cove, 
two  miles  north  of  Bare  Island,  land-locked  on  all  sides  and  suf- 
6ciently  capacious  to  hold  forty  sail  of  vessels.     The  cove  is  be- 

I  tween  the  rocks  called  the  Brown  Cow  and  White  Bull.     This 

[river  bears  N.  £.  8  leagues  distant  from  the  pyramid  on  Cape 

[Elizabeth. 

Cape  Small-point,  two  leagues  southeastwardly  of  New  Mead- 
ows river,  at  its  mouth,  has  high  ground  and  a  rocky  shore  and 
is  inhabited.  Above  the  point  on  the  northwest,  there  is  a  small 
harbour,  and  below  the  southwest  extreme  of  the  point  is  LoveWs 
(Glover^s)  rock,l  which  is  one  league  west  by  north  from  Se~ 

guin  Lighthouse. 


IUr|Mw«U. 


Wrw  K'ead- 
•ti»  river. 


BtreMiML 


CapeSmall- 
poin. 


CASCO  BAY. 

Between  Cape  Elizabeth  and  Cape  Small-poi  it,  which  are  nine 
leagues  asunder,  are  the  waters  of  the  spacious  and  celebrated 
Casco  bay;^  of  which  the  northern  shore  forms  the  hypotenuse  casco  bay. 

*  MS.  Letter  of  Rev.  Samuel  Eaton.  , 

t  Stevens*  River  is  40  rods  wide  where  the  turnpike  bridge  crosses  it, 
6  1-2  miles  from  the  college,  and  2  and  1-2  from  Bath-viliage.  From  the 
bridge  to  its  head  is  about  1  and  1-2  mile,  and  from  its  head  to  Merry, 
meeting  bay  is  only  one  mile— through  which  a  canal  has  been  cut  30  feet 
wide,— so  deep  as  to  float  rafts  about  higiiwater — The  old  road  passed  by 
the  head  of  the  river  to  Bath.  Stevens  lived  oa  the  north  &ide  of  the 
present  canal,  and  Purchase  on  the  south  side. 

t  One  mile  VV.  N.  W.  from  Glover's  rock  is  Small-point  ledge. 

j  The  ancient "  Acocisco."— The  Compiler  is  indebted  to  the  courtesy  of 
L.  Moody,  Esq.  Portland,  for  the  information  in  the  account  given  of  this 
bay  and  iU  Islands.    Mr.  M's  Chart  of  the  bay  is  very  perfect. 


.   1  «' 

m 


34 


Sound*. 
I'onlaud, 

HuMcj'e, 

Lu;'k«e'i, 

Bmitd,  Hiui 
Harptwcll. 


Porilund 
harbour. 


Northrast 
harbour. 


THE  WATERS  AND  COAST  [IltrRODrC. 

and  the  eastern  shore  the  perpendicular  of  an  acute  angle  at  the 
head  of  Stevens'  river.  The  principal  entrances  into  this  bay  are 
through  ^»e  noted  sounds,  viz.  1.  Portland  sound  on  the  western 
side  between  the  main  and  Bang's  Island,  leading  to  Portland 
harbour;  2.  Flusseys  sound,  castwardly  3  or  4  leagues  distant, 
between  Peak's  Island  and  Long  Island ;  i>.  Luckse's  sound, 
southwesterly  of  Great  Gebeag ;  4.  Broad  sound,  easterly  of  the 
latter  Island  and  of  Crotch  and  Jewel's  Island,  and  southerly  of 
Westecustego  river  ;  and  5.  Harpstoell  sound,  between  Merry- 
concag  peninsula  and  IJaily's  Island. 

Portland  harbour  is  one  of  the  best  on  the  American  coast. 
The  usual  entrances  into  it  are  through  either  Portland  or  Hussey's 
sounds  ;  where  is  good  anciiorage,  on  an  oozy  bottom  in  water 
from  1  to  G  fathom  deep,  land-locked  on  all  sides,  having  the 
peninsula  and  the  mouth  of  Fore  river  westward,  Bang's  Island 
southward.  Great  and  Little  Hog  Islands  southeastward ;  Mackay's 
Island  and  the  main  northward  ;  and  Clapboard  Island  northeast- 
ward. The  harbour  is  seldom  frozen  over,  and  the  Ledge  west- 
ward of  Little  Hog  Island,  is  tlic  only  annoyance  of  any  kind  to 
vessels. 

Northeast  of  the  preceding  harbour,  and  contiguous,  is  another 
itill  superiour,  between  the  main  and  Great  Gebeag,  being  more 
than  two  leagues  in  length  N.  E.  and  S.  W.  and  varying  in 
breadth  from  one  to  three  miles.  This  harbour  with  a  soft  bottom 
and  water  from  5  to  15  fathoms  deep,  is  sufliciently  spacious  to 
hold  1,000  ships  of  the  largest  class;  which  with  a  fair  wind 
could  go  to  sea  through  Hussey's  sound  in  a  single  hour.  Along 
the  shores  of  Falmouth  and  North-Yarmouth,  between  them  and 
Clapboard  and  Sturtevant's  Island,  however,  the  water  for  a  short 
time  in  some  winters  is  frozen  over. 

This  bay  is  crowded  with  Islands,  of  different  sizes,  shapes  and 
appearances  ;  and  the  fact  of  their  being  twice  or  three  times  as 
long  as  wide,  and  generally  stretching  northeast  and  southwest, 
inspires  the  thought,  that  they  might  be  all  at  some  period  connect- 
ed, and  then  rent  asimder  by  an  earthquake  or  some  other  tre- 
mendous shock  of  nature  from  the  .southwest.  The  whole 
number  seen  above  the  water  at  the  height  of  common  tides  is  about 
110,  exhibiting  all  the  varieties  of  black  ledges,  ragged  rocks, 
verdant  elevations,  and  well  cultivated  fields. 


kse's  sound, 
asterly  of  the 
southerly  of 


keen  M 


erry- 


;rican  coast, 
or  Hussey's 
•m  in  water 
having  the 
tang's  Island 
^ ;  Mackay's 
d  northeast- 
jedge  west- 
any  kind  to 

s,  is  another 
being  more 
varying  in 
soft  bottom 
spacious  to 
fair  wind 
Along 
them  and 
for  a  short 

shapes  and 
e  times  as 
southwest, 
d  connect- 
other  tre- 
hc  whole 
cs  is  about 
ed  rocks, 


ur 


S«CT.    II.]  T-.-V-fi    OF  MAINE.  !   '  36 

A  short  description  of  the  Islands   apparent  above  the  tide-  ^••«»  i>«jr. 
waters,  follows — beginning  on  the  western  side  of  the  bay,  witli  '''■"*• 
the  Islands  nearest  Portland  Lighthouse. 

Banff  s  Island,  of  250  acres,*  exhibits  on  the   eastern   side  a  Banp'. 
high  bliilT,  called   "  White-head,"  and  is  environed   by   a  rocky 
shore.     It  is  inore  than  a  mile  N.  E.  of  Portland   Light,  bears  a 
few  trees,  yields  j:;oo(l  pastiiro,  and  is  inhabited  by  one  family. 

Southeast  of  this,  one  mile,  is  Hnm   Island,   uninhabited,   con- r^^  i^|„j_ 
taining  10  acres  of  low  land,  with  a  rocky,  dangerous  shore  ;  upon 
which  is  a  pond  and  pasturage. 

House  Island,  of  40  acres,  is  half  a  mile  long,  N.  W.  of  Bang's  ii„u,« 
Island  and  a  near  neighbour.     On  its  westerly  end,  whicii  is  east  ''"''""'■ 
of  fort  Preble  on  the  maiii,f  distant  more  than  half  a  mile,  is  fort 
Scammell,  erected  A.  D.  1 807 — H,  and  so  named  in  honour  of  a  ,'i,".».**'"*'"* 
brave  Colonel  in  the  American  Revolution.     Here  is  u  battery,  a 
blockhouse  and  a  small  body  of  United  States  troops.     The  west- 
erly half  is  owned  by  the  National  Government,  and  the  other  is 

inhabited  by  one  family. — Fort  Preble,   built  at  the  same  time  „     . 

..  I,-  I-  F9rlPr«bl«. 

with  the  precedmg,  is  garrisoned  by  50  soldiers.     It  is   a  strong 

fortification  ;  the  walls,  which   are  constructed   of  stone   laid   in 

lime-mortar,  are  12  feet  in  height,  of  a  curving  form,  and  enclose 

the  barracks  ;  but  tlic  hospital  and  habitations  for  tlie  oflicers  are 

without  the  fort. 

One  league  eastwardly  of  Portland  is   Peakc'a  Island,  of  500  p^ni,-, 
acres  and  good  soil.     Its  length  is  half  a  league  by  one  mile  in  '^'"'"*- 
width  ;  and  has  on  the  S.  £.  side  a  rocky  shore.     It  is  inhabited 
by  10  or  12  families  who  are  owners  of  the  Island  in  severalty. 

Northwestwnrdly  and  near,  are  Great  and  Little  Iloe  Islands  T*"  i'o» 
containing  together  300  acres,  and  separated  by  a  bar  covered 
only  at  highwater.  They  form  the  easterly  side  of  Portland 
harbour.  Upon  the  former,  which  is  good  land,  are  two  houses 
and  a  fine  growth  of  wood ;  the  northeasterly  shore  is  rocky,  and  , 
the  south  and  west  sides  sandy.  The  other  is  sandy  pasture  land, 
without  inhabitants. 


*  Tlic  ucrcs  inciilioiic'd,  arc  gcucrully  by  citiinutiuu,  iu  mo«t  uf  tU« 
Islands. 

t  In  the  town  of  Capo  F.Iizalictli,  acruMllic  channel  and  west  from  Homo 
Jilund,  i«  lurt  I'rcLlc. 


30 

CaiMbajr. 

Murkay'* 
Itlaiicl 


Two  Broih' 
en. 


Cow  I«l«nd, 


Pumpkin 
UUmi. 

Crow 
Itlaad. 


I.on(( 

J«l«ua. 


Ovontel  and 

Minh 

bUod*. 


SOr^n 

Ulandf. 


J«w«l'a 
Iil^nd. 


THE  WATERS  AND  COAST  [iNTROOUe. 

Mackay^t  Itland^  situate  1-2  a  mile  from  a  point  of  that  name* 
east  of  Presumpscot  river-mouth,  and  N.  E.  of  Portland  Obser- 
vatory, 2  miles,  containing  70  acres,  exhibits  a  handsome  shape, 
an  inviting  sandy  shore,  one  dwellinghouse  and  a  beautiful  surface. 

Nortlieast,  near  Falinouth  shore,  are  "  the  Brothers"  which 
are  two  small  uninhabited  Islands,  connected  by  a  bar,  and  are  of 
little  value. 

Near  the  N.  E.  part  of  Great  Hog  Island  is  Cow  Island,  which 
contains  25  acres  of  good  land,  secured  by  a  rocky  shore,  and 
adorned  with  a  handsome  dwellinghouse  and  verdant  summer 
fields,  without  any  trees.  South,  more  than  one  mile  and  close  to 
the  N.  E.  end  of  Peak's  Island,  is  a  very  small  one  of  2  acres, 
uninhabited,  called  Pumpkin  Island,  covered  with  a  thick  spruce 
growth,  and  bounded  by  a  bold  rocky  shore.  Crow  Island  is  also 
very  small,  directly  south  of  Cow  Island,  at  the  mouth  of  Diamond 
Cove,  an  indent  on  the  N.  E.  side  of  Great  Hog  Island, — a  place 
of  great  resort  by  the  people  of  Portland  in  summer  for  pastime 
and  recreation. 

But  one  of  the  most  beautiful  in  these  waters  is  Long  Island, 
separated  from  Peak's  Island,  on  the  east,  by  Huzzy's  sound.  It 
is  about  2  and  1-2  miles  long  by  3-4ths  of  a  mile  mean  width, 
and  contains  600  acres,  inhabited  by  10  or  12  families  of  well 
informed  people.  Though  the  western  end  is  somewhat  rocky, 
the  soil  is  loamy  and  productive,  adorned  with  scattering  trees. 

Very  near  the  southwestern  extremities  of  Long  Island  are 
Overset  and  Marsh  Islands  ;  the  loriner  of  which,  so  named  from 
its  form,  contains  6  or  8  acres,  and  is  uninhabited,  rocky  and  full 
of  spruces.  The  other  is  also  small,  low,  rocky  and  barren, 
connected  to  Long  Island  by  a  bar. 

A  league  and  a  half  eastward  of  Portland  Light,  are  the  three 
Oreen  Islands,  one  of  which  is  not  far  from  Jewel's  Island.  Each 
is  small,  about  twenty  feet  in  height,  and  without  inhabitants. 

JeweVs  Island,  of  1 63  acres,  is  more  than  a  mile  in  length,  the 
northerly  moiety  of  which  is  very  narrow  ;  and  on  the  northeast 
part  is  a  curious  and  very  excellent  harbour.  The  soil  is  good,  and 
the  face  of  this  beautiful  Island  is  cheered,  by  the  appearance  of 
one  dwellinghouse  well  filled  with  inhabitants. 


*JUackay'i  point— ia   wliere  Mr.   Mackwurth    dwelt;    and  MaiMchu* 
Mtta,  1«52— 3  claimed  I  or  3  miloi  farthor  nortli. 


[Introduc. 

•f  that  name* 
tland  Obser- 
some  shape, 
itiful  surface. 
hers,^'  which 
r,  and  are  of 

^slandy  which 

shore,  and 

ant   summer 

and  close  to 

of  2  acres, 

:hick  spruce 

bland  is  also 

of  Diamond 

id, — a  place 

for  pastime 

mg  Island^ 

s  sound.    It 

lean   width, 

lies  of  well 

what  rocky, 

ng  trees. 

Island  are 

amed  from 

cy  and  full 

nd  barren, 

e  the  three 

nd.    Each 

itants. 

length, the 

northeast 

good, and 

arance  of 


i 


beag. 


Sect,  ii.]  of  Maine.  37 

Stin  larger  is  Crotch  Island,  at  the  north,  which  contains  350CiM«>Uy. 
acres  of  good  land,  and  is  inhabited  by  6  or  7  families.     Its  shape  i»iMd. 
is  much  like  a  capital  T  ;  its  shores  are  rocky,  though  on  the 
easterly  side  is  a  good  harbour. — The  westerly  half  of  this  Island 
and  all  the  others  in  this  bay,  previotidy  mentioned,  belong  to 
Portland. 

About  half  way  between  the  preceding  one  and  the  south  end 
of  great  Gebeag  is  Hope  Island,  which  exhibits  good   land,  two  Hcpe  f«i. 
houses,   and   a  bold  ledgy  shore  ; — northeast  of  which  is  Sand  "^,1' ""^  * 
Island,  of  2  or  3  acres,  low  and  barren.  ■•ud  Island. 

Great  and  Little  Gebeag*  are  very  famous  Islands.     The  for- 

•II  111./-I  Oi*imnd 

mer,  containing  1,800  acres,  is  the  largest  Island  in  Casco  bay,  if  i.inieGe. 
we  except,  perhaps,  Sebiiscodegan.  It  is  situated  about  six  miles 
from  the  main  land,  possesses  a  good  soil,  and  supports  325  in- 
habhants,  distributed  into  43  families.  It  is  a  high  Island,  4 
miles  long  by  3-4tlis  of  a  mile  in  mean  breadth  ;  and  more  than 
half  of  it  is  yet  covered  with  a  soft  wood  growth.  It  has  two 
harbours,  viz.,  in  its  northeast  and  southwest  parts.  The  Island- 
ers are  fishers  or  farmers ;  they  have  a  good  school-house  ;  and 
are  a  part  of  North-Yarmouth. f  An  half  mile  southwest  is  Little 
Gebeag,  of  GO  acres,  and  a  good  soil,  which  being  well  cultivated 
supports  one  family.  This  Island  is  only  rocky  on  the  southwest 
side,  the  residue  is  sandy  ;  and  it  is  connected  with  Great  Gebeag 
by  a  sand  bar.     It  belongs  to  Portland. 

Clapboard  Island,  lying  2  miles  N.  W.  of  Little  Gebeag,  and  1 
mile  from  the  shore  of  Falmouth,  is  a  mile  long  and  only  a  few  itU^ 
rods  wide,  low,  though  of  pretty  good  soil,   bearing  a  growth  ol 
trees.  J     It  contains  05  acres,  and  is  uninhabited. 

Sturtevant^s  Island,  of  80  acres,  lying  still  farther  N.  N.  E.  S''"":**"'* 
is  uninhabited  and   rough ;    and  between   these  two  Islands  are 
dangerous  ledges.     Not  far  distant  is  Basket  Island,  of  15  acres,  f^"*^^^ 
full  of  spruct:  and  firs,  in   a  tolerably  good  soil. 

Between  Greht  Gebeag  and  the  main,  are  Cousin^s  and  Little  uum"  or 
John's  Islands.     The  former,  which  is  the  nearer  of   the  two  to  *•*•"*•• 


Clnphnard 


•Anciently  "  Clicbeaftic."  fTlicy  now  have  a  mcctinj-liouie. 

I  AboMt  A.  U,  16i2— 1,  Massacliuictts  cxteudod  her  Charter  to  thii  Inland. 


Masiachu* 


38 

Cuco  baj. 


LinleJohii'K 
Klaiid. 


O.&L.Mo. 
gen. 


B.  Sound. 


CiTPn 

IsIrikI. 
iioose  Nest, 


Crow 
Itlniid. 

I..  Itnngs' 

liluild. 


Sinckman's 
Inland. 


Slave 
bland. 


Ministerial 
Itlaud. 


P-tlfs' 

Islund. 


Rmlidl 
Cave. 


Fnjcle 
liland 


THE  WATERS  AND  COAST  [InTRODCC. 

the  land,  is  two  miles  long  and  ^  a  mile  wide.  It  is  an  high  Isl- 
and, and  exhibits  to  good  advantage  6  or  8  dwellinghouses,  a 
good  soil,  a  sandy  shore,  and  some  flats.  Little  John  has  200 
acres  of  good  land,  and  two  or  three  houses ;  its  S.  E.  shore  is 
rocky,  and  the  residue  a  mere  mud  bank ;  extending  at  low 
water  even  to  Cousin's  Island. 

Great  and  Little  Mages'*  Islands  lie  near  the  mouth  of  Har- 
raseeket  river.  Tiie  former  contains  100  acres  of  good  soil, 
and  the  latter  20 ;  and  from  both  a  mud  bank  extends  to  the 
main  shore. 

On  the  westerly  i^ide  of  Broad  sound,  and  south  of  the  north- 
ern extremity  of  Great  Gebeag,  are  these  several  Islands  to  be 
seen  as  we  proceed  to  the  mouth  of  the  sound,  at  the  head  of 
which  are,  1,  Two  Green  Islands,  very  small  and  poor,  cover- 
ed with  spruces,  near  Great  Moges  : — 2,  The  Goose  JVest,  a  bar- 
ren, dangerous  ledge,  small  and  without  a  tree,  lying  3-4ths  of  a 
mile  south  of  Great  Gebeag ; — 3,  Croiv  Island,\  a  mile  west  of 
the  Goose  Nest,  small  and  barren  ; — and  4  and  5,  south  of  Goose 
Nest,  1-2  a  mile,  is  Lower  Bangs'*  Island,  of  GO  acres,  3-4ths  of 
a  mile  long  from  N.  E.  to  S.  W.,  very  narrow,  with  a  poor  soil, 
and  rugged  shore ;  having  Stockman's  Island  northeast,  contain- 
ing 20  acres,  as  rock.y  and  sterile  as  the  others.  G,  South  of 
Lower  Bangs'  Island  is  Stave  Island,  of  50  acres,  surrounded  by- 
rocks  and  reefs.  Its  soil  is  indifferent,  yet  it  contributes  su|)j)ort 
to  one  family. — Between  Lower  Ba7}gs^  Island  and  Stave  Island 
is  the  usual  route  from  Portland  to  Kennebec.  7,  Next  is  Jl/tn- 
isterial  Island,  containing  1 1  acres,  half  a  mile  long,  low,  nar- 
row, and  unproductive,  though  cheered  by  one  house.  Its  shore 
is  ledgy  and  forbidding,  and  between  it  and  Stave  Island  are  dan- 
gerous rocks.  8,  B(t(<s^  Island,  close  aboard,  and  connected  by 
a  bar  to  Ministerial  Island,  has  15  acres  of  low,  indifferent  land, 
and  a  dangerous  projection  of  rocks  from  its  southern  extremity. 
It  is  distinguished  by  a  house  and  large  barn  upon  it.  D,  Brown 
Cow,  or  Broken  Cave,  one  mile  S.  of  Bates'  Island,  and  1  mile 
ami  l-4tli  N.  E.  of  Jewel's  l.sland,  is  formed  of  simken  rocks 
and  brown  hacks  crested  in  sunnner  by  n  little  herbage.  10, 
Northeast,  one  mile,  is  Eagle  Island,  of   6  acres,   lying  at  the 

♦  Formerly  "  Mosicrs." 

i  Between  C'roir  Island  and  great  Gcbeai;  is  a  small  good  harbour. 


)uth  of  Har- 
f  good  soil, 
ends  to  the 

f  the  north- 

ilands   to  be 

the  liead  of 

loor,  cover- 

JVesf,  a  har- 

3-4ths  of  a 

nile  west  of 

nth  of  Goose 

es,  3-4ths  of 

a  poor  soil, 

list,   contain- 

G,  South  of 

rroiinded  by 

itcs  sniiport 

Stave  Island 

ext  is  Min- 

low,  nar- 

Its  shore 

ind  are  dnn- 

)iinccted  by 

ferciit  land, 

extremity. 

1),  Brown 

and    1  mile 

liken  rocks 

)npe.       10, 

inp;  at  the 


SbCT.   II.]  v^V       OF  MAINE.  tP 

mouth  of  Broad  sound  ;  it  is  a  high  Island,  full  of  tali  spruces,  Can  bajr. 
surrounded  by  dangerous   rocks,  and   uninhabited.      These  ten 
Islands  do  not  probably  contain  in  aggregate  more  than  1 70  acres.     . 

Between  Broad  soimd  and  the  northwesterly   side,   and   soutli 
lend  of  Merryconeag-peninsula,  [llarpswcll,]  are   twenty-jive  Isl- 
[ands,  of  which  we  will  take  a  passing  view  in   proceeding  north- 
ieastwardly    from    Drunkers'    Lcdf^c,  Mark   Island  Ledge  and  i-'f^uM. 
]fVhal€  Rock.     Little  Mark  Island  one   mile   S.   E.   of   Eagle  iJtuii. 
Ilsland,  of  only  6  or  8  acres,  is  renifrkablo  for    t!;o   stone  monu- 
[ment  or  pyramid  erected  there  by  the  United  States,  which  is  1 8 
Ifeet  square  at  its  base  and  50  iect  in  height.     This  is  at   the   en- 
trance of  llarpswcll  sound.      ?Sor{\\  is  Ilaskrirs    Island,  of    1 20  !','"'"■"'• 
jcres,  a  mile  long,  and  narrow,  bearing  4  or  5  faniilics,  who  live  . 
^ell  by  fishing  and  cultivating  a  good  soil.     At  the  IV.  E.  end   is 
small  harbour ;  the  rest  of  the  shore  is  rocky.     Haddock-rock^ 
\&  close  aboard  west ;  and  Great  Mark  Island  is  on  the   S.   E.  uiT'd."'"'' 
lide  of  Haskell's  Island,  of  6  or  8  acres,  admitting  only  a  boat 
jassage  between  them.     It  is  low,  ledgy  and  unproductive. 

Upper  Flagg  Island,  having  1  5  acres  of  good  land,  one  house  uilmir'" 
ind  a  rocky  shore  ;  Horse  Island,  of  0  acres,  a  mere  slieep-pas-  \['u,Z. 
ire  ;  and  Little  Birch  Island,  of  10  acres  ;  all  lie  not  far   from  Klllll'd"'"** 
ich  other  at  the  south  end  of  Harpswell-pcninsula,  neither  of 
^hich  is  inhabited. 

Great  'dad  Little  ffTiale  Boat  Islands  lie  two  miles  east  of  *^':  *'•'"'• 
le  nordieast  end  of  Great  Gebeag.      The  former,  a  mile  and  '»'«"ii».  **' 
[1-2  long  and  a  few  rods  wide,  contains  100  acres  and  exhibits   a 
bold  rocky  shore  ;  northwest  of  which,  1-2  mile,  is  the  latter,  of 
|15  acres,  with  a  dangerous  shore. 

Northwest  of  these  is  French's  Island,  rocky  and  ragged,  con-  '''■'•'"•»•'• 
laining  30  acres,  and  having  at  its  N.  E.  end  an   extensive  reef   '""'" 
)f  rocks.     Still  further  north,  near   Flying-point,    1    mile   and  i^mhi'.'^" 
1-2  east  of  the  moudi  of  llarraseeket  river,  is   Bihhrr's   Island  "''''"''• 

f  c^n  rTM  1  i  '  '•'land. 

)i  80  acres.      1  lie  waters  are  met  by  rocks  on  the  southerly  side 
)f  it ;  but  the  margin  of  the  residue  is  a  mere  mud-bank    to  the 
linnin  shore.     It  has  for  its  near  eastern  neighbours  the   two  little 
I  Silver  Islands  of  G  acres  each,  environed  by  ooze.  f,',')'',', 

From  Flying-point  to  J/rtre-z^oiH/ in    Brunswick,  the  distance  Mnn-poim. 
lis  2  and  l-4th  miles,  between  which  there  are  two  small    Islands, '"''"  <*o 
[one  of  1 6  and  the  other  of  6  acres,  whose  names  arc  unknown. 


/r^" 


40 


I 


Cairo  bijr 

I.«Imii(U. 


island. 


Hirch 

Island. 

A  oiliers. 


I!rII>-'( 
itIaiiJ. 


Jiquisk 
Uliiiid. 
Turnip 
blauci. 

Orr'i  bland, 


Sehasrode- 
Kail. 


THE  WATERS  AND  COAST  [IWTKODCC. 

The /our  Goo$e  Islands  lie  within  a  league  S.  W.  of  Mare- 
point,  one  contains  75,  another  60,  and  the  third  and  fourth  10 
acres  each,  and  all  of  them  are  surrounded  by  sand  banks. 

Midway  of  the  entrance  into  Middle  bay  is  Shelter  Island, 
which  is  equidistant  from  tlie  Goose  Islands  and  Harpswell  neck, 
containing  6  acres 

Birch  Island,  still  further  northeast  and  opposite  to  Mare-point, 
contains  1 50  acres  of  excellent  land  ;  northeast  of  which  are  5 
others,  towards  the  head  of  Middle  bay,  the  largest  contains  40 
acres,  and  the  three  others  from  3  to  6  acres  each. 

On  the  easterly  side  of  Harpswell-peninsula  are  several  large 
Islands  of  very  irregular  and  various  shapes. 

We  begin  with  Daily's  Island,  a  mile  from  the  S.  E.  extrem- 
ity of  the  peninsula;  which  is  2  miles  and  1-2  long  and  1-2  mile 
wide.  It  has  a  good  harbour,  called  Mackerel  cove,  on  the  west- 
erly side,  near  the  south  end.  The  face  of  the  Island  is  fair  and 
adorned  by  some  trees;  though  the  soil  is  not  of  the  first 
quality  and  the  shore  is  rocky.  There  are  upon  it  ten  dwelling- 
houses. 

Only  a  few  rods  south  is  Jaquish  Island,  full  of  trees,  embrac- 
ing 12  acres  of  poor  land,  surrounded  with  rocks  and  uninhab- 
ited.    Turnip  Island  is  very  small  and  very  near. 

Orr^s  Island,  or  Little  Sebascodegan,  separated  from  Daily's 
Island  by  a  narrow  strait,  stretches  up  N.  E.  3  miles  and  1-2, 
parallel  with  the  peninsula,  within  a  few  rods  of  Sebascodegan, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  commodious  bridge,  100  feet 
long.  Upon  this  Island,  which  has  a  tolerably  good  soil,  thirty 
families  are  settled.  The  eastern  end  is  full  of  trees  ;  the  S.  E. 
a  rocky,  and  N.  W.  a  sandy  ascent  from  the  water  ;  and  this  Isl- 
and makes  the  S.  E.  side  of  Harpswell  harbour. 

Of  all  the  Islands  in  Casco  bay.  Great  Sebascodegan,*  is 
the  largest  and  most  irregular,  its  shape  being  a  curiosity.  It 
forms  the  west  bank  or  shores  of  New  Meadows  river,  and  more 
than  a  mile  it  is  separated  from  the  peninsula  by  a  narrow  strait 
of  a  few  rods  in  width.  Though  the  length  of  this  Island  is  only 
6  and  1-2  miles,  and  3  miles,  mean  width;  yet  such  is  its  irreg- 
ularity, that  the  circuit  of  it  at  tlic  water's  edge,  exceeds  50 
miles.     The  northern  end  is  within  7  rods  of  the  main  land  in 

*  Spelt  on  Mr.  Moody's  Chart, "  Jebaikadiggia." 


[IllT»0©ITC. 

W.  of  Mare- 

and   fourtli   10 

id  banks. 

Shelter   bland, 

iarpswell  neck, 

e  to  Mare-point, 

)f  which   are  5 

est  contains  40 

I. 

re  several  large 

S.  E.  extrem- 
ng  and  1-2  mile 
»ve,  on  the  west- 
sland  is  fair  and 
ot  of  the  first 
it  ten  dwelling- 

)f  trees,  embrac- 
es and  uninhab- 
r. 

ed  from  Daily's 
miles  and  1-2, 
Sebascodegan, 
)ridge,  100  feet 
good  soil,  thirty 
rees  ;  the  S.  E. 
iT  'j  and  this  Isl- 

ASCODEGAN,*    is 

a  curiosity.  It 
river,  and  more 
a  narrow  strait 
lis  Island  is  only 
ich  is  its  irreg- 
ge,  exceeds  60 
e  main  land  in 


IBCT' 


.,.] 


•r«t*    or  MAmti%m  ai«i' 


irunswick  ;  and  here  a  cominodioui  bridge  is   erected.     Iliis  Catw  kiy. 

land,  which  has  a  good  soil  and  450   inhabitants,  is  a  principal     ■  ---  v^ 

nstituent  of  the  town  of  Harpswell. 

Between  Baily's  and  Orr's  Islands  on  the  west   and  Phipsburg  „,   ,, 

the  east,  are  several  small  Islands  southerly   of  Sebascodegan. 

hese  are,   1.  Pond  Island  of  10  acres,  3-4ths  of  a  mile  S.   E.  Poodblud. 
Baily's  Island  ;  northerly  and  southerly  of  which  are  extensive 
ges; — 2.  Ram  Inland,  1  mile  N.  E,  small,  rocky  and  barren  ;  ^fj*  ^''''^' 
Cedar  Island,  east,  a  mere  reef  of  rocks  ;— 4.  and  6.  two  i"'""*** 

Im  Islands,  farther  N.  E.  little  and  poor  ; — G.  Ragged  Island  h\nod$. 
50  acres  and  poor  soil,  is  high  and  full  of  trees,  has  a  ragged  biaod. 
>re  and  is  uithLUt  inhabitants.     Westward  of  it  art;  dangerous 

iges:— 7.   White  Bull  ;—^.  Bold  Dirk  and  Brown /fow  are  SftSJ'' 
lUi;— 9.  L.«/e  J3u//,  east ;— 10.  the  Sisters,  N.  T/   ".,.d   ILS^i^'Su"' 
ike  Island,  are  north  of  Ragged  Island,  and   all  of  .he  latter^'*'?"' 
small  indeed.     The  White  Bull  is  80  yards  in  diameter  and  '"'••«'•• 
feet  above  water.     East  of  the  last,  1  and   1-4  miles,  is  the 

ted  Mark  Island,  of  6  or  8  acres,  high,  round  and  full  of  trees. 

kutherly  of  which  are  dangerous  ledges.     Between  Mark  Island 
tlie  White  Bull  is  the  usual  passage  into  New  Meadows  river. 
Vear    the  Phipsburg  shore   are  the  Gooseberry,  two   Wood,  Gotmhtnj 
trnt-Coat,  Horse,  Malaga  and  Bear  Islands,  neither  of  which s* Wood 
irge,  though  some  of  them  are  of  considerable  extent :   vix.  "***'•• 
first  is  low  and  rocky,  of  2  or  3  acres,  having  at  its  south  end 
5ged,  projecting  rocks.     The  Wood  Islands  at  the  entrance  of     ' 
lall-point  harbour,  1  -4th  of  a  mile  from  the  main,  are  connect- 
by  a  rocky  bar,  on  cither  side  of  which  vessels  may  pass : 

»th  may  contain  40  acres.    Burnt-Coat,  of  7  acres,  is  rocky  BurniCo«i. 

id  barren.     Horse  Island,  of  30  acres,  is  connected  to  the  main  \l"^^ 

kore  by  a  sand  bar  and  flats,  and  is  full  of  trees.      Malaga  has  Mai  in 

^o  many  trees  and  is  rocky;    embracing   about  10  acres,  and**''"''" 

|ng  between  the  main  land  and  Bear  Island.     This  last  is  atBMriilMd. 
entrance  of  New  Meadows  river,  3-4ths  of  a  mile   long,  and  • 

^ntains  60  acres.     It  is  full  of  trees  and  exhibits  a  few  houses.  ^ 

».  W.  on  the  shore  of  the  Sebascodegan,  3-4ths  of  a  mile  dis- 

knt,  is  Condy-s  well-known  harbour.  Cnndy't 

At  the  entrance  of  Quaheag  [Cohawk]  bay,  in  the  mouth  of  ' 
lebascodegan,  is  Yarmouth  Island,  which,  though  irregular,  is  Yarm«Hb 

)out  3-4ths  of  a  mile  in  diameter.     It  has  one  resident  family 
Vol.  r.  4 


>*-- 


42  THE  WATERS  AND  COAST  (TllTBODUC. 

CMMbajr.  and  a  good  soil,  and  is  favoured  with  a  safe  harbour.  Farther 
P«i«  hiand.  north  is  Pole  Island,  of  8  acres,  with  a  rocky  shore.  It  is  cov- 
ered with  spruces  ;  and  Uiough  uninhabited,  it  is  a  beautiful  Island. 
Above  this,  in  the  bosom  of  tlie  bay,  are  a  dozen  small  poor 
Islands,  whose  names  are  unknown.  But  we  may  mention  four 
little  Islands,  S.  E.  of  Yarmouth  Island,  viz.  Jenney's,  Rogue't 
and  Flagg  Islands,  and  Long  Ledge,  all  of  which  arc  Icdgy.* 


IS  Uamlj. 


Miftdlfl 

Heron 

l«iand. 

Pond 

Iiland. 

Wood 

liland. 

Halter 

laland. 

t<laie 

loliindi 

SForU. 


Rrguin 
klaiiJ. 


Haxada- 
bock. 


,  <      >  THE  MIDDLE  COAST. 

Between  Cape  Small-point  and  Seguin,  which  are  four  mile* 
apart,  are  Heron  Island  and  Jacknife  Ledge  :  and  north  of  Se- 
guin, near  two  miles,  is  Pond  Island,  on  which  there  is  a  Light- 
house. Pond  Island,  above  the  mouth  of  the  Sagadahock,  has 
Wood  Island  west,  Salter  Island  east,  Stage  Island  1-2  mile 
N.  E.,  and  the  Sugar  Loaves  north  ;  each  of  which  is  small. 
Above  Pond  Island,  on  the  western  shore,  arc  two  Forts ;  one  a 
mile  and  l-4th,  and  the  other  2  miles  distant. 

Seguin  Island,^  situate  E.  N.  E.  from  Cape-Elizabeth,  dis- 
tant 25  miles,  lies  at  the  mouth  of  Sagadahock  river,  about  two 
miles  from  the  southeast  corner  of  Phipsburg  and  3-4llis  of  a 
mile  further  from  the  United  States'  fortification.  The  Island  is 
said  to  contain,  by  admeasurement  to  low  water  mark,  42  acres,, 
though  estimated  much  more.  On  the  1 9th  of  Feb.  1 794,  the 
jurisdiction  of  this  Island  and  ten  acres  of  its  territory  was  ceded 
to  the  United  States,  and  the  next  year  the  National  Government 
erected  a  Lighthouse  at  the  expense  of  $6,300,  with  a  lan- 
tern 200  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  in  1797  became  tlie 
owner  of  tlie  whole  Island.  The  Lighthouse  was  rebuilt  in  1819, 
lit  dae  additional  charge  of  j^2,248  ;  and  the  United  States  have 
given  ;$300  annually  to  the  keeper,  besides  the  fruits  of  his  toil 
upon  the  land  of  tlie  Island. 

Sagadahock  loses  its  name  twenty  miles  from  its  mouth,  at  tlie 
Chops,  wlierc  its  constituents,  the  Androscoggin^  and  Kennebec 

*  The  aiirvey  and  bcarinps  of  these  Islands  are  retained  in  the  anciont 
records  of  North-Yarmouth,  but  nnfortimatcly  more  than  half  of  them  haro 
•inco  changed  their  names.— r»Vn.  Rnitell. — There  are  Green  Islands,  not 
far  from  the  southwesterly  entrance  into  Portland  harbour;  and  still  others 
northeast  of  Matinicut. 


t  Anciently  "  Salquin.'^ 


I  Anciently  "  Aumoughcawg*'^' 


)rts;  one  a 


Sect,  ii.]  ■■:-■    of  uainc.  48 

rivers  in  Uicir  junction,  form  Merry-Meeting  bay,  and  are  now  to 
be  considered. 

The  Androscoggin  rises  in  the  nortliwnst  section  of  tlie  State,  An.iro«coc- 
only  about  an  hundred  miles  from  the  Chops,  in  direct  course, 
though  it  actually  runs,  in  its  flexuous  meanders,  more  than  1 60 
miles. 

The  rise  of  its  eastern  and  (considered  its)  principal  branch  is 
in  tlie  vicinity  of  Sunday  mountain,  about  ten  miles  east  of  tlie 
dividing  line  between  Maine  and  New-Hampshire,  and  on  the 
souUi  margin  of  die  highlands,  which  form  the  boundary  between 
this  State  and  Canada.  This  source  of  die  Androscoggin  has 
for  its  immediate  neighbours  a  head-pond  of  Dead  river,  which 
empties  into  the  Kennebec,  and  the  soudiernmost  spring  of  a 
stream,  which  runs  northerly  and  contributes  its  waters  to  the 
Chaudiere.  This  branch  of  the  Androscoggin  runs  about  26 
miles  south  and  discharges  its  waters  into  lake  Mooscetocmagun' 
tick,  a  most  singular  body  of  water,  connected  widi  Umbagog 
lake,  by  a  strait ;  and  it  empties  all  its  waters  into  the  latter, 
which  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  western  boundary  line  of  Maine. 
On  the  western  side  of  it,  in  New-Hampsiiire,  issues  the  Andros- 
coggin, 40  miles  south  from  die  upper  end  of  tlie  line  which  di- 
vides that  State  from  Maine. 

Three  miles  westward  of  the  ouUct,  the  main  river  receives  the 
Magalloway,  which  is  12  rods  in  widUi  at  its  mouili.  This  riv- I^J'g^*"*"** 
er's  head  is  about  as  far  north  as  that  of  the  Androscoggin,  runs 
a  southerly  course  in  Maine,  more  than  30  miles,  and  is  distant 
from  three  to  five  miles  from  die  line,  which  it  crosses  120  miles 
north  of  the  Piscataqua  mouth. 

The  Androscoggin,  shortly  after  it  receives  the  waters   of  Ma-  ... 

galloway  river,  and  another  river  from  die  northwest,  runs  souUi- 
erly  in  New-Hampshire  25  miles,  almost  parallel  with  the  line, 
and  five  or  six  miles  from  it ;  and  then  turning,  crosses  it,  and 
runs  the  remainder  of  its  course  in  Maine.  In  reentering  the 
State  it  runs  through  the  town  of  Gilead,  and  forms  a  fine  inter- 
vale on  both  sides,  overlooked  by  rugged  lands  on  the  north,  and  ■■  "•  ' 
is  fed  in  that  town  by  Wild  river.*  The  main  river  runs  four- Wild  rWer. 
teen  miles  in  the  next  town,  Bediel,  forming  an  elbow  in  its  west- 
ern quarter,  and  flowing  norUierly  in  a  gentle  glide,  towards  New- 


*  MS.  Letter  of  A.  Ourbatik,  Ksq. 


44 

Tka  An- 

dratcoffin 


-V*. 


m 


\ 


THE  WATERS  AND  COAST  [FnTROOCC. 

ry ;  then  eastwardly,  over  a  smooth  bottom  of  rounded  pebbles, 
embosoming  in  the  town  a  number  of  fertile  and  delightful  Isl- 
ands of  various  extent,  the  largest  of  which  rontains  1 00  acres. 
The  alluvion  skirting  the  banks  of  the  Androscoggin,  from  ten  to 
an  hundred  rods  in  width,  is  highly  productive  and  beautiful  land  ; 
rising  in  many  places  by  regular  banks,  one  above  another,  and 
forming  two  or  more  bottoms.  Of  these,  the  highest  is  about  25 
feet  perpendicular  nbove  low  water ;  and  they  are  all  evidently 
formed  by  the  efflux  of  the  river — changing  its  bed  and  banks ; 
so  that  the  people  feel  safe  in  building  on  those  more  elevated 
bottoms,  some  of  which  were  not  covered  in  the  time  of  the 
great  freshet,  October  22,  1785,  when  the  water  rose  twenty-five 

feet. 

Along  northward  of  the  river,  three  or  four  miles  distant  from 
it,  and  nearly  parallel  with  its  banks  in  many  places,  are  the 
"  nucleus  of  the  mountains"  which,  rising  in  ridges,  stretch  along 
from  the  west  line  of  the  State  towards  the  falls,  just  above  the 
northernmost  bend  of  the  river  in  the  east  line  of  Rumford,  and 
shelter,  in  some  measure,  these  extensive  intervales  from  the 
northwest  winds.  In  these  parts  it  is  to  be  remarked,  that  the 
hills  rise  with  a  gradual  ascent  from  the  northwest  to  their  summits, 
and  then  fall  off  abruptly  on  their  southeast  sides,  and  frequently 
into  deep  precipices.  So  inviting  is  this  section  of  country,  that 
the  Northern  natives  resolved  to  hold  it ;  and  therefore  committed 
depredations  on  the  scattered  settlers  thereabouts  in  tlie  last  years 
of  the  Revolutionary  war.* 

After  the  river  receives  several  small  streams  and  a  consider- 
able one  through  the  mountains  from  East-Andover,  it  rushes  down 
Greit  rails,  the  Great  falls  [of  Pennacook]  at  Rumford,  50  feet  perpendicular 
and  300  feet  within  a  mile. 

From  these  falls  the  river  runs  in  a  southerly  direction  through 
Dixfield  into  Jay,  where  it  forms  various  windings  ;  and  leaving  the 
town  in  a  southern  course,  passes  through  Livermore,  between 
Turner  on  the  west,  and  Leeds  and  Green  on  the  east,  and  de- 
scends Lewiston  falls,  60  miles  below  the  Great  falls.  In  Turner 
it  receives  Twenty  mile  river,  which  rises  principally  in  Sumner 
and  Hartford,  and  runs  through  Buckfield  and  Turner,  forming 
almost  every  accommodation  for  jnills  and  machinery      Over  this 


LKwigtoB 
Ml*. 
^wflnly 
mils  river 


*  MS.  Letter  of  J.  Grovcr,  Esq.— MS.  Lettsr  of  Luko  Rielj-,  Esq. 


SkCT.   II.]  OF  MAINE. 

rirer  there  are  four  large  bridges  in  the  town  of  fiuckfield,  and 
several  in  Turner.  This  part  of  the  country  has  been  exceed- 
ingly injured  by  fires,  particularly  in  1816,  when  the  flames  spread 
and  rnged  to  a  very  alarming  degree. 

At  Lewiston,  20  miles  above  Brunswick,  the  cataract  is  called 
the  Upper  falls  of  Pejepscot ;  where  the  water  tumbles  over 
massy  rocks,  and  rushes  through  narrow  passes,  about  100  feet 
perpendicular,  from  the  surface  above  to  the  bed  below.  These 
falls  are  not  abrupt  as  over  a  mill-dam,  but  descend  on  an  in- 
clined plane,  broken  with  ledges.  Here  are  mills,  and  one  is 
supplied  with  water  through  a  channel  sunk  in  solid  rock.  The 
river  below  the  falls  is  50  or  60  rods  wide,  and  seldom  so  shoal 
as  to  be  fordable  by  a  man  and  horse,  even  in  the  drought  of  sum- 
mer. 1  J 

As  you  stand  on  an  elevation,  one  mile  below  these  falls,  you 
see  the  rapid  river,  called  the  little  Androscoggin,  flow  in  from 
the  westward,  shooting  its  current  across  the  bed  of  the  main 
Androscoggin,  forming  a  channel  on  the  eastern  shore,  and  adding 
a  fourth  to  the  main  river.  It  rises  in  Woodstock  and  Norway ; 
and  receives  waters  from  Moose  and  Gleason  ponds  in  Paris,  as 
it  passes  between  the  swells  of  that  town,  and  also  those  of  Thomp- 
son  pond  on  the  southerly  side,  turning  many  mills,  especially  in 
Minot  and  some  in  Poland,  which  two  towns  it  separates.  It  has 
generally  high  banks,  though  lined  with  intervales  or  strong  land. 

On  the  east  side  of  the  great  Androscoggin,  there  is  one  tribu- 
tary river  above  Lewiston  falls,  which  deserves  to  be  mentioned 
for  its  peculiarity.  This  is  the  Thirty  mile  or  Dead  river,  which 
is  the  natural  and  only  outlet  of  great  Androscoggin  pond,  3  and 
1-2  miles  long  and  3  broad,  between  Leeds  and  Wayne  ;  and  of 
small  ponds  15  miles  in  extent  northwardly.*  Dead  river,  from 
the  outlet  in  Leeds  to  Androscoggin  river,  is  six  miles  in  length, 
8  or  10  rods  in  width  and  deep  ;  and  its  bed  is  so  level  and  ex- 
actly horizontal,  that  the  rise  of  the  great  river  eighteen  inches, 
will  invert  the  current  of  Dead  river  its  whole  length.  In  great 
freshets,  much  water  is  forced  into  the  pond,  which  becomes  a 

*  Other  ponds  are,  little  Androscog^gin  pond,  Muddy  poad,  Wilson'*  pood, 
and  Uutchioeoa'a  poud. 


Little  AiH 
droiicoigia. 


1(5  lources. 


I.iiile  Dtad 
river. 


46 

TiM  As- 


TME  WATERS  AND  COA.ST 


ixTRoore. 


m. 


Pejcpscot 
Lower  fullf. 


Me«un{ 
bay. 


reservoir  ;  greatly  soaking,  however,  and  hurting  the  lands  on  hs 
borders.*        •^m;  ."^      f?      V/*'. 

Below  the  mouth  of  little  Androscosgln,  the  water  rapidly 
ripples  :  and  tlie  uj)per  falls  [at  Lcwiston,]  were  formerly  said  to 
be  the  northwestern  limit  of  the  Pejepscot  purchase. 

The  cataracts  of  Pcjcpsrot,  or  Brunswick  falls,  are  contracted 
from  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in  some  places,  to  forty  and  possihly  to 
thirty  rods,  in  width.  Here  the  water  pours  over  falls  of  fifty  feet, 
barred  or  checked  in  different  parts  by  three  grades  of  dams. 
On  the  lower  grade  the  dam  is  semicircular,  embattled  near  the 
centre  with  an  Island  which  thrusts  off  the  waters  on  each  of  its 
sides,  though  mostly  on  the  west,  under  arches  of  the  winding 
bridge  in  two  parts,  which  rests  its  approximating  ends  on  the 
Island.  Below  the  bridge  the  river  expands  to  the  width  of  an 
hundred  rods,  and  the  tide  at  high-water,  rises  four  feet.  Above 
tlie  head  of  the  falls,  the  river  is  spacious  and  glassy ;  and  to 
secure  floating  logs,  and  stop  flood-wood,  piers  are  sunk  at  great 
expense,  and  large  timbers  in  joints  so  fastened  to  them  with  irons 
as  to  form  an  impassable  boom. 

On  these  falls  are  25  saw  mills,  each  of  which  will  on  an  aver- 
age, annually  cut  500,000  feet  of  boards.  They  employ  about 
300  men.  Here  also  were  carding  machines,  fulling  mills,  and 
factories  ;  1,488  cotton  and  woollen  spindles,  and  24  looms  whose 
warping  and  sizing  machines  were  moved  by  water  power.f 

The  water  in  the  freshets  not  unfrequently  rises  in  the  river,  20 
feet :  and  in  1814,  immense  damage  was  done  b^  the  uncommon 
flood,  which  brought  down  mills,  barns,  masts,  logs  and  trees, 
over  the  falls,  in  undistinguished  ruin. 

At  the  falls,  the  river  formerly  had  the  name  Pejejyscotj  till  it 
lost  itself  in  Mcrnj-Mceiing  bay.  In  the  middle  of  this  bay  are 
sand-beds  bearing  a  species  of  reed,  upon  whose  roots  feed  wild 
geese  and  other  seafowl.  These  sands,  often  changing  their  drifts, 
greatly  injure  the  navigation  toward  the  falls. 

Alerry-Meeting  bay,  from  the  falls  to  its  outlet,  may  be  10 
miles  in  length,  winding  round  towards  the  north,  till  it  meets  and 


*MS.  Letter  of  Tliomas  Francis,  Esq. — "  On  Norris'  Inland,  in  tlic  ponJ,    | 
is  an  Indian  bun  in;; -ground."— M':.  Ltltcr  of  A.  G.  CliauJlcr,  Esq. 
j  Pcslroyid  ill  li':;.',  hv  f.rc. 


are  contracted 


kill  on  an  aver- 


gccT.  11.)  nsj'r  OP  MAINE.       >'i  47 

embraces  the  Kennebec  waters,  receivint;  on  the  northwesterly  TWA»- 
side,  as  it  glides  forward,  1st.  Muddy  river,  which  u  •  long 
arm  of  the  sea,  collateral  to  the  bay  ;  2.  Catkance,  which  i« 
mostly  a  salt  water  river,  and  navigable  3  miles  to  Cathance 
landing; ;  and,  3d.  Abagadusset,  whose  moutli  is  near  Kennebec, 
at  which  is  a  point  of  that  name,  where  was  once  a  small  fort, 
and  where  the  Sachem  Abagadusset  had  his  residence,  about  1 665. 

On  the  southerly  side  of  Merry-Meeting  bay,  near  the  extreme 
of  the  Chops,  is  Wiskeag  or  Wiagig  Creek,  which  extends  south 
into  the  land  two  miles  ;  from  the  head  of  which  to  tliat  of  Stev- 
ens' river,  the  neck  is  only  one  mile  in  width,  across  which 
Mr.  Peterson,  in  1800,  cut  a  canal  eight  feet  in  breadth,  suffi- 
ciently deep  to  float  logs  at  highwater.  Stevens,  the  ancient  Indian 
trader,  lived  on  the  northerly  side  of  where  the  canal  now  is, 
two  miles  above  the  turnpike  bridge,  which  leads  from  Brunswick 
to  Bath,  and  which  is  at  the  head  of  navigation  over  Stevens'  ' 

river.     Here  was  the  Indian  carrying  place  between  Casco  and 
Merry-Meeting  bays. 

The  next  river  to  be  described  is  the  Kennebec,  which  is  some  Kenneb«c 
longer,  larger,  less  rapid,  and  less  serpentine  than  the  Androscog-  '^"'"^' 
gin.  Its  length  from  its  sources  to  Merry-Meeting  bay,  in  direct 
course,  may  be  1 30  miles,  and  its  actual  run  40  miles  more.  It 
is  formed  by  two  principal  branches,  viz :  the  JVortk  Branch 
and  Dead  river,  called,  where  they  meet,  the  forks,  and  are 
said  by  travellers  to  be  48  and  1-2  miles  above  the  south  bend 
at  Norridgewock  villiiirf . 

The  jyort/i  Branch  issues  from  Moosehead  lake,  which  is  the  j^°^J|.h. 
largest  hotly  o(  fresh  water  in  the  State,  or  in  New-England.  It  Mooieiiead 
is  twelve  leaciics  in  length,  from  north  to  south  ;  and  its  upper 
rills  head  within  twenty  rods  of  -the  Penobscot.  It  receives 
Moose  river  from  the  west,  which  rises  among  the  highlands.  In 
this  lake  there  are  four  kinds  of  fish  : — 1 .  One  kind,  which  is 
from  1  and  1-2  to  3  and  1-2  feet  in  length,  has  teeth,  fins, 
and  a  head  larger  than  that  of  a  salmof  weighs  from  5  to 
16  pounds,  and  is  good  for  the  table.  2.  There  are  two  sorts  of 
trouts,  one  has  a  white  belly,  a  beautifully  spotted  back,  and  is  ex- 
ceedingly good  for  food  j  the  other,  which  is  without  scales,  not 
so  large  and  hardly  fit  to  eat,  is  of  a  brown  colour  with  a  black 
head,  weighing  from  1  to  2  and  1-2  pounds.     3.    Another  kind 


# 


X 


lA 


4g  THE  WATERS  ANJ)  COAST  (lUTRODUC. 

KMMbw    of  r.sb  vrliich  is  found  in  shoals,  is  frrm  12  to  18  inches>in  length, 

*^      scaled,  ind  in  shape  somewhat  resembling  a  mackerel,  and  is 

called  "irAiV-./I»A."     When  taken  (though  seldom  with  a  Look,) 

>*  it  is  trery  palateable. — 4.  In  the  lake  is  also  found  the  fresh  water 

.  euik,  very  much  resembling  that  of  the  salt  water,  weighing  from 

3  to  7lbs. — 5.  There  arc  also  lobsters,  not  n^uch  unlike  in  form 

those  taken  in  the  salt  water,  though  smaller,  as  these  are  only 

fro  I)   >  ti>  5  inches  in  length. 

The  lengtli  of  the  North  Branch  from  the  outlet  to  the  forks, 
where  it  meets  Dead  river,  is  about  20  niiL's.  The  traveller  fronj 
this  place  to  Canada,  funis  the  road  well  cleared,  bridged,  and 
passable  for  wheels ;  crosses  Moose  river  28  miles  (rom  the 
forks,  thence  at  intervals  of  7,  8,  and  10  miles,  he  passes  over 
the  three  branches  of  the  Penobscot,  and  five  miles  further, 
reaches  the  "  l<.  le  Tree"  before  mentioned,  on  the  heights* 

Dradrirer.  Dead  river  rises  among  the  boundary  highlands,  three  leagues 
from  the  northwest  corner  of  ft^ame,  near  those  which  rise  and 
run  north  into  tho  Chaudiere.  It  descends  in  a  southeasterly 
direction  till  it  'las  passed  Mount  Bigelow  on  the  south,  where 
it  turns  towarc  the  north,  and  then  to  the  east,  and  joins  the 
North  Branch,  y  elding  more'than  a  third  part  of  the  water  which 
constitutes  the  river  below  the  crotch  or  forks.  Dead  river  is 
rapid  ;  its  mouth  is  about  GO  rods  wide,  though  its  water  there  is 
/      usually,  quite  shoal. 

The  course  of  the  Kennebec,  below  the  forks,  is  nearly  south. 
It  runs  through  a  fine  country  of  wild  land  12  or  15  miles  ;  it 
then  passes  tlie  "carrying  place  rips,"  half  a  mile  in  length  ;  and 
26  miles  below  the  forks,  it  descends  the  Curratunk  falUf  which 
have  Solon  on  the  east  and  Embdeq  on  the  west.  Here  the  river, 
which  is  30  rods  nidc,  is  contract^PfWto  40  feet  only  and  pitches 
over  the  rocks  in  a  beautiful  slicet  of  w:  or  35  or  40  feet,  though 
the  carrying  place  by  them  is  about  fifty  lods,  to  be  prevented  by 
.u  canal  on  the  eastern  side.  The  iippcarances  of  the  falls  ar'5 
commanding  ;  while  the  eye  as  it  chases  down  the  curreht  50 
rods,  is  relieved  in  view  of  spacious  smooth  waters.     Anciently 


Camtunk 


•  Fron  ^filt  Tree  to  Quebec  i*  9 1  milei,  viz  :  to  titc  mouth  of  ChauJicro 
29,  tlicnce  fo  St.  Mario's  :M.  and  ll.t'iicc'  lo  (iiiclur,  :iO  ini'.cf.  —  lIiMltni 
bouse  is  situated  ui.e  iii.ii)  uurtli  el°  ;>!uo»u  i.vui-  briJ^c. 


.    k 


Vv 


SkCT.   II.]  -T**'        ttF  MAINE.         ^»^  fP 

these  falls  were  a  place  of  great  resort  by  the  Indians  in  fishing  Kmn^h.* 
time,  where  they  took  salmon  in  abundance.* 

From  Carratunk  falls  to  JS'orrideewock  fallt,  which   arc  just  NomHp... 
above  the  mouil)  of  Sandy  river,  trie  distance  is  called    14  miles.  ;^ 

Hijre  tlie  water  does  not  descend  in  a  cataract ;  its  whole  fall  in 
the  len^lli  of  near  half  a  mile  would  not  exceed  probably  fifty  feet. 
In  dry  tiines  the  river  is  fordable  here,  and  sometimes  also  at 
Norridgewock  village,  six  miles  below.  .  '     '" 

Handy  Rieer,  after  watering  several  townships,  runs  circuitous-  ^^^^;^y       ' 
ly  through  Farmiugton,  and  taking  the  little   Norridgewock,   pro- 
ceeds northeasterly  to  the  Kennebec.     No  part  of  the   State  is 
more  justly  celebrated  for  its  beauty  and  fertility  than  the  lands  | 

on  this  riv^r,  particularly  in  that  town.  Here  were  the  Indians* 
old  cornfields,  in  the  deep  intervales  which  spread  wide  from  the 
river  enriched  by  its  annual  overflowings. f 

In  the  bend  of  the  Kennebec,  on  its  east  bank  opposite  to  the 
mouth  of  Sandy  river,  at  Norridgewock  point,  is  the  site  of  the  ""isi'imdge. 
ancient  village  of  the  Canibas  Indians,  so  famous  in  history.  The  *"' 
land  is  a  level  and  fertile  intervale,  and  its  natural  situation 
beautiful.  The  area  contains  250  acres,  and  is  the  spot  where 
the  old  catholic  chapel  stood.  Its  bell,  weighing  64lbs.,  was 
lately  found  and  presented  to  Bowdoin  College. 

From    Norridgewock  point,  the  Kennebec  takes  a  turn  and 
runs  southeast  to  the   village,  6   miles,  and  then  northeast,   five 
miles,  descending  through  narrows,   and   down    Scouhegan   falls,  j/*|'"'»'K" 
12  or  15  feet,  and  the  rapids  below,  in  ali  half  a  mile.     Hero  it 
receives,  through  Cornville  from  the  north,  the  river   fVeaserun-  \Ve«rnin- 
4C«,  a  large  and  most  pleasant  stream.  J     At  Scouhegan  falls  are  "" " 
about  ten  mills  and  machines,  and  also  villages  on    both  sides  of 
the  river  connected  by  a  bridge.      The  north  or  upper  line  of 
the  Plymouth  patent  runs  east  and  west  a  couple  of  miles  above 
the  mouth  of  the  Wcsserunseti  river,  though  the  proprietors  claim- 
ed six  miles  at  least  further  north.'^ 


M'll  IIVIT. 


*  MS.  LLltcrs  of  E.  CooliJffc,  Estj.— Hon.  ObcJ  Wilson,— Wra.  Dulter- 
ficld,— O  Dakcr. 

t  !M3.  Letter  of  Hon.  NaUiau  Cutler,  of  Farininfftun. 

{  MS.  Lrtf«r  of  A.  Miirso,  E»(|.  and  a  plan.  "  At  Hconlir-jran  falU  it 
Scoiilicgfan  liland :  the  waters  on  the  west  side  form  lomc  of  the  belt  mill 
■ites  in  (In;  State. 

)  MB.  Lttfrr  of  O.  Bjiby,  lU^. 


60 

TmoomI   I 

fall*. 


Hchuti- 
cook. 


Fort  Tecon- 
net,  or  Hah- 


Fort  Weil- 
•ro. 


Cobbofse- 

COUlM. 


8w«n 

bland. 


THE  WATERS  AMt)  COAST  [IbTRODUC. 

The  next,  to  the  southward,  are  Teconnet  falU,  15  mileji  be- 
low the  Scouhegan  and  opposite  the  village  of  Waterville,  where 
the  water  in  a  short  distance  descends  about  twenty  feet.  Below 
Teconnet,  the  Sebasticook,  rising  near  some  branches  of  the 
Penobscot  and  running  southwesterly,  empties  its  waters  into  the 
Kennebec  on  tlic  eastern  side.  It  is  a  large  mill  stream  and  in 
many  places  rapid.  On  the  point  of  land  above  the  confluent- 
of  the  two  rivers,  and  below  the  falls,  was  the  old  Teconnet  fort 
of  the  Indians  and  afterwards  fort  Halifax  of  the  English,  built 
in  1754,  during  many  years  a  most  noted  place.  The  fort  itself 
is  in  Winslow,  and  the  block-house  was  lately  standing. 

Fort  IVestern  is  also  on  the  east  side  of  the  Kennebec,  a  little 
below  and  near  the  bridge,  in  Augusta,  about  1 6  miles  south  of 
fort  Halifax,  built  by  the  Plymouth  company  in  1754,  still  ex- 
hibiting all  the  prominent  appearances  of  its  location.*  To  this 
place  tlie  tide  flows  and  rises  two  feet,f  and  small  vessels  of  100 
tons  ascend ;  being  45  or  50  miles  from  Seguin  Lighthouse. 

The  next  considerable  tributary  of  the  Kennebec  is  Cobbetse- 
contee  river,  an  inviting  stream  for  mills  and  machinery.  It 
bsues  from  Winthrop  pond,  north  of  west  from  its  mouth,  and 
running  in  tlie  form  of  a  semi-ellipsis,  receiving  in  its  course  the 
waters  of  Cobbessecontee  pond  and  almost  encircling  the  town 
of  Gardiner,  empties  into  the  Kennebec,  on  the  western  side, 
seven  miles  from  fort  Western.  It  is  crossed  near  its  mouth  by  a 
dam  of  split  stone,  and  is  ornamented  by  a  number  of  mills  and 
among  tlicm  an  excellent  flour  mill.  The  name  of  the  river  is 
of  Indian  etymon  and  signifies  "  Sturgeon  rt»cr."J 

Five  miles  lower  we  meet  with  Swan  Island,  in  the  river 
where  it  divides  Bowdoinliam  on  the  west,  from  Dresden  on  tlic 
east  shore.  The  Island  is  four  miles  in  length  and  200  rods  in 
mean  width,  anciently  the  dwelling-place  of  an  Indian  Sagamore, 
who  lived  here  about  the  time  the  country  was  first  settled,  and 
who  joined  in  most  of  the  conveyances,  made  by  the  Indians  in 
tliose  times,  of  lands  on  tlie  Kennebec.  The  Island  itself  is  a 
part  of  the  town  of  Dresden  and  its  soil  is  good ;    the  river  is 


*MS.  Letter  of  Hon.  Daniel  Cony.     L:it.  of  Augusta,  i^icg.    Itinin.  : 
tbe  bridge  cost  $?G,(X)0. 

t  Tbo  Tide  rises  at  HallowcU  6  feci. 

{  MH.  Lcttar  of  U.  11.  Gardiner,  F.bi|. 


3 


[ImrRoovc. 

,  15  miles  be- 
terviUe,  where 
Kfeet.     Below 
anches  of  the 
^'aters  into  the 
itream  and  in 
lie  confluents 
Veconnet  fort 
English,  built 
'i>e  fort  itself 
ng.     . 

lebec,  a  little 
lies  south  of 
54,  still  ex- 
•*     To  tliis 
ssels  of  100 
ithouse. 

s  Cobbe$se~ 
!hinery.      Jt 

mouth,  and 
course  the 

?  the  town 

Jstern  side, 

mouth  by  a 

i*  mills  and 

■le  river  is 

the  river 
c'l  on  tlie 
0  rods  in 
Sagamore, 
tiled,  and 
ndians  in 
self  is  a 
5  river  is 

•   Umin. : 


-••)»»  <«Hlfl 


iNahiim- 
kc<i|[. 


Sect.  II.]  **>t*«^   6P  mawb.  •  ?i1»^  51 

navigable  on  both  sides  of  it,  though  the  channel  mostly  used  is 
on  the  eastern  side.  Between  this  Island  and  tlic  mouth  of  tlie 
Cobbessecontec,  five  miles  below  tlie  latter,  in  Pitt^on,  is  a  small 
Island  and  stream,  by  the  name  of  jVehumkcag,  or  J^'egumkike* 
for  eel-bed,]  a  noted  place  mentioned  in  the  Plymouth  patent. 

Old  Pownalborough,  which  included  Dresden,  Wiscasset,  and 
Alna,  as  they  are  now  bounded,  was  the  ancient  plantation  of 
Frankfort.  On  the  margin  of  the  river  in  Dresden,  the  Ply- 
mouth company,  in  1754,  constructed  and  erected  a  fortress, 
which  they  called  Frankfort,  or  fort  Frankfort,  afterwards  Fori  Frank- 
named  fort  Shirley,  laid  out  a  parade  200  feet  square  and  buih  i.-y.' 
two  block-houses.  It  was  10  miles  from  fort  Western  and  3o 
from  fort  Halifax. 

Richmond  fort  a  very  ancient  establishment,  was  on  the  west-  Ki<iinioii4 
ern  side  of  the  Kennebec,  one  mile  and  an  half  below  fort  Frank- 
fort, and  nearly  opposite  the  upper  end  of  Swan  Island. 

The  CAopa  are  so  called  because  they  open  and  receivo  the^''"!* 
waters  of  the  Kennebec   and  Androscoggin,  after  tliey  merrHy 
meet  and  form  the  great  Merry-Meeting  hay.     From  tlieir  throat,f 
.  -  the  narrows,  to  the  sea,  the  waters  of  the  two  rivers  in  junc- 
i,  m  are  called   Sagadahock\   to  its   moutl;,   having   Bath  and  j^^^"**" 
Phipsburg  on   the    west,   and   Woolwich    and  Georgetown  on 
the  east.     About  a  league  below  the  Chops,  abreast  of  Batli 
village,  it  is  divided  by  Arrowsick  Island  at  first,  and  seconded 
jy  Parker's  Island,  a  little  lower  on  the  east,  and  part  of  its  wa- 
ters passes  down  Long  reach,  to  a  short  turn  which  then  takes  i.ons  retch, 
the  name  of  Fiddler^s  reach,  and  washes  the  sliores  of  Phipsburc;  •"'"''"•"■'• 

'  I  f  ruacli. 

and  Arrowsick  Island  ;  the  other  part  runs  between  Woolwich 
and  the  northeast  end  of  Arrowsick  and  of  Parker's  Island, 
through  Cross  river,  or  the  Gut,  to  Sheepscot  river,  two  leagues  f  Cross  riT«r. 

♦  Opposite  to  the  lulanJ  is  .jYahumkcni:^  tlrenm,  in  Pittston,  wliicb  is  too 
■niiill  for  inillt  except  in  wet  scaions.  Tlicrc  were  a(leiiipl«  to  fix  tlio  pa- 
tent on  tlie  cast  hide  of  the  river  at  this  place  :  but  it  was  extended  to  tho 
nortli  lino  of  Woolwich. 

t  At  tiic  Throat  is  Kind's  Island,  of  ISO  acres,  a  milo  above  the  ferry, 
wliicli  ferry  i<i  two  miles  altovc  Uath.  At  thu  ferry  the  river  is  1-3  uiilo 
and  4  rods  wide.     Above  King's  Island  is  tho  Chops. 

\  Anciently  "  Sunknlunhrirun'-."~imMih  of  Rivers. -//on.  D.  Sexeall.^ 
Or  rathtr  »  Sunkara(funk."'—Ktnntirc  Claimi,  1 1. 


5£ 


THE  WATERS  AND  COAST 


[fifnu»t>trc. 


treck. 


Mniuear 


Hark  river  or  Southeast,  through  the  eastern  passage  called  Back  river^  idiich 
separates  those  two  Islands,  t      .    .  ■  r,,  3.       .-^.y-  ,,  ',:>  j^r 

fVinnegance  creek,  is  a  cove  making  down  south,  two  miles 
from  the  turn  where  Long  reach  and  Fiddler's  reach  meet,  and 
ends  within  20  rods,  across  land,  of  the  easterly  branch  of 
Stevens*  river  before  mentioned.  As  to  widths,  the  main  river 
at  the  mouth  between  Piiipsburg  and  Parker's  Island,  is  more 
than  half  a  mile  ;  Back  river,  8  or  1 0  rods,  and  Cross  river  from 
6  in  some  places  to  100  rods  in  others.  A  bridge  connects  Par- 
Two  Bridg-  ker*s  Island  and  Arrowsick  Island  ;  and  there  is  another  over 
Winnegance  creek,  to  avoid  going  round  its  head  in  passing  from 
Phipsburg  to  Bath. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  aforenamed  passage,  called  Cross 
"  ;'  river,  which  runs  down  southeasterly,  having  Arrowsick  and 
Parker's  Islands  southerly,  and  Woolwich  and  Jeremisquam  Isl- 
and* northerly,  is  Monseag  bay.  From  about  midway  of  Cross 
river  it  stretches  up  northerly,  between  Woolwich  and  Jeremi- 
squam Island,  two  leagues  in  length,  and  is  sometimes  called  Mon- 
seag or  *'  Monsweag"  river.  In  Woolwich  on  the  northerly  shore 
of  this  bay  or  river,  in  a  pleasant  situation,  was  the  birtliplace  of 
Governor  Phips,  now  a  well  cultivated  farm. 

Nequasset  stream  is  very  short ;  the  water  is  salt  to  the  head 
of  the  tide,  and  it  is  wholly  in  the  town  of  Woolwich.  It  issues 
from  a  pond  of  400  acres  in  that  town,  and  turns  several  mills  at 
the  falls  where  it  meets  the  tide.  Here  is  one  of  the  best  ale- 
wive-fisheries  in  the  State.  Anciently  Woolwich  was  called  tlie 
^cquasset-settlement.\ 
rtiipsborg.  Phipsburg  is  a  peninsula,  divided  northerly  from  Bath  by  Win- 
negance creek  and  a  narrow  isthmus  between  it  and  the  east 
branch  or  cove  of  Stevens'  river,  and  includes  Cape  Small-point 
at  its  southwesieru  extremity.  A  mile  above  the  southeast  corner 
or  projection  of  this  peninsula,  on  what  is  called  HilVs  point,  is 
the  plat  of  ground  where  the  Sagadahock  colony  passed  the  winter, 
1608 — 9.  The  United  States'  fort  is  near  the  same  spot,  though  a 
Uttle  further  east.  The  fort  built  by  those  ancient  colonists  was 
called  fort    St.    George,  but  gradually  acquired  tl.e  name  of 

Pophim'i    Pophatn's  fort.     The  remains  of  it  and  of   several  houses  or 
fori.  ■*  " 


<3ov.  Pliip* 
Mequiucl. 


Uaiiad 
Siiiiiuk'  fori. 


Now  Wcitport. 


t  MS.  Letter  of  E.  DoUno,  Eiq. 


•Urir. 


m 


'  .1 ' 


Sbct.  It.]  fms.     or  Maine. 

habitations  built  there,  and  afterwards  revived  and  increased  in 
number  to  10  or  12  by  the  new  Plymouth  settlers,  are  yet  seen. 

The  colony,  at  first,  landed  on  Stage  Island,  situate  on  the.'^J^J^^ 
east  side  of  the  channel,  south  of  Parker's  Island,  and  separate 
from  it  by  a  narrow  shallow  strait.  On  tliis  little  Island  of  8  or 
10  acres,  they  erected  a  fortification  and  dug  a  well,  which  was 
wallcil  and  parted  by  a  partition  still  apparent.  But  because 
they  could  not  get  good  water,  they  removed  across  the  river* 
and  settled  on  the  peninsula,  westward. 

^rrowsickf  Island  is  mostly  excellent  land.     It  is  five  miles  Amwtick. 
long,  its  mean  breadth  is  one  mile,  and   it   contains  4000  acres  : 
It  has  200  acres  of  marsh  ;  some  ledges,  and  some  yet  in  woods, 
land  is  separated  from  Phipsburg  by  the  main  channel,  more  than 
[half  a  mile  wide.     The  first  settlement  of  this  Islar  d   was  very 
iearly.     Hammond's  fori  was  on  the  norllieast  part  next  to  Cross  Hammond'i 
{f river,  opposite  Monseag  bay :  the  other  settlement  was  about  a 
mile  above  the  south  end  of  the  Island  and  extended  quite  across 
it,  having  back  of  it,  on  the  eastern  shore,  the  new  tier  of   lots, 
anciently  called  J^ewtown,\  which  has  sometimes  given  this  name  i<ewi»wo. 
to  the  whole  Island.     The  remains,  or  appearances  of  50  dwel- 
lings, which  were  destroyed  by  the  savages  in  the  first  Indian 
wars,  can  now  be  discovered. 

Parker's  Island,  originally  Eraskohegan,  lies  southeasterly  of  P«rit«r'» 
Arrowsick,  separated  froni  it  by  Back  river.  It  is  nine  miles 
long,  and  on  an  average  one  mile  and  tin  half  in  width,  contain- 
ing about  10,000  acres,  one  half  of  which  is  yet  covered  with 
native  woods.  It  has  500  acres  of  marsh ;  but  two  thirds  of 
its  territory  arc  mostly  ledges  and  swamps.  It  is  said  that  John 
Parker  commenced  the  settlement  of  this  Island  in  1 029,  spent 
the  winter  followii:g  on  its  south  side,  where  are  the  appearances 
of  some  ancient  habitations.  Amid  Indian  hostilities,  this  Island 
was  for  a  time  abandoned,  but  never  forsaken.  It  was  actually 
purchased  of  a  Sagamore,  by  Parker  about  1 643.  Near  midway 
of  this  Island  is  Georgetown  meeting-house. 

The  Sagadahock  plantations,  or  settlenents,  must  be  called  Sa^iidDhrKk 
the  "  Ancient  Dominions"  of  Maine.     As  they  revived   and  g^- •* "''""""' 


"ThcWtiver  here  is  said  to  be  about  a  mile  wide. 

+  "  Arrosca{f."    In  SuHiviin,  115. 

I  Said  to  he  '•  in  tho  old  county  of  Cornwall."—  Hie.  of  CInimt. 


towa. 


SheepKot 
river. 


54  THE  WATKRK  AND  C0A3T  [IirTRODWJ. 

tended  between  North-Yarmouth  on  the  west,  and   Sheepscot  on 
the  cast,  they  included  the  peninsula  [or  Pbipsh^rg  and  Bath,} 

OMGrenre-  Arrowsick,  Eraskohegan,  and  Ncquasset,  and  constituted  Old 
Georgetoum.  After  the  rc-embarkation  of  the  first  colony,  A.  D. 
1609,  this  section  was  vibitcd  by  Captain  Smith,  and  Capt.  Hunt, 
in  1614,  and  by  almost  all  others  who  came  into  the  contiguous 
waters ;  it  was  also  tlie  early  resort  of  colonists  from  New-Ply- 
mouih.* 

The  Sagadahock  river  is  sometimes  frozen  over  below  the 
Chops.  The  tide  rises  at  Bath  10  feet,  at  Augusta  2  feet,  and 
at  Topsham  4  feet,  where  the  flood-tide  is  an  hour  later  than  in 
Maquoit  bay.  The  run  of  salmon  and  shad,  both  in  Androscog- 
gin and  Kennebec,  is  almost  nt  an  end.  • 

Sheepscot  river,  which  has  a  communication  with  the  Sagada- 
hock, by  means  of  Monseag  bay,  is  neither  long  nor  is  it,  above 
the  tide  waters,  very  large.  It  rises  in  Palermo,  and  after  running 
through  Whitefield  and  Alna,  where  it  is  only  a  mill  stream,  it 
descends  the  falls  which  are  five  miles  above  VViscasset  point.  On 
the  Sheepscot,  at  and  above  these  falls,  are  the  old  "  Sheepscot 
farms"  which  lie  each  side  of  the  river  in  Alna  and  New-Castle. 
The  falls  are  at  the  head  of  the  tide  and  of  navigation,  though 

Wiicasset.  they  are  not  great.f  The  waters  of  JViscasset  bay  have  the 
upper  end  of  Jeremisquam  Island  and  Cowsegan  Narrows  to  Mon- 
seag bay  on  the  south ;  Wiscasset  point  and  village  on  the  northwest, 
and  Decker's  Narrows  in  view  ;  Folley  Island,  in  the  northwest 
corner  of  Edgccomb,  on  the  southeast ;  and  the  waters  of  the 
river,  on  the  northeast,  which  will  safely  float  vessels  of  100  tons 
to  Sheepscot  Narrows,  about  four  miles,  into  the  town  of  New- 

*  lion.  Mark  L.  Hill.— MS.  Letter,  of  Benj.  Riffffs,  Esq.— In  king  Phil- 
lip's war,  A.  D.  1076  "  tho  inhabitants  lost  lOOC  Lead  of  cattle."— At46. 
Ind.  wart,  281. 

+  A  iitt!o  I'.nvo  WlscaRSct,  on  (he  Ncw-Castlc  side,  is  a  salt  Marsh  of 
1000  acres,  on  a  mill  stream.  The  land  between  Bath  ferry  and  Wiscasset, 
8  miles,  is  hilly  :— Also  tbo  land,  |from  tho  Sheepscot  falls  and  bridge,  6 
miles  abuvc  Wiscasset,  to  the  outlet  of  Damari^cutta  pond,  by  which  tho 
river  divides  iXciv-CastIc  from  Nobleborough,  is  hilly  rough  land.  The 
pond  is  27  miles  in  circiimfi-rBncc,  the  water  at  the  outlet, is  sutTicicnt  to 
carry  a  mill.  The  toll  bridp^c  which  nnitcs  the  two  vill.ip^es  of  Ncw-Castlc 
and  Noblcboroiip!!,  isabout  2  or  3  miles  below  (ho  outlet.  The  river  is 
navijjable  to  (be  font  of  the  mill,  below  the  outlet. — The  fort  is  12  miles 
below  the  Tillage.— These  places  ars  often  mentioned  io  ancient  History. 


Sheepscot 
furiiis. 


-Hit 


ittlc."-Hu6. 


SbCT.  II.]  OF  MAI?IE. 

Castl«,  towards  the  river  Damariircotta.  The  distance  from  Wis- 
casset  point  to  the  United  States'  fortification  on  FoIIey  Island  is 
half  a  mile ;  and  to  the  head  of  Joremisquam  Island,  three  quar- 
ters of  a  mile ;  and  directly  across  the  river  to  the  cast  shore, 
where  Edgecomb  and  New-Castle  corner  on  tlie  bank,  it  is  one 
mile.  Here  is  an  excellent  liarbour,  very  seldom  frozen,  with  a 
good  depth  of  water,  smooth  bottom  and  a  tide  ordinarily  of 
twelve  feet ;  it  is  20  miles  N.  N.  E.  of  Scguin.  Wiscasset-point 
is  1  and  2-3  leagues  N.  VV.  of  Cross  river.* 

Jeremisquam  Island,  situated  between  Monseag  bay  and  the  >»"«•»"- 
main  channel  of  the  Shcepscot,  is  eleven  miles  in  length,  and,  on  an 
average,  one  mile  wide,  and  contains  1 5,460  acres,  forming  a 
I  third  part  of  the  town  of  Edgecomb,  to  which  it  has  belonged. 
[East  of  Jeremisquam  is  Barter's  Island,  three  miles  and  a  half  j^"^]^'* 
[long  and  half  a  mile  in  width.     The  main  channel,  which  has 
fifteen  fathoms  of  water,  is  between  these  two  Islands,  though 
small  vessels  may  pass  up  Back  river,  which  is  the  passage  on  the 
east  side  of  Barter's  Island.     From  the  head  of  Back  river,  the 
water  in  the  "  Oren's  mo?<<A,"  stretches  east  in  a  narrow  strait,  Ovm's 
between  Boothbay  and  Erlgccomb,  more  than  half  way  across 
from  Sheepscot  to  Damariscolta  river,  and  then  turns  south. 

On  the  southwesi    side  of  Boothbay,  which  bounds  on  the  east 
shore  of  the  Sher     .ot,   i  the  Island  of  Caj^e  JVewagen,  4  and  Ciip«N«- 
1-2  miles  long,  generally  one  mile  wide  and  separated  from  Booth-    *^  "' 
bay,  to  which  it  belongs,  by  a  narrow  passage  for  small  vessels, 
called  Toumscnd  Gut.     Kbenecook  harbour  is  on  the  west  side  TownwnH. 
and  midway  of  cape  Newagen  Island,  where  was  an  old  settle- 
ment ;  and  Cape  harbour  at  its  south  end,  is  near  two  great  rocki 
called  the  Cuckolds.  Cuckolcli. 

The  distance  across  land  through  Boothbay  or  Edgecomb, 
between  the  Sheepscot  and  Damariscotta  rivers,  is  generally  a 
!ittle  less  than  four  miles;  and  in  New-Castle  the  waters  of  those 
rivers  approach  still  nearer  each  other.  The  southeast  section  of 
Boothbay  is  lAnekin's  JVeck,  between  whicii  and  Cape  Newagen  '•in«i''n'» 
is  Townscnd  harbour,  two  miles  and  a  half  wide ;  and  in  the 
middle  ol  the  latter  is  Squirrel  Island  of  90  acres,  which  ie  uitlL*' 


*  John  Jtoson  lived  at  Wiscasact-poiiit  ;  (he  Dnvieit,  north  about  lialf  a 
mile,  and  Walkr  rhilipi.  Recorder  under  the  government  of  the  Duko 
of  York,  lived  on  the  ^'cw-Caatlc  tide. 


60 


Liglil. 
coiM  river. 


The  falli. 


t>«uki. 


THE  WATEUS  AMD  COAST  [IjlTKOMrC. 

inhabited  by  three  famiHes  and  is  a  noted  place  for  its  abundanct 
of  white  sand. 

At  Townsend,  that  is,  in  Boothbay   harbour  are  several  little 

Piirni  iitanH  Islands ;  one  is  Burnt  Island  near  the  cast  shore  of   Cape  Ne- 
wagen,  on  which  is  the  Lighthouse.  .^ife-  -  !-  -  M'-i   *:;'»* 

Dauariscotta  river  issues  from  Damariscotta  fresh  ponds 
which  are  in  JefTtrson  and  Nobleborough,  and  which  are  three 
or  four  leagues  in  length  from  north  to  south.  At  the  upper  or 
fresh  water  falls,  where  tlie  water  descends  50  feet  in  as  many 
rods,  it  is  crossed  by  a  free  stone-bridge ;  and  two  miles  below, 
at  the  lower  or  salt  water  falls,  New-Castle  and  Nobleborough 
are  connected  by  a  toll  and  drawbridge  over  the  river.  The 
Oyster  banks,  on  both  sides  of  the  river  at  the  upper  falls,  deserve 
to  be  noticed.  On  the  banks  and  margin  of  the  west  side,  these 
shells  lie  in  heaps  from  12  to  15  feet  high,  covering  an  area  of 
several  rods  ;  and  although  the  heaps  on  the  eastern  side  are  not 
so  high,  they  extend  back  twenty  rods  from  the  riv^r,  and  render 
the  land  wholly  useless.  When  burned  they  make  lime  as  white 
..^.  and  good  as  that  of  limestone,  and  as  easily  slacked.  It  is  also 
'-  s&ld,  the  skeletons  and  bones  of  human  beings  are  found  among 
tliem  ;*  yet  no  tradition  about  them  has  come  to  the  present  gen- 
eration. 

The  Damariscotta  river  is  navigable  for  ships  of  any  burthen 
about  four  leagues  from  the  sea  to  the  lower  falls  ;  and  is  on  an 
average  half  a  mile  in  width.     At  its  mouth,  it  has  Linekin  neck 

Riiiiierrorav  on  the  west,  and  Rutherford'a  Island,  one  mile  in  length,  and 

rh"imj>rn|)s.  Thumpcop  Lcdgcs  on  the  east — bounding  the  west  side  of  Pe- 
maquid  bay.  From  Inner  Heron  Island,  lying  at  the  mouth  of 
the  river,  up  to  the  United  States  battery  on  Narrow's  Island  in 
the  western  side  of  the  channel,  tlie  distance  is  4  miles. 

Southwesterly  of  Damariscotta  river,  easterly  of  Townsend 
Light  and  southerly  of  Linekin  neck  or  point,  are  the  noted 
Damariscovt  Islands,-f  though  they  are  of  small  sizes.     They 

Fisr»'rin.in'J*'"^  in  number  five  or  six,  viz.  1.  Fisherinen*s  Island  of  70 
acres,  with  the  Hippocras,  one  mile  south  of  Linekin's  neck,  is 
rocky,  poor  and  forbidding,   the  residence  of  one  family.     2. 


Hrroii  >iir- 
rowii, 


bnmnrit- 
r<)v<-  UlamN. 


liilnml. 
Hi|jporras. 


♦  MS.  Letter  of  E.  Rollins,  Esq.    MS.  Letter  of  M.  Davis,  E«q. 

■f "  A  place  of  great  advantage  for   stages  for  Fishermen  in   former 
timoa."    They  lio  to  the  west  by  norti>  from  Monhpgan.— //«6.  ^ar.  280. 


iter.  II. J 


M 


1^*^    op  M.UISE.  *w  ^*n- 


67 


fresh  ponds 
:h  are  three 
he  upper  or 

in  as  many 
miles  below, 
bbleborougb 
river.  The 
falls,  deserve 
t  side,  these 

an  area  of 
side  are  not 

and  render 

ne  as  white 

It  is  also 

und  among 

aresent  gen- 

iny  burthen 
d  is  on  an 
nekin  neck 
length,  and 
ide  of  Pe- 
!  mouth  of 
>  Island  in 

5. 

Townsend 
the  noted 
es.  They 
nd  of  70 
s  neck,  is 
imily.     2. 

in   former 
J^ar.  280. 


■M 


\WooH  Island,  or  Damariseove  proper,  a  mile  farther  M)Uth,  is  Womi 
|wo  miles  in  length,  from  N.  E.  to  S.  W.  and    half  a   mile  wide 
n  some  places.     It  is  the  largest  and  l)est  of  the  whole,  and  is  alsa  ^^' 

habited  by  one  family.     It  belfMiEjed  to  the  old   IVmaqnid  pa- 
tent.    3.    IFhite  Islund,   eastward   of   Fisherman's    Island,   is  a  \\"m\» 
ere  rock,  and  has  the  appearance   of   two   little  Inlands:    It  is  *'    '    -  ^ 
ailed  the  Hor//i  Drtmrrmrorc  Island.     4.    Ilrron    f.ilciiui,  nnd    5.  Uemn. 
*umpkin  rock,  are  cast  of  Wood  Island,  the  one  a  mile,  and  the  I'mnjikiii 
»Uicr  half  a  mile  distant,  being  a  barren  rock,  20  feet   above   the 
level  of  the  sea  : — Bantham  Ledges  are  southwest  of  this  cluster  namhrnn 
)f  Islands.* 

JbA?i'«  river  is  an  arm  of  the  sea,  stretching  up  a  couple  of  Jobn'»  river, 
liles  from  the  northwest  part  of  Pemacjuid  bay,  into  the  land  be- 
i^ecn  Damariscotta  and  Pemaquid  rivers.     East  of  it    is  Pemn-  Pomaqulj 
piid  rivcr,\  small,  and   only  fourteen  miles  from   its  source  to  "**"^' 
mouth.      It  issues  from   Pcina(|ni(l  pond,   in   NobleI)orotigh. 
[It  is  an  inviting,  convenient  stream,   till  we   descend  within  two 
[miles  of  its  mouth,  at  the   head   of  the  tide   and   of  navigation. 
'  Here  are  ripplings,  to  avoid  wliicli,  a  canal  was  cut  twenty  rods  A  canal, 
in  length,  about  ten  feet  wide  and  variously   deep  from  0  to   10 
feet,  calculated  to  receive  a   smooth   sheet  of  water  over  a  very  'i 

level  bed  ;  though  no  water  runs  there  at  the  present  time.  Nor 
is  there  any  tradition  when  or  by  whom  this  ingenious  work  was 
performed.  Pemaquid  bay  affords  one  of  the  most  pleasant  har- 
bours in  the  State. 

Fort  William  IIenry,'l  previously  Fort  George,  ^vas  on  the  east  Fori 
bank  of  Pemaquid  river  near  its  mouth,  where  it  takes  a  turn  iicnry 
to  the  west  and  is  forty  rods  wide,  and  die  tides  from  14  to  16 
feet.  The  fort  was  on  a  point  of  land  which  })rojects  into  the 
river  and  completely  commands  its  entrance.  Its  luins  are  the 
melancholy  remains  of  great  labour,  and  ex,)ense  j  and  during 
the  Revolution,  the  hand  of  destruction  did  much   to  prevent  its 

*  Tliey  arc  nearest  Wood  Island,  and  dangerous ;  there  Lave  been  many 
wrecks  on  tlieni. 

t  Anciently  Pcmaquickag  or  PtmrnpiUla;  Long  Point. — Indian. 

^ Col.  Dunbar  called  it  Foil  Frrdcrk.  Perhaps  he  caused  the  r.inal  to 
be  niado,— Sec  Pod.  Hid.  A.  D.  17.51.— IJelnw  the  Fort  was  a  handsoiiic 
ly  paved  street,  extendin;^  towards  it,  nurtlieastwardly  iVoin  the  water  (iO 
rods.  It  is  still  to  be  seen  ;  and  like  the  canal,  it  is  the  work  of  unknown 
hands. 


Ilinm 
Ilcnry. 


Vol.  I. 


6 


58 


Prmaquid 
poiul. 


New  har- 
bour. 


oihcri. 


THE  WATERS  AND  COAST  [lUTBODUC. 

becoming  a  fortress  of  the  enemy. '  Some  of  its  walla  however 
are  now  3  feet  high. 

From  the  fort,  directly  south,  to  Prmnquid point,  is  tljree  miles 
and  a  quarter,  having  on  the  west  side  of  Pemaquid  bay,  which  is 
generally  a  mile  and  a  half  wide,  Rutherford's  Island  and  Thump- 
cap  ledges.*  JVcic  harbour  is  a  league  above  Pemaquid  point  on 
the  eastern  shore,  towards  Muscongns  and  nearly  east  of  the  old 
fort,  across  land  ;  its  ledges  have  5  feet  of  water  at  the  lowest  ebb. 
Pemaquid  river  is  generally  about  four  miles  from  Damariscotta 
river,  over  i6nd,  and  nearly  as  far  fiom  the  waters  of  the  Mua- 
congus  river,  in  many  places,  though  only  about  two  miles  from 
the  west  margin  of  liroad  bay.  The  southerly  Island  in  this  bay 
Mg«rnnRni  towards  thc  western  shore   is  Mmconsus  Island,  of  more  than 

Inland,  ainl  to  ' 

900  acres,  inhabited  by  8  or  10  families,  and  beautified  with  sev- 
eral fine  farms.  It  has  upon  it  a  convenient  schoolhouse.  There 
are  ten  families  on  Long  Island,  and  also  families  on  other 
Islands;  several  of  which  afford  pleasant  residences  for  their 
inhabitants,  and  exhibit  considerable  wealth.  These  Islands  be- 
long to  the  town  of  Bristol. 

Muscongus  river  rises  in  Montville  and  in  Union,  and  is  an  ex- 
cellent mill  stream,  which  is  advantageously  used  for  that  purpose. 
Its  course  is  south,  through  Waldoborough,  till  it  mixes  with  the 
tide  at  the  head  of  navigation,  seven  miles  from  the  sea.  Vessels 
of  200  tons  may  come  up  to  the  bridge.  After  descending  3 
miles  from  Waldoborough  village,  which  is  at  the  head  of  the 
tide,  it  takes  a  short  turn  to  the  west,  where  it  is  only  100  feet 
wide,  and  receives  tlie  waters  of  a  cove  from  the  northwest  called 
Broad  cove.  Broad  eove  ;  and  soon  afterwards  spreads  and  passes  down  each 
side  of  the  above  named  Islands,  being  al)out  two  miles  across 
from  the  southwest  point  of  Friendship  to  Bristol.  The  German 
settlements  about  Broad  cove  on  the  west  shore  in  Bristol,  are 
somewhat  ancient.  Upper  JVarrows  Island  and  Ilog  Island  have 
2  or  3  families  ;  Poland^s  one  family  ;  Pond,  Haddock,  Ilungrt/y 
Otter,  Jones*,  and  Garden  Islands,  Egg,  and  Shark  rocks  all 
adorn  this  bay.  Broad  cove  affords  a  fine  harbour  for  vessels 
of  any  size  ;f  and  has  been  a  place  which  has  long  attracted 
much  notice. 


Muwong^i 
ri»er. 


12  Islands. 


♦A  plan  bj  lion.  D.  Ktwe. 

j  MS.  Letter  of  M.  R  Ludwig,  Esq.— Gorham  Parks,  Esq. 


5TR0DUC.        n 

i  however      ^| 

iiree  miles      H 

r',  uhich  is      ^M 

d  Thump-      1 

tl  point  on      ^| 

>f  tiie  old       fl 

)\vcst  ebb.       fl^ 

nnariscotta       fl 

the  jMiu-       ^ 

nilcs  from       |H 

n  this  bay       '^M 

lore  than       flj 

with  sev-            3 

.     Tliere           g 

on   other           1 

for  their          ; 

ands  be-          ^ 

is  an  ex- 

purpose.          ^ 

with  the          1 

Vessels 

mding   3 

I  of  the            t:. 

100  feet           1 

;st  called            | 

\vn  each            1 

s  across            ;| 

Gerniaa            I 

itol,  are 

inrf  have             { 

Uungry, 

ocks  all 

vessels 

ittracted            | 

Sect,  ii.]  of  maikc.  fP 

Broad  hay  is  between  Pemaquid  point  and  St.  George's  Islands,  IVwnI  h*y. 
three  leatiiies  over ;  and  is  the  receptacle  of  Muscongus  river. 
Besides  the  Islands  mentioned  in  tlie  river,  the  bay  embosoms  '■'•"«*»• 
others  ;  one  of  which  is  half  a  mile  long  and  is  peopled  by  many 
families ;  another  contains  85  acres,  both  of  which  belong  to 
Friendship; — a  third  is  iirmj'x  Island  belonging  to  Gushing;  and 
these  two  towns  are  partly  separated  by  the  small  river  Meduncook.  ''»"■• 

The  rirer  S^  George*  rises  in  Montville,  near  the  head  of '"^i- ^••T* 
Muscongus  river,  and  after  running  south  twenty-five  miles,  and 
affording  a  variety  of  mill-privileges,  meets  the  tide  in   Warren, 
about  twenty  miles  from  its  mouth,  as  it  runs.     Large  vessels  as- 
cend to  the  narrows  in  the  upper  elbow,  where  it  turns  and  runs  ■.  ♦♦ 
a  short  distance   east   and  then  south;  and  small  vessels  may          ^'' 
ascend  four  miles  higher,  near  to  the  head  of  the  tide :  its  usual 
width  below  the  narrows  is  about  half  a  mile.     The  old   fort  on 
the  east  side  of  this  river,  which  was  long  a  place  of  refuge  and 
defence,  was  about  sixteen  miles  above  its  mouth  : — Gen.  Knox's 
house  is  near  its  ruins.     It  was  built  by  the  Waldo  proprietors 
about  1720.f 

St.  George's  Islands,  so  often  mentioned  by  early  navigators,  s,  Cfor™'* 
are  a  large  cluster,  situated  about  the  mouth  of  St.  George's  river  '"*""*"• 
eastwardly ;  and  on  the  east  margin  of  Broad  bay,  being  about 
twenty  in  number ;  twelve  or  fourteen  of  which  deserve  to  be 
described  or  mentioned. 

1 .  Franklin  Island  is  eastward  of  the  mouth  of  George's  river,  Franklin 
a  league  from  the  main  land.    In  180G  h  was  ceded  to  the  United 
States  and  a  Lighthouse  was  built  there  the  same  year,  at  an  ex- 
pense of  $3,370,  and  tlie  keeper  is  the  only  resident  upon  it.  J 
2.  Herring-gut  Island,  or  Cobles  Island,  lies  towards  the  eastern  9"''h'i  or 

...  Herriuf 

shore  of  George's  river,  in  its  very  mouth.     It  contains  about  300  Maud. 
acres,  is  owned  by  Mr.  Bradford,  and  is  occupied  only  by  him 
and  his  family.     He  has  on  it  a  dwellinghouse  and  barn  and  some 
fields  of  cultivation.     3.  Seavcy's  Island^  is  the  northernmost  of  §«•*«•/•. 

*  Anciently,  "  Segochct."    Smith  called  it  JN'orw icVi. 

t  4  Coll.  Mass.  His.  Soc.  20.     The  famous  attack  was  A.  D.  1722. 

tThe  lanlcrn  is  50  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  has  a  fixed  light. 

{The  «•  Wrfe"  George's  Islands,  properly  so  called,  are  Seavfi/t,  BurnU 
[or  Durnt-C(jat,\  and  Allen's  Islands.  Otter  Islaud  is  4  miles  N.  E.  of 
Franklin  Island. 


60 


nurii-coat. 


Alloo't. 


Old  man  and 
Woman. 

Vicory. 


Davis' 
liilunU. 


JoSeavry's, 

nickmore's 
and  Uar- 
ler't. 


Sloiift'i  and 
Tiel'i. 


Colweir*. 


Two 

Broiliera. 


rRniacost 
liarbour. 

An  old  gar- 
deoi 


I 


THE  WATERS  AND  COAST  [TwTRODDC. 

the  whole  cluster.  It  is  eight  miles  from  Herring-gut  point  on 
the  main,  contains  20  acres  of  good  land,  all  cleared,  and  is 
occupied  by  Mr.  .Seavey,  its  owner,  and  his  family.  4.  The 
next  is  Burnt-cont,  not  a  gunshot  distant ;  and  between  them  is  n 
harbour.  It  contains  about  300  acres  of  pretty  good  land  and  is 
tlie  residence  of  three  funiilics.  5.  Alleii'a  Island^  containing 
perhaps  250  acres  of  iiuliirerent  land  and  occupied  by  one  family, 
is  the  easternmost  of  them  all.  The  latter  three  lie  south  of 
Herring-gt4t ;  E.  S.  E.  from  the  moutJi  of  St.  George's  river, 
and  between  two  and  three  leagues  distant.  G.  South  of  the 
middle  Island  in  the  cluster,  are  two  dangerous  rocks,  called  the 
Old  Man  and  Old  JVomnn,  one  mile  from  the  shore.  7.  Ficory 
hland,  so  named  after  the  first  owner  and  occupant,  contains  60 
or  70  acres,  lies  north  of  Burnt  Island,  and  is  without  inhabitant. 
8.  Davis^  or  GriJJin''s  Island,  of  one  family  and  40  acres,  lies  to 
the  northward  of  the  preceding  one.  9.  Near  to  Griffin's  Island 
is  Jo.  Scaveifs  Island,  owned  by  him,  the  dwcllingplacc  of  two 
families,  containing  80  acres.  10  and  11.  Biclcmorc's  and  Bar- 
ter's Islands,  arc  two  which  nearly  adjoin  each  other,  one  of  30 
and  the  other  of  90  acres ;  and  each  has  on  it  one  faiuily,  though 
rugged  and  unfit  for  agriculture.  12  and  13.  .SVone'«  and  TieVs 
Islands,  of  20  acres  each,  arc  severally  occupied  by  one  family, 
but  they  are  both  iron-bomul,  forbidding  places.  14.  No  odier 
one  of  George's  Islands  is  large  enough  to  be  particularly  men- 
tioned, except  CohvdVs  Island,  which  contains  70  acres,  occu- 
pied by  two  families.  It  is  a  high  round  Island  covered  with 
trees ;  and  lies  nine  miles  and  an  half  eastward  of  the  entrance 
into  George's  river.*  All  the  rest  of  George's  Islands  are  small 
and  some  of  them  mere  rocks.  The  distance  between  the  Two 
Brothers  and  the  most  eastwardly  of  these  Islands  is  tlircc  or  four 
miles  ;  they  all  belong  to  the  town  of  St.  George. 

It  is  well  known  that  Capt.  Weymouth,  with  his  ship's  crew 
visited  this  river,  A.  D.  1G05,  called  the  harbour  Pentacost  har- 
bour, and  gave  to  George's  Islands  the  name  they  have  since 
borne.  Here  he  planted  a  garden,  the  first  probably  in  this 
State.  On  Carver's  Island  near  die  west  bank  of  George's  river 
at  its  entrance,  is  said  to  be  some  appearance  of  a  very  ancient 


*Thc  vessel  passes  between  easteru  and  westera  Ejg-rocks  in  entering 
this  river  fruni  the  westward. 


-,,  ^,_.-...„., 


■'»'»*/■' 


**       •£•* 


f^f 


ally  mcn- 
rcs,  occu- 
ered  with 

entrance 
are   small 

the  Two 
•cc  or  four 

ip's  crew 
uost  har- 
ave  since 
y  in  this 
•ge's  river 
y  ancient 

11  cutciing 


4 
I 

■1 


i 


SCCT.    II.]  ^'.r--     opjiAiME. 

•cttlcmont,  such  Hft  an  old  stone  house  In  ruins,  and  other  vesti- 
ges of  antiquated  habitations. 

Monhcfran  Island  was  in  ancient  times,  without  exception,  the 
most  famous  one  on  the  scahoard  of  this  State.  It  was  the  land 
aimed  at  and  tlrst  mentioned  by  the  original  voyagers  and  fisher- 
men about  those  waters ;  and  was  so  noted  a  stage  for  the  latter 
as  to  be  sometimes  called  n;)/rtn/n//oM.  To  this  the  New-Ply- 
mouth settlers  resorted  early  and  frequently,  to  exchange  furs  for 
provisions.  In  lCt26,  Abraham  Shurtewas  sent  over  by  Elbridge 
and  Aldsworth,  to  purchase  the  Island  of  the  owner,  Abraham 
Jennings  of  Plymouth,  for  which  he  gave  £50.*  It  is  situated 
nine  miles  southerly  of  George's  Islands  ;  five  leagues  east-south- 
east of  Townsend,  and  3  leagues  westwardly  of  Mctinic.  It  con- 
tains upwards  of  a  thousand  acres  of  good  la-uJ,  has  a  bold  slior« 
on  all  its  sides,  a  large  projection  of  rocks  at  its  northeastward 
part,  and  has  one  good  harbour.  On  its  south  side  is  the  J\hnan- 
nah  Island  of  two  acres,  distant  a  cable's  length,  and  the  '".arbour 
is  between  the  two  Islands  ;  the  entrance  into  it  on  the  southwest 
of  Monhegan  being  safe  and  easy.f 

The  number  of  people  on  the  Island  is  between  75  i:"d  100, 
who  inhabit  12  or  14  dwellinghouses,  and  are  the  owni  rs  </  the 
soil,  industrious,  moral  and  well-informed.  They  have  a  school- 
house  where  their  children  are  educated,  and  religious  meetings 
are  attended.  Fishing  and  agriculture  arc  the  employments  of 
the  men  ;  they  own  several  vessels ;  and  while  the  more  able  bodied 
arc  engaged  in  the  former  business  at  home,  and  in  the  codfishery 
on  the  Grand  Banks,  the  old  men  and  boys  cultivate  the  land, 
raising  good  crops,  keeping  cows,  swine,  and  sheep. 

The  Island,  though  within  the  county  of  Lincoln,  belongs  to 
no  town.  It  is  a  democratic  conmnmity  :  It  has  no  officers  of  any 
kind,  not  even  a  Justice  of  the  Peace.  Ti.c  people's  affairs  are 
governed  and  guided  by  themselves,  confonuiibly  to  certain  pru- 
dential rules  and  usages  which  they  have  mutually  established. 
They  have  paid  one  United  States'  dii  i  ct  tax,  otherwise  diey  are 
strangers  to  taxation,  except  what  t'lcy  pay  towards  tlic  support 
of  their  school.  The  Lighthouse  was  erected  on  tlie  Island  in 
1824. 

*  Sliurtc's  Deposition. 

t  Capt.  Jiilm  Smith  says,  in  1014,  "  between  Monaliiggou  and  Monanis  is 
a  small  Imrhour  where  wc  rid." 


if 


62 

Meiinie. 


Whrelcr'i 
lUrring- 


THE  WATERS  AND  COAST  [IwTnOOCe. 

Metinic  Island  is  situate  seven  miles  east  by  north  from  Mon- 
hegan  ;  12  miles  south  of  White-head  and  2  and  1-2  leagues 
from  Miisqueto  Island.  It  contains  300  acres  of  excellent  land, 
being  about  two  miles  long  from  N.  E.  to  S.  W.  and  in  one 
place  is  a  mile  wide-  It  has  a  bold  shore  and  a  landing  place, 
though  no  harbour.  It  belongs  to  no  town,  though  attached 
to  the  county  of  Lincoln  ;  and  is  owned  by  the  Messrs.  Thorn- 
dikes  of  TIjoinaston  and  St.  George.  There  are  two  families 
on  the  Island,  who  cultivate  the  land  witli  considerable  success, 
though  fishing  is  their  principal  employment.  Between  this 
Island  and  the  main  land  is  1V/ieeler''s  bay,  three  leagues  over. 

Herring-gut  has  its  western  en  ranee  at  the  moutli  of  Sl 
George's  river,  and  is  a  reach  of  water  stretching  eastward,  two 
leagues,  to  Musqucio  Island,  having  on  the  north  the  rugged 
shore  of  the  main  land,  being  the  south  end  of  the  town  of  St 
George,  and  having  the  most  of  George's  Islands  southerly. 

Muaqueto  hlnnd  is  half  a  mile  from  the  main  land,  or  shore ; 
it  is  about  a  mile  over  it  either  way,  and  has  upon  it  one  house. 
Between  it  and  the  main  is  the  eastern  entrance  of  Herring-gut, 
over  a  bar  of  sand  passable  at  two  hours  flood  ;  the  vessels  how- 
ever usually  pass  the  outside  of  the  Island.  Tennant^s  harbour 
is  formed  by  that  Island  and  the  main  and  is  a  very  fine  harbour, 
100  rods  wide,  where  70  sail  may  lie  in  safetj. 

South  of  Musqucto  Island,  distant  100  rods,  are  the  "  Two 
lirothcrs,^^  each  of  an  acre,  covered  with  trees.  From  these  to 
Townscnd  harbour  [Boothbay,]  is  thirty  miles. 

Northeastwardly  of  Musqueto  Island,  one  league  and  a  half, 
WJiiie-hcad.  is  n'/iiVf-/it(»/,  wliicli  is  a  Small  Island  onc  mile  from  the  shore, 
of  ten  acres  and  one  family.  It  is  considered  to  be  at  the  west- 
ern entrance  of  Penobscot  bay,  and  on  the  18th  of  June,  1803, 
the  I'nilcil  States  purchased  it,  and  the  next  year  erected  a  Light- 
house on  it  at  iho  cost  of  $2,200.* 

From  Jl'hitc-hcad,  leaving  Seal  or  Sail  knrbour  on  tho  west, 
to  Sprucc-hvail,  is  north  one  mile  ;  thence  to  Anh  point,  abreast 


Maml. 


Tennani'i 
barbour. 


Mgbl. 


•  Tlic  Innit  in  i*.  tlcvnlrd  50  Art  nliovc  tlio  level  of  the  ten i  niitl  lia«  a 
fix««1  li'/hl  :  the  Ur.';H>r  li;is  $300  l>v  llio  year.  From  Monhcgnn  to  Whilc- 
licail  in  .N.  r,.  7  lr.i;!ii(S. 


1  from   Mon- 

1-2  leagues 

Lcellent  land, 

and   in  one 

inding  place, 

jgh  attached 

ssrs.  Thom- 

two  families 

ible  success, 

Jetween    this 


the  ««  Two 
om  these  to 

and  a  half, 
I  the  shore, 
at  the  wrst- 
June,  1803, 
ned  a  Light- 


S«CT.  II.]  "^MJ        of  MAINE.         4i  (Hl^ 

of  Aih  bland,  is  three  miles ;  and  thence  to  OwVi  headf*  in  the  Owl**  hM4. 
northeastern  corner  of  Thomaston,  is  five  miles.  ."j        A 

Between  White-head  and  Ash  point,  which  are  a  league  apart,  j^^^^ 
are  the  Muscle  Ridges,  consisting  of  about  a  dozen  Islands ;  the  }*,"'^' 
most   of  wliich   must   now  be   mentioned  though  they  are  sev-  i,i„hI«, 
crnlly  small.     1,  Ash  Island  of  20  acres  is  very  near  the  main,  '*»h, 
without  inhabitant.     2,  High  Island,  abreast  the  other,  is    a  poor  ll'gh, 
rocky  place  of  5   acres  ;  and   3,   Potatoe  Island  of  two   acres,  Totaioe, 
is  still  southerly  ;  and  both  are  uninhabited.     But  4,  Anderson's  Andenoa't, 
Island,  east  of  Ash  point,  of  300  acres,  has  three  families  upon 
it ;  tlie  land  on  its  south  end  is  good,  and  a  farm  was  lately  sold 
there  for  $1000.     5,  Peahody^s  Island  of  70  acres,  is  poor  land  ;  Peabody'i, 
6,  Pleasant  Island  ;  7,  Two  Bush  Island  [uow  one  Bush,]  being  pieauni, 
all  three  very  small,  have  no  resident  upon  them.     Pleasant  Island 
however  is  a  site  worthy  its  name,  and   Two  Bush  is  so  called  j,^.^  ^^^ 
because  it  has  exhibited  two  bushes  conspicuous  to  the  passing 
mariner.     8,  Allen's  Island,  of  40  acres,  was  the  residence  of  ^||,„., 
onfe  family  till  expelled  by   poverty.     9,    Graffani's  Island  is  a  (jr,fl-,„.g 
pleasant  one,  well  swarded  into  grass,  though  without  inhabitant. 

There  are  a  few  others  which  are  mere  black  rocks,  without 
shrubbery  or  vegetation.  Indeed  they  are  nil  rocky  and  forbid- 
ding ;  and  no  one  belongs  to  any  town.  The  passage  from  Pe- 
nobscot bay  westward  is  through  these  ridges,  leaving  Ash  Island 
on  the  west ;  and  tlie  mariner  always  avoids  tliem  all,  as  big  witli 
danger. 

Matinicus  Island,}  is  another  such  as   IMonhegan,  situate   17  Mjiiuicug. 

miles  southeast  of  OwVs  head  and  10  east  of  Mctinic.     It  is  two 

miles  in  length  and  from  one  half  mile  to  a  mile  in   breadth,  and 

contains  750  acres  of  excellent  loamy  land,  three  fourths  of  w  hich 

nre  cleared.     Near  it,  southerly,  is  lVheaton''s  Island,  which  forms  Wh»aion'« 

the  eastern  part  of  the  harbour  ;  and  east  is  Wooden  Ball  rock,  l!;""'!" 

•   I    I  •      1       o  _  Woollen 

uninhabited.     Southeast  is  Ihiggcr-task,  an  Indian  nnnie,  between  "»'•  "*•«. 

whirii  and  Matinicus,  is  tolerable  anchorage  in  stormy  weather.      u»kf  * 

The  Island  of  Matinicus  was  inhabited  very  early,  and  *^  re- 
mains of  stone  1  ouses  are  still  apparent,   generally  supposed  to»»«"P'« 

•  Anciently  "  Jleatilacui,^'  Smith  in  his  map  and  Iliitory,  1617,  cailcd  it 
Dunbnrlon, 

t  llic  main  |ian«apr  into  Tcnob^cot  bay  from  the  ica  ii  between  Matini-iit 
and  Hit  Circcn  IilaiiJi. 


Mitiinirui 


J;  J* 


lulamlt 


04  THE  WATERS  AND  COAtJT  [InTRODUC. 

have  been  built  by  French  or  Dutch  fishermen,"  though  unknown. 
Also  there  arc  several  |)laces  where  the  Indians  had  their  camps, 
as  is  evident  from  the  shells  and  hones  found  thereabouts.*  It  is 
often  visited  for  the  benefit  of  health.  There  are  now  about  100 
souls  on  the  Island,  in  sixteen  families  :  they  have  been  claimed 
as  a  part  of  Vinalhaven,  but  have  never  been  taxed,  nor  have  they 
ever  voted  in  public  aitairs.  They  have  a  schoolhouse  and  a  school 
oi  40  scholars  ;  and  upon  the  Island  there  is  a  Calvinist  Baptist 
church  of  22  members.  They  are  a  very  industrious,  humane 
and  moral  people  ;  the  men  are  enjiaged  in  fi.sliing  and  farming  ; 
and  the  women  manufucturc  the  principal  })art  of  family  clothing. 
The  Islanders  own  six  fishing  craft  from  ten  to  fifty  tons  each,  and 
raise  annually  about  400  bushels  of  wheat  and  abundance  of 
vegetables ;  living  together  in  prosperity,  quietude  and  happiness, 
without  law  and  without  rulers. 

The  two  Green  Islands  are  northeast  of  Matin icus  and  near 
it,  within  the  county  of  Hancock  ;  and  though  small,  each  of  2 
or  3  acres  oidy  and  without  inhabitant,  the  soil  is  so  productive 
as  to  yield  1 00  tons  of  hay  in  a  single  year. 
II.>(t  MaiKl.  ^^^^  lilunil  is  half  a  mile  southwest  of  Metinic  Island,  con- 
taining two  acres  of  miserable  barren  land. 

J\lunroCf  or  jMvre''s  Island,  is  situate  opposite  Owl's  Mead, 
an  hundred  rods  distant,  and  the  harbour  is  between  them.  It 
is  claimed  to  be  witliin  the  town  of  Thomaston,  though  most  of 
it  is  in  the  county  of  Hancock.  It  contains  180  acres  of  good 
land,  occupied  I)y  Mr.  Minu'oe  and  ins  family. 

Slicrj)  Island,  the  next  one  sohherly,  contains  by  admeasure- 
ment 74  acres  of  very  good  land,  and  bears  a  house  and  barn. 
Mark,  or  Fishcrmrn''s  Island,  still  farther  south,  of  iJ  or  4  acres, 
without  a  resident,  is  very  woody  ;  and  the  one  whi(  h  the  Urit- 
ish  in  the  late  war  used  ns  a  place  of  rendezvous. 

Above  Owl's  Head,  on  the  same  side,  is  Great  Spruce  head, 
from  which  to  Oltl  Fort  point  in  Prospect,  is  ten  leagues  north- 
norlhca.st.  In  ascending  to  which,  however,  the  mariner  leaves 
Camden  llcis^/its  on  the  west,  which  the  older  writers  have 
viewed  as  inoinitalns ;  and  Dncktrap  harbour  in  Lincolnville  still 
nrif,„i  imt.  farther  to  the  north  ;  and  crosses  the  mouth  of  liclfast  bau  two 
eagues  over  to  Jinffadtn^  Island,  not  far  from  the  western  shore. 


Miinm« 
Island. 


Hhrrp 
Ulniitl. 

Mark 
luluud. 


Npruc« 
head. 


Camiirn 

Diu'kirnp 


Itlaad 


•  .M.S.  I.t  ttcr  of  T.  N\  litiMiiiun,  F.f.i. 


SWJT.  II.]  "y*"^       OF  MAINE.  65 

This  has  a  good  harbour   westward,   called   TA>n^   cotf,   and 

aiiotluT  to  the  northward — a  bar  cxtciidinc;  from  thf  Island  to  the 

iniiii.     Fv)rt  point  above  nu'iuioncd  is  near,  making  tlic  distance 

from  it  to  White-head  thirty-six  miles  in  a  direct  ronrse.  ' 

Fort  Pownal   erected    in    ITSO,    by   (Jovcrnor   Pownal,  was  Fori  Pow- 

on  tlic  western  shore,     its  site  was   a  pleasant   and   roinniandmg 

situation  in  the  town  of  I'msprct,  belo'.v  the  south  end  of  Orphan  Orpl.n* 

Jslanil.     iS'otliMiii;  ol  tlic  lent  remains   exeejit   the   entrenrhments 

and  (•irenin\  allutions  ;  but  the  place  has   acipiired   the   name   of 

"  Old  Fort  lioint."     As  tin.'  may  be  considered  at  ihe  mouth   of'*'*'*"'* 
'  "^  _       _  (>'>iiii. 

Penobscot  river,  and  at  the  head  of  Penobscot  Hay,  it  will  be 
proper  now  to  hep;in  with  the  sources  of  that  river  and  trace  it 
downwards  to  this  plaee. 

The  I'tnobsrot  river*  is  the  lonsre.'.t  of  any  one   in  the   Stale  ;  I'mmj^scoi 

•^  rivtT, 

and  in  its  tide-waters,  it  is  as  laraie  as  the   Sanadahock    after  the 
junction    of  the    Kennebec    and    the    Aiidroscn'^siin.      Its   whole 
length,  as  it  runs  from  its  heads  to  Fort  point,  is  sup|)Osed  to  be  ''*  ''"""*■• 
about  iOO  miles.     It  has  no  reservoirs,  such  as  the  prcat  lake  whicli 
yields  supply  to  the  Kennebec  ;  it  is  formed  by  a  threat  number  of 
streams,  wlii'h  issue  from  ponds,  swamps  and  sprinj^s,   above  and 
below  the  4()tli  parallel  of  latitude,  and  spread  the  whole  width  of 
the  State  ;  its  western  sources  beine  more  than  an  hundred  miles, 
in  a  strainlit  course,  from  its  eastern  heads  ;  and  so  mucli  do  they 
all,  like  branches  of  one  family,  converaie   and   aim  at   a   general 
union,  as  to  lorm  a  confluence  and  constitute  the  main  river,  95 
miles  from  its  mouth,  and  within  about  half  a  degree  only,   below 
the  pariillel  above  mentioned. 

The  western  branch  of  the  Penobscot  is  supposed  to  be  the 
largest.  It  rises  in  the  higlilaiids  iiorlli  of  tiie  Kennebec,  cast  of  hranch. 
tlie  ("haudirre  and  south  of  the  St.  John;  and  what  is  noticeable, 
the  head  streams  of  the  four  rivers  are  (|uite  near  each  other  in 
several  |ilaces.  Its  sources  have  been  explored  hy  the  surveyors 
under  the  treaty  of  (jheiit  ;  and  it  is  found  that  the  road  from  the 
folks  of  the  Kennebec  to  ^^  jMile,  Tree  "  cros.scs  three  prirnary 
brant  lies  of  the  Penoh.scot,  two  of  which,  one  4  and  tlu;  other  G 


.  Ill  wMieni 


*  Ancitntly  "  l'tn(tb»htng,"  Imlian  ;  I'tnlift^nil,  French.  Fioiii  I'tiiobs*  ot 
li:  V  to  Mount  UcH;rt,  was  vMvl  XanUet."  ^lllill^  «-4llcil  tliis  country 
Low  Mdiiiiti. ."  (,7<(ji7ii'o/>  s.T»»  [I  r«/.\*, /'.  U«i-lUj  tlio  rctit.ijfOL't  river 
in  ll.f  iiiijfct  ancient  utcuuiitu  cii'  tl.e  t'ouiitry  «aJ!  cullcJ  ".M(r(wi/<«i'ua,'' 


66 


lu  rastern 
braoch. 


im 


Junctioa. 


THE  WATERS  AND  COAST  [IimiODITC 

miles  below  the  heights,  are  large  mill  streams  where  they  cross 
the  road. 

From  the  northwest  branch  of  the  Penobscot,  rising  between 
20  and  30  miles  northeasterly  of  "  Mile  Tree,"  the  carrying  place 
into  the  main  St.  John  is  only  two  miles ;  and  some  streams  of  the 
two  rivers  arc  much  nearer  each  odier.  This  great  western 
branch,  after  collecting  its  waters  from  the  north  and  south,  runs 
eastwardly,  not  far  from  the  norUiern  margin  of  Moosehead  lake, 
and  empties  into  Chesuncook  lake,  sixty  miles  from  some  of  its 
S0v'.es.  The  outlet  river  of  this  lake,  which  is  15  miles 
in  '.enjJh,  runs  southwardly  and  eastw^ardly  45  miles,  till  it  em- 
brr.ccj  the  great  eastern  branch,  and  forms,  what  is  called  the 
junction,  the  waters  in  each  being  nearly  equal. 

The  two  main  streams  of  this  eastern  branch  rise  about  50  or  60 
miles,  from  their  heads  to  its  union  with  the  great  western  branch 
or  the  Neketow.*  Twenty  miles  above  this  junction  in  the  west 
Graad  faiii.  branch,  are  the  Grand  falls,  where  tlie  waters  descend  over  a 
ledge  of  sinootli  rocks,  fifty  feet,  through  a  channel  45  feet  wide, 
into  a  bason  of  unknown  depth.  In  late  years,  the  eastern  branch 
lias  been  explored  above  the  junction ;  and  of  tlie  other,  con- 
siderable is  known  to  its  several  sources,  though  neither  of  them 
have  yet  any  settlements  on  their  banks.  South  of  the  junction, 
two  miles,  the  Penobscot  receives  from  the  nortlieast  a  brook 
called  Salmon  stream. 

Sixteen  miles  below  the  junction,  is  the  mouth  of  the  Meta- 
wamkeagf  river,  which  rises  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  State,  and 
flows  many  miles  southeasterly  towards  Schoodic  lakes ;  then 
forms  a  bow  and  runs  southwest  twelve  miles,  and  receives  the 
S«bBicolie-  Sebascohegan,  through  which  travellers  and  Indians  ascend  within 
three  miles  of  the  Schoodic  lakes.  The  Metawamkcag  is  as  large 
as  the  Piscanujuis,  ami  larger  than  two  of  the  Kcnduskeag  ;  rapid, 
very  rocky  in  several  places,  and  has  frefjuent  falls  and  interve- 
ning still-waters.  Its  mouth  is  about  tliirty  miles  below  that  of 
the  .Sebascohegan  ;  and  the  mail,  first  established  in  182C,  passes 
up  these  two  rivers  tlirougli  the  Schoodic  lakes  to  Houlton. 

■^  N'JCotoU — wlicre  two  streams  come  togctlicr,  forming  an  acute  angle.— 
Indian. 

t  MrtawamUcng;  mcani  a  stream  running  ojcr  a  gravelly  btd  at  its  mouth. 
— Indian. 


Salmon 
Mream. 

Metawam 
kcaf. 


fan. 


»<g^-raaTiini 


sing  between 
arrying  place 
treams  of  the 
rcat  western 
south,  funs 
sehead  lake, 
some   of  its 
is    15  miles 
till  it  em- 
called  the 

out  50  or  60 
stern  branch 
in  the  west 
end  over  a 
5  (eet  wide, 
tern  branch 
other,  con- 
er  of  them 
e  junction, 
St  a  brook 

the  Meta- 
State,  and 
»kes;  then 
ceives  the 
end  within 
is  as  large 
^g  J  rapid, 
1  intcrve- 
V  that   of 
*0,  passes 
on. 

te  angle 

iti  mouth. 


[Sser.  II.]  -\4^e    OTUKmz.T  m  67 

From  the  mouth  of  the  Met&wamkeag,  the  Penobscot  descends 
[in  a  smooth  and  inviting  current,  navigable  for  the  largest  rafts, 
fret  'Mving  on  its  west  .'ide  the  Medunkaunk,  a  small  mill  stream,  ,')''^''"''*'* 
[and  the  Madamiscoru'us,  a  large  one  ;  and  on  the  east  side,  the  .Mi.ininU- 
yMetanawcook,*  2-3tls  as  large  as    Passadiimkcag,   and  10  miles 
above  it. 

But  the  most  importc'nt  and  considerable  tributary  of  the   Pe- 
nobscot is  the  Piscataquis,  which  comes  from  the  west,  and  after  Piicaisquii, 
running  100  miles  fiom  its  sources,  empties  itself  35  miles  above 
[the  mouth  of  the  Kcnduskeag,  and  35  miles  below  the  junction. 
[Three  large  streams  constitute  the  Piscataquis,    viz..    Pleasant  r\riM»ai 
[river  from  the  northwest,  which  rises  on  the  east  side  of  Moose-  "**'" 
lead  lake  ;  Scbcc  river  (torn    the  west,   which   has  some  <'i  itsj^'J^*^ 
>urces  in  the  same  neighbourhood,  and  Sebec  pond  in  its  course  ; 
id  Piscataquis  proper,  which  comes  more  from  the   southwest ; 
-the  latter  two  embrace  first,  and   3  miles  farther  down,  ttiey 
receive  the  third,  12   miles   from  the  mouth  of  the  Piscataquis. 
Sebec  and  Pleasant  rivers  are  about  equally  large,  and  few  others  of 
their  size  can  fully  compare  with  them  in  beauty  and  commodious- 
ness.     They  afford  many  excellent  mill  sites  and  in  freshets  will 
float  large  rafts.     The  three  branches  have  low  banks,  interspers- 
ed with  rich  and  extensive  intervales.    The  flowing  of  the  Piscat- 
aquis, which  is  30  rods  wide,  is  very  quick  and  its  waters  uncom- 
monly transparent  and  pure.     At  its  mouth  it  descends  a  fall  of 
12  or  15  feet  in  the  space  of  10  rods  ;  and  over  a  part  of  the 
fall  the  water  pours  in  a  thick  and  liinpid  sheet.     In  mixing  with 
the  Penobscot  it  adds  to  it  nearly  a  third  part  of  its  waters. f 

Five  miles  below  the  Piscataquis,  on  the  east  side,  is  the  Passa- 
dur'tkf:ag,'l  which  rises  near  Schoodic  waters  and  empties  hself  into  keog.  " 
the  Penobscot.  It  is  boalable  about  20  miles,  excepting  seven 
carrying  places  of  inconsiderable  lengths.  On  this  river  are  ex- 
tensive natural  meadows,  where  great  quantities  of  hay  are  cut 
every  year. 

The  Penobscot,  after  flowing  south,  five  miles,  receives  on  the 
east  side  Olcmon  stream,  which  is  little  else  than  a  large  brook  ;  oicmop. 
and  likewise  embraces  an  Island  of  excellent  land,  co//e</  Olemon 


*  Metaiiawkcaff.— //i(/iVin.  f  Col.  J.  Carpenter. 

t  ri«ailt:mlfcnj  mean*,  where  llic  water  folU  into  tlio  river  ahovt  Uit 
ftill». — Indian. 


THE  WATERS  AND  COAST 


[lirrRODrc. 


JfT"l 


Island,  containing  300  acres ;  also  Svf^ar  Island  of  like  size  a  ^| 
iinic  below,  and  several  smaller  ones  in  a  short  distance.  Sunk- 
Siinkhaif.  A,,  ;-p*  stream  is  rather  larcer  than  Olenion  stream,  and  emptic? 
ini(»  the  Penohscot,  eleven  miles  below,  on  the  same  side.  Not 
le?'s  than  200  tons  of  hay  arc  taken  annually  from  its  meadows. 
Both  these  streams  together,  jirohiihlr.  rlo  not  contribute  more 
water  to  the  main  river  than  the  Pussfduiikcii?  dc      itself. 

One  mile  below  Snnkhaze,  ii'ut  14  trom  the  mcitl!  of  Kendus- 
keai:,  the  Penobscot  is  parted  in  a  vtiv  remarkal  :r-  r  onner,  so 
that  about  lialf  the  water  lexttl:-'  «a-it(r.  ahotv  dcn'*?;.?  in  direct 
coui  e  southciv-,  and  the  other  hafi'  turns  a  short  corner  and  runs 
nortiiHTst  more  tlun  two  miies.  ami  then  turning  again  ;i!niost  as 
short,  riiis  soullirvl  seven  miles,  before  tlie  two  brunf 'u'S  form  a 
junction.  This  western  i)i*anch  i'-c.dled  iS'/i//»vr''r,  and  the  first 
island  it  enibraces  af'cr  tliM  divorce  is  Osijn  hinml,  of  1,200 
acres ;  it  then  has  intercourse  v.'itii  th'>  east  n;  inch  by  a  south- 
westerly reach,  three  miles  in  ](;ngth,  viiich  separates  that  island 
from  .Marsh  Island,  containing  G,U00  acres;  and  from  this  reach 
a  j)a>.-;.iire  bounds  the  southeast  I'nd  of  Osson  Island  rind  separates 
It  i'lom  OW^oifu  Island,  of  3()0  acres,  where  the  Indian  village 
is.  Besides  these  three,  the  Stillwater  river  also  embraces 
another  one,  c;illed  Orono,  of  150  acres.  At  the  upper  and 
lower  end  of  Stillwater  river  are  i'dls  suitable  for  mill  sites;  and 
on  the  east  branch,  that  is,  the  main  river,  iliere  are  similar  falls, 
viz.  at  the  foot  of  Oldtown  Island  and  at  (Jreat  Works,  a  mile  or 
more  below  ;  in  each  ol'  which  the  descent  may  be  20  or  30  feet. 

All  four  of  these  Islands  are  :  xcellent  land  ;  and  except 
IMarsh  Island,  which  is  the  southernmost  one,  they  are  claimed 
by  the  Tarratine  tribe  of  Indians.  They  also  own  the  other 
Islands  mentioned,  which  are  of  a  like  fertile  soil. 

From  the  reunion  of  the  Penobscot  with  the  Stillwater  at  the 
foot  of  Marsh  Island,  the  river  flows  southwestwardly  three  miles 
to  the  lu'iul  of  the  tide,  at  "  ^//r  liciid,"  so  called,  wliere  its  usual 
ebb  and  How  are  two  feet.  Sninll  vessels  may  ascend  in  fresh- 
■  ts  and  in  sjiring  tides,  vithin  a  mile  of  it,  but  ship-navigation  is 
not  good  and  safe  much  above  Kcnduskcag  point,  four  miles 
below  the  Hend. 

The  h'-ndu.ilaag  stream,  rises  near   some  of  the  Sabasticook 


1 

Stillwater 

Osson 
J.>Uii'l. 

[ 

MaTfh 
i^Ub<t. 

fl 

Ol !"» V.1 

i 

Jilin-t. 

Orono 
liluiid. 

1 

Grent 
Woiks. 

The  Demi 


Krridus- 
ktajf. 


^Suiiklmxc  incatia  dead  uaicr  at  Jie  mouth  uf  the  stream, — Indian. 


[IirrBODtc. 

of  like  size  3 
tanre.  Sunk- 
,  and  emptip! 
ne  side.  Not 
its  meadows, 
ntriliiite   more 

itself. 
tJtof  Kendus- 
J  ?.  -nnner,  so 
'on»is  in  direct 
rner  and  nins 
lin  almost  as 
)i«^'u's  form  a 
and   the  first 
"',  of  1,200 
I'y  a  soutli- 
s  that  island 
•m  this  reach 
md  separates 
dian  village 
0    embraces 
upper  and 
sites;   and 
milar  falls, 
',  a  mile  or 
or  30  feet, 
find   except 
ro  claimed 
the  other 

atrr  at  the 
three  miles 
re  Its  usual 
in  fresh- 
visjation  is 
our  miles 


£CT.   II.]  >m>.tt^  CF  MAINE.         Mi  69 

urces,  and  after  running;  in  its  southeasterly  serpentine  course         '' "  ^ 
iQ  miles,  and  turning  tlie  wheels  of  various  mills  and  machinery, 
discharges  its  waters  into  the  Fenobsrot,  amid   Bnnsor   villacc, 
0  miles  from  White-head,  i3  from  Fort  point,  and  70  from  the 
nctiou.     It  is  Kcuerally  eiiht  lods  wide;  its  u>oiith,  which   is 
5  rods  in  lireadth,  and  00  rods  hi'^lier  up   at   the   bridge    is   JO 
(Is,  forms  a  branch  of  the  harbdur  :  but  here  the  ground,  ex- 
pt  in  the  channel,  is  often  bare  at  low  water.     Opposite  to   the 
loulh  of  the  Kenduskeag,  the  water  in  the  channel  of  the   Pc- 
bscot  is  1 7  feet  when  the   tide   is  out,  and  the  width  of   tho 
ain  river  below  is  HO  rods. 

The  Penobscot  thence  descends  in  a  deep  and  steady  current,  s-Mrounke- 
sing  the  ujoiuhs  of  Sr<rt;iinheihink*  on  the  east  side,  and  Sown-  '^"'^^ ' 
srou/cf  on  the  west  shore ;  both  beiiis^  mill  j^tieanis  much   less  "'ok. 
Kban  Kcnduskeair,  one  3  and  the  other  ')  miles  below  it ;  thence  one 
Ifcnirue  to  Bald  hill  cove,  on  the  same  sifle  ;    another  to   Jiurk^s  n«i'i  iiiii 
dirr,  covered   at  highwater ;    and   hidf  a  mile   more,   to   Oak  ,j.,(.     j^,^ 
\oint,  where  the  water  is  GO  rods  wide  and  deep.     JJetwecn    the 
Iter  and  Dram  point,  which  are  a  league  asunder,  is  Alar.ih  hay  y^.^^^^^  ^ 
hich  is  more  than  a   mile   wide,  oniaincuted   by  tiie  village  of 
rankfort  on  the  western   shore.     Here  the  water  is   very   salt 
lind  the  river  seldom  is  frozen  as  low  as  Jiuck^s  ledge.     Indeed    * 
during  some  winters  it  continues  open  as  high  as  the  mouth  of 
tlie  Sowadabscook. 

It  is  about  5  miles  from  Dram  point  to  the  head   of    Orphan  Orpimn 
iJsland,  which  contains  5000  acres  or  more,  and  divides  the  wa- 
'tcrs  of  the  river  into  two  branches  ;  the   western   and  main  one 
passes  through  the  7iarroivs,  opposite  the  northwest  curve  of  the  y„„„y,f^ 
Island,  and  by  OldhanCs  ledge,  which  is  half  a  league  below,  and  oi.iiifim"* 
a  league  above   Fort  point,   at   the  mouth  of   the   river.      The 
branch  wiiich  washes  the  other  side  of  the  Island  is  called  East- 
ern river,  safely  navigable  for  snutll   vessels  ; — tho  Island  itself,  river.' 
taxed  in  Hucksport,  is  good  land  and  is  owned   by   the   descend- 
ants of  an  orphan  lady,  who  inherited   a  part  of  the  Waldo   pa- 
tent. 


Ifilge. 


F.iMi'rn 


*  This  is  a  fine  mill  Mtrcatn  runninff  tliroiis;li  Rrcwcr  villnpfc,  named  hj 
tlic  Indiiiiis  '•  Sciff imA((/t(HA-." — MS.  Lutlcrof  H'ju.  1).  Perhum. 

t  Called,  t)y  wriy  of  corruption  of  the  [miinii  nnme,  "  Soirrtdithvoiik  ;'' 
this  is  iu  llampdc'ii, — Moru  iirojicrly  sjitlt  '•  ibotmc/i/j/jiLoy," — (Jm,  i/tr- 
ikk. 


The  Prnob> 
•ml  in  {CD- 
«ral. 


mv 


70  THE  WATERS  AND  COAST  [IllTRODCC. 

The  general  breadth  of  the  Penobscot  is  from  80  to  1 00  rods ; 
and  it  is  remarkable,  that  oning  to  absorption  and  evaporation 
it  should  be  so  uniformly  wide  from  Piscataquis  to  Orphan  Island ; 
though  its  depths  are  various,  being  above  the  tidewaters  from 
six  to  tftrelve  feet,  not  easily  fordablc  by  a  man  and  horse  below 
the  junction.  TIio  usual  tides  at  and  below  Bangor  are  15  feet ; 
and  at  low-water  its  depth  in  the  channel  is  from  3  to  6  fathoms ; 
and  in  some  places  20.  The  banks  of  the  river  are  generally 
high  ;  some  projections  are  rocky  and  rugged  ;  and  others  afford 
a  picturesque  appearance.  An  cnchantirL^  expanse  of  tlie  river 
spreads  itself  before  Bucksport  village,  and  anollicr  before  Frank- 
fort ;  and  a  beautiftd  country  on  citlier  side,  extending  to  the 
head  of  the  tide,  fills  tlie  passenger's  eye  from  the  river  witli  cap- 
tivating views  of  nature  and  culture.  As  we  ascend  the  river 
we  find  the  banks  less  elevated  ;  and  above  the  tide-waters  we 
pass  many  extensive  intervales  before  we  reach  the  Piscataquis. 
The  only  fearful  ledges  below  the  head  of  navigation  are  Buck's 
and  Oldham's,  before  mentioned  :  and  Fort  point  ledge,  half  a 
mile  from  the  point,  and  StceWs  ledge,  a  league  southeast,  cov- 
ered at  high  water. 
Fr«xfn4l-2  ^^  '''"^  above  Bangor,  and  below  it  as  far  as  the  water  is  fresh, 
moiiUii.  ^jjg  f  jyj,^  jg  generally  closed  by  ice  from  the  middle  of  December 
to  the  fore  part  of  April.  However,  the  ice  in  1 800  did  not 
descend  till  the  18th  of  April ;  and  on  the  1st  of  January,  1 805, 
'  the  river,  after  being  closed  three  weeks,  was  clear  lor  two  days ; 
and  it  may  be  mentioned  as  a  rare  instance,  that  on  the  2Gth  of 
March,  1811,  the  river  was  clear  of  ice  and  frozen  no  more 
during  the  spring.  Moreover,  in  February,  1807,  the  ice,  which 
was  very  thick  and  strong,  being  brokeu  up  by  an  uncommon 
freshet  on  the  1 7th  of  the  month,  was  driven  down  in  great  cakes  j 
and,  lUO  rods  below  Bangor  village,  formed  an  immoveable  im- 
pediment to  the  current.  By  reason  of  this  check,  the  waters 
rose  from  10  to  12  feet  higher  than  was  before  known,  filled  the 
lower  apartments  of  several  buildings,  and  destroyed  and  injured 
a  great  quantity  of  goods  ;  forcing  the  inhabitants  of  one  dwelling- 
house  to  make  their  escape  from  the  chamber  windows.  Three 
days  elapsed  before  the  ice  fully  gave  way  and  die  flood  subsided. 
At  the  foot  of  Orphan  Island,  the  Penobscot  expands,  so  tlict 
the  distance  across  from  Fort  point  to  the  eastern  shore  is  two 
miles  or  more ;  and  this  is  the  head  of  the  bny.    The  next  noted 


Great  Tretli 

CI. 


Head  nf  I'e- 
nobtcui  bay. 


SCCT.   II.]  OF  MAINE.  71 

place  on  the  eastern  ?liore,  is  Major-higyduct  point,   1 5  miles  Mi^jor-bify- 

below  Orphan  Islar  1,  a  place  rcpoatedly  mentioned  in  history.* 

It  took  its  name  from  u  F^'renchman  who  anciently  lived  there. f 

That   point  is  tJie  southerly  projection  of  the  peninsula,   whicL 

constitutes  the  greatest  part  of   the  town  of  Castine.     On   the 

north  it  has  Back  cove  ;  north  of  west,  it  iias  Penobscot  bay,  two 

leagues  over,  vvitli  Belfast  bay  another  league  on  the  west,  adorned 

by  the  village  of  Belfast ;  on  tlie  southwest  it  has  the  upper  end 

of  Long  Island,  two  miles  distant,  and   at  the   eastward   it  has 

Xorthfrn  bay.     It  has  always  been  considered  by  Europeans  as 

well  as  by  the  Americans  and  natives,  to  be  a  very  eligible  silua- 

Ition.      Castine  village|  is  on  the  southerly  side  of  the  peninsula  ;  Cwiin*. 

iaiid  westward  of  it  100  rods,  at  some  distance  from   tlie   shore, 
ire  the  appearances  of  the    Old  fortifications.     Here   the   Ply-  OKI  fort, 
louth  colony  had  a  trading  house  as  early  as  A.  D.  1 C2G  ;  here 
I'Aiiliioy  located  himself  in  1640  ;  and  here   baron   de   Castine  D'Aulnfjr. 

^afterwards  had  his  residence  many   years.     The    United    States'  tT„iir,i 

[garrison  is  still  farther  to  the  west  and  on  higher  land,   intended  ri^^n."  *"' 
to  protect  the  town  and  conmiand  the  upper  section  ol  Penobscot 
bay. 

Before  we  proceed  to  examine  the  eastern  seaboard,  it  becomes  fi"*'">»  •■ 

•^  .  I'eiiubtcM 

expedient  to  make  a  few  remarks  relative  to  the   Islands   in   Pe-  bay. 
nobscot  bay.     We  begin  with  Long  Island  [now  a  part  of  Isles-  Long 
borough]  which  is  1 1  and  l-4th  miles  in  length  and   about  one 
mile  in  mean  width.     There  is  a  fresh-water  pond  on  the  north 
part  of  the  Island,  at  the  outlet  of  which  stand  mills ;  and  the  soil 
of  the  whole  Island  is  generally  good.     It  has  five  good  harbours, 
3  on  the  western  and  2  on  the  eastern  shore. ^     Included  also  in 
the  corporation  of  Islesborough,  are  these; — 1.    Seven  hundred .^f^^ 
acre  Island,  "of  very  good  land,"  so  call'^d  from  the  quantum  of '*'■"*'• 
its  territory  ; — 2.  Billy  JoVs  Island; — 3.    Marshall's  or  Pen-^'^^y ^"^'h 
dleton''s  Island; — 4.  Z^fl«ic//'s /s/anrf,  which  four  are  inhabited  ;  .^^^11,     ' 
some  of  tliem  are  well  cultivated  and  make  good   farms.     They 
all  lie  near  the  western  shore  of  Long  Island,  and  "  form  several 


♦Tlic  roiintry  licrcabouts  called  Norutnbcga. — 1  IIoI.  A.  a.  71,  Note  4. 

t  MS.  latter  of  Col,  Wardwcll,  and  ccrlificate  of  Capt.  Mansel. 

tin  U*>21'  N   Lat.  and  6S°  4C'  west  Lon^. 

fj  Gilkfy'i  harbour,  5  rriilcs  below  tUc  north  cnJ  of  the  Island  ;   Pzndlt- 
Un^i  still  below,  both  on  (he  ^vrst  side. 


72 


ii 


I'Sii; 


Mark. 

Hr<I<IIp, 

I. line, 

Kii»iRn, 

Motise, 

h|>ru<T, 

l.^laiiili. 

rouf>h. 

Fox  ItlariiU 
or  Vmal'iu- 
ven. 


Fox  Island 

lliorougli- 

fare. 


The  south 
Klaud. 


Tim  nnrlh 
hluiid. 


THE  WATERS  AND  COAST  [InTIIOBOC. 

excellent  harlwurs  much  frequented  by  vessels."  In  addition  to 
these,  we  may  mention — 5.  Mark  Island,  of  10  acres  ;— 0. 
Saddle  Island  ; — 7.  Lime  Island  ; — 8.  Ensifi^n  Island  ; — 9  and 
10.  the  two  Motue  Islands  ; — 1 1.  Spruce  Island — all  which  lie  S. 
W.  and  VV.  of  tliu  iiuiiii  Ishiiul ;  and  there  are  three  others  farther 
up  the  bay  wliicli  arc  small.  Tiie  "  miniber  of  acres  in  the  town 
is  about  0,000,"  oriiiinaliy  a  part  of  the  Waldo  patent.* 

Fox  Slands,  south  of  Yiow^  Island,  are  separated  from  it  by  a 
branch  ot  '*enobscot  bay,  about  two  leagues  across,  and  constitute 
the  town  of  Finalhavcn.  From  its  western  point,  called  Crab- 
tree's  point,  N.  N.  E.  to  Castine,  is  a  course  of  15  miles,  in  so 
good  a  channel  that  a  stranger  may  conduct  a  ship  through  it 
without  danger. 

These  Islands  took  their  name  from  the  circinustance  of  their 
abounding  iii  Foxes  when  first  discovered,  particularly  the  silver 
grey  fox,  seldom  found  at  this  day  in  any  part  of  the  State. 
The  two  princij)al  Islands,  so  called,  arc  denouiinated  die  north 
and  south  Fox  Islands;  sejiarated  by  a  thoroughfare,  which 
may  average  near  a  mile  in  width,  affording  a  good  ship  channel  of 
12  feet  tide  and  an  excellent  harbour;  and  is  beautified  by  a  small 
village  on  each  side  of  the  i.crrows.f  These  Islands  have  very 
curiously  indented  shores  on  all  sides  ;  which  give  them  quite  a 
pecidiarity  of  sliapes.  They  are  bounded  or  washed  westerly  and 
northerly  by  Penobscot  bay  ;  easterly  by  Fox  Island  bay  which 
separates  them  from  the  Isle-au-Haut  and  Deer  Isle,  and  southerly 
by  the  Adantic.  Vinalhavcn  not  only  embraces  these  two  great 
Islands  but  includes  all  such  as  are  smaller,  lying  within  three 
miles  of  them,  too  numerous  and  little  to  be  particularized.  The 
area  of  the  two  Great  Islands,  with  the  others  inclusive,  is 
16,527  acres. 

On  the  south  Inland,  which  is  much  the  larger,  are  two  consider- 
able ponds  and  several  others  which  are  small ;  and  at  the  outlets 
of  the  former  are  mill-privileges.  Much  of  this  Island  however 
is  hilly,  rocky  and  barren  ;  but  it  has  a  vjiluable  growth  of  spruce 
for  spars,  a  fine  harbour,  and  an  advantageous  herring  fishery. 
The  north  Island  has  one  pond  of  100  acres  ;  and  a  much  better 
soil  than  that  of  the  otlicr,  being  a  reddish  gravel;  which  is  very 


*MS.  Iieltor  of  Mig-hill  Parker,  Esq. 

t  The  passr^c  lias  rocks  on  both  sides  ;  especially  Crabtroc  point,  on  the 
northward. 


J 


s 


[Introooc. 

I  addition  to 
)  acres  ;— G, 
md  ; — 9  and 

II  which  he  S. 
others  farther 
?s  in  the  toum 
nt.* 

from  it  by  a 
ind  constitute 
.-ailed  Crab- 
niiles,  in  so 
p  through  it 

nee  of  their 
ly  the  silver 
f  the  State. 
3d  the  north 
hjare,  which 
ip  channel  of 
ed  by  a  small 
s  have  very 
fhem  quite  a 
westerly  and 
bay  which 
nd  southerly 
>e  two  great 
ivithin  three 
rized.  The 
inclusive,  is 

vo  consider- 
t  the  outlets 
id  however 
th  of  spruce 
ing  fishery, 
much  better 
lich  is  very 


•M 


Sect.  m.J  t^jut     or  mawe.       trr  78 

productive.     In  1771)  the  British  built  a  fort  on  this  Island,  plun-  '^ 

dared  the  people  and  drove  them  away.*  The  meeting  of  the 
waters  in  the  thoroughfare,  f.  the  K  N.  E.  and  W.  S.  W.  when 
the  tide  is  of  flood,  forms  a  "  deep  cove"  and  eddy  which  exhib- 
its a  giddv  sweep  or  whirl  as  the  waters  embrace  and  settle.  It 
is  more  than  two  leagues  through  the  thoroughfare  ;  the  western 
entrance  at  Young's  point  is  narrow  at  low  water,  and  dangerous 
by  reason  of  sunken  rocks  on  the  larboard,  called  the  DumjiUns.  numplin*. 

The  Castine  Peninsula  is  washed  on  its  eastern  margin  by  the 
waters  of  the  northern  bay  or  Castine  river,  which  is  formed   by  cnMinn  rir- 
two  wide  though  short  branches,  of  which  one  heads  in  the  town  ''''• 
.of  Penobscot  northerly  ;  and  the  other  in  Sedgwick  runs  north- 
-westerly ten  miles,  when  they  form  a  junction  two  leagues  from 
leir  common  and  single  mouth.     Thus  united,  the  river  has  ten 
feet  tide,  and  is  navigable  four  miles  to  Limeburner's  ferry,  where 
lit  is  half  a  mile  in  width. 

THE  EASTERN  COAST. 

In  iussing  to  the  southward  two  leagues  from  Castine  village,  we  EifTFRj* 
double    Cape   Rosierjf  or   Rosarie,  in   the   town  of  Brookville.  c»p«  Koat. 
This  has  a  bold  shore  and  high  projecting  rocks.     Between  this 
and  the  north  Fox  Island,  southerly  about  nine  miles  distant,  are 
several  Islands ;  viz.  Butter  and   Eagle   Islands,   each   a  mile  nmier, 
square,  four  miles  from  Vinalhaven  towards  Brookville,  owned  by  i>i«iidf. 
William  Gray,  so  fertile  as  to  support  nineteen  inhabitants.      Great  iieH»). 
and  Little  Spruce  head,  and  Beech  Island,  owned  by  individuals,  island, 
contain  27  inhabitants.     The  others  arc   Spectacle  Island,  one  T'l'iuml^rp, 
mile  from  Cape  Rosier  ;  Thumpcap,  two  miles   from  it;  Mark c^[X' httid 
Island  of  two  acres,  3  leagues  from  Castine  ;  CoWs  head  ;  Pond  J]'^|'J,'' 
Island ;  Green  Ledge  ;  and  Pompkin  Island,  which  are  small  ^''?*'    . . 
and  uninhabited.  Maud*. 

*^  Little  Deer  /a/e"  is  situated  northwest  of  Gruit  D^icr  ii/c,  i.iiti<' Deer 

'ill 

southeasterly  of  Cape  Rosier,  and  south  of  Edgemarogga.,  reach, 
which  is  thn  e  miles  wide  and  separates  the  latter  Isle  from  Sedg- 
wick. It  contains  1 ,000  acres  of  good  soil,  supporting  a  consid- 
erable number  of  inhabitants. 

•  MS.  Letter  of  Tliomas  Waterman,  Esq. 

t  From  Mr.  Rosier,  probaoly,  who  came  along  with  Capt.  Weymouth,  A. 
D.  1605.— Huh.  N.  E.  14. 

Vol.  I.  6 


74 

Grmi  Deer 
Lland. 


hie  of  Holi. 


mM 


THE  WATERS  ANU  COAST  [IlfT»OD«e. 

Between  that  Island  and  the  Isle  of  Holt  is  Great  Deer  Lie, 
about  ten  miles  in  length  from  north  to  «•  >T!»h,  ?nd  near  five  miles 
in  width  towards  the  upper  and  low-  .nd«.  It  has  Edgema- 
roggan  reach  on  the  northeast,  which  s*  iparatcs  it  from  tlie  main ; 
and  the  east  branch  of  Penobscot  bay  on  the  wc^t,  in  a  width  of 
two  leagues  intervening  between  the  above  Isle  and  the  Fox 
Islands. 

The  Islc-aU'haut,  or  "  Isle  of  Holt,"  which  has  a  good  soil,  is 
one  league  directly  south  of  Great  Deer  Isle,  and  is  supposed 
to  contain  about  3,500  acres  and  75  families.  It  is  favoured  with 
one  rivulet.  It  has  generally  a  bold  shore,  high  steep  cliffs ;  and 
between  the  beach  at  its  northwest  part,  and  an  Island  near,  there 
is  a  good  harbour  ; — also  another  open  to  the  south,  between 
tlie  southeast  and  soutiiwest  extremities  of  the  Island.  The 
highest  part  of  its  territory  is  in  the  middle  of  it,  and  exhibits  the 
appearance  of  a  saddle.  It  affords  good  landing  at  its  eastern 
end,  and  anchorage  half  a  mile  off  in  18  fathoms. 

Great  and  Little  Deer  Isle  and  the  Isle  of  Holt  constitute  the 
town  of  Deer  Isle,  which  contains  14,320  acres  of  land  and  225 
dwellinghouses,  and  probably  includes  other  little  Islands  lying 
between  the  others. 

The  Isle  of  Holt  and  White-head,  which  are  six  leagues  asun- 
Us'of  ivi'io")-  ^^^y  ^^^  '^^  eastern  and  western  limits  of  Penobscot  bay.  Its 
»coi  lia) .  ^idth  is  not  so  great  as  that  of  Casco  bay,  nor  does  it  embrace 
so  great  a  number  of  Islands;  but  it  is  much  deeper,  being  11 
leagues  in  extent  from  north  to  south ;  and  embosoms  much 
larger  Islands,  stretching  around  them  in  a  manner  unique  and 
like  a  crescent.  A  perspective  view  of  this  bay  from  the  heights 
of  Camden,  so  indented  on  its  shores  and  diversified  with  Islands, 
is  said  to  be  admirable. 

Edgemaroggan  reach,*  which  has  a  sufficient  depth  of  water 
in  its  channel  to  float  a  ship  of  74  guns,  is  from  one  mile  to  three 
in  width,  and  about  1 3  miles  long,  from  its  northerly  entrance 
between  Brookville  and  the  northwest  end  of  Little  Deer  Isle,  to 
the  southeast  extremity  of  Sedgwick ;  and  has  good  anchorage 
on  that  as  well  as  the  Deer  Isle  side.  South  of  the  eastern  en- 
trance of  the  reach,  opposite,  eastwardly  to  Great  Deer  Isle  and 
separate  by  shoal  water,  is  Conaway  Island,  of  100  acres,  sup- 


Town  of 
l)ecr  l>lc. 


Eastern  nnd 


reach. 


Connway 
I«laud. 


*  Pronounced— E-lgcmorgfan. 


1'«A«J" 


.?  .1«T 


75 


..M 


StCT.    II.]  ''^•*'      OP  MAIME. 

posed  to  belong  to  tlie  town  of  Deer  Isle.    It  has  a  bold  shore,  4 

a  good  soil  and  several  raiuilirs. 

Near  the  southeast  point  of  Sedgwick,  caUcd  Xaslcrng,  is  a  S»^Vtt>g. 
good  harbour  of  the   same  name,  about  which  the  first  settle- 
ments were   made  in   Sedi^wick,   formerly   Naskeas:;  plantation, 
eligihlv  situated  for  fishery.*     The  harbour  is  between  the   point 
and  Ilnrbour  hland,  ot    25   acres,   close   aboard  ;  havmg   Hog  m.,m.i. 
Island  farther  distant,  both  of  which  are  inhabited.     The  course    "*  '""  * 
from  Naskeag  point  to  the  Fox   Islands   is  near  to  Deer  Isle, 
[leaving  20  or  30  Islands  towards  the  Isle  of  Holt,  many  of  which 
[are  inhabited. f       ' 

From  Naskeag  point,  east  of  south,  is  Swan  Island  or  Burnt-  jjumi^oat. 
toat,  distant  four  miles.     It  is  of  an  irregular  shape  with   many 
idents  of  water,  and  in  general   its  shore  is  ledgy   and   forbid- 
iing.     But  a  large  cove  makes  up  into  it  on   its   western   side, 
ibout  midway  of  h,  and  forms  a  good  harbour.     There  is  another 
[good  one  in  the  creek    at  the  southwesterly  part  of  tlie   Island, 
[where  Mr.  Swan  lived.      He,  finding  the   soil  to  be   excellent, 
[purchased  the  whole  Island,  embracing  1000  acres,  built  an   ele- 
gant house,  about  thirty  years  ago,  bought  cattle,  and  with  much 
emulation,  commenced  farming  on  a   large  scale.      Discouraged,  ,  j 

however,  or  displeased  after  five  or  six  years,  he  left  the  Island  j  '  '"* 

tlie  house  decayed  and  it  has  since  been  taken  down.      There 
are  now  on  the  Island  about  30  flourishing  families. 

Between  Naskeag  point  and  Swan  Island,  are  three  others, 
viz.  Pond  Island  of  150  acres;   Calf  Island  of  125  acres;  and  '!""''» 
Litth  Black  Island  of  100  acres;  all  of  which  have  a  good  soil  ••"''«  Wack 
and  are  inhabited.     Of  the  three.  Pond  Island  is  the  most  north- 
erly one,  and  the  main  channel  is  between  that  and  Naskeag 
point. 


*  MS.  Letters  of  D.  Morgan  and  W.  Jackson,  Esqrs.  "The  middle  of 
Sedgwick  is  in  N.  Lat.  44°  25',  Lonf.  68"  40'  west;  and  I2l  miles  from 
Portland  Lighthouse,  and  133  miles  from  Passamaquoddy  bay  on  a  straight 
line." 

■{■  Of  a  few  Islands  on  this  Eastern  Coast,  a  censtis  of  1320  is  relumed, 
viz  —10  soiils  on  Pond  Island  ;  9  on  Black  Island  ;  19  on  Long  Island  ;  39 
on  Placentia  Island;  21a  on  Biirnt-coaf ;  7  tin  Marshall's  Island;  7  on 
Mark  Island;  5  on  Hog  Island;  8  on  Beach  Island;  19  on  Little  and 
Great  Spruce  Islands;  8  on  Eagle  Island,  and  11  on  Butter  Island. — Stt 
ccntut,  1820. 


76 

MarabtH't 


*:•!■ 


I  (I  and 


Blucbill 
ba/t 


THE  WATERS  AND  COAST  [InTEODDC. 

MarthalVi  Hand  lies  southwestwardly  of  Swan  Island.  It 
has  a  rich  loamy  soil,  is  mostly  cleared  and  is  the  residence  of  a 
few  families.  But  it  has  no  harbour ;  the  main  channel  is  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Island,  though  it  has  a  difficult  one  on  the  east 
side,  embayed  with  ledges.  Indeed,  tlie  shore  is  bold  and  rocky, 
against  which  vessels  have  not  unfrequently  been  driven  and 
sometimes  wrecked. 

Directly  east  of  Marshall's  Island,  two  leagues,  and  also  two 

off  Burnt-    miles  southeast  of  Swan  Island,  is  what  is  called  "  Lons  Island 
coal.  .        .  ,  . 

off  Burnt-coat,^^  which  is  near  three  miles  in   length,  though   it 

contains  only  about  5  or  GOO  acres  :  The  soil  is  good  ;  it  has  a 
bold  shore  on  the  eastern  side  and  a  good  harbour  opposite  its 
northwest  part.  Some  15  or  20  families  live  upon  the  Island 
WHO  carry  on  a  considerable  fishery.  There  are  some  other 
,  J"uds  about  Swan  Island  which  arc  too  small  to  be  described. 

The  entrance  into  Bluchill  bay,  is  on  both  sides  of  Swan  Island, 
which  lies  in  the  very  mouth  of  the  bay  ;  though  the  usual  pas- 
sage is  eastward  of  the  Island.  The  bay,  which  has  Naskeag 
point  on  the  west,  and  Mount  Desert  on  the  east,  extends  up 
northwestwardly  fifteen  miles  from  the  Island  to  tlie  village  of 
Bluehill. 

Long  Island,  in  this  bay,  extends  nearly  to  its  head  on  hs 
easterly  side,  and  is  such  in  length  as  well  as  name  ;  for  it  is 
about  G  miles  long  and  quite  narrow.  It  may  contain  2000 
acres,  and  be  inhabited  by  10  families.  It  has  no  harbour ;  the 
good  and  the  poor  land  is  about  in  equal  moieties,  and  the  Island 
Robiiiaon't  '^  owncd  by  Peters  and  Ellis.  South  of  Long  Island  are  Rob- 
inson^s  Island  of  about  350  acres,  and  three  families,  and  Bear 
Island  of  GO  acres. 

After  passing  Naskeag  point,  northward,  Fly  Island  is  left  on 

the  western  side,  also  the  "  Ship"  an  Island  of  three  trees,  and 

tlie  "  Barge"  a  dry  rock,    looking   like   a  boat  of  that   name. 

The  waters  northwardly  of  Long  Island,  are  called  Morgan''s 

bay,  the  head  of  which  is  shoal  water  ;  and  the   promontory  bc- 

Newbury     tween  it  and  the  mouth  of  Union  river  has  the  name  o(  J\'rwburu 
neck, 

neck,  [in  .Surry,]  steep  on  the  east  side,  and  on  the  west  inclining 

to  a  flat.      The  chanuol  on  the  east  side  of   Long  Island,  from 

the  sea  to  the  mouth  of  the  river,  is  sufllciently  wide  and  deep  to 

rti.  'ir  the  navigation  of  large  vessels  safe  and  commodious. 


Lenr 
bland. 


B«ar 

ItlaiKia. 


fly, 

Ship  and 
Barfo 
blaudi. 

Morfu't 
bay. 


StCT.    II.] 


OP  MAIMC. 


# 


head  on  its 
;  for  it  is 
ntain  2000 
irbour ;  the 
I  tlic  Island 
1  are  liob- 
,  and  Bear 

I  is  left  on 
tri'cs,  and 
that  name. 
I  Morgan'' s 
lonlory  bc- 
\i  JVcwItury 
'St  incliiiinf; 
'land,  from 
ind  deep  to 
dious. 


Union  rirar. 


Below  the  month   of  the  river  and  two  miles  east  of  Long  BMti^i'g 

IsJaimI* 

Island,  is  Barthtfi  Island  of  600  acres,  half  of  which  is  very 
good  for  farming  and  the  rest  rocky.  It  is  inhabited  by  8  fami- 
lies ;  and  they  have,  about  the  middle  of  the  Island,  on  the  east 
side,  a  good  harbour.  South  of  this  is  Hardwood  Island  o{\[*^J"^ 
200  acres  ;  most  of  which  is  covered  with  wood,  thotigh  it  is  of 
an  excellent  soil,  and  exhibits  one  dwellinghouse.  The  passage 
for  vessels  is  good  on  both  of  its  sides. 

Union  river,  whce  head  is  near  the  Passadumkeag  and  more 
than  40  miles  north  of  its  tide-waters,  is  a  very  commodious 
stream  for  mills.  At  the  head  of  the  tide,  which  is  ten  miles 
above  Newburj'  neck,  there  are  several  mills  ;  also  the  flourishing 
villages  of  Ellsworth  aud  Surry,  which  are  connected  by  a  bridge 
across  the  river,  25  rodi  in  length.  In  proceeding  from  this  to  the 
sea,  the  passage  is  between  Long  and  Bartlett's  Islands. 

Eastward ly,  contiguous  to  the  waters  of  Union  river,  is  the 
Island  of  Mount  Desert,*  15  miles  Ions;  from  north  to  south,  and  J'"""'- 

.  Uescrl, 

about  seven  miles  in  mean  width.  It  has  on  its  northern  curve, 
Jordan  river,  which  is  almost  wholly  salt  water,  navigable  on  the 
tide  three  miles  to  its  head  in  Trenton.  Branching  cast,  it  dis- 
charges itself  into  Frenchman's  bay,  at  the  southeast  extremity  of 
Trenton,  called  Trenton  point ;  and  west,  it  mixes  witiithc  waters 
of  Union  river,  after  passing  Mount  Desert  narrow*,  which  are 
only  20  rods  across  at  highwater,  where  die  usual  tides  are  12  feet, 
and  the  place  fordable  at  low  water.  The  southwest  extremity 
of  Trenton  is  called  Oak  point,  opposite  to  the  narrows.  OaU-poiot 

At  the  south  end  of  IMount  Desert  Island,  west  of  the  point,  is 
the  celebrated  Bass  harbour,  formed  by   a  cove,   landlocked  by  n,„  |,,^. 
two  projections  or  points,  eastwardly  and  westwardly,   and  shel-  ''"'"■• 
tered  on  the  south  by  three  Islands.     Ono  is  Great   Presench  or  n^fiit  ima 
Black  Island,  south  of  the  harbour  and  the  most  remote  of  the  I''",!"  .''rf** 
throe ;  Little    Presench,   northwest   of  the    other  and   near  die  *''"''• 
entrance  of  the  harbour,  each   of  5    or   600   acres  ;  and    GoVs  (,„,.,  y. 
Island  of  300  acres,  northeastwardly  of  the  preceding  two ;  and  "'"'• 
the  three  have  severally  three  or  four  families. 

Somes*  sound,  is  the  water  southeast  of  Bass  harbour,  stretch-  Snm»t' 
ing  up  uorlli  into  the  heart  of  tl»c  whole  Island,  navigable  into  *"**** 


•  Mount  DMcrt  rock  in  C  Icaffiic*  9.    of  Mount  Deu  t  Hitli:  h«r«  tha 
tidu  or  flofxl  soil  W.  a.  W. 


78 


THE  WATERS  AND  COAST 


[Introdvc. 


pM 


*!?•»'■ 


(irrnt  und 

I.tliV  Can- 

Isliiiid. 


Ilnik 


The  pm.l. 


11.11  Iwiur 

Uiaiiil. 


Sk'l'i:ig'« 
livui. 

(■r^.lilrec''t 
iii'(k. 


Ml  uiil  I)p- 

krit  lilullJ. 


land  more  than  a  league.  It  took  its  name  from  Abraham  Somet, 
the  first  American  settler,  who  commenced  a  plantation  near  iti 
head  ; — it  is  sometimes  cnllcd  J\Iotint  Desert  sound.  At  the  en- 
trance into  the  sound  arc  several  Islands,  viz.  Great  Cranberry 
Island,  of  500  acres,  inliahitod  by  G  or  7  families.  Northeast  of 
this,  is  Ijitth  Cranherrij  Island,  of  200  acres,  havinii  three  fami- 
lies ;  nearer  the  Innd,  uxst  of  north,  is  Lancastt  's  hlan£,  of  100 
acres,  peojlcd  hy  two  families ;  and  tiie  eastern  channel  into  the 
sonnd  is  hetueen  the  two  latter.  East  of  Great  Cranberry  Island 
is  Duck  Island,  of  50  acres,  and  one  family. 

The  harbour,  situate  between  tlie  head  of  tiie  sound,  Great 
Cranberry  and  Lancaster's  Islands,  is  called  the  Fool,  and  aflbrds 
excellent  anchorage.  Five  miles  southeasterly  of  the  Pool  is 
Baker  Island,  on  which  there  is  a  Lighthouse. 

From  the  pool,  the  shore  is  bold  around  on  the  margin  of 
Frenchman's  bay,  to  the  northeast  indent  of  the  Island  or  creek, 
3  milos  in  extent,  wlijre  there  is  a  stnall  harbour,  and  a  little 
Island  called  Ilirioar  Island,  and  the  village  of  Eden.  The 
water  stretcliiii;;  up  into  Trenton  froai  Sullivan,  northwest  from 
the  head  of  Fri-'nchman's  bay,  is  Skillings''  river,  navigable  near- 
ly to  its  he  id  at  hi:^huiUjr.  Tiie  point  of  land  in  Sullivan,  east 
of  that  river's  mouth,  is  Crabtrcc^s  JVeck. 

The  Island  of  Mount  Desert*  is  the  largest  one  in  the  State, 
and  contains  about  00,000  acres,  a  third  part  of  which  is  eleva- 
ted into  thirteen  connected,  high  and  rugged  mountains,  covered 
with  woods  :  and  at  sea  they  may  be  seen  the  distance  of  twenty 
leagues,  and  are  remarkable  for  being  the  first  landmark  of  sea- 
men and  for  giving  the  French  name  Alons  Deserts  to  tl'.e  Island. 
The  savages  were  nmcli  attached  to  this  Island  ;  for  in  the  moun- 
tains they  hunted  bears,  wild  cats,  racoons,  foxes  and  fowls ;  in 
the  marshes  and  natural  meadows,  beaver,  otter  and  nmsquash ; 
and  in  the  waters  they  took  fm  and  slir'lhish.  The  alewives  in 
the  spring  ascended  into  the  interiour  jionds  to  cast  their  spawn, 
where  they  were  easily  taken  ;  and  thc)ui;h  the  hills  are  hard  and 
rocky,  the  vallies  are  rich,  strong  lanil,  and  have  borno  a  heavy 
hardwood  growth.     Thy  smaller  islands  and  somo  parts  of  Mount 


*  In  ""oinif  fniin  M  iiiiif  n<'»,'rt  Id  OiHi|i'st><'niii;f!i,  ifrrr  F.  1-2  N.  for 
Miattix'lk  I'Dtiil,  I  l(  .i|;iici ;  tlirrcaie  0  liilli  on  Hii.itloeU  ninarkultlo  in 
tlifir  npprurunrr — :inj  .it  n  diHlnncc  roni.'.l,  Slmttuck  jiuitit  rornu  tlio  €aiUnk 
anJ  Mount  DctiK  tlic  uf$lirn  <•  x\\ ci»c  ui  I'rcnclnnan'i  U.iv, 


aiind,  Great 
, and  aflbrds 
tlie   Pool  is 

margin  of 
d  or  creek, 
ti'id  a  little 
:den.  The 
nvost  from 
igable  ngar- 
llivaii,  east 

I  tiic  State, 
li  is  elcva- 
is,  covered 
!  of  twenty 
irk  of  sea- 
tlie  Island, 
the  mouii- 

fowls ;  in 
niisquasli ; 
lewivcs  in 
cir  sj)awn, 

liard  and 

i  a   heavy 

of  Mount 

«-2   \.   for 

irlialjlo  in 


SbCT.   ft.]  "ir'f         OTMAirtC. 

Desert,  abound  in  excellent  cranberries.*  About  the  pooK  on 
the  west  side  of  Somes'  sound,  are  the  appearances  of  old  settle- 
ments :  Here  it  is  supposed  the  French  Missionaries,  Biard  and 
Masse,  located  themselves  in  1609 ;  though  it  may  be,  they  were 
at  the  northeast  harbour,  where  they  were  afterwards  carried  by 
Suassaye  under  the  auspices  of  Madam  Guerchevillc.  It  is  said 
there  appears  to  have  been  an  old  French  settlement  at  Trenton 
point,  where  Madam  Deville  has  lived. 

Frenchman's  bay  is  generally  two  leagues  in  width   and    four 
leagues  in  length.     This  bay  acquired  its  name  from  a  peculiar 
incident.f     In  the  spring  of  1604,  after  De  Monts  left  his  win- 
ter's encampments  at  the  Island  St.  Croix,  he  and  his  company, 
among  uiiom  was  Nicholas  d'Aubri,  a  French  Ecclesiastic,  sailed 
westward ;    and    somewhere,  probably  between   the  Union    and 
Narraguagus  rivers,  d'Aubri,  to  gratify  curiosity  in  a  ramble  upon 
the  coast  and  in  a  view  of  the  country — was   set  ashore.     Wan- 
dering too  far,  he  was  lost  in  the  woods,  and  the   boatsmen  were 
necessitated  to  leave  him.     F'or  three  weeks  he  suffered  very 
terrible  apprehensions  and   extreme   want ;  and  when   almost   in 
despair,  the  people  of  the  same  vessel  in  touching  at  some   place 
in  the  vicinity,  providentially  found  him  and  restored  him  to  his 
companions.     Interested  and  pleased  with  this  story,  which  gave 
to  these    waters  the   name   o(  Frenchman's  bay,  Mons.  Cadillac 
obtained  of  Lewis  XIV.  in  April  1691,  a  large  tract  of  land  lying 
on  this  bay,  and  also  a  large  Island  opposite,  supposed  to  be 
within  the  region  of  Acadie.     This  grant  was  evidently   made, 
to  confirm  possession ;    and  these  circumstances  attracted   the 
attention    of    the    French   Jesuits  and  oth'       to  this   particular 
section  of  the  country  :  «'  For  there  ivere  an'  icntly  many  French 
settlements  on  that  part  of  the  bay  which  is  opposite  to  the  banks 
of  Mount  Deser},  as  well  as  on  the  island  itself."^     Madr.mo  de 
Gregoire  proved  herself  to  be  the  linu.  I   descendant  of  Monsieur 
Cadillac,  and  in  1787  acquired  a  partial  confirmation  of  the  origi- 
nal grant. '^ 


Frrnrh  Mi*- 

n*iril  i^mI 
M«Me. 


French- 
mail  'i  bay. 


*  ,MS.  licttcrt  of  Davii  Waig^att,  David  UicliardtoD,  and  NichoIaiThoia- 

+  Abl)o  Raynal,  V.  ?60— G2  Tranilated,  JSnllivan'i  Hist.  5«— 0». 

}  Son  UcMiivri  of  Gcnsral  Court,  July  6,  and  Novi-riiber  2r»,  ITiT.—yin. 
Orrproiro  was  (rnndaiiglitor  of  Mum.  dc  la  Muttc  Ciidillac,.r«S(C  poiL  A. 
V    I7S3. 


80 


Flaml«r'i 
b.y. 

Trenlon 

hny. 

NdlTOWf. 


CUm-ilie'i* 


I'll 

MBml^."" 

'riiom>t>', 

1* 

IMiivo'k. 

•V  I'lirtu- 

^1 

WliM.|rr"rt, 

ri 

i 

Iliinii, 

1 

j" 

Hlll'l'|>  iliul 

(ilVlll, 

it 

llcilll't, 

a 

rifl.t.-'ii, 

llt'(i;;il(iii'!i, 

Si'' 

III  iiii's, 

if!n- 

^titi|ts(iir4, 

ba^ 

Mill  A«liu'» 

lll!« 

liliitiil'i 

I'lir  Isliiiiil. 

'i'llllllipiM|i. 

Kliixe. 

Uear. 

TIIK  WATERS  AND  COAST  [IhTBOOUC. 

At  the  head  of  Frenchman's  bay,  is  the  town  of  Sullivan :  aod 
Flandert*  bay,  is  on  the  northeast  side,  next  to  the  northwest  part 
of  Gouldsborougli.  Between  Skillings'  river  and  Flanders'  bay, 
is  Trenton  bay  ;  and  two  miles  above  its  mouth,  are  the  A'ar- 
rotcs  of  only  600  feet  in  width.  Above  them  tiie  bay  is  seven 
miles  lone,  and  from  half  a  mile  to  a  mile  in  breadth.  When  the 
tide  floods,  the  water  is  forced  through  the  narrows  with  great 
impetuosity  and  raises  the  upper  bay  eight  or  ten  feet.  As  the/ 
water  below  ebbs  out  much  faster  than  the  incumbent  water  can 
escape  through  the  narrows,  a  fall  of  ten  feet  is  formed,  where 
the  water  pours  down,  and  being  salt,  fills  the  eddy  below  with 
surges  of  white  foam  for  the  space  of  12  or  15  rods.  Twice  in 
every  tweniy-iour  hours  this  natural  curiosity  makes  its  displays 
much  to  the  amusement  of  the  beiiolder.  A  toll-l»rit'ge,  lately 
erected  by  Col.  Sargent  across  these  waters  in  Sullivan,  gives  to 
the  place  additional  variety  and  beauty.* 

On  several  projections  of  land  hereabouts,  are  beds  of  clam- 
shelis,  from  one  lo  two  acres  in  extent,  and  in  some  places  near 
two  feet  deep.  So  loiijj;  have  they  been  on  the  ground,  that  strata 
of  earth  have  covered  them  ;  and  a  heavy  growth  of  trees  was 
found  upon  thenj  even  by  the  first  settlers.  In  one  of  the  neigh- 
bouring Islands,  the  shells  are  six  feet  thick  ;  and  tliere  is  remain- 
ing a  stump  of  a  large  tree  which,  tliough  felled  half  a  century 
ago,  nuist,  from  evident  appearances,  have  grown  since  the  stra- 
tum of  shells  was  formed  or  deposited  there. f 

Tlie  Islands  to  he  mentioned,  as  found  in  this  quarter,  are 
Thomas^  and  JMayu's  Islands,  tlie  four  Porcupines,  viz.  fVheel- 
«•'*,  Burnt,  Sheep  and  (Jreat  Porcvpines.  Here  cod,  haddock, 
pollock  and  lialibut,  are  taken  plentifully  ;  and  on  the  shores, 
clams,  aiuscles,  and  other  sliellfish.  Within  the  bounds  of  Sul- 
livan are  7  Islands,  ''iz.  Beanos,  Ingi.irs,  Preble^s,  Bnifrdon'a, 
Deane's,  iyimjison^t,  and  ^Js/if's  Isiantls.  More  remote,  and  dis- 
tant 8  or  0  miles,  are  Bar  Island  and  Thunipcap,  in  tlie  vicinity 
of  the  Porcupines,  wbii^h  are  liitrli  Islands.  Near  (jouldsborough 
is  Stave  Island ;  about  midway  ol  Frenchman's  bay  is  Bear 
Island,  and  another  south,  inhabited  by  three  families. 


**  But  it  lias  been  carried  a«v:i.v  and  not  rebuilt. 

f  MS.  lA-fterof  A,  .l<liuson,   l^qi    Moulton'v  if  a  bad  leJgr,  ]»oiitlt  of 
fjion  riiburoiiy'h  liarboiir. 


se». 


K.  il:* 


[IvTmoDuc. 

iullivan:  aod 
lorthwest  part 
landers'  bay, 
ire  Uie  A*ar- 
»ay  is  seven 
VVhen  the 

witli   great 
et.     As  the/ 
i  water  can 
med,  where 

below  with 

Twice  in 

its  displays 

ii'ge,  lately 

m,  gives  to 

s  of  clam- 
)laces  near 
,  that  strata 

trees  was 
the  neigh- 
}  is  reinuin- 

a  century 
3  the  stra- 

larter,  are 
z.  fVheel- 

liaddock, 
ic  shores, 
s  of  Sul- 

and  dis- 
I  vicinity 
t-borough 

is  Hear 


Sect.  II.]  ■\>.m    of  malne.   ■■>    t:r  81 

The  greater  part  of  Gouldsborough*  is  a  peninsula ;  on  the  r»o-«»*«r^ 
west  of  which  is  Frasier''s  point,  between  which  and  Schoodie  pnim. 
point  and  the  southwest  extremity  of  the   peninsula,  is  juustjueto  u,[^r. 
harbour,  havine  good  bottom,  and  sheltered  on  the  southwest  by 

,  >f'hivKlie 

Schoodie  bland,  which    is  small   and  without  inhabitant.       r  ive  M«iwi. 
miles  northeast  of  Schoodie  point  is  a  little  cove,  which  makes  p^^^^i  ^ 
Protpect  harbour,^  and  nearly  cast,  is  Indian  harbour.  l^"^'^" i'"- 

Gouldsborough  river,  which  is  salt  water,  is  about  3  leagues  in 
length,  and  is  navigable  six  miles  to  its  branches,  which  spread  ^"••^''•bora' 
and  end  not  unlike  fork  tines,  exhibiting  the  village  between  them, 
mostly  on  the  west  fork.     Here  the  usual  tides  ebb  .ind  flow  12 

et. 

Dyer'*  bay,  six  miles  long  and  one  mile   wide,  is  in   Steuben,  Djet'i  bay. 

d  is  navigable  on  the  tide  to  its  head.     The  point  cast  of  it  is 
'filS>etitmenan  point,  southeast  of   which,  two  miles,   is  the   Island  ivnimemii 
f  that  name,  containing  25  acres.     In  1817  it  was  ceded  to  the 
Jnited  Slates,  and  that  goveninient  erected  a  LiphthouseX  on  it  LigUihou**. 
at  the  cost  of  $5,04r>.     Ships  pass  bolli  williinside  and  outside  of 
Petitmenan  Island,  tliough  there  is  a  bar  between  it  and  the  main 
land. 

North  of  the    preceding    is   Buwbear   Island,    quite   narrow,  |,„^j,^,p 
tliough  nearly  a  league   in  length.     It  is  close   to   the   Steuben  •>'»"«'■ 
shore  in  Pidgeon  hill  bay  ;  containing  about  300  acres  of  indif- 
ferent soil,  though  inhabited  by  4  families. 

Pidgeon  hill  bay  on  the  west,  and  Pleasant  bay  on  tlie  east,  p|j„^„„  |,||| 
are  contiguous  and  mix   waters  ;  and  the  distance  across  both,  ""<i  •'''•«»■ 
from  Bowbear  Island  to  Cape  Split,  is  three  leagues.     The  for- 
mer receives  the  waters  of  the  JVarraguagus  river,  after  a  grad-  ^Hm^i;un^ 
ual  descent  of  40  miles  iVoni  it.s  source;..     It  is  only  a  mill  stream  S"*"^'^* 
till  it  meets  the  tide  and  is  enlarged  and   assisted   by   its  water«i. 
It  is  then  navigable  five  miles  from  its  mouth   to  the   village  and 
lower  mills,  in  a  good  chaniiLl.     Cape  Split  has  a  good  haibour. 

Between  tlie  mouth  of  this  and  that  of  Pleasant  river,  which 


♦GoiiliUborougli  harbour  is  N.  N.  \V.  from  I'clitincnun  Liglit2  lrag;ucs. 

■f  If  \oii  lull  in  Willi  Shaituck  lt>!niiti  givo  it  a  gmtd  birth  and  ulcer  N.  N. 
K.  iii'o  rrijipi'ct  liarbour. 

\  It  i«  a  hU  x\c  liuildinp  25  feet  Kipli,  lias  a  fixrd  lii^Jit,  forirrd  oi  Iniiipt.  63 
I'l  ct  abuvc  the  li-v«t  uf  Ihv  Hcn.  I\ikR  dii  liic  w(  i>t  »iiio  it. In  D^oi't  lay, 
and  f;\\e  llic  ligbt  a  g;ood  birtli,  leave  a  dry  kdgc  on  your  laiboaK.'. 


ruer. 

gut  ll.l^. 


^2  THE  WATERS  AND  COAST  [IkTBODUC. 

are  two  leaptics  apart,  is  JStc-.-ra^rwigua  bay,  stretching  up  seven 
milrs  into  Hnrriniiion,  whirh  affords  cood  navic^ation  and  good 
Inrbours;  having;  brandies  or  salt  water  streams  flowinc;  into  it, 
upon  which  tide  mills  arc  advantaceonsly  situated.  Pleasant 
river  empties  itself  at  the  head  of  Pleasant  bay  ;  its  fresh  water 
part  is  siiort  and  small ;  but  (ho  residue  of  its  run,  being  about 
ten  miles,  is  commodious.  At  the  head  of  the  tide  about  four 
leagues  from  the  bay,  it  is  divided  by  a  fertile  and  inviting  Island, 
almost  in  the  shape  of  a  pendant,  beiiic:  about  three  miles  in  length 
and  nearly  two  in  its  greatest  width.  Although  the  channels  on 
each  side  are  narrow,  yet  the  beds  of  them  are  so  soft,  level  and 
smooth,  as  to  render  the  navigation  safe  and  convenient  nearly  to 
the  head  of  the  Island.  The  soil  here  is  fertile,  the  banks  low, 
the  village  flourishing,  and  the  situation  and  beauty  of  the  country, 
emphatically  such  as  to  entitle  it  all  to  the  name  the  river  bears.* 
Cape  Split  is  the  point  at  t'.;e  southwest  extreme  of  the  town 
of    Addison,  as  we  enter   Pleasant  bay  from  the   east ;  and   is 

j,^,j  ,j  half  a  league  north  of  the  western  . '»i:ance  into  Moose-peck 
reach.f  Between  that  point  and  Tibbits'  point,  a.  little  farther 
east,  is  a  good  harbour.  Tiie  roaci\  has  Addison  and  Jones- 
borough  on  the  north;  and  oji  the  south  BeaVa  Island  of  1000 
acres  of  good  land  and  10  families.  J  Its  margin  is  ledgy,  though 
it  has  one  harbour  on  the  north  side,  east  of  Indian  river.  The 
Island  at  the  mouth  of  that  little  river,  is  encircled  with  naviga- 
ble tide-waters  on  all  its  sides.     Below  the  east  entrance  of  the 

HenH  hnr-  reach,  is  Head  Harbour  Island,  containing  300  acres  of  poor 

bour  Itland.  .  . 

land,  with  one  family ;  between  which,  on  the  southwest  side,  and 

nr)er'»  hi-  Br\if.r''s  Island,  is  a  good  harbour. 

Roffue'i  M-  Ros;ne.\'i  Island  is  N.  N.  E.  from  Head  harbour,  \n  English- 
man's bntj:  it  contains  500  acres  of  good  land,  inhabited  by  three 
or  fotn  families.  It  has  a  very  broken  shore  and  its  harbour  is 
formed  by  an  indent  of  water  about  midway  of  the  Island  on  the 
southerly  side.  Near  Rogue's  Island  southerly  arc  others,  called 
the  Virgin''s  Breasts.     Chandler's  river^  which  cnipties  itself  into 


Cape  Sjjlil. 


r»-a(li 

Til.l-er* 

pniiit. 

Hfal'* 
Klaiid. 


illlcl 

Kiijliili- 
in<iii'i  bay. 


Virciti'l 
Iire&»(f. 


*  Shatlmck  hills  arc  bn   ..  of  Ilarring-ton. 

f  I\too»r-prck  or  *>  Mispccky"  Lighthouse  is  on  Ship  Harbour  Island,  with 
a  rrvolviiicf  I'^^ht. 

{Soiithwestorly  of  Brnl's  Inland  arc  8  or  lOiinall  Islands  not  fardiitant^ 
which  arc  uninhabited. 


Ihev 


./ 


^ing  up  seven 
lion  and  good 
lowine;  into  it, 
?cl.     Pleasant 
s  fresh  water 
,  being  about 
le  about  four 
iviting  Island, 
niles  in  length 
?  channels  on 
oft,  level   and 
lent  nearly  to 
3   banks  low, 
f  the  country, 
river  bears.* 
of  the  town 
east ;  and  is 
Moose-peck 
little  farther 
and  Jones- 
nd  of  1000 
3dcy,  though 
river.     The 
villi  naviga- 
anoe  of  the 
res  of  poor 
3st  side,  and 

111  English-' 
vd  by  three 
harbour  is 
land  on  the 
liers,  called 
s  itself  into 


Island,  with 
far  diitant. 


Sect,  n.]  t,*a»»     of  Maine.  ?'  ''■'^  83 

the  head  of  the  bay,  is  a  small  mill  stream  ;  yet  vessels  ascend  ^•■<*'^» 
to  its  niotith  and  take  cargoes.  <*^*   j    .^^'■^•'     '   '  ^   ?;  i^iv 

Jiuck's  hnrbour,  thouch  small,  is  a  noted   one,  being  easy  of  ,'J;^/'"*  •*"■ 
access  from  the  sea.     It  is  a  cove  on  the   east  side  of  the   point 
wliich  is  the  western  limit  of  Marhins  hay.     The  saltwater  river, 
jwcst  of  that  point,  is  navigable  and  pleasant,  its  bunks   being   or- 
knamentcd  with  handscmic  (Iwcllinchouses  on  both  sides. 

Southuestcrlv  of  liuck's  iiarliour  arc  several  Inlands,  viz.  Fo«- J". ^.rrs  W- 

iter^s  Island  and  the  two  Lib/nj  Inlands.*     I'pon  the  outer  one  ofi.in.v 

^  l.ifjliilK.tue. 

|lhe  latter  two,  is  the  Lighthouse. 

JMachias  boxi  is  about  two  leajrues  in  breadth  at  its  mouth,  and  Murh.at 

»ven  miles  in  length.     At  its  nortlnvcst   corner   it  receives   the 

i-aters  of  East  and  West  Machias  rivers,  three  miles  below  where 

Ihev  form  a  junction,  and  two  miles  below   where   they  pass   the 

1  arrows. 
The  lenrth  o(  West  Machias  rirer,  in   its  meanderins  south-  Wm-Mn- 

rr-ii        •  I      n  /■  "^  -i      cl'iaj  river. 

easterly  course,  is  about  fifty  iniles.  1  he  tide  flows  five  miles 
above  the  junction  to  the  bridge,  the  village  and  the  landings, 
where  are  the  public  buildings.  In  this  branch  the  navigation  for 
small  vessels  is  good. 

East-Machiiis  river  is  not  so  long  as  the  other,  though  quite  as  ^||^|^ ^|";^, 
large.     It  is  navigable  only  about  two  miles  from  the  junction  to 
the  falls,  bridge,  mills  and  village  ; — the  falls  here  being  from    15 
to  20  feet. 

One  mile  below  the  junction,  arc  the  JS'arrotcs,  50  rods  across  ;  Nammi. 
to  which  a  ship  of  the  line  might  ascend,   in   a  channel   of  six 
fathoms  of  water,  with  safety.     South  of  the  narrows,  the  shores 
are  bold;  the  tido  flows  15  feet;  and  it  is   supposed,   where  the 
wharves  now  are,  stood  the  J\'cu'-Plijmouth  trading  house. 

There  arc  two  Cross  Islands  lying  at  the  east  entrance  of  Ma-  cciom  Isl- 
cliias  bay ;  Great  Cross  Island  contains  about  G  or   700   acres  of 
pretty  good  land  ;  though  neither  of  them  is  inhabited. 

East  of  Cross  Island   is  Little  Machias   hnij^   which  extends  i,i,,(r  Mn- 
nearly  a  league  into  the  land  and   has  a  depth  from   two  to    six  *^ ""  ''■*■ 
fathom.i  at  low  water.     It  is  inliabited  on  both  sides.     Also  Little 
river  hurhour,  two  miles  still  farther  cast,  is  a  good  one,  enlivened 
by  a  small  contiguous  settlement. 


•  Macliiiis  Liclillioiise  stnnds  en  liililiy  Ishinil,  lyinff  on  the  wtstfrn  cn- 
tr:in(e  to  Machias  bay,  ami  is  n5  feit  above  the  icvri  of  the  <ca  ami  con- 
taiiiM  a  "  revolving;  li(jlil."   Siul  IsUriJs  are  tint!  .*^.  K.  •roin  M.i(  hiu". 


.^    W 


•84 

LiiUa  river- 


Mon<r  and 

Hnyrork 

iiarljouri. 


Wmi- 

'CiiKKjdy- 
bead. 


Cnmpo- 
Uilo. 


Flaps'* 
poiiil. 
Lubcc  vil 
lage. 

•'■'  -  ^  j 

The  divis 
joiia!  line. 

K' 

m^ 

THE  WATERS  AND  COAST  [IirrmODUC. 

The  roast  from  Little  river  to  fVest-Quoddy-head,  five  leagues, 
exhibits  a  very  forbiddine;  appearance.  Except  about  Moott 
harbour  and  Hnyrork  harbour,  which  afford  good  anchorage,  the 
shore  is  little  other  tlian  high  ranges  of  a  most  rugged  ledge,  a  ^ 
league  or  more  in  w  idth,  against  which  the  "-aves  often  break  so 
furiot:sly  as  to  throw  the  water  an  hundr*^     ect  into  the  air. 

frciN'^uortV/y-Ztcrtrf*  is  an  elevated  botd  promontory,  whit  ti 
forms  the  southeast  corner  of  Maine  and  of  the  United  States  : — 
the  highest  part  of  it  is  150  feet.  In  1807,  100  acres  of  the 
projection  was  ceded  to  the  United  States,  and  the  next  year  a 
Lighthouse,  v  ••'>  a  lantern  of  fixed  light,  90  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sp'  was  erected  on  the  soudi  side,  near  the  centre,  at 
highwatcr  mark,  wliich  cost  the  national  government  $4,966. 
There  is  also  an  alarm  bell,  intended  io  be  rung  in  foggy  weather, 
which  will  strike  10  times  in  a  miinito. 

North  of  ^^uoddy-hiad,  is  the  south  end  of  Cainpobellof ,  which 
is  8  miles  in  length  from  northeast  to  southwest,  with  an  average 
breadth  of  four  mile;-.  It  completely  landlocks  Lubec  and  East- 
port  from  the  southeij'f ;  but  its  local  situation  renders  the  west 
entrance  into  the  bay  -uA  the  harbour  of  these  places  crooked, 
and  at  low-water  diflicuii  oa  account  of  a  bar. 

From  the  entrance  the  course  is  west  about  two  miles,  forming 
West-'Quoddy-head  into  a  promontory  ;  thence  north  two  miles, 
at  the  end  of  which  is  Flagg^s  point,  whereon  is  Lubec  village, 
opposite  to  the  narrows,  which  are  only  about  25  rods  across  from 
that  point  to  Campobello.  But  as  the  tide  rises  here  from  24  to 
28  feet,  the  whole  passage  is  safe  and  easy  at  half  flood.  Four 
miles  and  an  half  from  Lubec  village  noith,  is  that  of  Eastport 
or  Moose  Island,  full  in  view. J 

The  line  between  the  two  governments  is  thus ; — From  the 
narrows,  in  the  middle  channel,  by  Mark  Island  ;  thence  in  mid- 
water,  between  Eastport  and  Indian  Island  ;  thence  N.  N.  W.  to 
and  in  the  thread  of  the   St.  Croix  river,  passing  between  the 

*Thcrc  aro  three  passages  into  Passamaquoddy  bay,  wettcin,  middle,  or 
ship  cliantiel,  and  ffiifcrn  :  in  passing  tlic  first,  give  tlic  sail  rocks  and 
whirl-pool  a  birtU  more  tlian  lialf  a  mile  ;   and  steer  westward. 

f  Tliis  Island  is  an  appendage  of  New-Brunswick. 

I  Lubec  village  is  21  miles  from  Macliias ;  12  from  Grandmcnan  ;  16  from 
Uobbinston  :  30  from  Calais  ;   and  r>0  from  (he  city  of  St.  Johns. 


\^.<'.j\  I 


,  five  leagues, 
about  MooK 
icborage,  the 
ged  ledge,  a 
en  htttik  so 
the  air. 
itory,  whid, 
ed  States  :— 
acres  of  the 
next  year  a 
ve  the  leve; 
e  centre,  at 
Jnt  $4,966. 
rgy  weather, 

ellof ,  which 
an  average 
c  and  East- 
rs  the  west 
es  crooked, 

les,  forming 
two  miles, 
hec  village, 
across  from 
from  24  to 
3od.  Four 
of  Eastport 

-From  the 
ce  in  mid- 
.  N.  W.  to 
Jtween  the 

,  middle^  or 
rocks  and 


aD  ;  16  from 


Sect,  ii.]  I  Ti  ♦.a    or  maitcb.  w  4.;i  85 

>  DevW$  head  and  Oak  pointy*  to  its  source  at  the  Eastern  monu- 
ment 

Between  Lubec  and  Eastport,  at  the  soutbcaat  entrance  into  '^y,|!^.;|*'i|;^ 
Cobicook  bau,  are  two  small  Islands,  the    norlheastcrlv  one   is  •'"••'*  •»*■ 
lAllen^s  Island,  containing  70  acres  of  good   land,  and   has  one 
ifainily;  the  other,  south vvcsiltIv,  of  15  acres,  is  called  Rice^a 
Island,  and  is  uninhabited.     At  the  entrance  of  the  bay,  the  width 
of  water  is  half  p  -.>ile  ;  but  on  accoi^nt  of  shoals  and  rocks,  the 
navi2;alion  is  difficult.     This  bay,  which  lies  westward   of  Moose 
island,  and  is  about  seven  miles  long  from  its  southern  to  its  north- 
cm  entrance,  docs  on  its  several  sides,  project   into  no   less  than 
seven  branches  ;  all  which  are  navigable  for  boats,  and  the  short- 
ei  branches  for  small  vessels.     On  the  largest  one,   southwest,   is 
*iliK(e  the  villaire  of  OranscPto'  n,  now   M'hitimr.  up  to  which  <^""ff«^ 
'bouts  may  float ;  on  the  northwest  branch,   w  hich  receives   Den- 
nysville  river,  is  the  village  a  httle  above  its  mouth,  to  which  only 
boats  can  ascend ;  and  on  the  branch  southeast  of  Dennysville  is 
j^ttie  Pennemaquara  settlement,  ^  miles  from  the   ledge,  and   west 'j" "i^'"*" 
^of  the  narrows,  which  are  40  rods  wide  at  the  entrance,  north  of 
Moose  Island. 

Of  all  the  Islands  described,  no  one  u>  more  noted  than  Moose  ^,^^ 
Island,  [or  Eastport.]  It  was  not  only,  for  many  years,  a  sub-  j^'*"*'- 
ject  of  controversy  between  two  nations,  being  itself  most  eligibly 
situated ;  but  it  has  long  been  a  place  of  great  resort.  Its 
greatest  length  is  five  miles  from  j\.  \V.  to  S.  E;  yet  it  is  no 
where  two  miles  in  width.  Vessels  pass  on  ail  sides  of  it.  In 
one  place  towards  the  northerly  end,  it  is  nearly  parted  asunder 
by  the  waters  on  each  side,  so  that  ?.t  highwater  they  almost  meet. 
Its  area  is  2,150  acres.  The  exteriour  of  the  whole  Island,  at 
the  water's  edge,  is  extremely  irret;,ular ;  and  its  surface  is  suf- 
ficiently variegated  with  swells,  hills,  and  vallios.  It  ii<  a  very 
inviting  place  for  commerce.  The  village  is  southerly  of  the -|>(,e  vi|j,„ 
isthmus,  on  the  eastern  shore,  j)leasantly  facing  the  east.  There 
is  a  regular  ascent  from  the  village,  half  a  mile  northward,  to 
Fort  hill,  which  commands  quite  an  rnchanting  prospect.  This  is 
the  site  of  the  United  States^  garrnon.  There  is  a  deep  cove 
at  the  south  end  of  the  Island  where  Siilps  of  any  size  may  be 
moored,  head  and  stern,  and  be  safe  from  all  winds.     The  north 


Fort  hillk 


♦  MS.  Letter  of  H.  G.  JJolcl),  Esq. 


86 


liiir 


mm. 


mill  I'Vi-ilrr- 


SrlKMxJic 
river. 


ChrputoalC' 
cook 


Loon'*  bay 

l'(iiti"r'» 

meailuw. 

fall!.. 


THE  WATERS  ^NO  COAST  [InTRODCC. 

extremity  of  the  Island  is  near  ;:io  main  land,  separated  only  by 
a  narrow  pass  for  vessels  ;  and  the  mouth  of  the  Srhoodic  rivrr 
is  considered  to  lie  at  the  narrows,  between  this  Island  «0;d  Dec; 
Island.* 

Allen's  Island  and  Rice's  Inland,  before  mentioned,  also  Mark 
Island  and  Rogers^  Island,  arc  ail  belonging  to  the  town  of  Luber. 
But  it  is  to  be  remarked  that  J{iii:ii''s  Island  is  the  same  as 
"  Dudley's  Island,'^  and  Rice''s  hluad  the  same  as  Frederick 
Island,  and  both  of  theni,  as  well  as  Moose  Island,  under  the  4tl) 
article  of  the  Treaty  of  Ghent,  the  Commissioners  determined, 
Novonjbcr  24th,  1817,  to  belong  to  the  United  States.  Dudley 
and  Frederick  Islands  were  originally  granted  by  INIassachusetts 
to  Col.  Allen  ;  and  his  son's  widow  and  family  live  on  the  former, 
the  only  inhabitants.  The  hitter  is  owned  by  Mr.  Thayer  of 
Lubec.f 

The  Schoof'ir'^  river,  which  in  its  whole  length,  is  the  dividing 
line  between  this  State  and  New-Brunswick,  we  are  next  to  de- 
scribe ;  and  we  begin  with  its  sources,  which,  as  the  river  runs, 
are  about  one  hundred  miles  from  its  mouth.  Its  head  is  seven 
miles  above  the  lakes,  at  the  Eastern  Monument ;  in  which  part 
it  is  quite  small,  and  is  sometimes  called  Ckeputnateeook.  It 
empties  itself  near  the  north  end  of  the  upper  Schoodic  lakes, 
which  lie  in  the  form  of  a  crescent,  35  miles  in  extent,  with  their 
thickest  segment  northwest.  The  mean  width  of  the  lakes  may 
be  from  one  to  two  miles,  though  in  many  places  there  are  very 
narrow  passes  between  the  greater  or  wider  bodies  of  water. 

From  the  outlet  of  the  upper  lake,  the  general  course  of  the 
river  is  southeastwardly ;  its  descent  is  rapid,  its  bed  and  banks 
for  the  most  part  rocky,  with  very  few  bordering  intervales  ;  and 
its  length,  to  the  lower  or  salt-water  falls,  is  called  by  travellers 
sixty,  some  say,  seventy  miles.  In  this  distance  we  find  several 
,  sections  of  still  water,  particularly  two,  called  Loon's  bay  and  Por- 
terh  meadow.  There  are  also  the  Great  falls,  several  miles  from 
the  outlet,  where  tlie  water  descends  20  feet  in  a  short  distance  j 


*  Philip  C'oomls,  Esq  — MS.  Letter  of  Jona.  D.  Weston,  Esq. 

■)•  MS.  I^cttcr  and  ingenious  plan  of  Lorenzo  Sabin,  Esq. 

J  There  arc  tlirce  rivers  wliich  empty  into  the  Passaniaqnoddy  bay,  the 
larg-esl  of  wl.icii  is  called  the  fcfclioodic,  [J^catiick — /n(/ia«,]~tlie  lake  is 
''  xchere  Jish  iive  all  the  ytar,^'  and  arc  often  taken;  such  as  troiits,  chops 
and  perch. — But  M.  dc  Monts  and  Champlain,  call  it  "  Etechemins." 


[Introdbc.  ^ 

ated  on]y  by 
hoodie  river 
ic!  und  Deer 

:1,  also  Jilark 
vn  of  Luber. 
tlie  same  as 
IS  Frederick 
inder  the  4tli 

determined, 

les.     D(jdley 

assachiisctts 

1  the  former, 

Tliayer  of 

the  dividing 
next  to  de- 
river  runs, 
ad  is  seven 
which  part 
tecook.     It 
odic  lakes, 
,  with  their 
lakes  may 
B  are  very 
water, 
rse  of  the 
and  banks 
ales  J  and 
travellers 
id  several 
and  Por- 
niles  from 
distance ; 


y  bay,  the 
le  lake  it 
iits,  chop* 
ns." 


,sa*iT«r 


V. 


-r^/ty     OF  MAINE. 


87 


S<liOO«1!c 


and  several  oilier  rapids  and  pitches,  so  that  there  are  at  some 
reasons  of  tlie  year,  no  less  llian  seven  carrying  places  between 
tlie  upper  outlet  and  Calais. 

About  35  miles  below  tiie  upper   outlet,  a  junction  is  formed 
between  tlie  main  river  and   the  west  hranc  li,  which  is  made  ))y 
issues  of  V'  Iter  from  the   Grand  Schoodic  lakes,  being  about  a  lJu^' 
dozen  of  them  in  all  ;  and  by  tliis  coullucnce,  the  river  below  is 
doubled  in  the  quantum  of  its  water. 

The  lower  falls  are  at  the  head  of  the  tide,  to  whi(  h  the  river 
descends  from  the  southwest,  and  thence  runs  southeast,  forming 
almost  an  isoscles  ansle.  Within  this  i-.  tlie  village  of  Calais,  op- 
posite to  which,  at  the  point  on  the  nortii  shore,  is  the  parish  of 
St.  Stephens.  The  falls  eue  at.l/  '''^  •'.  two  miles  above  Calais  ,^S'","i. 
pillage,  where  there  are  about  2'  "rist  mill,  and  other  '"t« 

aterworks  in  lively  operation.  northerly  side  are 

fewned  by  tlie  British,  and  those  c.  .<i.    r  by  the  Americans. 

Between  Milltown  and  Calais,  the  river  is  crossed  by  two  bridges, 
each  about  eighty  rods  in  length. 

At  Calais,  above  the  mouth  of  Dennis  Stream,  there  is  a  great 
mill  establishment  of  $20,000  cost.  The  river  here  is  half  a 
mile  in  width,  and  the  water  is  very  shoal  when  the  tide  is  out ; 
but  the  flood  tide  brings  hither  a  sheet  of  water  from  14  to  16 
feet  perpendicular,  and  is  limited  a  mile  above  the  village,  where 
the  salt  and  fresh  water  meet. 

Five  miles  below  the  village  is  the  Ledge,  where  the  passage  The  Ifdge. 
is  narrow,  the  water   quick,   and  the   navigation  diflicult,  even  at 
half  ebb.      Two  miles  lower  is  '^\hc  DeviPs  head,"  9i   leagues  r**"*'''* 

.  .  head. 

above  Eastport  landing,  a  very  higii,  rocky,  and  mountainous 
bluff,  on  the  western  shore,  which  may  be  seen  12  leagues.  Di- 
rectly opposite  to  this,  northward,  where  the  river  is  two  miles 
wide,  is  Oak  point,  on  the  British  side.*  ^•''  P*""'* 

Tlirce  miles  below  the  Devil's  head,  the  river  passes  between 
the  village  of  Robbinston  and  St.  Andrews,  where  it  is  a  league 
across. f  Hereabouts  in  the  river,  on  the  American  side,  are  two 
small  Islands ;  the  one  is  a  mere  ledge  of  about  an  acre,  above 
highwater  mark,  bearing  only  a  few  trees ;  the  other,  called  Hel- 
leker^s  Island,  of  4  or  5  acres,  was  first  owned  by  a  man  of  that 


*  I'liilip  C'oornl)?,  Esq.    Here  the  ti<Ie  (lows  25  feet, 
t  .MS.  Letter  of  Ilcn.  John  Bclkham. 


^ 
^  ^ 

>^^^ 

.^>*  \^^^ 


^ 


V 


>V; 


> 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0  z*^  ta 

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llllii  i^  U4 


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WnSTn.N.V.  I4SM 

(7U)«7r4S03 


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.^ 


^i•ulr•l 
lilud. 


THE  WATHWAUD  coast  pblTBODira. 

name,  who  beeanM  dM  ade  iirinbitaiit  of  it  toon  tAet  tlw  revoln- 
tion,  where  he  lived  to  •  great  age.  The  north  bank  of  the  lahml 
u  high  and  ledgy,  the  residue  is  of  a  rich  soil  vrfiich  he  cuhivatad 
like  a  garden.    The  width  of  the  river  here  is  2^  rotles. 

** St.  Croix"  or  Neutral  Liandf  is  situate  b  the  river,  oppo- 
fli.CMMi  or  site  to  the  dividing  line  of  Calais  and  Robbinston,  where  it  angles 
upon  the  waters  edge.  It  contains  12  or  15  acres  and  is  direct- 
ly in  the  middle  of  the  Schoodic  river,  though  the  ship  passage 
is  usually  or  the  eastern  side ;  it  is  now  the  residence  of  one 
family  and  is  claimed  by  Gen.  Brewer.  It  is  a  delightful  spot ; — 
here  de  Monts,  in  1604,  erected  a  fort  and  passed  the  winter } 
here  the  commissioners,  in  1798,  under  the  treaty  of  1783,  found 
the  remains  of  a  very  ancient  fortification ;  and  afterwards  de- 
termined the  river  to  be  the  true  St.  Croix.* 

PUtuant  pointy  [in  Perry,]  which  is  ten  miles  southeasterly  of 
Robbinston  village  and  5  miles  northwardly  of  Eastport  village, 
is  one  of  the  most  delightful  situations  in  the  State.  It  is  a  small 
peninsula,  on  a  cove  making  up  on  the  buck  or  west  side  of  it 
two  miles.  This  is  the  site  of  the  Indian  village,  where  the  Pew- 
iamaquoddy  tribe  have  about  40  habitations  or  wigwams. 

There  is  no  difficult  navigation  in  the  Schoodic  from  Eustport 
to  Calais,  except  at  the  Ledge.  The  tides  at  Eastport  are  from 
24  to  30  feet ;  and  there  are  some  good  harbours  and  many 
places  of  good  anchoring  ground,  along  the  western  shore  ;  the 
only  inconveniences  being  the  boldness  of  the  shore  and  a  depth 
of  water,  which  is  in  some  places  12,  in  others  25  fathoms.f 

The  only  considerable  river  which  remains  to  be  described  is 
the  St.  JohnX  and  its  tributaries.  Its  several  branches  are  spread 
through  the  whole  northern  section  of  this  State,  and  a  sweep 
around  their  heads  would  form  a  curve,  or  segment  of  a  circle, 
not  less  than  200  miles  in  extent.  Its  principal  sources  are  in 
the  highlands  which  divide  Maine  from  Canada,  and  the  chief 
St.  John,  in  ita  meanders,  runs  more  than  150  miles  before  it 
crosses  the  eastern  divisional  line  of  the  State.  Not  very  much 
is  known  of  all  these  branches,  though  they  intersperse  and  water 
a  thurd  part  of  our  territory  ;  except,  that  the  soil  among  them  is 


PImiui 

POIDI. 


ImTiaa  vil' 


81.  Jolm 
rivar. 


*  1  liolmes  A.  a.  149 — Sabin't  MS.  Let.  j  Blunt'a  Coaat  Pilot. 

I  Indian  name, /kuAtocit,  or  Lonf  rirn-,  very  wide,  for  the  in'«ra  run- 
ninf  in  it. 


^1^1  ifcffiiwim  ginmli  gmt  $  tad  dw  fine  of  nature  ««l  oh 
liH|MiMd  with  aleMMMM  tad  vdliet.    At  the  mouth  of  die  Me^  MMwMnh 
mmui^t  howrefer,  whieh  it  30  mile*  from  the  Ihie,  where  the  ^j^Jj^j^**** 
DrenA  tttdtmeni  is,  people  have  made  repeated  vivita  and  aome 
diaeoveriea* 

The  Su  John  river  eroMei  our  eastern  botindarjr  line,  TTmilet 
north  of  the  <*  Eastern  MoDanwnt,"  and  327  miles  from  its 
mouth.  The  GretU,  or  "  Grand  falUf^  are  four  miles  below  the  GnM  tok. 
line,  in  lat.  46*  04'.  Here  the  river  is  contracted  to  the  width 
of  (»]y  3  or  4  rods,  walled  and  overhung  with  clifis,  and  de- 
scends a  few  feet  in  a  broken  inclined  plane ;  rebounding  from 
a  bed  of  rocks  below  the  eaves  of  a  fall.  It  is  then  precipitated 
down  perpendicularly,  about  46  feet,  into  an  abyss  studded  with  .  a 
rocks,  which  nearly  choke  its  passage.  But  with  a  whirl,  it 
sweeps  through  a  broken  and  rugged  channel  and  a  chain  of  falls 
half  a  mile  long,  closely  pent  with  projecting  rocks  on  both  sides, 
which  so  overhang  the  water  in  some  places  as  to  impede  the 
view  of  the  beholder.  To  the  foot  of  these  falls,  come  flat  bot- 
tom boats,  from  the  city  of  St.  John,  223  miles. 

From  the  Grand  falls  to  Woodstock,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Me-  |f,dMM> 
dunekeag,  the  river  is  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  wide,  when  it  '^f*       ,. 
expands  to  the  width  of  a  mile,  forms  some  fine  Islands,  and  then 
again  contracts  and  passes  the  Maduetie  falltj  where  the  chan-  Madwiit. 
nel  is  greatly  choked  with  rocks,  though  they  do  not  totally  bter- 
rupt  the  passage  of  boats  and  rafts. 

At  Fnderietonf  is  the  head  of  sloop  navigation,  about  d6: 
miles  from  the  sea,  where  the  river  is  about  3-4tlis  of  a  mile 
wide,  and  where  the  tide  rises  from  six  to  ten  inches,  and  is  per- 
ceivable nbe  miles  above  that  place.    Thence  the  river  flows  in 
a  beautiful  unbroken  current,  to  the  falls,  near  the  city  St.  John. 

As  the  tide  rises  there  from  24  to  28  feet,  varying  fi.'.ccrding 
to  the  phases  of  the  moon,  they  are  passable  at  half  flood  for  a 
short  time,  when  the  waters  over  the  falls  are  smooth.  The 
city,*  situated  on  both  aides  of  the  river,  below  the  falls,  is  prin- 
cipally on  a  peninsula  of  the  eastern  shore.  But  the  site  of  old 
Fort  Frederic  was  on  the  western  side.  Patridge  Island  lies  at 
the  entrance  of  the  harbour,  on  which  there  is  a  Lighthouse,  and 
from  which,  to  the  western  shore,  there  is  a  sand  bar. 


*  In  lat.  it  deg.  SOm.  north,  and  baa  8,4M  inbabitanta. 
Vol.  I.  7 


TUB  MOURTAnCS 


pmvMVi. 


.ItiSsl  W»".' 


MOOH- 

TAiirs. 
Mouai 
Kaiabdin. 


SiUialion. 


Tiihl«* 
laadfc 


JiUtiiiii 


,  muAtvi^' 


Afre«t 


la  new  of  tb«  nwtter  in  thii  Mctk»,  and  a  earefiil 
of  a  Mtp  of  Maine,  it  is  almoat  auperfluoui  to  say,  that  poriiapt 
no  other  seaboard  of  equal  extent  can  be  found  so  lined  with 
Islands,  and  so  highly  farcured  with  coves  and  harbours ;  and 
that  no  other  country,  of  the  same  size,  is  so  interspersed  with 
rivers,  streams  and  ponds.*  It  may  also  be  added,  that  the  in- 
land waters  are  fair  and  salubrious,  and  many  of  them  are  ex- 
ceedingly limpid.  ..t,  .;>  > 


-4  iU 


Or  the  mountains  in  tliis  State,  the  first  for  magnitude  and 
height,  is  the  Katakdin  ;f  there  being  none  higher  in  New-Eng- 
land, except  the  White  hills  in  New-Hampshire. 

The  local  situation  of  the  Katabdin  is  about  seventy  miles, 
north  by  west,  from  the  head  of  the  tide  in  Penobscot  river,  and 
about  equidistant  between  its  east  and  west  branches.  It  is  the 
southernmost  and  highest  of  nine  lofty  ridges,  branchmg  out 
northwest  and  northeast ;  which,  however,  are  easily  overlooked 
from  the  more  elevated  summit  of  this  single  one.      ^,;^  4(si>$tt|  ;; 

Around  it,  except  on  the  north  side,  are  table-lands,  about 
three  miles  in  width,  rising  in  gende  acclivity  to  its  base.  These 
were  once  covered  with  forest  trees.  In  the  parts  near  the  de- 
scending streams,  where  Uie  soil  is  good,  the  growths  were  for- 
merly hardwood;  but  elsewhere  the  ground  was  clothed  with 
spruce.  Viewed  from  the  heights  of  the  mountain,  these  table- 
lands appear  like  a  plain,  while  in  fact,  they  overlook  the  sur- 
rounding wilderness  to  a  very  great  extc  ^mi^M^^^fii^'*- 

Prior  to  the  year  1816,  tlie  ascent  wi  the  west  or  south- 
west end,  equal  to  the  hypotenuse  of  an  angle,  generally  from 
35°  to  46°  with  the  horizon,  ragged,  difficult,  and  fatiguing  ;  and 
the  distance  from  the  upper  margin  of  the  table-lands  was  not 
less  than  two  miles,  in  direct  course,  to  the  summit,  though  the 
tract  travelled  was  somewhat  spiral  and  zigzag.    But  sometime 


*  Twelve  Mile  pond,  7  milei  longp  and  more  than  half  a  mile  wide,  ad> 
joininf  China;  100(t  acre  pond  in  Dexter;  Moose  pond  in  Hartford  ;  2000 
acre  pond  in  Madiion ;  Great  east  pond,  of  4,600  acrea,  in  Newport,  and 
numerout  othera. 

f  Spelt  ••  Katabdin,"*  *^  Ktardn,"  Ktahden,"— the  rowol  in  tlia  laat  ijU 
Uble  baTiaf  oomuimL 

:  t  .j'vv 


mii.^     uiiffuw 


•atl  (oil*. 


^1 


p  ■•«i»n«r . 


ti  llitfr]F«ir»  M  fliioniOM  dt^vii^,  tlnrat  mid-iide  the  mouMlftlii,  XataiMUa. 
slid  into  •  distant  valhy-  •ppimtly  the  «fiiect  of  an  ovsrwbehn- 
tag  fiiH  of  water.  In  ha  deacant  it  rent  awaj  vnry  obstacle, 
tearing  up  treea  by  the  voou,  or  crushing  or  twisting  them  like  a 
withe  }— 401  erent,  however,  which  has  rendered  the  aaceDt,  in  one 
of  its  dffieuh  places^  altogether  more  tolerable,  and  in  others 
more  easy. 

The  circumference  of  the  mountain  at  its  base,  which  is  north-  juua.  «<)«•, 
erly  and  southerly  elliptical,  may  be  ten  or  twelve  miles.  The 
sur&ce  of  its  sides  is  covered  with  small  light-gray  rocks  of 
granite,  apparently  broken  and  split,  as  if  by  force,  into  a  thousand 
difierent  forms.  In  many  places  *hese  innumerable  crumbles  form 
the  principal  component  and  consistency  of  the  soil,  which,  with 
the  rocks,  are  covered  by  a  deep-green  moss.  Under  this,  the 
trees  of  various  kind  stake  root ;  which,  as  we  ascend,  are  short- 
er and  shorter,  until  they  become  mere  dwarfs,  towards  the  sum- 
mit, of  only  two  feet  tall,  with  very  long  limbs  and  trunks  six 
inches  in  diameter  at  the  ground.  About  a  mile  from  the  top,  all 
vegetation  ceases,  the  uppermost  of  which  is  a  kind  of  vine. 
Here  the  large  and  the  pebble  rocks  are  of  a  finer  grain,  or  con- 
texture, than  those  lower  down  and  are  of  a  bluish  colour. 

Some  years  ago  a  fire  from  the  vallies  swept  up  the  mountain,  p; 
on  the  southern  and  eastern  sides,  and  rendered  that  section  and 
other  places,  black-burnt  and  quite  barren,  except  about  the 
springs  and  streams,  vhere  vegetation  has  reset.  At  no  time, 
however,  could  these  sides  be  a&^ended,  by  reason  of  their  pro- 
jecting clifis  and  great  steepness. 

The  summit  of  the  Katahdin  is  a  plain,  inclining  partially  to  Svmmt. 
the  northwestward,  and  formed  of  solid  rock.  The  western  part 
is  very  smooth,  the  rest  more  rough  and  broken,  and  the  inter- 
stices filled  with  coarse  gravel.  Its  area,  which  is  a  full  half  mile 
in  length,  but  much  less  in  width,  contains  about  600  acres,  all 
covered  with  a  dead  white  moss. 

As  this  is  the  highest  of  the  mountains  in  our  horizon,  the  pros- 
pect from  its  top  in  a  clear  day  is,  what  might  be  supposed,  vast 
and  enchanting.  Here  the  beholder  sees  the  great  reservoir  of 
the  river  Aroostic ;  also  the  Moosehead  lake,  except  its  central 
parts,  hidden  by  the  Piscataquis  mountain  intervening ;  and  tht 
glassy  Cheesauncook  lake,  still  nearer,  one  of  the  great  cisterns 
of  the  Penobscot.    Indeed,  no  less  than  60  lakes,  of  different 


l-irM. 


Piwpwi. 


FiNlnraun' 
uii. 


Rrixht 
nauaiain. 


Indian 
tradilion. 


jtmt 


.i«PB«l» 


ina  moult* 
(aia  viMiad 
iaiaot. 


■a0^\ 


THB  MOUNTAINS  (llfTMMIVtt. 

duBsnnoiii,  can  be  ooiiiit»d ;  the  mott  of  whksht  fnbMfumuftf 
their  waters  into  the  Penobscot  and  the  Kennebec. 

On  the  northeast  is  an  uninterrupted  prospect  u  fer  as  the  eye 
can  reach,  until  it  rests  on  the  distant  highlands  west  of  the  bay 
Chaleur.  This  region  exhibits  an  undulating  forest  of  hiUs  and 
▼allies,  interspersed  with  lakes  and  streams.  Facbg  the  south 
the  spectator  bcjiolds  from  Katahdin  the  heights  of  Mount  Desert, 
distant  on  aip^ir  line,  more  than  120  miles,  and  appearbg  to  rise 
in  semi-globular  form  from  the  bosom  of  the  ocean. 

Near  the  Katahdin,  north-murthwest,  is  Fort  mountain,  so 
called  from  its  shape  and  appearance.  It  is  separated  from  the 
other  by  an  appalling  gully,  where  a  small  pond  gives  its  waters 
to  the  great  east  branch.  Its  form  is  oblong,  from  ncvtheast  to 
southwest:  its  sides  are  steep  and  its  top  is  an  arching  ridge,  ex- 
hibiting a  sharp  edge,  a  mile  m  length,  and  apparently  covered 
with  verdure.  There  is  another  northerly,  called  Bright  motm- 
taitif  quite  large  in  size  and  irregular  in  appearance,  having  an 
extensive  ledge  of  smooth  rocks  on  its  southern  side,  which  glist- 
en in  the  sunbeams  like  isinglass. 

The  Indians  feared  till  lately  to  visit  the  summit  of  the  Ka- 
tahdin. They  superstitiously  supposed  it  to  be  the  summer  resi- 
dence of  an  evil  spirit,  called  by  them  "  Pamola  ;***  who  in  the 
beginning  of  snow-time,  rose  with  a  great  noise,  and  took  his 
flight  to  some  unknown  warmer  regions.  They  tell  a  story,  that 
seven  Indians,  a  great  many  moons  ago,  too  boldly  went  up  the 
mountain  and  were  certainly  killed  by  the  mighty  Pamola :  for, 
say  they,  "  we  never  hear  of  them  more  :"  and  our  fathers  told 
us,  "  an  Indian  never  goes  up  to  the  top  of  the  Katahdin  and 
lives  to  return."  -;v>i  fus  ,n  « ^mapdn^tr  f>Ai- 

The  first  ascent  to  its  summit,  known  to  be  accomplished  by 
any  Americans,  was  in  August,  1804.  About  the  middle  of  that 
month  seven  gentlemen,  from  Bangor  and  Orono,  taking  two  In- 
dians for  guides,  ascended  the  Penobscot  in  canoes  to  the  head 
of  boat-navigation,  in  a  limped  stream,  which  received  its  princi- 
pal supplies  from  the  sides  of  the  mountain  and  a  gully  towards 
Its  top.  ■.•li'^^iJrii^ -jii^inil     .:auiMiiiia^.i»ai* 


*  Tbey  nj  that  Pamola  is  rery  great  and  rcry  ttroojf  indeed ;  that  bis 
bead  aad  fact  is  like  a  man^s,  and  bis  body,  shape  and  feet  like  an  ea^le, 
aad  that  he  oan  take  up  a  noose  with  one  of  bis  olaws. 


C-. 


M,Mm. 


flier,  n.]  ovHAixi.  §8^ 

Tht  Mtan  gddM  cmtkwed  tbetr  traplojren  not  to  proeeid,  if  i>;^ 
tbof  ** ihoald  hew  any  unoominoii  ndws;**  and  refiMd  1o  g(^^ 
shead  when  thef  **  came  to  the  cold  and  barren  part  of  the 
mountain.**  At  length  they  resohred  to  go  no  farther,  saying, 
"here  we  stop;  how  long  shall  we  stay  if  youdon*t  come  again  V* 
Being  told  by  the  par^ — they  should  $oon  r^um  ;  and  seeing 
their  determination  to  proceed,  the  guides  again  took  the  lead  . 
and  seemed  emubus  to  be  the  first  to  reach  the  summit.  Yet 
the  tribe  at  Oldtown  could  only  be  made  to  believe  by  the  guides 
themselves,  on  their  return,  that  the  party  had  actually  been  to 
the  summit,  where  the  evil  spirit  resided. 

The  party,  after  leaving  their  boats,  found  as  they  ascended,  wiM  ihiitt. 
a  variety  of  wild  fruits,  such  as  raspberries,  blue,  and  wortleber- 
ries,  black  currants,  box-berries  and  bog-cranberries,  of  which  ^^^^g,  i 
they  ate  freely.  The  ascent  was  fatiguing,  and  in  some  places 
perilous ;  and  they  bebg  oppressed  with  heat,  drank  too  much  of 
the  water,  which  they  perceived  had  an  astringent  quality,  and 
was  evidently  impregnated  with  minerals. 

They  reached  the  summit  about  5,  P.  M. ;  but  the  atmosphere  Tha  pmtf* 
not  being  clear,  they  tarried  only  a  couple  of  hours,  taking  such 
views  as  the  uncommon  prospect  afibrded.  They  found  the  ele- 
vation so  great  as  evidently  to  affect  respiration.  On  the  highest 
part,  they  deposited  the  initials  of  their  names  and  the  date  of 
their  visit,  cut  upon  sheet  lead ;  and  then  descended  to  the  spruce 
growth,  where  they  passed  the  night.  In  a  few  hours  several 
were  taken  with  vomiting,  and  in  the  morning  all  found  their 
throats  inflamed  and  sore—owing  probably  to  the  fruits,  the 
water,  and  the  fatigue.  The  mountain  has  been  since  visited ; 
and  the  water  found  to  be  perfectly  wholesome ; — the  thoroughfare 
opened  by  the  slide,  affording  great  facilities  to  the  ascent  of  the 
traveller.  ^'^^ ' 

The  adventurers  supposed  the  mountain  must  be  at  least  ten  AUiiud«  aT 
thousand  feet,  (or  equal  to  the  White  hills,)  above  tlie  level  of"*"""*"* 
the  sea.    But  they  were  in  an  errour ;  for  by  a  geometrical  men- 
suration of  the  surveyors  under  the  4th  article  of  the  treaty  of 
Ghent,  they  made  its  altitude,  from  the  bed   of  the  river  Abalw 
jacko-megus*  at  its  foot,  to  be  only  4,685  feet.    The  instrument 


view. 


.Ht^mU 


*  Below  this  riTer,  they  calculsted  the  PaMadvmkctf  tob«  500  feet,  and 
the  tide-waten  of  Fenobtcot  •&0  feet. 


Bald 
Uiu. 


iohnton 
BMUutaini. 


mnbili. 


Heifbt 


THE  MOmiTAINli  [IvmOVBil 

howerer  was  tMit  of  order,  and  the  adbiMraremtet  net  aatuAMo- 
17.  Some  ywvn  here  beeb  since  taken,  and  easts  made  by  t 
skUful  gentleman,*  who  gives  it  as  his  opinion,  that  it  is  at  least 
5^600  feet  in  height  above  the  waters  of  that  river.f 
^Westerly,  between  Moosehead  lake  and  Cheesauneook  kke, 
are  the  Spencer  «ovntatn«-— several  in  number,  large  and  lof^; 
and  the  road  explored  from  Pleasant  river,  and  the  Piscatequis, 
to  the  river  de  Loup,  in  Canada,  passes  between  the  two  south- 
erly and  principal  summits.|  > 

On  the  west  of  Moosehead  lake,  and  near  the  heads  of  Moose 
river,  and  on  the  east  side  of  the  Kennebec  road,  is  Bald  motin- 
taint  five  miles  long,  two  wide,  and  quite  high-  Below  this,  and 
ten  miles  above  the  forks,  on  the  west  side  of  that  road,  are  the 
Johnson  mountains^  where  is  an  immense  body  of  limestone,  and 
probably  a  quarry  of  marble. 

Mara  WXlf  40  miles  above  the  monument,  is  on  the  east  mar- 
gin of  the  State.  Its  ascent  commences  with  an  easy  swell  of 
half  a  mile  in  width,  and  between  this  and  the  summit  abruptly 
increases,  in  some  places  almost  to  a  perpendicular  steepness. 
Its  top  is  narrow  and  divided  by  a  hollow  near  the  centre ;  ont 
each  end  of  which  the  trees  were  felled,  a  spot  cleared,  and  a 
temporary  observatory  erected  by  the  commissioners  under  the 
treaty  of  Ghent.  By  their  astronomers  and  surveyors,  it  was  as- 
certained that  the  south  peak  is  1619  feet,  and  the  north  one 
1,378  feet,  above  the  tide-waters  of  the  St.  Lawrence;  being  the 
highest  land  between  them  and  those  of  the  Atlantic. 

Mars  hill  is  itself  covered  with  trees,  and  might  be  made  fit 
pasture  lands  to  its  top,  which  is  in  lat.  46"  30'.  The  British 
Commissioner  insists  that  this  is  the  height  of  laivd  intended  by 
the  treaty  of  1 783 ;  and  adds,  that  "  the  existence  of  a  chain  of 

*  Gen.  Joseph  Treat,  snppotet  Katabdin  is  about  an  hij^h  as  tho 
Wbite  hills.  M.  Grccnieaf,  Esq.  computes  the  faeigrht  of  the  Katahdia  at 
8,623  feet.— Surrey,  p.  47. 

t  The  lii^hcst  summit  of  the  White  hills,  N.  H.,  is  5,030  feet  aboVe  the 
water  in  Connecticut  riTor. — 2  FarvMr  and  Jloort'a  Cell.  98. 

:(The  mountains  behind  the  Ouelle,  24  mites  N.  W.  from  Quebec,  are 
distinctly  visible  and  are  foUonred  by  the  eye  without  interruption,  to  the 
hig*hlanda,  bctvccn  tho  sources  of  the  St.  John,  Penobscot,  Kennebec, 
Connecticut,  and  Etechomain,  Cliaudiere,  Becaaconr,  and  the  i^Icolet 
rivsrs.    Tlie  ridge  must  bo  2,000  feet  abore  the  •M.-~OreM/«A^. 


%\  {'<i«^uoriiAiiit. 

Ughhadt  fton  Bfnrt  IkiDr « its  Bdghbourliood,  towti^s  1^^ 
•n4  diMMM  to  the  head  of  Conneetieut  river,  ii  certain.*'* 

Momnt  Duert  keigktt,  not  having  any  mountainous  elevatioas  jj^^ 
near  them,  appear  environed  by  water,  on  the  verge  of  the  Atlan-  k«i^ 
tic.  There  are  thirteen  grades  and  ridges  of  them  in  connexion, 
which  give  some  varieties  to  the  appearances  of  their  summits. 
The  area  upon  which  they  rest  their  whole  base,  may  be  equal  to 
twenty  square  miles :  and  their  altitude  above  the  sea  is  estimated 
at  2,500  feet.f  They  may  be  seen  more  than  twenty  Icsgues  at 
sea. 

Northwestwardly,  between  Mount  Desert  and  the  Penobscot 
waters,  is  Bltte  hill.    This  afibrds  a  very  engaging  prospect,  and  ^^  ^^ 
gives  name  to  the  town  where  it  is  situate  and  to  the  bay  south- 
eastwardly,  because  of  its  blue  or  ttnoky  appearance.  It  is  crown- 
ed with  granite  rocks. 

Camden  mountaitUf  or  heig^if^  heretofore  called  Penob$eot  Cwndeii 
hiUt,  are  about  ten  miles,  over  land,  northwesterly  from  Mecada- 
cut,  or  Owl's  head,  and  their  tops  are  from  three  fourths  of  a  mile 
to  four  miles  distant-  from  Megunticook  harbour  and  Camden  vil- 
lage. There  are  five  or  six  of  them,  the  principal  of  which  are 
Mount  Batty f  Mount  Pleatantf  and  Mount  Hoamer :  they  range 
generally  from  northeast  to  southwest,  somewhat  diverging  from 
the  sea,  and  are  clothed  with  forest  trees  quite  to  their  tops.  The 
most  of  them  are  neither  steep  nor  rugged.  Mount  Batty,  3-4ths 
of  a  mile  N.  W.  from  Camden  harbour,  is  900  feet  in  height 
above  highwater  mark ;  and  on  its  summit  an  18  pounder  was 
planted  in  the  late  war.  These  have  been  represented  as  the  old 
boundary  between  the  great  Bashaba's  dominions,  situate  on  the 
west,  and  those  of  the  Tarratines  on  the  east.  They  are,  v\  >h- 
out  doubt,  the  mountains  mentioned  by  Capt.  Weymoutit,  m 
1605,  and  by  Capt.  Smith,  in  1614,  when  they  explored  the  bay 
of  Penobscot.  Mount  Pleasant,  in  the  W.,  Hosmer's  mountains 
in  the  N.  W.  and  two  others  in  the  N.  £.  part  of  Camden,  are 
much  higher  than  Mount  Batty ;"  the  highest  of  them  may  be 
1,500  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  They  are  seen  near  20 
leagues  distant. 


*  See  bis  Report  in  Secretary'!  office,  Wathington. 
t  MS.  Letter  of  A.  Johnson,  Esq. 

X*^MathebutuckahilU.**    See  A.  D.  1696,  History.    Also,  PenhaIlow*| 
Indian  wars.    Church  Ex.,4e.  141—1. 


Moanl  A|^' 
■wuliciu. 


Tb«piM. 
pect 


t9  Tins  MOUNTAINS  Of  MAmC 

Cerula  it  is  that  no  olher  place  aff>rd«  ao  commanding  ■  proa- 
pact  of  the  Atkuttic,  the  Penobscot  bay,  tbe  numerous  Isbwls 
'  •  /  and  tbe  contiguous  country.* 

Mount  Agamtntktu^  has  been  long  celebrated  as  a  sightly 
eminence.  Its  situation  is  in  the  town  of  York,  about  eight  miles 
northwesterly  of  its  harbour,  and  nearly  on  the  same  meridian 
with  that  of  Piscataqua.  It  is  not  steep,  rocky,  nor  broken,  h 
is  corered  with  woods  and  shrubs,  interspersed  with  small  patches 
of  pasture,  and  large  crowning  rocks,  which  form  its  summit.  It 
is  a  noted  landmark  for  mariners,  being  the  first  height  seen  by 
f^diioov.  ihem  from  the  sea.  This  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  land  first 
discovered  by  Capt.  Gosnoid,  in  1603. 

From  its  top,  the  beholder  has  a  view  of  the  Atlantic,  skirted 
with  an  indented  shore,  from  Cape-Ann  to  Cape-Elizabeth.  On 
the  southwest,  he  sees  a  country  adorned  with  buildings,  fields  of 
cultivation,  and  die  waters  of  Piscataqua ;  and  northwestwardly, 
he  has  a  sight  of  tlie  White  hills,  in  New-Hampshire, 

Mount  Bigclow  is  south  of  Dead  river,  about  three  leagues 
long,  from  east  to  west,  and  one  league  wide.  Here  is  said  to  be 
a  great  quarry  of  gray  stone,  very  excellent  for  the  builder's  use* 
The  other  mountains  in  this  quarter,  are  Saddleback^  SpeMedf 
and  fVkite-eap  mountains,  and  Mount  Ahrdham,  some  of  which 
Sttj^arioaf.  are  said  to  be  4,000  feet  above  the  sea.  Sugar  Loeff^  eouth- 
Kiaeo>  west,  is  smaller.  £tneo|  mountain  is  a  peninsula  on  the  east  side 
of  Moosebead  lake,  a  few  miles  southwest  of  the  Spencer  moun<* 
tains.  It  is  4  miles  in  circumference  and  900  feet  high,-— com« 
posed  of  fine  grained  flint.  Its  northern  and  eastern  sides,  are 
perpendicular,  and  it  is  almost  without  so  much  as  a  shrub  on 
many  of  its  parts.^  P»' 

Viewing  the  surface  of  Maine  collectively,  we  shall  perceive 
" its  most  elevated  part  is  near  its  northwestern  angle"  perhaps 
Sunday  mountainj  "  from  which  it  declines  with  some  degree 
of  regularity,  in  every  direction,  to  the  extreme  parts."]) 


Mnuirt 
Bigeluw, 


*  MS.  Letters  of  Hoeea  Bates  and  Bcojaniia  Ciwliing,  T^n.  and  Plan. 

tSomct«me.Bpelt«Ac.ome«Ucu8."  ^      ,  .  ,4li«J«i&  «Ail6^ 

|Ktnco  is  Ibe  Indian  name  fur  Jlint. 

{ '•  Iroincdtately  at  Mie  loot  of  tliis  mountain,  a  line  S  or  600  feet  has  been 
Ihroirn  without  £;ettinn^  bottom.**  It  is  about  120  miles  from  Augusta,  norlb 
by  east. 

iJC  ccnlcaTsStatisUcaJVlcw^lS.        lif  .9t^..*;»  i^rti  «»    .n^^en^i 


my  TBB  MNLS  or  MARIE.  ff 

SOILS.  <m'i 

Tlw  ToMet  of  toil  in  this  State,  ar«  such  u  to  embrace  {iil«f» 
Mb,  l»«M,  e/«y,  gravel f  $<ntd,  and  /ec(pe ;  and  these  are  some- 
times intermixed. 

Akmg  the  seaboard,  there  is  interspersed  among  the  promon-  q^  ,^  ^^^ 
tories  and  vanies,  a  great  deal  of  ledge,  exhibiting  blufl^,  flat  and  i>««^ 
rugged  rocks,  and  supporting  in  their  crevices  a  half-starved  shrub* 
heryi—^  spectacle  often  repulsive  to  the  view  of  the  water-passen- 
ger and  tii^ant. 

From  the  ledgy  and  clayey  parts  to  the  head  of  the  tide,  on  aihmii  iIm 
the  rivers  and  about  the  estuaries,  the  land  generally  lies  in'     *"*"* 
large  sweUs  and  is  of  a  clay  contexure,  with  interspersions  of 
sand.     On  the  high  grounds,  between  the  principal  rivers,  it  is 
loamy,  fertile,  easy  of  tillage  in  many  towns,  and  excellent  for 
farms. 

There  are  large  Salt  mar$he$  in  Wells,  Scarborough,  Fal-  g^i^  „,^ 
mouth,  and  Machias,  about  the  Islands  of  Sagadahock,  and  about  "*' 
Mount  Desert,  where  great  quantities  of  salt-hay  are  annually  cut, 
which,  with  that  of  the  upland  and  fresh  meadows,  make  exceed- 
ingly good  fodder.  In  other  parts  tlie  soil  is  of  a  black  loam,  or 
dark  mould,  with  hillocks  of  gravel  and  some  slate,  as  in  Caper 
Elizabeth  and  Harpswell.  Indeed,  through  the  whole  extent  of 
^e  State,  in  rear  of  the  ledge-land,  the  soil  is  generally  fertile. 

"Diere  are  to  be  found  many  Cedar  swamps^  scattered  about  ^^, 
the  heads  and  among  the  branches  of  the  rivers  and  brooks ;  the 
most  of  which  are  capable  of  making  good  meadows  and  mowbg 
grounds ;  and  cedar  affords  the  best  fencmg  stuff  which  can  be 
made  of  wood. 

Our  Sandy  plains,  the  natural  growth  of  which  is  pitch  and  white  SAndy 
pine,  are  oftentimes  large.    They  are  found  in  Wells,  in  Bruns-  p'""^ 
wick,  in  Tepsham,  in  Gray,  and  in  many  other  places ;  but  to 
what  extent,  the  writer  has  zio  satisfactory  information— except 
that  he  is  told  there  are  no  less  than  6,000  acres  of  pitch-pine  plains 
in  the  single  town  of  Shapleigh. 

Our  richest,  most  productive  and  valuable  lands  ire  the  Inter-  intenaie*. 
vales.  Of  these,  we  have  many  thousand  acres,  which  are 
generally  found  to  be  some  distance  above  the  tide-waters ;  and 
in  wider  and  narrower  parcels,  to  skirt  almost  every  considerable 
river  and  stream  in  the  State.  There  are  intervales  on  the  Saco 
and  iis  branches,  especially  in  Fryeburg  ;  on  the  Andrq^coggin, 


'  8wampit 


Tn  OUMATS 


•rii  ragioa. 


Tkaair. 


Ttmpw«> 
lura. 


Windi. 


fiom  OilMd,  when  Um  river  aniMrt  thii  State,  to  Lewigton  fiJlf} 
ud  on  the  Kennebec  and  iu  tributariei,  between  Soowhegen 
fdU  end  the  Forki.  Indeed,  the  single  town  of  Fennington,  ii 
said  to  conuin  no  leM  than  2,000  acrei  of  thii  most  beautiful  and 
fertile  land.  In  Sunkhase,  Olemoo,  and  other  places  on  the  Pe- 
nobscot,  the  meadows  are  very  extensive,  and  bear  large  and  ex- 
cellent grass. 

The  country  about  the  easterly  beads  and  upper  branches  of 
the  Penobscot,  the  whole  Aroostic,  and  the  southern  primary 
branches  of  the  St.  John,  is  naturally  very  excellent.  The  soil 
is  a  deep  rich  loam ;  the  face  of  the  ground  variegated  witli  swells 
and  vallies ;  and  the  whole  region  favoured  witli  abundant  sup- 
plies of  purest  water.  To  emigrants,  it  has  strong  attractives ;  it  is 
filling  with  people,  and  is  capable  of  supporting  a  dense  population. 


SECTION  III. 

Air,  Climate^  and  Seatotu, 

The  air  of  tliis  State  is  pure  and  salubrious ;  and  the  weather 
not  much  given  to  changes.  It  is  believed  that  the  atmosphere 
here  is  more  humid  and  dense  than  in  southern  climates,  as  the 
dews  of  summer  are  certainly  greater.  For  the  most  part, 
the  air  in  winter  is  serene,  elastic,  bracing,  and  not  unfrequently 
keen;  in  spring  transparent  and  humid;  in  the  summer,  often 
sultry  and  electric  ;  and  in  the  autumn  sometimes  full  of  smoke. 

But  as  the  territory  of  this  State  extends  through  five  degrees 
of  latitude ;  and  as  the  characteristics  of  the  climate  here,  as 
elsewhere,  always  depend  in  a  great  measure  upon  its  situation 
from  the  equator,  the  temperature  of  our  climate  must  have  some 
varieties.  It  is  unquestionably  softened  by  seabreezes,  and  by 
the  cultivation  of  the  country ;  and  is  chilled  by  its  being  con- 
tiguous to  mountains,  or  even  to  a  tliick  unbroken  wilderness. 
For  upon  these,  which  are  never  charged  with  the  beams  and 
heat  of  the  summer's  sun,  the  snow  falls  earlier  and  lies  longer, 
than  in  cultivated  fields. 

Wind**  here  are  not  often  high  and  destructive,  and  a  hurri- 

*  The  prevailinsf  winds  throughout  the  whole  coa*t  of  Nova  Scotia,  are 
from  W.  S.  W.  to  S.  W.  •*  nearly  as  steady  as  trade  winds,"  except  during^ 
aununer  months,  when  they  are  rather  more  southerly,  accompanied  with 
lbg«,  which  are  hardly  dispersed  without  northerly  winds. 


mi} 


w^tmiUMt. 


£9 


ifl  v«^  wldoni  CTpMi— owL  Tb«  kniUmtIj  wbdt  art  dM 
oKMlTiolMt )  tmi  betwMn  that  pobt  of  conpui  and  ibe  N.  £*, 
lbey«  after  blowing  24  hours,  utuaUy  bring  a  norm  which  ksts 
leraral  days,  and  always  longer  than  when  it  comes  from  any 
other  quarter.  Those  from  the  southwest  mitigate  the  sererity 
of  winter,  and  often  render  sultry  the  days  of  summer :    Dot  fair  ..  '• 

weather,  and  sometimes  a  thundershower,  come  with  the  winds 
from  the  northwest.  In  New-Brunswick  the  prevailing  wbds, 
from  October  to  April,  are  from  tlie  north  and  nortliwcst ;  and  in 
the  spring,  they  are  mostly  from  the  nortli-northeast,  and  bring 
dull  and  heavy  weatlier.  V  «r  ba*  .?£li»Ji»f»,ot  isv»wt 

Tlie  water  which  falls  annually  on  an  average,  in  rain,  snow,  K»in,  mow, 
and  hail,  is  said  to  be  thirty-ieven  inches :  about  a  third  part  of*" 
which  is  supposed  to  fall  in  the  two  latter.     Hail,  however,  rarely 
falls  in  considerable  quantities  ;  yet  in  June,  1781,  a  hail  storm 
did  some  damage.    A  southeast  storm,  though  it  begin  with    .. 
snow,  commonly  ends  in  rain.  "^^ 

Thunder  is  beard  and  lightning  seen  many  tiroes  in  the  sum-  ^i,^^,, 
mer ;  still,  the  one  is  not  often  heavy,  nor  the  other  vivid.    They  "!'<*  '■s''*' 
however  rendered  the  seasons  in  1752  and  1760,  remarkable  by 
their  frequency.    On  the  12th  of  August,  of  the  latter  year,     ,.^,,:ua»i 
there  was  such  a  hurricane  as  was  never  before  known  in  these 
parts :  houses,  bams,  trees,  com,  and  almost  every  other  thing 
bleakly  exposed,  were  levelled  with  the  ground.    The  tempest 
in  May,  1779,  was  a  tomado;  the  darkness  was  only  intermitted 
by  incessant  lightning :  it  did  immense  damage.       iin»  ^nm  !>:ij 

Fre$het»,  larger  or  smaller,  happen  every  year,  and  usually  m  prMheu. 
the  month  of  May,  oftentimes  earlier.  The  double  occasion  of 
falling  rains  and  melting  snows,  makes  them  the  greatest.  In 
times  of  these  freshets  and  floods,  the  waters  in  the  rivers  have 
been  known  to  rise  20  and  even  25  feet ;  when  they  occasion 
great  destruction.  '^*-^  *  •*  ■* 

But  droughti  are  the  most  frequent,  and  on  the  whole,  the  Drnajthn 
greatest  judgments  which  the  country  experiences,  for  many  times  '"**  "** 
tliey  are  followed  by  fires,  by  devouring  insects,  by  sickness,  and 
by  scarcity.    The  fires,  after  droughts  in  1820  and   1825,  were 
extensive  and  dreadful. 

It  is  believed  that  in  more  than  half  the  days  of  the  year  we  have 
fair  weather  and  enjoy  the  shinings  of  the  sun.    But  the  year 


100 


MM. 


Wiolera. 


THEWBA80NS 


.l'..l'J 


December. 


\hmaawi. 

1773  ^iTM  Tcrjr  stormy ;  it  was  erea  judged  that  t  quiner,  n 
least,  of  the  springi  summer,  and  autumn,  was  actually  rainfh 

Thi  four  seaaotu*  are  far  from  being  uniformly  the  same  in 
every  year :  yet  for  the  natural  causes  of  these  varieties,  philoso- 
phers have  never  been  able  to  assign  any  satisfactory  reasons. 

Our  winters  are  cold,  usuaUy  serene,  and  sometimes  intensely 
severe.  We  have  witnessed  many  days  of  sunshine  in  succes- 
sion, tn  which  the  snow  did  not  melt  enough  to  form  isicles. 
The  mercury  in  the  thermometer  is  often  below  zero,  though  rare- 
ly down  to  12  degrees.  In  December,  1 778,  many  people  were 
frozen  to  death ;  and  on  Friday  and  Saturday,  January  19  and 
20,  1810,  it  was  15°  or  16°  below ;  and  on  the  same  days  of  the 
week,  February  14  and  20,  1817,  it  ranged  from  11*  to  15* 
below.  But  tlie  winter  of  1784  was  the  longest  and  coldest 
ever  known,  since  Maine  was  inhabited.  '"t*p  .»K>.i  »■  ^jca  n*  n-^w 

December  always  brings  snow,  yet  the  weather  is  changeable. 
Indeed,  such  are  its  vicissitudes,  that  its  snows  have  been  measur- 
ed four  feet  deep  ;  the  ground  has  been  seen  sometimes  entirely 
bare  and  even  without  frost ;  and  the  rivers  covered  with  ice, 
and  free  from  it,  in  different  years. 

But  January  is  a  month  more  uniform  and  cold ;  the  snow  is 
commonly  of  good  depth,  and  the  ice  over  still  fresh  water  is 
sometimes  five  or  six  feet  thick.  There  is  often  however  soft 
weather,  tliis  month ;  also  what  is  called  "  the  January  thaw," 
when  tlie  rain  sometimes  freezes  as  it  falls ;  covers  the  face  of 
the  earth  with  a  glare  ice,  and  adorns  the  trees  with  glistening 
,  pendants,  too  heavy  for  the  branches  to  bear.  When  large  quan- 
tities of  water  fall,  cellars  are  filled,  rivers  broken  up,  and  gener- 
ally great  damage  done. — In  1771,  no  snow  fell  till  about  the 
end  of  this  month ;  and  during  the  whole  of  it,  in  many  years, 
the  sleighing  is  poor.  *-  *'•*•  '*  >  f"'"?i  »  *  •< 

WAnny.  In  February,  the  cold  is  said  to  be  the  most  intense ;  the  great- 
est quantity  of  snow  usually  falls ;  and  by  reason  of  winds  and 
drifts,  the  travelling  is  sometimes  difficult.  In  the  years  1 757 
and  1763,  the  snow  in  the  woods  was  about  five  feet  deep  on  a 
level ;  and  in  the  open  land,  it  was  blown  into  drifts  of  great 

*  M.  GreenlcaF,  E«q.  in  hit  iiirvpy  and  itatUtici,  chap.  III.  hus  raada 
,^.,.!,„      ■ome  critical  and  ingenious  remarks  upon  our  climate,  witU  MTsral  M«te« 
oroloffical  tablea  Q«  to  the  yearH820— 18a7.  »»«,>i..i»  i.»*\. 


Jawarjr. 


't^ 


I!  rvi^ ' 


Smrr.  mi]  ofiuin«,{t  }0I 

height  and  hordneaa.  If  the  Mrth  be  a  kmg  tiooe  bare  in  tliia 
montht  it  freezes  from  four  to  six  feet,  and  so  hard  aa  le  kill  the 
grass-coots,  and  render  the  face  of  spring  peculiarly  deathlike. 
In  February,  1772,  it  snowed  31  times:  and  yet  in  1751  and 
1761,  the  month  was  more  like  spring  than  w^inter ;— ^ven  the 
robins  have  been  seen  this  month  after  several  djiya  of  yrafip 
weather.  !..^,^...vs.     ;.    .  ,* .,u„,,.^,t.  s  ...  ,-,-^i- 

Diy  winters  are  commonly  cold ;  whereas  the  earth,  if  well 
covered  with  snow  durmg  the  winter-weather,  will  uniformly  ap- 
pear verdant  early  in  the  spring.  ,-  fninKvr-m  •mmrfum'i-tmfmm 

If  our  tpring  leason  is  very  early  and  forward,  die  vegetation  ta 
often  chilled  and  checked  by  frosts. 

March  is  a  chilly  blustering  month ;  and  the  air  being  humid  is  March, 
often  searching.  In  different  years  the  varieties  of  this  month  are 
great.  The  snow  on  the  29th  of  March,  1733  and  1742,  was 
three  feet  deep  in  the  woods,  and  on  the  13th,  in  1787,  five  feet. 
These  cases,  however^  are  very  rare  :  for  in  general,  the  snow 
disappears  this  month  and  exhibits  many  evidences  of  spring. 
Robins  are  often  seen,  and  some  gatilcn-seed  sown,  before  April. 
In  1 760  tlie  season  was  so  uncommonly  early,  that  the  spring- 
birds  appeared  ten  days  before  tlie  month  closed ;  the  seeds  of 
cabbage,  lettuce  and  radishes  were  planted  in  gardens  on  the 
16tii  of  the  month,  1811 ;  and  in  other  years  the  trees  have  be- 
gun to  bud  in  March.  Nevertheless  we  may  generally  expect  to 
have  the  remains  of  w  inter  at  its  beginning,  and  the  inspiring  ap- 
pearances of  spring  at  its  close. 

jJprU  is  literally  a  vernal  month,  having  nights  frosty,  and  j^^i 
many  of  its  days  chilly  and  uncomfortable ;  also  the  highways 
are  bad,  if  not  unsafe  for  the  traveller.  In  April,  1733,  1746, 
1781  and  1786,  snows  fell  two  or  three  feet  deep,  particularly 
the  first  and  last  of  these  four  years :  There  were  also  snow- 
storms this  month  in  1786  and  1816 ;  yet,  the  ways  have  been 
settled  and  ground  fit  for  the  plough  in  some  years,  by  the  8th 
and  10th  of  the  month  ;  and  garden-seeds  planted  before  May. 
The  seasons  of  1736,  1744  and  1747,  were  very  forward;  the 
grass  was  luxuriant ;  and  on  the  16th  of  the  month,  in  the  latter 
year,  English  peas  and  beans  were  up  in  gardens  and  promisbg. 

It  is  in  April  that  the  ice  in  rivers  and  ponds  breaks  up  and 


X 


.*eUA. 


■A 


I0SI  iTHBfBASORS  [Il»t«0»W. 

tedves  tti  winter-quaiters,*  and  the  firost  is  expeUed  from  th«  ma* 
fkce  of  the  ground. 

■•r.  The  month  of  seedtime  and  blossoms  is  May :   though  frosts 

are  frequent,  especially  prior  to  the  middle  of  the  month  ;  and 
also,  a  considerable  fall  of  snow  has  been  seen.  In  1769,  on  the 
1 1th,  when  the  trees  were  in  bloom,  so  great  a  flight  covered  the 
trees  and  the  earth,  as  not  to  be  dissolved  and  disappear  till  the 
next  day.  English  cherry-lrees  usually  begin  to  blossom  by  the 
riiiddle  of  the  month,  apple-trees  about  tlie  tliird  week ;  and 
strawberries  come  to  maturity  about  a  month  afterwards  :  But  in 
1744  some  of  them  were  ripe  before  June;  an'1  in  1755  gar- 
dening was  finished  during  the  second  week  of  May.  In  many 
■i'"  places,  Indian  corn  was  above  ground  that  year  before  the  31st; 
whereas,  in  1785,  the  people  only  began  to  plant  about  the  20th. 
*'■'■  In  some  years  there  are  droughU,  and  in  others  freshets,  this 
■  '  month.      ]Melancholy  instances  of  the  former  mark  the  years 

1 748  and  1 749 ;  and  in  this  month  of  the  following  year,  the 
country  was  almost  overnm,  and  its  vegetation  eaten  up,  by  the 
grashoppers.  The  year  1763  was  rendered  memorable  by  a 
great  freshet ;  which  was  higher  on  tlie  24th  of  the  month,  than 
ever  before,  within  the  recollection  of  any  one  then  living.  The 
20th  of  May  is  conndered  the  end  of  feeding  cattle  with  hay,  and 
the  20th  of  JVovember  the  tin\e  to  take  them  from  the  pastures.^ 
'    Our  summers  are  usually  hot  and  pleasant.  ..>.»..,-. 

JuM.  In  June  there  is  seldom  any  frost ;  still  in  1 764  one  nipped  the 

Indian  corn  then  up,  and  as  late  as  the  16th,  in  1775,  there  was 
'.  a  small  frost ;  also  in  this  month,  its  unwelcomed  appearance  was 
witnessed  during  every  one  of  the  late  cold  seasons.  Unhappily, 
in  1 749  and  1754,  the  grashoppers  were  very  numerous  and  vora- 
cious ;  no  vegetables  escaped  these  greedy  troops  ;  they  even  de- 


*  Timet  wkea  tlio  Ic$  left  aad  cloud  the 

:       *-^        ' 

-  ,M'^'_-i 

Fenobicot 

1 

Keonebcc 

Left, 

Cloced,    ' 

I*ft, 

Cloiod, 

181», 

April 

li, 

Dec.  5. 

1819,  April  13, 

Dec.  5. 

1820, 

tt 

10, 

Not.  28. 

1820,     •«      16, 

Nor.  89. 

1831, 

tt 

18, 

•'    3C.      ^ 

1S21,     •«      11, 

»*    80. 

1822, 

M 

10. 

Nov. 

^      1822,  Mar.  27, 

Dec.  7. 

1823, 

ti 

", 

Dec.  6. 

1823,  April  9, 

Nov.  14. 

1824, 

tt 

1, 

"  26.    ■ 

•     1824,  Mar.  37, 

"     15. 

1835, 

U 

11. 

Dec.  IS. 

1835,  April  4, 

Deo.  11* 

t  On  the  19th  of  May,  1780,  w%  the  menorablc  dmrk  day. 


V  m.f 


■)<f. 


OFMAVm^^ 


103 


.no 


►^^ 


vound  ibe  potatoe>4opi ;  and  in  1743  and  1756,  wonna  in  armiea 
and  in  milliona,  covered  the  whole  country  and  threatened  to  de- 
vour erery  thing  p*"^'  Indeed,  so  great  was  the  ahirm  they 
occasioned  among  tlx:  ople,  that  they  appointed  days  of  fasting 
and  prayer.  The  draughts  in  June,  A.  D.  1749,  1761  and 
1763,  were  very  severe  and  followed  with  devouring  fires.  Those 
in  the  last  year  of  the  three,  being  succeeded  by  heavy  falls  of 
rain,  were  thus  effectually  extingtiished.  One  of  the  severest 
storms  ever  known  was  on  the  14th  of  this  month,  in  1768,  from 
the  south-southeast ;  and  the  damage  it  did  was  great  and  mem- 
orable. 

The  month  of  July  is  commonly  hot, — not  unfrcquently  dry;i*^y 
and  sometimes  the  drought  has  been  so  severe  as  to  wither  vegeta- 
tion, till  its  leaves  have  crackled  under  the  feet.  The  weather  is 
usually  fair,  clear,  and  favourable  for  getting  hay  this  month ;  but 
in  1 763,  it  was  not  fair,  at  any  one  time,  forty-eight  hours  in  two 
whole  summer  months.  A  hot  July  produces  good  corn,  and  a 
cold  one,  good  potatoes.  There  was  a  tempest  this  month,  in 
1784,  with  hideous  darkness;  and,  usually,  there  are  thunder 
and  lightning  in  July ;  though  electric  fluid  seldom,  with  us,  takes 
life  or  does  damage. 

August  is  the  month  of  English  harvest,  and  of  cutting  mea-  a^m. 
dow  grass.     That  of  1 752  was  memorable  for  tempests,  and  a 
tremendous  hurricane ;  and  that  of   1774,  for  the  inmnnerable 
swarms  of  fliu,  which  were  most  unwelcome  and  troublesome 
visitants. 

It  is  a  remark  no  less  trite  than  true,  that  September  is  the  most  SrpMBker, 
agreeable  month  in  the  year.  It  is  not,  in  general,  either  cold 
or  hot ;  the  winds,  if  any,  are  light,  and  the  weather  is  generally 
fair.  In  as  many  as  half  of  the  years  there  is  some  frost  betweeir 
the  middle  and  the  end  of  tlie  month,  though  seldom  so  severe 
as  to  destroy  all  the  vegetables  upon  which  it  has  power.  Son.e- 
times  Indian  corn  is  secure  from  its  effects  before  the  month 
closes ;  and  damsons  begin  to  ripen.  Th"  com  \^as  generally 
spoiled  by  frost,  in  1758;  and  yet  in  1760,  cabbages  began  to 
head,  and  grass  grew  more  this  month  than  any  other  during  the 
whole  season.  The  summer  of  1738  was  remarkable  for  drought 
and  grashoppers ;  and  the  month  of  September  was  rendered 
memorable  by  the  raccoons,  red  squirrels,  and  blue-jays,  which 
were  more  abundant  than  were  ever  before  known.    They  might 


ItM 


October. 


THE  8EM0IW  OP  MAINE.  P*!  tWt$* 

be  wefl  comparad  to  the  niiihitndei  of  pigaons,  with  whkik>  the 
country  abounded  in  1759.  rf.r 

In  Oetobeff  the  frosts  are  frequent  and  severe,  and  sometiflaes 
there  is  a  fall  of  snow :  In  1746,  however,  the  grass  grew  almost 
as  luxuriantly  as  in  the  spring,  till  November.  Between  the  mid- 
dle and  the  end  of  the  month,  in  1740,  1749,  1767,  1777,  and 
1821,  there  was  snow  several  inches  deep ;  and  the  ground  gen- 
erally freezes  more  or  less  in  this  month,  though  snow-storms  are 
not  frequent  and  never  long. 

The  year  1785  witnessed  an  uncommon  flood:— About  the 

31st  or  22d  of  October  it  rained  incessantly  forty-eight  hours,  and 

^' raised  the  waters  to  an  overwhelming  height.     The  rivers  Saco, 

^  Presumpscot,  and  others,  carried   away  bridges  and  mills,  and 

'    made  a  general  wreck  of  whatever  came  within  the  sweep  and 


rti  iVi'  tfii    i,<',ji--fim 


*h}i 


'<«i?ft  r.if/imki 


fury  of  their  waters. 
Notember.  As  early  as  in  the  beginning  of  November  the  ingatherings  of 
the  field  are  completed.  The  sky  of  this  month  is  frequently 
overcast,  its  nights  cold,  its  days  blustering,  and  it  uniformly  brings 
squalls,  and  sometimes  snow-storms,  before  it  closes.  Rivulets 
are  bordered  or  covered  with  ice ;  and  nature  prepares  for  winter. 
Heavy  falls  of  snow  occurred  in  November,  1738,  1745,  and 
1763;  and  the  storms  at  this  season  ol  the  year,  from  the  north- 
east,  are  long  and  tedious.  On  the  fifth  of  November,  1780,  and 
on  the  13th  of  the  month,  in  1783,  there  were  driving  storms, 
in  which  the  snow  fell  deep,  and  partly  remained  through  the  win* 
ter.  November,  1786,  was  so  exceeduigly  dry,  that,  though  the 
-.4<v9K«>  sledding  was  good,  the  fountains  almost  ceased;  tlie  bottom  ol 
the  wells  were  bare ;  and  the  smaller  streams  merely  flowed. 
The  icy  covert  wliich  mantled  the  ponds  and  streams  of  fresh 
water,  before  the  month  was  at  an  end,  was  strong,  though  too 
slender  to  bear  the  weight  of  a  man.*  j,,  «^.„  y,jf  ^.  j^^-.m 

Such  are  the  vicissitudes  of  our  seasons,  seedtime  and  har- 
vest, summer  and  winter,  which  we  are  assured  from  Divine  au" 
thority  shall  never  cease.  There  is  however  a  fact,  or  peculiarity 
worthy  of  notice.  The  winters  of  1730,  1780,  1793,  1803, 
1810,  and  1824,  were  marked  for  their  pacific  mildness  and  fol- 
lowed by  summers  of  uncommon  health  and  plenty.  This  has 
induced  the  saying,  that  "  mild  winters  augur  good  summers.*' 


*  Bc«  Rot.  Mr.  Smith*!  Jouroal. 


.    V    tT 


sir.]      VEOGTABLB  PROOUCnonS  OF  MAINE.  ||B| 

Our  country  u  highij  f«Tour«d  whb  gentle  hruxtt.    la  th«  Bnom. 
nombgs  of  summer,  they  are  from  the  knd,  a  loft  aod  soothing 
smbyr ;  often  controled  by  a  Seabreeze  before  noon,  which  lasts 
till  sunset.     Thus  the  beat  of  almost  every  brilliant  day  is  allayed 
at  flood  tide,  from  the  salt  water,  and  very  grateAiUy  cools  the  air. 

Upon  our  coast,  foggs  are  sometimes  very  dense  and  dark ;  Fogg*. 
aod  when  the  wind  is  at  the  soutliward  and  eastward,  they  render  \ 

the  marber's  condition  perilous  and  sometimes  alarming.  They 
also  rise  from  fresh  waters  in  the  interiour,  which  the  morning 
breezes  and  the  sun's  beams  soon  dissipate.  An  early  whitish 
fogg,  brooding  on  the  water,  is  an  indication  of  a  fair  day ;  and 
when  vapours  cap  the  mountain  and  hill-tops,  they  are  consider- 
ed signs  of  rain. 

The  Aurora  Sorealist  or  Northern  Lights,  were  first  particu 
larly  noticed  in  New-England,  on  the  11th  of  December,  1719}Uorearb. 
yet  it  seems,  they  were  seldom  seen  for  half  a  century  after- 
wards. At  these  earlier  periods  they  excited  emotions  of  won- 
der, and  sometimes  of  fear.  In  January,  1752,  their  appear- 
ances were  more  vivid  and  more  frequent ;  and  though  all  trepi- 
dation on  their  account  has  at  this  age  subsided  ;  they  sometimes 
exhibit  to  the  beholder  a  spectacle  which  occasions  particular 
notice  and  remark.      t  •  :i  i  . 


hsu'n 


.r.,kit 


IWJ} 


Aurora 


■xt'n  trtJt 


ir.rt 


1{9(il   !o 


SECTION  IV. 

^  Natural  Productions. 

After  so  many  observations  made  upon  the  Geography  and 
Atmosphere  of  this  State ;  it  becomes  expedient  next,  to  give 
some  account  of  its  indigenous  animals,  vegetables  and  minerals. 
Each  of  them  is  a  very  great  department  in  any  country  }  and 
therefore  what  is  about  to  be  said  on  these  subjects,  must  be  con- 
cise and  will  be  confined  to  natives  of  this  State. 


THE  NATIVE  VEGETABLES. 
In  examining  this  subject,  it  is  needless  to  go  into  any  minuter  BoTmf. 
detail,  than  what  may  be  said  under  the  kinds  and  species  to  be 
named  and  described.     Nevertheless,  it  will  be  most  convenient 
to  divide  so  long  a  list,  and  arrange  its  parts  under  the  heads  of 
Trees,  Shrubs,  Plants,  Roots,  and  Vines.    Those  of  each  head 
may  be  considered  in  alphabetical  order. 
Vol.  I.  t 


106 

NaUvt 


Atli. 
WbiUi. 


Black. 


R^(t,  and 
YdIIow. 


Bcecb. 

Ban*  wood. 
Circbef. 


Aider. 


wiwxL 


.:} v-| AM  %.'-- THE  TREES  PirTBOMrOb 

Tress  j^-The  Ash  U  a  tree  of  which  there  are  two  species : 
1 .  The  white  Ath*  is  strait,  tall  and  tough }  and  in  a  good  soil, 
grows  to  the  size  of  three  feet  in  diameter,  at  the  ground.  Of 
its  wood  are  made  barrels,  firkins,  oars,  handspikes,  the  handles 
of  manual  tools,  and  the  frames  of  sleighs  and  other  carriages. 
It  is  said  that  a  venomous  serpent  will  not  cross  its  leaves,  and 
that  these  and  the  bark  are  an  antidote  to  poison.  2.  The  black 
Ath^  is  not  so  large  a  tree  as  the  other.  It  is  easily  cloven,  or 
rift  into  thin  even  splits,  by  means  of  a  maul,  and  wrought  into 
baskets  and  brooms.  Of  this  species,  the  red  and  yellow  are 
only  varieties ;  and  out  of  the  roots  of  the  latter,  the  turner  forms 
bowls  of  different  sizes,  convenient  in  housewifery. 

The  Beech\  is  of  tiuee  varieties  ; — the  red  and  the  white^  both 
larger  than  the  ash,  and  excellent  fuel ;  the  blacky  which  is  tough 
and  small,  is  6t  only  for  withes  and  switches.  Each  is  plenty  in 
our  hardwood  forests.  But  the  ashes  of  beech-wood  cannot  be 
used  to  make  soap.  The  Bass-wood  tree'^  is  considered  the 
same  as  the  Linden  or  Lime-tree  ;  its  wood  is  white,  and  free 
from  knots,  and  its  diameter,  when  full  grown,  is  often  four  feet. 

J?trcA||  is  a  native  of  which  we  have  four  species,  and  each 
a  peculiarly  excellent  wood.  1.  The  white  is  very  useful  for 
its  tough,  lasting  and  beautiful  snow-white  bark,  which  has  always 
been  much  used  by  the  natives  for  the  construction  of  their 
canoes,  an  ingenious  skiff,  ever  viewed  by  Europeans  as  a  curi- 
osity. 2.  I'he  black  Birch  is  a  very  superiour  wood  for  articles 
of  household  furniture  :  its  heart  is  of  a  dark  brown,  of  fine 
close  grain,  and  is  capable  of  receiving  a  polish  like  mahogany. 
Its  trunk  is  sometimes  found  more  than  three  feet  in  diameter. 
3.  The  yellow  Birch  is  valued  principally  for  fuel— and  each  of 
the  three  species  is  very  good  for  that  use.  4.  Alder^  according 
to  the  Linnacan  principle  of  classification,  is  a  species  of  the 
birch  kind,  well  known,  having  in  its  bluwth  the  same  number  of 
stamens.     Its  bnrk  dies  a  dark  brown. 

Button-woodf^  or  eastern  "plane-tree,"  is  an  unyielding  tight- 

*  Fraxiniii  Exccl&ior.  \  Fr&xiniii  Anicricann,  or  Sambucifoliut. 

J  Fagus.— 1.  Ferrugina.— 2- S}lvalica,  r^^^ 

{Tilla  Amcricnna.— TiKa  Alba  [\rliitc-wood]  about  tlio  Aroostie 

II  Betula.— 1.  Bctiila  Alba.— 2.  Bctula  Niffra.— 3.  Cctiilu  I.cnla.— 4.  D« 
tuU  Alntii  (Alder.)  f  Platanut  Occidcntati*. 


■o'<^i^ii 


ibucifoliuB. 


CuilerauO 


flsCT.  IT.]  OF  MAINE.  ||^ 

nained  woodf  as  large  as  a  beech ;  and  is  used  for  wheel-hub^ 
windlasses  and  vessel-blocks.  This  is  said  to  abound  on  the  river 
St.  John  though  not  unfrequent  elsewhere. 

Butternut f*  or  OUnut-trec  is  a  species  of  tlie  Walnut^  and  it 
is  believed  to  be  the  only  native  one  of  that  genut  to  be  found 
in  this  S'ate ;  though  there  may  be  walnuts  in  York  County .f 
It  is  a  tree  of  a  middle  size,  the  kernels  of  its  nuts  are  ry  oily 
and  nutritious,  and  a  decoction  of  its  bark  is  a  gentle  and  excel- 
lent cathartic.  It  is  said  to  have  been  advantageously  used  by 
the  surgeons  in  the  army  of  the  Revolution. 

The  Cedar  is  found  to  be  of  two  kinds,  and  not  two  species  Cedar, 
of  the  same  kind  ;  both  are  evergreens,  and  generally,  the  tree 
is  from  C)  to  12  inches  in  diameter-  The  white  Cedar1[.  is  be- 
lieved to  be  the  western  life-tree.  Its  wood  is  very  ensy  to  rive, 
is  sweet  and  lasting,  and  is  used  by  the  coopers  in  making  pails  .^.'  m 
and  other  wooden  vessels.  The  red  Ccdar^  is  the  largest  of  the 
juniper  kind}  it  makes  the  most  durable  posts  and  rails  for  fenc- 
ing used  in  the  State. ||  ..  ,5,,.    . 

Cherry-tree^  is  a  native  of  our  forests,  and  is  considered  to  be 
next  to  mahogany  for  cabinet  work.  Its  grain  is  smooth  and 
firm,  and  receives  a  beautiful  polish  :  It  has  been  found  with  us 
18  inches  in  diameter.  The  Elder  is  of  two  species,  the  black** 
and  rerf.f  f  The  former,  called  "  Sweet  Elder,"  has  handsome 
blossoms,  nodding  like  feather-plumes  and  a  berry  not  unlike  a 
whortleberry.  The  latter  is  a  mere  shrub,  which  it  is  believed 
the  French  call  Osier,  and  is  poisonous.  The  £/m||  is  a  lofty  Elm. 
wholesome  tree ;  its  leaves,  when  fallen,  are  favourable  to  the 
undergrowth  of  grass ;  its  inner  bark  is  strong  and  fibrous,  and 
is  wrought  into  bed-cords  and  chair-bottoms ;  and  its  wood 
is  tough  and  elastic.     Of  the  elm  there  is  only  one  species  and 


Ma 

Oierry- 
irce. 


Elder. 


01 


^  Juglans  Cathartica ;  or  Jug^Ians  Alba,  cortice  cathartico. 

f  John  dc  Laet  [chap.  19.]  says,  walnut  trees  grew  in  this  quarter. 

t  Thya,  or  Tbuia  Occidentalis.  {  Jiiniperiis  Virginlana. 

II  The  red  Cedar  and  the  Savin,  in  their  sensible  and  medicinal  propertiei, 
are  specially  allied,  and  used  to  keep  up  tha  discharge  of  blisters. — Dige* 
low't  Dot.  40. 

%  Prunus  Virginiana,  or  Cerasus.  '^^  Sambuccus  Nigra. 

it  Viburnum  Opulus.or  cultivated  '<Snow  Ball.**— Sambuccus  Pubesceos 
[Red  Elder.]  H  Ulmus  Anericana. 


'!';■  .!«?;■■  {*r. 


,  tjr 


m 


THE  T^EJBS 


(llt^Bddf^^. 


two  varieties,  the  white  and  red;  the  former  has  medicinal  pH>p- 
erties  to  relieve  the  strangury. 

HirnbMiii.  The  Hornbeam*  or  Ironwood,  is  a  small  tree  of  3  or  4  inch- 
es in  diameter ;  its  wood  is  tight-grained  and  looks  like  beech. 
It  is  used  for  handspikes  and  stakes,  and  for  binding  rafts.  Its 
leaves  are  wrinkled,  oval,  pointed,  and  sharply  indented  at  the 
edges. 

Janiper.  The  Juniper^  is  about  a  foot  and  a  half  in  diameter  when 

full  grown,  of  a  fine  texture,  and  is  particularly  used  for  vessel- 
knees.  It  is  sometimes  called  Hackmatack,  which  is  one  species : 
■^^"^ -A  2d  is  the  red  cedar  ;  and  a  3d  is  an  unseemly  shrub,J  which 
grows  in  open,  poor  pastures,  only  about  2  feet  in  height  from  the 
ground,  and  has  horizontal  branches  of  more  than  five  feet  in 
length.^ 

Maple.  The  Maple  is  a  stately  forest  tree,  of  which  there  are  three 

species : — 1.  The  white  Maple,\\  which  has  two  varieties,  one  is 
smooth  and  straight-grained ;  the  other  has  apparent  curls  and 
bird's  eyes,  and  is  almost  as  handsome  in  cabinet  work  as  satin 
wood.  2.  The  red  Maple  grows  in  swamps,  and  though  sappy, 
is  good  firewood  when  seasoned.  It  is  a  tree  four  feet  in  diam- 
eter. 3.  The  black,  or  rock  Maple  is  the  most  valuable  of  either. 
.1  Not  only  is  its  wood  very  solid  and  excellent  for  fuel,  but  the  tac- 
eharine  quality  of  its  sap  has  given  it  great  additional  worth  and 
surnamcd  it  the  sugar  Maple.  "-  ''-'^ 

From  this  species  great  quantities  of  sugar  have  been  made 
every  year  in  this  State ;  which,  when  refined,  makes  a  hard,  a 
pure,  and  very  delicious  loaf.  TJie  trees  are  tapped  in  March, 
with  an  auger,  and  run  a  fortnight  or  more  ;  from  which  the  sap 
is  gathered  in  troughs,  boiled  in  kettles  to  a  consistency  when  it 
^'  will  granulate,  and  then  it  is  drained.     I  am  assured  that  21,500 

pounds  have  been  made  in  one  year,  within  the  limits  of  a  single 
town.  "  This  sugar,  at  first  moist  and  heavy,  yields  a  most  salu- 
"  brious  and  agreeable  sweetening.  If  dry  sugars  are  preferred, 
"  it  is  only  necessary  to  make  a  hole  in  the  tub,  at  any  time  be- 

•  Carpinus  Bctiiliis.    f  Sec  the  "  Larch."— (Z'/mw.)    |  Junipcrus  Sabinn. 

}Junipcrus  Americana;  also,  in  3  Biji^elow's  Dotany,  Juniperv*  Com' 
munit,  p.  43 — 48,  is  tlicrc  called  a  slinib  of  3  feet  hie;li ;  iti  Truit  dark  ob- 
long berrici,  wUich  are  diuretic. — Dr.  Grover. 

H 1  Acer  Ncjfundo. — 2.  Acer  llubrum.— 3.  Acer  Saccharinum.— 4.  Acer 
Striatum,  tlriped  maple  or  moote-wood,  of  little  ralue. 


Mf 


.«!«'! 


crus  Sabinn. 


<*  Ipre  ■}  fint  of  June,  and  dnia  off  the  molasses,  whett  die 
,M  fvree  'i>  ^  the  maple  are  in  two  parts ;  the  one  of  sugar,  dear 
"  and  dry ;  and  the  other  of  molasses,  the  most  pure  and  agreea* 
"  ble"  any  where  seen  or  tasted. 

No  forest  tree  is,  on  the  whole,  more  universally  esteemed,  and 
none  could  with  more  ease  be  cuUivated  than  the  sugar  Maple. 
It  grows  pretty  rapidly,  stands  firm  in  tlie  ground,  and  strives 
hard  for  continued  existence.  it^;@u#'  #i 

It  is  curious  to  know,  that  the  method  of  making  maple  sugar, 
an  article  of  so  much  importance,  is  learned  from  the  Aborigines. 
Father  Ralle,  while  he  lived  with  the  Canibas  tribe,  at  Norridge- 
wog,  says,  that  the  insipidity  of  his  dish  of  com,  pounded  in  a 
mortar  and  boiled,  he  "  corrected  by  adding  sugar,  made  by  the 
"  women  in  the  spring,  who  boiled  down  the  sap  of  the  maple, 
"  which  they  collected  in  bark  troughs  as  it  flowed  from  incisions 
"  made  in  the  trunk  of  the  tree."  The  rock  Maple  is  in  diam- 
eter between  two  and  three  feet.  «fif^«» 

The  Oak*  is  a  genus  of  five  species  : — 1.  Black  ;    2.  Red}  q^^ 
3.  White ;  4.  Chesnut ;   and  5.  the  Shruh  Oak. — ^The  first  is 
used  for  vessel  keels,  and  its  bark  for  tanning ;   the  second,  for 
dry  cask-staves,  and  grows  on  side-hills  :  of  this,  there  are  two 
varieties,  the  swamp  and  yellow  Oak.      The  vohite  Oak  is  the 
toughest  wood  in  our  forests,  and  most  suitable  for  axe-handles, 
ox-bows  and  ploughs.    It  is  not  found  in  so  great  abundance  with 
us  as  could  be  desired.    The  Shrub  Oak  grows  8  or  10  feet  in 
height  and  produces  a  nutgall,  the  nest  of  some  insect,  and  is 
sometimes  used  in  making  ink  for  the  pen.    The  Chesnut  Oak  is     r.^oin^li 
found  in  the  western  parts  of  the  State ;  it  is  a  tree  of  pretty 
large  size  and  makes  the  best  of  fuel.f     It  cannot  be  ascertained, 
that  the  Chesnut-tree  {^Fagus  Castanea"]  is  a  native  inhabitant  of 
Maine,  although  it  is  very  common  in  every  other  State  in  New- 
England.  •  -.!>„•;  •e-Ji 

The  wild  Plum'treeX  is  of  one  species  only,  though  of  two  or  piom. 
three  varieties ;  it  is  of  small  size  and  scarce.^ 


*  Qiiercus    Ist  species,  Qucrcns  Nip^ra  —21.  Qiicrcus  Rubra. — 3  i.  Quer. 
CU8  Alba — 4l!i.  Qiiercng  I'riniis. — 511i.  Qucrcus  Pnnula. 

f  Tijero  is  alto  another  variety,  called  the  "  Gray  Oak."  •  ~ 

}  Pruoiis  Sylveitri*. 

\  Called  also  pomegranate,  wild  pear,  and  June-plum. — S.  Louder. 


tl# 


PiM. 


\hn 


7  Specie* 


(Larcb.) 


TBcntecB 

'^'  TInr  Pine,*  in  itt  several  species,  is  the  most  comimn  of  toy 
gromh  in  our  weods.  It  flowers  about  the  middle  of  June,  when 
its  poUen,  which  is  of  a  bright  yellow,  is  so  exceedingly  fine  as 
to  ascend  with  the  vapour  from  the  earth  to  the  clouds.  It  (alls 
witli  the  rain,  and  is  tlnis  promotive  of  fructification.  When  it 
rests  on  tlic  face  of  the  water,  it  forms  a  yellow  scum.  The 
pines  retain  their  foliage  during  the  winter,  because  of  '*  the 
abundant  quantity  of  oil  in  their  bark,  which  preserves  them  from 
the  effects  of  the  cold." 

.  The  species  of  the  Pine  are  seven. — 1 .  The  white  Pine,  which 
is  the  prince  of  the  forest,  and  which  has  been  seen  six  feet  in 
diameter,  at  tliu  butt,  and  240  feet  in  height ;  and  those  of  four 
feet  through  are  frequently  found.  Until  the  Revolution,  every 
tree,  two  feet  in  diameter,  growing  in  any  part  of  this  State,  ex- 
cept within  the  limits  of  Gorges'  Provincial  Charter,  was  the 
property  of  tlie  English  rt*own,  reserved  for  masts  and  spars  in 
the  royal  navy  ;f  and  the  trespasser,  when  detected,  was  mulcted 
in  heavy  penalties.  So  literally  is  this  erect  and  lofty  masting- 
pine  the  greatest  ornament  of  our  forests,  that  it  was  adopted  as 
one  of  the  emblems  in  the  shield  of  our  State  coat  of  arms. 
f  The  2d  species,  the  yellow  Pine,  being  harder  and  thicker 
grained,  as  well  as  smaller  than  the  other,  is  used  for  flooring 
and  for  planking  vessels.  The  JVorway  Pine  is  another  variety, 
of  still  closer  texture,  and  is  much  used  in  ship-building.  3.  Pitch 
Pine  is  the  hardest  of  all,  and  being  full  of  turpentine,  will,  when 
dry,  make  extremely  hot  fires  in  furnaces. 

The  4th  species  of  the  pine  genus,  is  the  Larch  ;  and  it  is-  the 
only  one  of  the  terebinthine  family  which  does  not  retain  its 
leaves  through  the  winter.  It  grows  better  on  strong  .stony  land 
than  in  a  rich  soil.  It  is  said  that  its  timber  neither  shrinks  nor 
warps,  nor  does  it  easily  rot ;  and  hence  it  is  much  used  in  ship- 
building. It  grows  on  the  Alps  and  Appenines  in  Europe  and  is 
highly  esteemed.  It  is  said  the  Juniper  tree  is  the  American 
Larch,  and  that  Hackmatack  is  its  vulgar,  or  provincial  name ; 
but  this  is  doubted. 


*  1.  Pinus  StrobiMs.— 2.  Piniis  Pinea. — 3  PiniisTacda. — 4.  Pinus  Lariz. 
— 6.  Piuiis  Dalsamea.— '6.  Pious  Abies. — 7.  Pinus  Canadensis —S.  Pinus 
Rupeetris,  [shrub  (inc.] — The  Pines,  sometimes  called  tbc  >' conc-bearin|; 
tree,"  are  alt  "  soft  wood." 

t  Cliarter  of  William  and  Mary,  last  clauM*. 


~l^-.ii1..>i|   ■»»»   ->Hi 


trj^,-, 


.  •»*«*?/ 


^Y!i.  TktFbr,  wbieh  yields  ■  fine  balsam,  is  oAen  called  *«s!Ifer  (Fir.) 
ib.**  :  6«  Hie  Bmiodt  in  stature  almost  vies  with  the  mast-pine ;  (iiMiiack.) 
its  bark  is  much  used  in  unnery.    7.  The  iS^ntes  is  of  two  varie-  (SprM* ) 
ties — the  white  is  a  straight  and  smart  wood,  fit  for  spars,  ship- 
knees,  and  joists,  and  sometimes  grows  two  feet  in  diameter ;  the     » »  h  i- 
hlark  Spruce  is  used  in  making  beer,  and  with  molasses  forms  a 
most  wholesome  and  palatable  drink.  ^ 

Within  fifteen  years,  the  white  spruce  in  many  places  has  died 
in  great  numbers,  so  that  "  where  once  grew  thousands,  it  is  now 
difficult  to  procure  spars  for  the  use  of  our  ownn  vessels."  The 
cause  of  this  fell  destruction,  it  is  supposed,  may  be  attributed  to  the 
canker-worm,  or  some  other  insect,  which  in  the  summer  months 
ravages  its  foliage  and  brings  on  a  fatal  consumption.  Some 
have  supposed  the  cold  seasons,  between  1811  and  1816,  were  ^^ 
in  some  measure  conducive  to  their  ruin.  t| 

The  Poplar*  is  of  two  species,  1 .  the  Aspen  or  white  poplar^  popiar. 
3.  the  Balsamf  or  black  Poplar  ;  the  former  is  cream  coloured 
and  soft,  somewhat  like  bass-wood.  Its  trunk  is  spldom  more 
than  a  foot  in  diameter,  its  leaves  always  tremulous,  and  its  wood 
is  poor  fuel.  The  latter  is  an  elegant  tree,  of  a  large  size  and  is 
particularly  celebrated  for  its  balsam,  which  in  the  spring  may  be 
extracted  from  its  buds,  rich  and  fragrant  as  that  of  Peru.  Some- 
times it  is  called  the  Sycamore,  or  Balm  of  Gilead,  and  is  found 
in  the  northern  parts  of  the  State.         .-nmn  mm  wa 

Sastafras'f  is  a  species  of  the  Laurel  or  haj/'iree,^  so  much 
used  by  the  ancients  in  purifications ;  of  which  there  are  with  us, 
1st  this  Sas$ajratf  and  2d  the  Fever-bush.  The  former  was  much  F«v«r  bub. 
the  most  celebrated,  two  centuries  ago,  of  any  indigenous  tree  on 
our  shores.  It  grows  in  moist  land  ;  it  is  of  small  size ;  and  its 
root,  bark,  buds  and  leaves  have  a  very  aromatic  refreshing  smell. 
It  possesses  powerful  and  salutary  medicinal  qualities ;  is  said  to 
to  be  a  remedy  for  the  stone,  the  strangury,  the  scurvy,  the 
plague,  the  dropsy  and  rheumatism ;  and  was  a  great  article  of 
exportation  in  the  early  voyages  to  this  country.  One  of  Capt. 
Gosnold's  men,  on  our  shores,  was  cured  by  it  in  twelve  hours,  of 

*  1.  Populiis  Trcmiila. — 2.  Populus  Ni^ra. 
fl.  Laurus  Sassafras :— la  York  County. — 2.  Cauriis  Benzoin. 
I  Cinnamon,  Cassia,  Campliirc-trcc,  are  of  the  inme  family.    It  is  a  good 
iaf  reditnt  in  diet'drink ;  its  volatile  oil  is  of  preat  uie.— 2  BigiloVy  148. 


SaisafrM. 


m 


W<ekiip«. 


Willow. 


.«&!l!*). 


THE  TtttS  bV  MAINEl 

i^mrfttt  oeeasioned  by  feeding  excessively  on  the  belltei  of  the 
dogfish.*  The  fVver4itf A,  or  Spice-wood,  is  more  strong  scent* 
ed  than  the  Sassafras,  and  is  a  mere  shrub ;  both  are  wholesome 
ingredients  in  beer,  or  diet-drink. 

htatkervDOod  or  Indian  fVickape  is  a  small  treef  which  grows 
on  the  best  hardwood  land  end  none  other :  and  its  branches  have 
a  jointed  mode  of  growth.  It  has  a  smooth  tougli  outsida  bark 
of  a  light  grey  colour,  between  which  and  the  wood  is  an  inner 
bark,  very  white  and  exceedingly  strong  ;  and  when  green,  pli- 
ant and  soft ;  or  even  when  dry,  it  is  sufficiently  limber  and  flexible 
to  be  used  in  lieu  of  twine  or  cords.  Millers  often  lay  by  them 
ft  stock  of  its  bark,  for  bag-strings,  in  supply  of  their  customers  t 
and  the  Indians  used  it  for  their  cordage.  The  tree  grows  some- 
times two  inches  in  diameter  and  ten  or  twelve  feet  in  height. 
Its  wood  is  elastic  and  next  to  the  cork  for  lightness ;  it  is  also 
bitter.  Of  its  twigs  the  Natives  make  beautiful  baskets,  its 
roots  are  emetic,  and  its  fruit,  which  consists  of  small  oval,  red, 
one-seeded  berries,  are  quite  narcotic. 

The  eighteenth  and  last  kind  of  indigenous  tree  we  shall  men- 
tion as  found  in  this  State,  is  the  fVillow.1[,  It  is  of  two  species, 
the  swamp,  or  red,  and  the  white — ^the  former  is  the  first  inhabi- 
tant of  the  woods  to  welcome  by  its  blossoms  the  return  of 
spring.^         .usiiiHsJ  Mi  (i:ir>ii  W'  ^s^v^-m^^-'^m  f3S5fU«f^a»  Wv§ms- 

The  largest  and  heaviest  trees  in  our  forests  are  the  white 
Pine,  the  Hemlock,  the  Elm,  the  Maple,  the  Beech,  and  the 
Button-wood,  The  next  class  in  size,  embraces  the  Oak,  the 
Birch,  the  Bass-wood,  and  the  Ash.  The  third  class  is  the 
Larch,  Cedar,  Fir,  Spruce,  and  Poplar.  The  oldest  trees,  are 
the  Oak  and  Pine  ;  for  by  their  annual  ringlets,  formed  between 
the  wood  and  the  bark,  it  has  been  ascertained  that  some  of 
them  have  been  growing  between  500  and  1000  years.  As 
death  is  the  natural  consequence  of  age  ;  decay  begins  at  the 
heart  of  the  tree. 


'h 


»SffnW»//;.. 


f  Dirca  Paliistris, 


)  Sioamp  Sumach  (Rhus  Toxicodeodrum.) 


Jl.  S-:.\i;i..--2.  ::^v  ^x.  Alh*. 


at 


wn}  the  moi' I  iM  or  MAinc.  1  IS 

SHRUBS. 

1*HKBK  form  a  large  family  in  the  vegetable  repubSc.  But  II 
is  not  very  easy  to  distingaish  win  >  are  $hrub$  from  what  are 
trees.  Both  are  perennial;  and  soni<  times  a  shrub  has  limbs,  or 
branches.  In  common  parlance,  Inwever,  that  is  a  shrub,  to 
the  top  of  which  when  green,  a  man  c  an  reach,  provided  it  be  \ 

perennial ;  if  annual,  it  is  a  plant. 

It  is  observable  that  no  family  is  so  universally  fruitful  as  that 
which  comes  under  this  appellation,  "shniKbery."  Some  bear 
nuts,  though  the  most  of  them  bear  berries  ;  and  with  a  few  ex- 
ceptions, they  all  have  something  of  fruit,  which  is  pnlntable  and 
esrv(«;'.  We  can  do  little  more  than  mention  their  genera  and 
sjeri*;.',  «ii "(  describe  a  few  which  are  the  most  important.  * 

i'lie  prickly  Ash*  Is  a  large  shrub,  having  on  its  branches  ^'^^'^ 
shc-v  prickles.     Its  baik  possesses  warming  and  pungent  quali-  ,^ 

ties,  and  the  seed  and  rind  of  the  capsule  are  highly  fragrant, 
and  rmell  like  the  oil  of  lemons ;  it  is  of  considerable  efficacy 
in  cases  of  chronic  rheumatism. 

The  mountain  Ash\  is  a  small  tree  growing  in  elevated  bogs,  w<»"n««i« 
having  pinnated  leaves  like  Ash  and  clustered  scarlet  berries.     It 
has  a  five-cleft  calyx,  five  petals,  two  or  three  styles  and  an  infe- 
riour  or  crowned  berry,  with  a  mealy  pulp,  enclosing  three  hard 
seeds,  like  the  pippins  of  the  apple.     -  p' --  ■  .    >^  •  a  ^..x  .■.,.^     ,  ,|^ 

The  black  Alder\  is  found  in  swamps,  and  about  streams  and  Alder, 
ponds,  and  ceases  to  grow  when  it  is  about  8  or  10  feet  in  height. 
Its  leaves  are  alternate  oval  and  acute  at  the  base,  with  some 
hairiness  on  the  veins  underneath.  The  flowers  are  small  and 
white,  growing  in  little  tufts  ;  the  bark  is  bitter  and  a  decoction 
of  it  is  reputed  to  be  a  tonic  In  intermittents,  and  some  other 
diseases,  it  has  been  used  with  success  as  a  substitute  for  the 
Peruvian  bark.  Small  doses  taken,  and  a  wash  of  it  applied, 
serve  to  cure  eruptions  on  the  skin.  The  black  Alder  is  very 
attractive  to  the  eye  in  autumn,  for  it  changes  the  hue  of  its  leaves 
iiom  green  to  a  beautiful  red ;  and  in  the  midst  of  nature's  sur- 
rounding decays,  it  becomes  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  indi- 
viduals of  the  woods,  by  its  glossy  scarlet  berries,  embracing  in 
bunches,  for  a  long  time,  the  sides  of  the  branches. 


*  Xanthoxylum  Fraxineum. 

I  Pi  inoa  Vcrticillatot,— 3  Bigtlovt  141.    See  Birch, 


t  Sorbut. 


n4 

Oayberr^r. 


BosM-ood. 


Briimblci. 


THE  SHRUBS        fT  j  [iMWtOmwfc 

Barberry*  is  a  briery  bush,  found  in  the  western  parts  of  the 
State,  which  bears  beautiful  clusters  of  red  and  very  acid  her* 
ries.     They  are  used  for  making  pickles  and  for  preserves. 

The  Bayberry,  or  fVax  Myrtle,^  grows  from  3  to  7  feet  high, 
mith  its  top  much  branched  ;  it  flowers  on  the  sides  of  the 
branches,  and  bears  clusters  resembling  berries.  Father  Ralle 
observes,  as  to  the  method  of  ii'uminating  his  chapel  at  Norridge- 
wog,  that  he  ■'  found  an  excellent  subst'iuie  for  wax  by  boiling 
the  berries  of  a  kind  of  laurel  in  water,  and  skimming  off  tlie 
thick  oily  substance  which  rose  to  the  top. — Twenty-four  pounds 
of  this  beautiful  green  wax,  and  an  equal  quantity  of  tallow, 
made  one  hundred  wax  candles,  (he  says)  of  a  foot  Iong."| 
The  berry,  which  consists  of  a  stone  enclosing  a  kernel,  is  cov- 
ered with  black  grains,  incrusted  with  white  wax.    «     ■-    .■ 

Among  the  shrubs  of  the  largest  size  is  the  Boxwood,  or 
" thad-blossoni'^^  (sometimes  erroneously  taken  for  "common 
Dogwood.")  It  grows  15  or  18  feet  in  height,  has  a  gray  bark, 
flowers  in  May,  about  the  time  the  shad  and  their  fellow  travellers 
ascend  the  rivers  in  the  spring,  and  is  therefore  called  "shad  tree." 
It  is  thus  among  the  first  tenants  of  the  woods  to  embellish  the 
vernal  scenery  by  its  snow-white  blossoms,  and  it  bears  red  ber- 
ries :     Its  bark  is  used  in  fevers. 

Of  the  Bramble  kind\\  we  have  seven  species: — 1  and  2,  the 
black  and  red  Raspberry ;  3  and  4,  the  upright  and  runnit^ 
Blackberry,  or  Dewberry  ;^  5  the  Brnmbleberry  ;  6,  the  Pigeon' 
berry,**  and  l,the  Cloudberryf\ — all  which  bear  fruits  succulent; 

*  Brrberii  vulgaris.     It  is  said  Corn  will  not  fill  well  near  it. 

f  Mjrrica  Cerifera.  t  "  Cull.  Mast.  His.  Soc.  2d  Scrici,  252. 

\  Aronia— ?  It  bears  a  berry,  haviny  from  5  to  10  cells.— *Vu«aW'«  Bot- 
(any,  114. 

II  1.  Rnbns  Idaeiis.— 9.  Riibus  Canadensis — 3.  Riihus  Fruticosns.(*) — t. 
Kiibits  Moluccanus. — 5.  Rubus  Occidentalis.— 6.  Pubui  Caesiiis.— Kubut 
Cliamacnioriis. 

(*)  llig^li  biiith  Dlackbcrry  is  sometimes  called  "JHulberry."  Rubui 
villosiis. 

H  Dextberriet  arc  cunsilorcd  by  some  to  b(  the  same  as  running  black* 
berries,  by  others,  gooseberries. 

*♦  It  is  said  to  belong  to  the  order  of  tviei,—Gr.  Kissos  [C't*«<»]  htrtda.— 
Quaere. 

ft  Cloudberry. — {Jtubut  chamtttmnrut)—gToxt»  on  the  sides  of  mouotaini, 
or  ezposed  tod  elarated  grouodt.    The  thrub  bears  •  tiof  le  berry  on  tho 


nr.] 


OF  MAINE. 


lift 


■^friOt 


•lid  ia  most  places  they  >re  abundant.  The  last  is  supposed'  to 
be  the  same  as  the  Knotbetry.  The  pigton-btrry  bush  is  as  tall 
as  that  of  a  blackberry,  bears  abundance  of  small  purple  berries, 
the  chief  food  of  pigeons. 

We  have  two  species  of  the   Corinth  : — 1 ,  the  black*   Cur'  t.-orimto 
roB/,f  and  2,  the  iri'W  Gooseberry. \     Of  the  former,  the  party        *****' 
(hat  visited  the  Katalidin  found  plenty  ;  and  the  latter  arc  seen 
in  the  borders  of  the  woods,  in  two  varieties,  red  and  vohite^  and 
both  are  of  a  plcnsant  flavour. 

Dogwood;^  or  Cornel,  is  a  shrub  or  small  tree  from  15  to  20  Dogwo.id. 
feet  in  height,  beariiiu;  flat  clusters,  or  cymes  of  flowers  not  un- 
like those  of  Elder  and  commonly  white.  The  flowers  are 
formed  into  flat  heads,  compounded  and  surrounded  by  four 
leaves,  vvhicli  grow  out  and  become  of  a  white  colour,  adding, 
from  the  latter  end  of  May  to  that  of  June,  "one  of  the  most  .,,..... 
characteristic  vegetable  features  to  our  vernal  landscape."     Its  ' 

wood  is  hard,  bark  rough,  and  has  upon  soma  people  an  effect 
like  the  Peruvian  bark  ;  to  others  it  is  deleterious,  as  if  possessing 
a  poisonous  quality. 

Of  the   HurtleberryW  genus,  there   are  four  species,   1    the  n.iriWver- 
cranherry,  2,  the  whortleberry,  3,  the  blueberry  and  4,  the  bilberry,  (•r'niXW. 
— all  of  which  are  plenty,  nutritious  and  delectable  to  the  taste.  1^,,^""^'''' 
Cranberries  grow  about  ponds  and  marshes.      Great  quantities  |{["|'|^ir'7' 
are  gathered  every  year  on  the  Island  Mount  Desert  and  on  the 
Cranberry  Islands  in  that  neighborhood.     The  berries,  red  and 
acid,  containing  many  seeds,  are  borne  by  slender  bushes  3   feet 
high,  and  give  a  most  wholesome  and  palatable  zest  to  meats. 
Whortleberries  are  black ;  but  bilberries,  as  well  as  blueberries, 
are  blue,  being  the  largest  and  sweetest  of  these  three  species. 

top  uf  the  stern.  In  size  and  flavour  it  resembles  a  strawberry  ;  having  a 
greater  tlioii|T|i  pleasant  smartness,  and  making  excellent  preserves.  Its 
colour  is  at  first  scarlet;  lurninp^,  as  it  ripens,  (o  n  jellow.  When  eaten 
witb  suffar  and  cream  it  is  delicious,  and  so  cooling  as  to  abate  feveri. 
Tliis  fruit  lahts  about  a  month. 

*"  Ribes  Nin;rum.  f  The  black  Currant-busb  is  liigb,  its  berries  are 

in  clustery  one  variety  lias  a  flat  stone  within,  and  the  other  is  without 
ttono.    They  are  drier  than  £n£;li<!U  black  Currants. 

\  Kibes  G.osularia.  }  Cornus  Florida. 

II  Vaccinium — I    Vaccinium-Oxycoccus.       2  Vacciniiim-Corvmbosum. 

%  Vaccinium  amonam.  4  Vaccinium  vitisidoca.  6  VacciDium  TtDellum. 
{Dwarf  whortleberry.] 


Ill 


Haile. 


i-^  ••:,., 


nround 
Hviiilock. 


Lainh*kill, 
Mr  Laurel, 


The  Hardkaek,  a  barren  bush,  uaually  chooses  poor  ^M 
ground  for  its  residence  and  growth.  Some  of  its  individuals 
may  be  three  feet  tall ;  being  one  of  the  smallest  belonging  to  the 
shrubby  tribe.  It  branches,  and  bears  flowers  of  a  conica!  form; 
the  colour  of  one  variety  is  yellowish  and  of  the  otlier  a  light  red. 

The  Uazle*  flourishes  in  the  hedges  of  fields,  and  on  the 
banks  of  rivers.  It  occurs  in  the  south  parts  of  the  State,  and 
is  common  in  Bethel,  on  the  Androscoggin.  Its  nut,  is  of  the 
size  of  a  pea,  enclosed  in  a  shell,  light  brown  coloured  and  hard, 
and  is  very  rich  and  esculent.  The  Witch  Hazel,\  which  is  a 
plant,  is  entirely  different  from  the  other,  and  is  used  by  the  na- 
tives as  a  remedy  for  inflammations.  Its  seed  is  about  as  large 
as  an  apple  seed.  It  is  unique  in  flowering,  for  it  puts  forth  its 
blossoms,  after  tiie  frost  has  stripped  tlie  branches  of  its  leaves. 

Low  or  Ground  hemlock^  is  a  shrub  which  branches  upon  tlie 
ground,  bears  berries,  transparent,  pleasant  to  the  taste,  large  as 
currants,  and  of  amber  colour.  The  Indians  use  a  tea  made  of 
its  boughs  steeped,  as  a  sovereign  remedy  for  the  rheumatism. 

The  Lamb-kill,^  on  account  of  its  properties  and  beauties,  is 
a  very  celebrated  shrub.  It  grows  rarely  to  the  height  of  a  man ; 
its  leaves  are  evergreen,  very  smooth,  and  in  form,  oval.  Its 
flowers,  in  their  sprightly  colours  from  white  to  red,  give  it  an 
elevated  rank  among  the  kindred  beauties,  which  add  brilliancy  to 
the  natural  scenery  of  the  woods. .  It  has  been  called  mountain 
Laurel,  Spoonwood,  Ivy  andihe  Drnmhuh,  Its  wood  is  dense 
and  hard,  and  ii^A^cd  as  a  ma'teriuT  in  constructing  musical  in- 
strunii'y'  .  "V  "y  mechanics  for  handles  to  their  tools.  Though 
deer,  u  S^anid,  feed  on  its  green  leaves  without  harm  ;  yet  when 
young  cattle  and  sheep  eat  of  them  in  severe  winters,  through 
want  of  better  food,  they  often  die  immediately  or  fall  sick  and 
recover  with  difTiculty.  Calves,  after  feeding  on  its  foliage,  have 
been  known  to  swell,  foam  at  the  mouth  and  stagger,  and  were 
hardly  cured,  tliough  gun-powder  and  other  medicines  were  ap- 
plied. Lnrge  cn'ilc  and  horses  sometimes  also  sicken  for  the 
same  raiisc ;  and  it  is  said,  a  decoction  of  it  will  produce 
a  sciisiblo  inconvoniciicc  in  tho  humiin  system  :  yef  wc  may  eat 
partiidges  whoso  crops  ure  di;>tent  with  laurel  buds,  without  any 
ill  consequences. 


*  Corylui  Amerionna. 
(  Se«  Juniper— Ante. 


f  HamameHs  Virginiana. 
( Kalmia  Latifelia. 


fit 


Prune  kind. 
Plum. 


'  Cherry, 


fefct.   IT.]  OFlfAINE. 

Mooie^mth*  is  a  small  tree,  or  large  shrub,  not  uncomimm  in  Mom* 
the  forest,  which,  with  the  noble  animal  whose  name  it  bears, 
seems  to  retreat,  every  where,  before  the  advances  of  cuhivation. 
To  browse  upon  its  berries,  buds  and  small  limbs,  the  moose  and 
deer  seem  to  be  especially  eager. 

The  0«crf  is  of  the  willow-kind,  and  always  foimd  to  be  mostoii«r. 
flourishing  by  water-courses.     It  grows  large  enough  for  switches, 
yields  rather  an  aromatic  smell ;  and  from  its  freshness,  it  has 
been  called  ^rccn  Osier.     ■       •'  >  ■  •       n  r.T,fK 

The  Prune  genus'l  embraces,  1 ,  the  Plum,  of  which  we  reckon 
three  varieties,  the  red,  the  yellow  and  the  (horn  plum,  which  are 
neither  plenty  nor  grateful  to  the  taste.  It  has  five  petals,  a 
smooth  drupe  and  a  nut  with  a  prominent  feature.  2,  It  also 
embraces  the  Cherry,  of  which  we  have  the  black  cherry-tree, 
which  bears  fruit  abundantly  of  that  colour : — and  the  Choke- 
cherry,  or  as  some  may  call  it  the  choke-berry  of  two  varieties, 
the  fruit  of  one  being  dark  brown,  the  other  red.  They  are 
larger  than  currants  and  quite  saturant.  The  choke-cherry  bush 
is  a  considerable  sinub  of  six  feet  in  height. 

The  Rose-bush^  (^vild,)  holds  a  distinguished  place  in  our  Kotr-buib, 
American  shruhbery.  It  grows  about  six  feet  in  height,  its  top 
is  bowing,  like  that  of  an  upright  blackberry,  though  bolder  and 
more  graceful.  It  branches,  and  is  well  fortified  with  pin-pointed 
thorns.  Its  flowers,  which  are  of  two  varieties,  white  and  pah' 
red,  are  endued  with  a  fragrance  hardly  surpassed  by  any  in  the 
vegetable  republic. 

One  species  of  our  Sumach\\  is  of  a  'Iclctcrlous  or  poisonous  char- 
acter. It  has  been  sometimes  called  poison  Ash,  and  by  mistake, 
also, '*  Do^oorf. "IT  Theother  is  the  common  Sumach.  The  lat- 
ter grows  much  higher  than  a  man  can  reach  ;  its  body,  near  the 
ground,  is  three  inches  in  diameter  or  more,  and  its  plentiful 
branches  bear  large  conical  bunches  of  berries,  which,  when  ripe, 
are  claret-red,  and  afford  a  good  ingredient  for  dyeing,  and  the 
branches  for  tanning. 


Siimarh, 


•  Or  "  Mooscwooi^,''  Direa  pnlusl^it, 
i  Vimcn  Viriilc— Or,  Sa!ix  viiiiincii!i. 

I  l'ru>iut—\.  I'riinin  tjlvLktri*.     2.  Trunu*  virginiana.— [rA/rrt/-;rfr.] 
!)  liusca  i^j'lvcstris.  ||  Khu^  Vernix. 

H  IlB  berries,  which  arc  large  as  {tens  and  of  .i  dark  blur,  have  been  call* 
cd '» dtgbtrritt.'*  . 


Pnianil 
Mtuathi 


lis  THE  PLANTS  AND  HERBS  [ItrTRODOdi 

The  poiton  Sumach  occurs  in  the  western,  but  verjr  seldom, 
if  ever,  in  the  eastern  parts  of  the  State.  It  is  an  elegant  shrub, 
growing  10  or  15  feet  high,  branching  at  top  and  covered  with 
a  pale  redish  bark.  Its  wood,  which  contains  a  great  pith,  is  light 
and  brittle  ;  its  Howcrs  are  green,  small  and  fragrant :  and  what 
^  is  remarkable,  the  barren  and  tlie  fertile  flowers  grow  on  different 
trees.  An  incision  of  the  bark  will  exude  a  juice  opaque,  strdhg, 
and  of  a  disagreeable  smell ;  and  when  touched  by  perMois  of 
some  constitutions  will  effect  them  as  doth  poison  ivy.     The  first 

'«  ;  .  <    effects  are  an  itching  and  swelling,  then  a  redness  and   painful 

.     burning.     But  it  is  seldom  fatal ;  clothes  dipped  in  lead-water  and 

applied  have  proved  a  relief;  and  indeed  many  are  regardless  of 

the  poison  Sumach,  as  it  never  injures  tliem.     Its  fruit  is  a  bunch 

of  dry  berries  or  greenish  drupes.  >  -   -  -   -.' »    .  ••• 

Sweei-frrn.  The  Sweet-fem*  is  much  smaller  and  of  less  notoriety,  than 
the  Rose-bush,  though  its  leaves  are  wholesome  in  diet-drink,  or 
beer ;  and  it  indicates  the  land  where  it  grows  to  be  uniformly 
warm  and  sweet. 

Thorn-tHish.  The  Thom-bushj^  seldom  grows  higher  than  10  or  12  feet ; 
its  bark  is  dark  brown,  its  wood  very  tough,  its  limbs  and  shoots 
are  numerous  and  thick,  and  upon  its  branches  grow  spu.'s,  or 
slender  thorns,  an  inch  and  half  in  length  and  very  sharp-point- 
ed.^ Apple-tree  shoots  engrafted  into  its  body,  cut  pff  near  the 
ground,  have  flourished  well.  The  thorn-bush  bears  berries  en- 
closing several  stones,  or  seeds,  like  the  haws  of  tlie  hawthorn  in 
England,  though  larger.'^  The  meat  of  the  seed  is  rich  and  palata- 
ble. 

These  are  the  principal  small  trees  and  shrubs  which  variegate 
and  adorn  our  woods,  humble  it  is  true,  though  strongly  marked 
by  their  peculiarities.  ^ 


Tlakti. 


PLANTS  AND  HERBS. 

The  native  individuals  of  this  department  are  very  numerous, 
all  designed,  no  doubt,  to  be  of  essential  and  various  use  to  .nan 
as  well  as  beast.  In  China,  it  is  said,  every  herb  is  applied  to 
lomc  valuable  purpose,  and  every  weed  has  its  well  known  use. 


*  C»mploniny  ^Itnhnfolia. — Itcv.  Dr.  Cochrane,    f  Cratoegus  Coccioea. 

I  Of  the  thorn  there  are  two  varieties,  one  hat  a  purple  and  the  other  a 
rhite  flow«r.  ( J.  Bennook  Etq. 


numerous. 


SaCt.  IT.]  or  MAINE.  lit 

IT  the  prc^rties  of  all  our  plants  were  scientifically  understood,  Hw^  •«! 
the  general  use  of  them  would  save  to  the  State  a  heav^  annual 
tax,  occasioned  by  the  importation  of  foreign  drugs,  and  probably 
be  equally  efficacious  to  preserve  health  and  prolong  life. 

These,  as  distinguished  from  the  preceding  classes,  have  stems, 
or  stalks,  without  the  contexture  and  fiimncss  of  wood.  Such 
artf' denominated  annual,  as  produce  flowers  and  fruits  only  one 
season  and  then  die,  as  the  golden-rod  or  the  strawberry;  and 
if  the  root  also  dies  the  same  year,  and  the  species  is  propagated 
the  next  season  from  the  seed,  it  is  literally  a  vegetable.  The 
perennial  plant  has  a  root  which  has  within  itself  a  principle  of 
continued  life,  yielding  new  flowers  and  seeds,  year  after  year ; 
though  the  stalk  dies  the  root  lives,  and  most  plants  have  this 
property.  Linnaeus  calls  the  whole  plant  an  herbf  including  the 
stalk,  the  leaves,  the  props  and  defenders,  and  the  buds.  But 
what  are  vines  and  what  are,  botanically,  roots  ? — are  questions 
which  botanists  have  not  definitely  determined,  except  that  the 
former  being  more  slender  and  weak,  as  climbers,  are  dependent 
on  their  stouter  neighbours  and  their  own  tendrils  for  supports  ; 
and  tlie  latter,  while  they  evince  their  existence  by  a  rising  herb, 
are  remarkable  for  the  esculent  or  peculiar  properties  of  the  parts 
within  the  ground.  )  "^     '>  '  -yAi  ka*  ,:u>>h  -aiii 

Of  ri>e  prodigious  number  of  our  indigenous  plants,  we  will 
now  proceed  to  mention  such  as  have  come  to  our  knowledge  ; 
and  though  the  list  contains  more  dian  150  individuals,  they  are 
probably  not  a  tenth  part  of  the  whole.  For  the  sake  of  con- 
venience, as  a  perfectly  botanical  classification  is  impracticable, 
they  are  arranged  in  alphabetical  order. 

We  begin  with  Agrimony*  and  with  the  "  American  Rose' 
iay."t  The  latter,  though  it  prefers  a  warmer  climate  than 
ours,  has  been  "  observed  growing  plentifully  on  the  borders  of 
Sebago  lake,  near  Portland."  It  chooses  a  damp  spungy  soil,  a 
shelter  from  the  sunbeams,  and  always  dwindles  within  a  year  or 
two  after  being  transplanted.  It  is  large,  straprgling,  and  quite 
irregular  in  its  manner  of  growth.  The  bark  is  grayish  and  much 
cracked  ;  the  leaves  arc  in  tufts  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  cvcr- 


*  As;'rimony  [Asfrimonia  F.ii|infc'rin]  Ims  ji'llow  IiIossoiiim,  in  lonfj  (ormin- 
atinpf  vpikct;  it*  root  is  nscJ  by  tiic  auiivcBin  fevers,  and  itn  lcuvc«  fur 
diet'  Irink  and  the  jaunJico.  f  Ithoinilc ijrun  Maxi.-niiin. 


THE  PLANTS      m  \hmaDm, 

n«i4w  mhI  green  and  covered  with  nap.    The  flowers  form  a  tennkial  <4ai^ 


WgtlhlM. 


ter,  just  above  the  leaves,  each  one  is  elliptical,  having  a  while 
ground  most  delicately  shaded  with  lake,  the  upper  and  largest 
are  freckled  with  an  assemblage  of  orange-coloured  spots  at  the 
centre.  This  plant  is  ranked  among  tlie  first  astringents ;  but 
the  supposition  tliat  it  is  poisonous  is  an  errour.  Both  the  leaves 
and  bark,  digested  in  alcohol,  yield  a  resinous  tincture,  quickly 
turbid  when  mixed  with  water,  and  the  fluid  ought  to  be  taken 
sparingly. 

Of  the  three  following  we  can  only  say,  that  Adder's-tongVA* 
grows  two  feet  high,  in  running  water,  and  is  said  to  be  a  remedy 
for  the  hydrophobia ;  that  Angelica^  is  a  third  taller,  loves  moist 
ground,  and  a  decoction  of  it  will  relieve  asthmatic  affections ; 
and  that  Arsmart,\  a  well-known  low  herb,  is  said  to  dye  a  deep 
yellow,  hn'i.  is  too  pungent  and  strong  tasted  to  be  eaten  green, 
even  by  any  beast. 

The  Bearberry,%  or  Bear's  grape,  trails  on  the  ground,  putting 
forth  roots  from  its  prominent  stems,  or  rising  shoots,  and  has 
scattered  evergreen  leaves,  finely  freckled.  Its  flowers  are  little 
clusters,  pale  red  and  white,  pending  from  the  ends  of  the  bran- 
ches. A  decoction  of  this  plant  is  said  to  be  good  in  strangury, 
the  stone,  and  the  dysentery.  But  not  more  than  ten  grains  of 
its  pulverized  leaves  ought  ever  to  be  taken  at  a  time.  The  taste 
of  the  leaves  is  both  astringent  and  bitter. 

Bitter-sweet, \^  a  hardy  climbing  plant  of  five  feet  high  and 
shrubby,  is  good  for  the  rheumatism,  asthma,  and  jaundice,  and 
in  diet-drink  ;  Bctony,^  the  stalk  of  which  is  much  shorter,  has 
long  leaves  hanging  from  several  branches,  and  a  purple  blowth,— 
a  tea  of  it  will  relieve  the  headach.  The  Brake,**  of  which 
there  are  several  varieties,  the  root  of  which  is  sometimes  called 
tlie  "  bog-onion,"  when  boiled  in  water,  to  a  jelly,  is  good  for 
sprains.  Tlie  Bane-berry,j[\  witli  a  stalk  a  foot  high,  has  green 
balls,  as  large  as  those  of  asparagus,  and  is  ill-tasted. 

The  Blood-root^'l  is  an  acrid  narcotic  j  and  a  large  dose  of  it 
occasions  nausea,   heart-burn,  and  faintness.     It  is  an  emetic ; 


*  Ophioglossum.  f  Angelica  Sylvcstris, — "  American  Mastcrwort." 

\  Poljgonuin  i^ncciltalis.        (  Abulus  Uva  IJr&i.      ||  Solanum  Dulcamara. 
UTo  wit,  IlcaJ  and  Wood  Bctony.  *•  Ptcris  AquJlina. 

ft  Actca  Spicata.  tt  Banguinstria  Cnnadcncia. 


Scot,  tt.] 


OP  MAINE. 


m 


.^t  ifiiiji'ii^i 


■nd  Imi  been  beneficiaDy  used  in  the  incipient  lUges  of  pubno- Bm*|im|1 
nuy  c<»aamption,  the  influenza,  uid  the  whooping  cough.  It 
has  been  cafled  Paeeoon  and  Red-root.  Its  stalk  is  quite  short ; 
and  its  beautiful  white  flowers  proceed  from  a  horizontal  fleshy 
root,  brownish  without,  the  juice  of  which  is  of  a  bright  orange 
colour,  and  gives  the  plant  its  name. 

The  BttekbeaTif  or  Marsh  Trefoil*  prefers  always  wet  spongy 
soils.  The  root  penetrates  or  runs  to  a  great  distance  in  the  bog- 
earth,  with  half-inch  joints ;  its  leaves  spring  from  the  end  of  the 
roots ;  it  flowers  in  the  middle  of  May,  and  its  blossoms,  on  the 
top  of  a  leafless  stalk,  are  white,  with  an  outer  tinge  of  red. 
The  plant  holds  a  high  place  as  a  bitter  or  tonic. 

Another  herb,  still  more  rich,  is  the  Butterfly-weedf\  Pleurisy' 
root  or  Swallow-wortf  found  in  dry,  sandy  soils,  and  pine  woods. 
Its  root  is  branching,  pulpous  and  large ;  and  its  stems  many, 
bearing  flowers  of  a  beautiful  light  orange  colour.  It  is  celebrat- 
ed for  its  efiicacy  as  an  expectorant,  and  also  in  cases  of  catarrh 
and  pleurisy,  and  pulmonary  complaints. 

Those  of  less  importance  are  the  Celandine  ;  the  Comfrey  ; 
the  Catmint,  or  Catnip,  [Nepcta]  whose  appearance  and  virtues 
are  well  known ;  the  China-aster,  a  plant  of  two  varieties,  the  > 

one  4,  and  the  other  3  feet  high :  the  former  has  long  leaves, 
many  branches  and  beautiful  white  flowers ;  the  other's  blossoms 
are  pink  coloured.  The  Columbine,  whose  flowers  are  red,  is  an 
annual  plant,  and  grows  12  inches  high ;  the  Cowslip  is  one  of 
the  first  herbs  in  the  spring  that  cheers  and  adorns  the  meadows ; 
and  the  Cuckold,  a  troublesome  weed  in  plough-lands,  whose 
seeds  have  horns,  often  occurs. 

The  Chequer-berry,  sometimes  called  Box-berry,^  and  Par- 
tridge-berry,^ is  a  well  known  evergreen  plant,  abundant  in  our 
woods.  It  is  low  and  humble,  and  like  modest  merit,  prefers  the 
shade.  It  blossoms  early  in  the  spring,  and  again  late  in  the 
summer.  Of  its  vermilion  coloured  berries,  the  taste  and  smell 
are  exceedingly  pleasant  flavoured.  This  **  mountain  tea"  pro- 
motes mammillary  secretions.  Clover\\  is  common ;  also  the 
Chocolate    plant,^  which  flourishes  luxuriantly  in  woods  or 

''Menyanthei  Trifoliata;   or,  Hcdyiarum  Andiflorum,  [Bu«A  Trefoil.] 
^uUair*  Botany,  61.    t  Asclepias  Tuberota.    }  Gaultheria  ProcnmbcBi. 
\  Box-leared  MUchtlla,  [or  Partridge- berry.]  |)  Trifoliqin. 

H  Geum  Avens,  or  Kivale,  3  Species. 
Vob    L  » 


THE  PLAlfTS  [ImTBOOUO. 

Herbtu^  DCw  grouods.      Its  Totft,  whcD  boiled,  makes  a  drink  in  tast* 
and  goodness  like  chocolate. 

Coltt'foot  or  tnld  Ginger^*  [Canada  Snakeroot]  is  one  of 
the  humblest  and  oldest  settlers  of  the  forest.  It  has  only  two 
leaves  witli  their  stalks,  which  constitute  the  whole  of  the  plant 
above  the  ground,  united  at  bottom,  and  bearing  m  their  fork  an 
obscure  flower.  Its  leaves  are  kidney-shaped,  and  the  aromatic 
flavour  of  its  root  has  rendered  it  a  fit  and  wholesome  substitute 
for  ginger.  Red  chick-weed\  is  a  beautiful  low  plant  procunv- 
bent  on  the  ground.  The  Common  Cranesbill'l  exhibits  a  horizon- 
tal root,  thick  and  knobby;  a  stalk  erect;  leaves  spreading, 
with  a  flower-stem  in  the  fork ;  and  petals  of  a  light  purple, 
fraught  with  green  stars  at  the  base.  Its  root  is  a  most  powerful 
astringent.  •        .>-         >     ,;.,..■:>      .-^ a.-  <l^  no,*. 

The  Dandelion'^  is  a  corrective  of  the  bile  and  a  tonic.  The 
Dogsbane^W  though  a  plant,  resembles  in  some  appearances  the 
poison  sumach,  but  is  shorter,  more  beautiful,  and  altogether  free 
from  its  deleterious  qualities.  The  Dogstooth*^  violet  belongs  to 
the  lily  order  : — ^the  bulb  of  its  root,  when  dry,  is  meally  and 
pleasant,  and  its  blossom  is  a  bell-flower,  very  elegant.  The 
plant  may  be  used  as  an  emetic»  .. .  ., 

Dragon-root,'''*  Indian  turnip  or  Wakerohinf  grows  on  damp 
ground,  exhibits  two  or  three  leaves  on  long  sheathing  foot-stalks, 
rising  from  a  very  curious  root,  round  and  flattened,  whose  upper 

't  is  truncated  like  an  onion,  and  lower  part  tuberous  and 
brawny.  Its  leaves  are  freckled  and  often  white  streaked, — 
hence  called  *'  lords  and  ladies."  It  is  covered  on  the  under  side 
with  dark,  loose,  wrinkled  skin  or  coat.  Its  root  is  extremely 
acrid  and  affects  the  tongue  like  Cayenne  pepper,  and  is  good 
for  the  asthma  or  croup.  .  , ,, 

The  Elecampane,  or  Stanoort,^^  grows  5  or  6  feet  high,  bears 
yellow  flowers,  and  its  root   is   good   for  coughs.     The  Ever" 


*  Asarum  Canadense. — Carum  Carvi,  or  Caraway  is  indigenous  and  flour- 
ishn  luxnriantly.  -^    - 

f  Anagallis  Arrensis, — called  also  Pimpernel,  or  Poor  man't  veathergtatt. 
MiUtall,  69.  I  Geranium  Maculatum. 

{  Leontodon  Taracaccon,  (wo  varietiti, 

I)  Apocjnuin  Androi-acmifoliuin.  %  Erjtdironium  Amcricanum. 

••  Arum  Tryphyllum.  ft  Inula.— Heleneum. 


StCT.  ItJ  of  MAINE  ISS 

grun*  i»  •  beautiful  little  green  vine,  that  runs  extensively  on  fC>riMud 
the  ground.    The  Fireweedf  springs  up  5  feet  high,  on  lands 
newlj  burnt  over,  and  yields  from  its  blowth    a  down   excellent 
for  pouhices. 

The  Fever'TOOt,  or  teild  Ipecae^X  occurs  in  limestone  soils,  has  v, 

opposite  leaves ;  and  f*s  flowers  spring  from  the  fork  between  the 
leaves  and  the  stalk.    It  may  be  used  for  an  emetic  or  cathartic. 

There  are  three  kinds  of  Flag,'^  the  sweet  Flag,\\  the  cat-tail 
Flagt^  and  the  blue  Flag  ;**  and  they  all  grow  in  very  wet  land. 
The  first  has  very  long  dirk-like  leaves,  and  a  root  which  is  white 
and  to  the  taste  sweet,  accompanied  with  a  rare  warmth.  The 
stalk  of  the  second  is  5  feet  in  height,  bearing  cylindrical  heads, 
from  3  to  6  inches  in  length,  formed  of  a  downy  substance,  good 
for  bedding,  and  furnished  with  long  thin  leaves,  much  used  in 
cooperage.  The  blue  Flag  [or  flower-de-luce]  from  a  musculous 
horizontal  root,  set  thick  with  fibres,  sends  up  a  stem  3  feet  high, 
bearing  from  two  to  six  beautiful  flowers  :  their  borders  purple, 
interiour  variegated  with  green,  yellow  and  white,  veined  with 
royal  purple.  Its  root,  nauseous,  hot  and  acrimonious,  is  an  ac- 
tive cathartic  and  an  Indian  diuretic.  Fox-glove\f  is  also  a 
diuretic  herb;  it  grows  18  inches  high  and  is  good  for  the 
nerves. 

GinsengXt  is  a  very  noted  plant  in  China  as  well  as  America* 
It  flourishes  best  on  the  acclivities  of  mountains.  The  root  has 
oblong,  white  and  fleshy  parts,  wrinkled  crosswise,  from  which 
springs  a  short  stalk,  smooth,  round,  and  green,  tinged  with  red, 
adorned  whh  great  leaves  pendant  from  long  stems,  a  flower-stalk 
tipped  with  umbel  blossoms  of  a  delicate  red,  and  kidney-shaped 
berries  of  a  bright  scarlet.  The  taste  of  the  root  is  a  sweet  bitter 
and  somewhat  aromatic  ;  and  on  the  whole,  not  unpleasant.  Its 
medicinal  virtues  are  much  like  those  of  liquorice,  good  in  cro- 
nic  coughs.  .  ,;  i 

The  Golden'rodif^  is  a  well  knotvn,  plentiful,  fragrant,  sweet- 
tasted  plant,  growing  three  feet  high,  branched,  and  bearing  com- 
pound yellow  blossoms.  Taken  as  a  tea,  it  is  a  gentle  stimulant 
and  sudorific. 


*  Viridium  Sepitunam  i 
{ Irii  paluBtrii  ? 


t 


t 


\  Triosteum  Perroliatum. 
II  Acorus  Calamus. 
^  Polypodium,  or  Typha  Latifolia.  '*"*'  Iria  Versicolor. 

ft  Digitalli  Purpurea,     (t  P^a^x  Quinquefoliuia.      }}  SolidaffO  Odora. 


184 


THE  PLAHTS  PHTmOWWi 

QMm-ihreai*  derives  its  name  from  hs  roots,  which  ve  of 
a  bright  yellow  colour,  ruuiiog  in  all  directions  like  silken  cords ; 
from  which  spring  long  stems  leafed  at  the  end,  and  a  flower- 
stalk,  bearing  white  blossoms.  A  tincture  made  of  the  root,  di« 
gested  in  rectified  spirits  of  wine,  is  a  good  tonic  bitter,  promo- 
tive of  digestion  and  strengthening  to  the  stomach. 

Our  Ortutet  constitute  a  numerous  family,  of  more  than  20 
individuals,  such  as  knotj  mayy  itettt-tcentedy  iickUy  witch,  bog^ 
gootCf  blue  jointy  foul  meadoWy  harsocky  red-top,  white  dovery 
crowfooty  or  kingcupy  and  star-graat.f  The  leaves  of  the 
last  spread  near  the  ground  and  look  not  unlike  a  "  blazing" 
star,  whence  rises  a  leafless  stalk,  the  parent  of  the  flowers 
and  the  seeds. 

Herb  ChristopkeryX  two  and  a  half  feet  high,  has  berries  pois- 
onous. The  Houndstongue  is  good  for  a  cough.  Hearti-ea$e^  re- 
sembles arsmart  in  appearance,  except  that  it  has  a  largu  reddish 
heart-formed  spot  on  its  leaf.  Heal-aU,  \\  Cure-all  or  Watsr-averUy 
is  of  two  varieties ;  one  has  circular,  the  other  oval  leaves.  The 
former  is  used  to  check  inflammations  and  eruptions  of  the  skin. 

The  American  Hellebore^  and  the  Poke  have  some  resem- 
blance ;  both  spring  up  early,  and  their  large  bright  green  leaves 
render  them  quite  conspicuous  in  the  swamps  and  wet  meadows, 
where  they  choose  to  grow.  But  while  t'le  poke  continues  to 
have  only  a  tuft  of  its  original  leaves,  the  hellebore  sends  up  a 
straight  leafy  stalk,  five  feet  high,  and  exhibits  large  leaves  near 
the  ground,  and  flowers  among  those  higher  up  and  smaller. 
To  the  taste  it  is  extremely  bitter  and  acrimonious.  Its  root  is 
also  a  powerful  emetic  ;  and  though  poisonous  and  destructive  to 
vermin,  it  is  a  cure  for  the  scurvy  and  a  relief  in  rheumatic  cases. 
Josselyn,  in  his  Voyages,  says,  the  young  natives,  in  the  election 
of  their  chiefs,  took  it,  and  he  whose  stomach  could  endure  the 
most,  was  the  stoutest  and  most  worthy  to  rule.     Seed-corn,  when 

*  Coptis  Trifulia. — Bigelow.  But  Hev.  Dr.  Cochran*  arrang^cs  the  smooth 
gfolden  thread ;  zi^-zag'  do ;  gross  leaf  do ;  flesh  leaf  do ;  and  willow  leaf 
do; — under  the  So/id/igo £-e/iw<.  v     r- 

fTo  these  may  bo  added  Drome,  Bent,  Cock's-foot,  Hair,  Quaking', 
Panic,  and  Soft  Grasses. 

I  Aotoea  Spicata — Actoea  Racemosa.  2  varieties:  1st  has  white  blows 
and  red  berries ;  2d  is  an  astringent.    {  Trinitatis  herba,  or  Lady's  delight. 

II  Gerum  Rivale,  or  Prunella  vulgaris.      ?  Vcratrum  \itv\e.—Bi^tlir>-'B. 


8ioT.  nr.]  orMAiRi. 

iodcsd  in  •  deeoedon  of  H  ind  pbnted,  if  taken  by  tb*  birds, 
wiU  make  diem  giddity  ftll  upon  the  ground  and  thus  frighten 
awqr  the  others. 

Hettbane*  is  also  a  poison ;  jret  horses,  goats,  sheep,  and  of- 
tentimes neat  cattle,  are  said  to  feed  upon  it  without  injury.  The 
whole  herb,  which  is  of  a  seagreen  colour,  two  feet  high  and 
branching,  with  large  leaves,  emits  a  rank  offensive  smell.  It 
flowers  on  the  side  of  the  stalk,  and  forms  capsules,  or  cups, 
double-celled  and  covered  with  a  lid.  As  a  narcotic,  it  is  a  sub- 
stitute for  opium.  Horteradishf\  which  is  well  known,  is  an  in- 
digenous plant.  The  Indian  Cueun^erX  takes  its  name  from  its 
root,  which  is  white  and  pleasant  flavoured  like  a  garden  cucum- 
ber. On  the  top  of  its  stalk  are  a  few  berries,  and  around  it,  5 
or  6  inches  apart,  are  several  leaves.  The  Indian  Hemp^  grows 
a  foot  high  and  is  good  for  the  dysentery.  Of  this  the  Indians 
make  their  bowstrings  and  might  make  thread.  -   '  < -» i 

Ipeeaeuanha-spurgeW  has  a  large  pulpous  root,  which  pene- 
trates several  feet  into  the  ground,  has  short  stems  with  forks, 
whence  spring  the  shoots  which  bear  the  flowers.  It  is  a  power- 
ful emetic. 

Kindred  to  tliis  is  the  Lobelia,'^  toUd,  or  Indian  tobacco,**  a 
plentiful  annual  plant,  found  in  the  fields  and  on  the  road-sides ; 
it  flowers  from  mid-summer  till  frost-time.  Its  height  is.  from  12 
to  30  inches  ;  its  stem  erect,  roots  fibrous,  and  is  much  branch- 
ed ;  its  leaves  sessile,  oval  and  hairy.  Its  flowers  are  tassel-form- 
ed, with  a  bluish  purple  corolla,  and  its  seeds  are  oblong  and 
brown.  When  broken,  the  plant  exudes  a  milky  juice,  which 
gives  to  the  mouth  a  burning  acrimonious  sensation,  like  the  taste 
of  green  tobacco.  It  is  a  powerful  emetic  and  has  given  relief 
in  asthmatic  complaints. 

Others,  which  are  of  much  less  note,  are  these — lAft-ever- 
latt'ngfW  found  growing  every  where,  about  two  feet  high,  on 

*  Hjoscjramus  Niger.  -f  Cocklearia  Armoracia.  |  Medeola. 

}  Asclepias ?         ||  Euphorbia  Ipecacuanha.         H  Lobelia  Inflata. 

**  1  Big.  Botany,  1T7.  But  Indian  Tobacco,  called  by  the  Natives 
*'  Squavr^tuk,''^  ia  a  perennial  herb,  or  shnib ;  the  bark  of  which  thcjr 
sarape  oflT,  mix  with  their  tobacco,  and  smoke  it.  The  ctalk  sometimei 
grows  more  than  an  inch  in  diameter ;  its  wood  is  tough ;  its  bark  a  dark 
green  ;  its  leaves  elliptical,  smooth  on  the  upper  side  and  on  the  other 
fibrous.  ft  Gnaphaliom  Americaoum, 


It6 

Hwtei 


THE  PLAim  [IwTBOOUOi 

poor  land ;  its  capsules  make  good  beds ;  Lowigt*  grows  the 
same  height,  but  branches  Urge :  lAtngu)wrt\  and  lAvtnport^X 
used  as  preventives,  or  cures  of  the  consumption :  Liftrof-man^ 
growing  three  feet  high,  bears  clusters  of  purple  berries,  large  as 
shot  and  wholesome  ;  its  root  is  excellent  in  a  poultice :  Lorido' 
les-plant^  is  plenty  :  also  Larkspur, \\  which  destroys  vermin. 

Of  the  lAly  tribe,  we  have  several  species,ir  all  of  which  are 
remarkable  for  their  modest  downcast  beauties ;  but  the  pond, 
or  water-lily**  is  the  most  peculiar.  Its  roots  are  very  large, 
its  leaves  expansive,  with  tlie  upper  side  glossy  ;  and  its  flowers 
have  a  delicate  whiteness  and  a  fine  fragrance.  The  root  is  a 
great  astringent  and  in  some  cases  it  is  useful  in  poultices. 

Marsh  rosemary^^  is  a  marine  plant  and  therefore  flourishes 
best  in  or  near  tlie  salt  meadows ;  whereas  highland  vegetables 
die,  if  salt  be  so  much  as  powdered  at  their  roots.  Of  the 
Marsh  rosemary,  which  is  perennial,  the  root  is  large,  fleshy  and 
branched,  from  which  spring  expanded  leaves  and  a  large  central 
stalk,  rising  several  feet  in  height,  branching  and  bearing  flowers 
of  a  pink  and  pale  bluish  purple.  Its  root  is  astringent,  equal  to 
that  of  galls. 

The  following  herbs,  generdly  well  known,  viz.  May-flovters  ;XX 
also  May-vxeed,%%  a  low  plant  with  white  blows,  very  bitter ; 
Jtfo^Aerivor/, II II  much  used  by  females;  Maidenhair ^^^  a  fine 
brake  and  tenant  of  low  grounds ;  Mint,  or  Spearmint,  [Mentha 
Romana']  a  pleasant  sudorific ;  Mullein,***  whose  leaves  are  often 
boiled  in  milk  and  the  decoction  taken  for  the  dysentery ;  and 
Meadoio-cup,  called  forefathers'  pitcher,  or  Whippoorwill's  shoes ; 

*  Levislicum.  f  PulmoQaria,  I  Hepatica, 

}  Coridales. — Dr.  Grovcr,  •       U  Delphinium. 

lITSuch  as  the  yellow  water-lily, or  dog'-Iilj, or  beaver-root;  two  varietiei  of 
meadow-lilies,  tlie  upright  has  a  flower  of  a  red  colour,  freckled  with  black; 
in  the  other,  the  pensile  is  yellow  freckled.  May-lily,  or  "  lily  of  the  val- 
ley ;"  and  nodJing-lily.— !?/•.  Cochrane. 

**Nymphea  Odurata.  ff  Statice  Carolinia  [or  Sea  Lavender.] 

JJ  Epigaea  Repens.  Of  these  there  are  two  species— 1.  a  vine  whose 
blossoms  are  white  and  sweet-scented  ;  2.  an  upright  plant  of  two  varie- 
ties :    The  flowers  of  one  are  red,  of  the  other  red  and  white. 

}}  Anthemis  Cotula.  ||||  Leonardes  Cardiaca, 

inr  Adiantus  Pedalus,    ,,^_         ,  ,       if.        •'"*  Verbascuin  Shapsjs. 


poison ; 
Poke, 
and   ern 
are  said 


Scot,  it.] 

•11   which    are  common. 


orMAmc 


liT 


MUiei*  has  been  cultivtted  withH«teMd 
succen  «•  an  article  of  bread  stuff.    We  have  two  or  three  species 
of  the  MaUow$;\  one  is  the  marsh  Mallowt,  [Altlua  Ofieinali»\ 
known  by  the  little  cheeses  it  bears,  and  is  often  used  to  check  a 
diarrhoea.     Milkweed,  sometimes  called  SUk-grass,\  grows  4  ' 

or  5  feet  high  ;  bears  pods  four  inches  in  length  enfolding  a  downy 
substance,  soft  like  bilk  and  good  for  bedding.  The  body,  or  a 
branch  when  truncated,  yields  a  glutinous  milk  very  white. 

Nightshade,^  or  banewort,  belongs  to  the  multiform  Solatium 
genus ;  of  which  there  are  many  species,  as  bitter-sweet,  woody 
nightshade,  Eggplant,  and  even  the  common  potatoe.  The  hlack, 
or  wood  nightshade,  is  a  viny  or  climbing  vegetable.  It  runs  over 
walls,  bears  red  berries,  and  is  said  to  be  poisonous.  Another  is 
a  perennial  branching  plant,  3^  feet  high. 

JVettles\\  are  common  and  of  two  varieties,  hedge  and  sting- 
ing ;  the  latter  need  be  touched  only  once  to  be  remembered. 
U  boiled  in  milk,  or  made  a  principal  ingredient  in  syrups,  they 
are  said  to  afford  a  remedy  anti-consumptive. 

Onion  (wild,)  or  Leek,  resembles  Chives,  only  larger ;  the  Oat 
(wild)ir  has  a  lighter  grain  than  those  cultivated ;  Pea**  (wild)  is 
a  vine  which  has  a  small  pod  and  a  black  seed  when  ripe,  grow- 
ing on  the  margin  of  streams  and  shores  of  Islands,  Also  tlie 
Oak  of  Jerusalem\^  is  a  native.  ' '  -    . 

Penny-royalfXX  or  Pudding  grass,  a  low  aromatic  herb  j  Pi  tty- 
morrel,%  which  in  smell  and  taste  resembles  the  "  life  of  man  ;'* 
Plantain,  [Plantago"]  whose  efficacy  is  well  known  when  applied 
to  parts  poisoned;  Purslain,  a  fat  succulent  vegetable,  often 
boiled  for  the  table ;  and  Poor-robin*s  plantain,  an  antidote  to 
poison ;  are  all  generally  known. 

PoA:e,||||  an  abbreviation  of  Pocum,  is  frequently  called  Cocum, 
and  erroneously,  Garget,'^^  and  its  clusters,  Pigeon-berries, 
are  said  to  be  poisonous.     The  Poke  deserves  particular  no- 

"*  Milium,     t  Malra  Rotuadifolia.     X  Asclepias.    Syriaca.    Silkweed. 

{  Solanum  Nigrum.    ||  Urtioa  Diotica.    H  Tizania  Aquatica.    ''^Pisum. 

f  f  Cheuepodium  Anbelminticum.  ||  Fulegium  Mentha. 

}}  Arabia  Nigra.    '  ||||  Pliytolacca  Dccrandra. 

IPir  Garget  ii  a  different  vegetable  from  Poke,  as  farmers  assure  me,  for 
Oarj:e^root  is  good  for  milch  kine,  when  the  bag  is  diseased  and  the  iiriilk 
curdled. 


128^ 

Herbi  and 


THE  PLANTS  OF  MAINE. 


[Intbouuc. 


tice.  Its  root  is  often  as  large  as  a  man's  leg  and  usually  divid- 
ed mto  two  or  three  branches,  and  covered  with  a  brownish  skin. 
Its  stalks  are  annual  and  grow  5  or  6  feet  high,  much  inclining  to 
branches,  which  bear  leaves  oval-oblong,  with  under  and  upper 
sides  smootli  and  ribbed  tendons  underneath.  Its  flowers,  which 
spring  from  long  leafless  stems,  are  white,  maculated  in  the  cenire 
with  green,  and  are  succeeded  by  long  clusters  of  dark  purple 
berries.  These,  which  are  sickly  sweet  and  nauseous,  are  eaten 
without  hurt  by  several  species  of  birds.  The  medicinal  proper- 
ties of  the  root  compare  with  those  of  tlie  Ipecacuanha ;  and  they 
are  said  also  to  be  efficacious  in  cancerous  aflections.  Husband- 
men use  a  decoction  of  it  for  the  same  purpose  they  do  hellebore. 

Of  the  Rush*  kind,  one  species  is  a  low  erect  herb,  jointed 
and  rough,  like  a  fine  grater.  We  have  also  the  pond,  meadow, 
fluted  and  bull  Rushes.  Sartaparilla\  is  valuable  for  its  aro- 
matic root,  which  runs  near  the  surface  of  the  ground ;  it  exhibits 
only  three  low  leaves  and  a  very  short  stalk.  Skull-cap  ;X 
Spleen-wort;^  ShephercPs-pursefW  and  Wild  Sunflowers,^  are 
very  common ;  also,  the  Sprig  of  Jerusalem,  an  annual  plant, 
18  inches  in  height,  of  remedial  use  in  the  measles  ;  and  Solo- 
mon^s  Seal,**  with  two  varieties ;  one  has  a  red  bell  flower,  with 
blue  berries,  and  the  other,  white,  with  red  berries.  The  Senna,f  f 
a  mild  catliartic,  is  said  to  grow  in  the  town  of  Union.  We 
have,  also.  Sea-weed,  [Algae,]  Oar-weed,  River-weed^  and  Suc- 
cory, as  common  herbs. 

Skuttk-cabbageXl  or  Skunk-weed  possesses  an  odour  too  dis- 
tinctive ever  to  be  mistaken.  It  springs  and  decays  early.  It 
is  reputed  to  bo  useful  in  relief  of  those  afflicted  witli  the  asthroa» 
catarrh  and  chronic  coughs. 

Directly  in  contrast  of  the  preceding  is  the  Strawberry,^^ 
whose  fruit  delights  the  eye,  the  smell,  and  the  taste.  Another, 
called  Two-eyed  berry,  is  wild,  and  its  fruit  has  two  dimples,  or 
eyes,  and  in  other  respects  it  resembles  a  chequerberry. 

*  Scirpus  Paluitrig.      \  Aralia.    Nudicaiilit.      |  Scutellaria  Lateriflora. 

}  Asplacnium.  ||  Tlilaipi  Bursa  FaRtoris.        |> 

H  Starllower,   asler  Cardatus,  5  tpccics.     Dut   Su-illowcr,  Ilelianlhiu 
frcniii,  is  a  different  kind  of  plant. 

*''*  Conrallaria,  \\  Cavsia  Lig^iiitrina.  \\  Ictodet  FooUdut*     v  ^ 

})  Frajfarla  Vosra- 


S«CT.  IT.] 


THE  VINES  OP  MAINE. 


189 


We  can  only  add,  that  we  have  I^Utlet  ;*  Thoroughwwrt  jf  HcHm  ud 
VtoUuX  of  several  species;  wild  ox  eommon   Tannf ;  Water- 
erestet^  fVintergreetu  ;\\  several  species  ol    Wormufoodt%  the 
wild,  or  Roman,  in  great  plenty :  also  fVUd  Marjoram,   [^Orig- 
anum  vtdgare']  grows  in  dry  fields. 


r»W#ifc-.;         ^'V 


ROOTS. 


Besides    the   Roott    enumerated  in  the   preceding    list  of 
plants,  we  may  mention  these  three,  viz:   the  Artichoke,  the '*'**■• 
Ground-nut,  and  likewise  tlie  Snake-root. 

Tlie  Artichoke**  is  somewhat  tasteless  j  otherwise  it  resem- 
bles a  small  oblong  potatoe. 

The  Crround-nuts\\  were  originally  a  great  article  of  food 
among  the  natives, — they  are  of  two  species  ;  the  blossoms  of 
one  are  yellow,  like  a  wild  sunflower,  and  its  roots  larger  than 
acorns ;  the  other  is  a  smaller  vegetable.  It  is  said  tlie  Snake- 
rootXl  is  found  abundantly  in  the  town  of  Warsaw.  Also,  we 
may  mention  Fever-root,^^  which  is  perennial,  and  called  vnld 
Ipecac;  its  stem  is  18  inches  in  height,  its  leaves  large,  and  its 
root  emetic  and  cathartic. 


VINES. 

There  are  a  few  natives  whose  names  properly  belong  to  this  viMt, 
Class.  ,  .i 

A  toild  Grape  vine||||  found  in  the  woods,  was  transplanted  by 
J.  Bennock,  Esq.  in  Orono,  twenty  years  ago,  where  it  has  run 
100  feet,  and  still  grows  luxuriantly.  It  bears  grapes  which, 
when  ripe,  are  of  a  purple  colour,  but  thsy  are  acrid  and  un- 
pleasant to  the  taste. 

He  also  showed  me  a  thrifty  Woodbind,^^  or  woodbine,  planted 


*  Cardiiui ?  sorcral  ipecici.              f  Eupatorium  Perrol'tatum. 

I  Viola.                           ^                                 { Naiturtium  Aquatioum. 

II  Pyrula  Umbcllato.                              K  Abtjrnthiiim. 

**  Cjnaria,  or  Holianthns.    Tubcrosiii.                   Iff  Glicine  Apiot. 

U  Poly^ala  Senegpa,  itneca  tnake-rtot,      •>  Snakc-wecd"  it  a  Jiflerent 
Tcpfctnblc.    [Chelone  Glabra.] 

\)  Trioiteum  PcrfoUatuin*             |||]  Ura  Sjlrottrii.     Alio,  Fox  grapt, 

fir  Perictymcno*. 

* 

. 

130  THE  VINES  [ImTRODUC 

ViMt.  on  each  side  of  his  front  door,  which  is  ft  perennial  plant.  Its 
stalk  is  large  as  a  goosequill  and  tough,  growing  inde6nitely.  It 
forms  a  truly  ornamental  bower ;  especially  when  exhibiting  its 
beautiful  blue  berries.  Another  species  is  biennial ;  it  ascends 
trees,  by  help  of  its  tendrils,  20  feet ;  blossoms  the  second  year, 
in  conic  forms  reversed,  and  exhibits  1 5  or  20  pale  red  flowers 
on  a  single  branch.  When  ripe,  its  seeds  are  a  glassy  jet-black 
and  almost  as  hard  as  marble. 

The  Hop*  is  indigenous  and  luxuriant ;  and  the  root  is  peren- 
nial. The  great  use  of  it  in  malt  liquors  is  well  known.  Hops 
have  been  cultivated  profitably  in  the  county  of  Penobscot,  They 
are  a  great  tonic,  and  beer  made  of  them  is  both  healthful  and 
palatable. 

Poison  Ivy\  is  a  vine  well  known  where  it  occurs ;  when 
wounded,  it  exudes  a  juice  which  is  poisonous.  It  is  a  dan- 
gerous medicine,  though  it  has  helped,  to  relieve  in  cases  of 
the  palsy. 

It  is  to  be  noted,  that  there  is  Hemlock^  a  tree,  and  a  shrub  be- 
fore described,  and  a  biennial  plant. X   The  latter,  branching,  grows 

*  Huinulus  Liipulus,  [Common  Hop.]  /    ,■,     .i,...  ,  ., 

f  Rhus  Radicani,  [Mercury.]    Glccoma — Oround'Ivy, 

I  Conium  Maculatum. 

NoTK. — The  Centum,  or  Hemlock,  is  the  plant  whose  narcotic  poison  is  said 
to  have  been  so  much  used  by  the  ancients  in  executions  of  malefactors.  It 
grows  in  the  county  of  Lincoln  and  elsewhere  in  the  State.  "  It  verj 
much  resembles  parsley — same  shade  of  g^reen." 

Jn  additional  Catalogue  of  J^ative  Planti.     '^'  '     ' 

Arrowhead,  {Sascitinria,)  is  aquatic,  g;rowing'  in  muddy  still  waters,  and 
deriving  its  name  from  the  leaves,  which  are  formed  like  the  head  of  an 
arrow. 

Bedsandwort,  {Avenaria  Rubra,)  2  species.  '  i 

Bind  Weed,  [Convohultu  Stpium.) 

Burdock,  {Arctium  Lappa.)    It  flowers  in  August. 

Burr-marygold,  [Bideni  Ctmua,)  2  species,  flowering  in  Aug.  and  Sept. 

Bush-honeysucklo,  (Dtcpvi7/a,)  grows  2  feet  in  height,  flowers  in  June 
and  July,  pink  red,  and  ve*-y  fragrant. 

Buttercup,  or  Crowfoot,  (TZanuncu/tM  Aborlivut,)  five  species,  flowers  in 
June. 

Chervil,  (CAa<ropAi7/um  C/aj/tont,)  bears  flowers  upon  several  fool>italks. 

Chicken-berry,  {JilitchtUa  Jtepent.) 

Cioquefoil,  {P^terUilla  Rtptatu,)  3  species  of  clorer. 

Cockle,  [Agroitfmma  Coronaria.) 


S«C*.  IT.] 


OF  MAINKl^ 


131 


often  to  the  height  of  a  man  ;  its  len  es  are  a  very  fight  green  VioM. 
and  its  juice  potsonotUj  though  in  small  doses  it  cures  the  jaun- 
dice. 


Cow-par«ley,  [Jhraclmm  Sphnndylium.) 
Coyr-WheiiU(MedioIa  Firginica.) 

Crosswort,  g^rowt  18  inches  high.    Its  leaf  is  like  that  of  a  peach-tree  ; 
and  when  decocted  in  water,  tastes  like  bohea.  tt»!^f, 

lh)fr^S'b?iac,  {Jlpocynum  •/tndroieani/olium.) — 2  IJigelott,  140. 
DwarC- Alder,  {liamnus  ,ilnifoUiui,)  resembles  an  elder-bush,  but  short* 
cr,  and  is  a  remedy  for  dropsj.  •  v;^iA' V.  -.;-  t/V?   '-r.ifii*^,-*^ 

Earthnut,  ( Bunium,)  a  root  in  shape  and  size  of  a  nut.  '?     f     I  ^H 

Flowering  Fern,  [Otmunda  Regalit,)  2  species. 

Fumitory,  {^Fumaiia,)  flowers  in  Aug^ust  and  September — a  common  an* 
nual  weed  in  gardens.     Its  capsule  contains  a  single  seed. 
Groundsel,  [Senecio  Aureus,)  3  species.        Ilogweed,  [Ambrotia  Elaiior.) 
Honey  suckle,  (Lonicera  Pirenaica,)  3  species. 

Horehound,  [Jlarfubiam  Vulgare,)  water  borehound  {Lycoput  Euro- 
poeut,)  2  species.  , 

lloodwort,  [Scultllaria  Latorifora,)— See  ScuUcap,  i 

Indian  pipe,  (.y>/ono<ro/)o  Untflora.)  ,  ;  •'' 

Labrador-tea,  {Lacdum  LatifuHum,)  is  a  shrub,  grows  2  or  3  feet  high. 
Us  leaves  make  a  palatable  tea ; — used  to  check  the  dysentery. 

Ladies^  Slipper,  [C'ypripedum  .4cau/e,]  grows  2  feet  high,  bears  a  spotted 
red  flower  whose  shape  gives  the  plant  its  name.  -i 

Leather  Leaf,  (^ntfromeja  Ca/ycu/ato,]  flowers  in  May  and  June. 
Live>forevcr,  {Seclum.)  Loose-strife,  {Lyttmctchia  Slricta.)    . 

Meadow-rue,  CZ'Aa/ieirum  Com«/i.)  I    '. 

Meadovir  Sweet,  {Spiraea  Salicifolia.)    Ttmentoxa,  Purple  Hardback. 
Medler,  [jyietpilut  Canadentit,)  2  species. 

Milfoil,  or  Yarrow,  {Achillea  Mille/ulium.)        Milkwort,  {Polygata.) 
Monkey-Qower,  {Mitnului  Ilingeni.) 
Mushroom,  {Fungi,)  several  species. 

Mustard,  common,  {Senapia Arventii.)    ?]ecklace-weed,(.^cloea  Spicaia.) 
Ox.eycd  Daisy,  {ChryuuUhemum  Leucanthemum.) 
Fenny-post,  {Ilydrocotyle  Americana.) 

Pickercl-rced,  {Pontedena  Cordata.)       Pigweed,  (CAenepodium  F^iride.) 
Pipewort,  {Eriocaulon  Peleucidum.) 

Pig-potutoe,(.4j)to«.)    Its  roots  are  strings  of  oblong  cylindrio  tubero; 
when  cooked  have  partly  the  flatrctr  of  potatoes, — "  a  part  of  the  vcgeta* 
blc  food  of  the  Aborigines." 
Prickly-fungus,  (//y(/nt4m.)        Pui  pkin,  Squash,  or  Gourd,  (Cucurfria.) 
Samphire,  {Salicomia  Herbacea.) 
Sc.)rpion-reed,(J!/y»*o<i»  Scorpiou/ff,)  2  species. 

Bcdge,  or  Sedge-grass,  {Cartx,)  is  a  genus  of  '>  not  less  than  90 species  in 
this  country  and  a  still  greater  number  in  Europe.  They  are  nearly  relat- 
ed to  the  grasses,  growing  in  woods  and  marshy  meadows  They  are  pe- 
rennial, often  vegetate  in  tufts,  have  leaves  like  grass,  but  keeled,  and  pro- 
duc'C  triangular  htcms  jolid  within,  #    - 


^'W4 


132  TtUElNlMALB  l^bTBOSVC. 

^M?  SECTION  V. 

NatioeAnititah,Beatt$,  Birds,  FtMhet,  Verwus,  Reptiks  and  In$4eU* 

BEASTS,  OR  QUADRUPEDS.* 

ZooL  ^^  ^^^  observations  upon  the  difTerent  creatures  of  this  section, 

respect  will  be  had  to  the  Linnaean  classification  and  arrangement ; 

Side-Saddle,  {Sarracinia  Purpurea  ;)  taking^  its  common  name  from  the 
■hope  cf  its  leaf;  it  grows  in  wet,  mossj  bogs,  and  vegetates  in  (iiutert 
rather  than  leaves ;  tubular  like  a  bottle. 

Sea-milkwort,  (Olaux  Jitarilima.) 

St.  JohnVwort,  [Hypericum  Perfgnnatum.) 

Snow-ball,  ( Viburnum  Opulut,)  is  a  shrub  baring  a  flower  like  a  rose, 
though  without  any  of  its  fragrance. 

Snow-thistle,  [Sonehui,)  resembles  lettuce. 

8pikenard,  Sarsaparilla,  are  species  of  the  Aralia.  1.  Raee-mota-  t.  JV^- 
dicaulit.  Aralia  Spinota,  [Angelica-tree]  is  a  large  shrub,  covered  with 
•harp  thorns.    The  other  is  a  stout  herb.  '     *  "  ''i 

Speedwell,  [Vermica  Serphillifolia,) 

Spring-beauty,  (C/ay(onta  Virginica.)        Spleenwort,  (.^tplenium.) 

Spurge,  {Euphorbia  Hcliotcupia.)    It  contains  an  acrid  milky  juice. 

Spurn^y,  [Spergula  Arventii.) 

Sweet  Pea,  {Lalhyrut  Venotui,)  [Vctchling]  a  most  fragrant  annual 
plant.  Touch-me-not,  {impatient  noli  me  (angere.) 

Trafoil-h\nh,  {HedytarumAndiflorum,) 

Turnip,  [Brattica  Rapa.)    Wild  Turnip,  {Arum  Triphillum.) 

Twinflower,  {Linnoea  Jiorealit.)       Venus'  Pride,  {Ilotutonia  Linnaai.) 

Water-arum,  {Calla  Paluttrii.)        Water  Fescue,  {Fettuea  Fluitant.) 

Water  Horehound,  (Lyc«pu«  Fir;^mtcttf.) 

Water  Purslane,  {Itnardia  Paliutrit.) 

Water  Parsnip,  {Sium  Lati/olium.)        White  Lettuce,  {PrearUhet  Alba.) 

Wild-rye,  {Elymut  Virginiut.)       Windflower,  {Anemone  Hepatica.) 

Willow-herb,  {Epilobium  Auguslifolium*) 

Vfood-uorrcl,  {Rumex  Acelotella.) 

Grasses.— J3am ;  Blue-eyed;  Chett ;  Cotten ;  Couch ;  Drepieed ;  Gout- 
foot ;  Horsetail ;  Ilerdt ;  Indian-tweet ;  Knot ;  JHeadow ;  Millet ;  Orchard  / 
Red-top  and  Timothy.— Mr.  ^uUall,  p.  190.  says,  "  the  Mays,  [Maize],  or 
Indian  Corn  {Zea  Mayt]  belongs  to  tlie  family  of  the  Grasses.  The  flow- 
ering top,  or  pinnacle,  consists  of  flowers  which  all  well  know,  never  pro- 
duce corn. 

N.  D — For  facts  relative  to  several  of  the  Plants,  particular  acknowl- 
edgements are  due  to  the  "  JVew  Ditpentalory,'"  of  J.  Thadier,  M.  D. ;  to 
the  «'  American  Medical  Botany"  &c.  in  3  vols,  with  plates,  by  Jac»6  Big- 
eUui,M.D — also,  «o  S.  Lowder.jr.  and  J.  Bennock,  Esqrs.  The  Bot- 
any of  TUmat  J^ultall,  Esq.  Professor,  ifc.  at  Harv.  University,  has  been 
consulted ;  and  alio  the  list  of  indigenous  plants  of  Rtv.  Dr.  CscArane, 
V.  Prcs.  of  King's  Coll.  N.  8.-2  Halliburten'e  HiH.  JV.  S.  405. 
•  See  N.  A.  Review,  No.  1,  1826,  p.  120. 


Sbot.  t.]  or  UAiNBi  17  138 

and  the  descriptions  given  will  be  such  fs  htive  been  received  from       ^ 
hunters,  and  naturalists. 

The  Bat  is  of  the  mouse  order :  it  brings  forth  its  young  alive  Bat 
and  suckles  them.     Its  teeth  are  very  sharp ;   only  its  hind  feet 
are  disengaged  from  the  skin ;  and  the  web  of  its  wings  is  thin, 
without  down  or  feathers.    *    "^v  -*   >  •   ^'     »     •  i-  -^^ 

Of  the  Bear  kind,*  are  three  species :  1 .  the  Bear  itself, ,, 
which  with  us,  is  of  black  or  a  dark  brown  colour ;  and  large,  >'""• 
weighing  from  3  to  400  pounds.  Its  flesh  is  good,  and  its  skin 
and  its  grease  is  valuable.  It  chooses  for  its  food,  corn,  sweet 
apples,  and  nuts ;  and  when  driven  by  hunger,  it  will  destroy  the 
smaller  domestic  animals,  and  has  been  known  to  kill  milch  cows. 
Children  have  been  sometimes  attacked  by  this  animal,  but  it  flies 
before  a  man.  When  "  tree'd"  and  unable  to  escape  its  pursuer, 
it  will  gather  its  body  into  a  globular  form  and  let  itself  down 
from  the  top  of  a  tall  tree,  to  the  ground,  from  which  it  will  re- 
bound two  or  three  feet,  and  receive  no  hurt.  One  so  escaped 
from  the  great  hunter,  John  Getchel  of  Vassalborough,  who  pur- 
sued it  with  a  pitchfork  to  the  top  of  a  tree  whence  it  dropt.  The 
female  usually  bears  two  cubs  at  a  birth.  During  the  winter 
months  the  bear  lies  dormant  in  some  well-chosen  den,  which  is 
usually  a  shelving  rock,  on  the  southerly  side  of  a  hill,  where  it 
dozes,  without  food  and  without  much  respiration.  Before  it  re- 
tires in  November,  it  gums  up,  as  the  hunters  call  it,  by  taking 
into  its  stomach  a  quantity  of  gum  and  turpentine  as  large  as  a 
man's  fist. 

2.  The  second  species  is  the  Raccoon.    This  cieature  is  shaped  k,cco«i. 
like  a  fox,  though  with  shorter  legs  and  sharper  claws.     Its  flesh 

is  excellent  for  the  table ;  its  fur,  which  is  of  a  dark  gray,  is 
good  for  hatting,  and  it  weighs  from  20  to  30  pounds. 

3.  The  Wolverine,  [Carcajou,f]  is  as  large  as  a  wolf  and  of  woiveriw. 
like  colour  ;  it  has  very  long  feet,  and  toes  strongly  set  with  claws. 

It  is  bold  and  fierce,  and  will  dart  from  the  branches  of  trees  upon 
the  backs  of  the  deer,  and  even  the  moose  j  and  with  wonder- 


*  A  bear  will  live  20  years. 

f  Goldemilh  Biip|)OBCt  Iho  Glutton  "in  ihe  nortlt  purl*  of  America— lias 
the  name  of  Carcnjou ;"  and "  tlie  wolverine  is  distingiiislicd  from  the 
glutton  by  its  supcriour  lizo  aod  colour.' —2  Qoldimith,  865,  888.  But  be 
is  not  correct 


CAtTOB 
KIND. 


134  TIIE  ANIMALS  [IlTTROSVe. 

All  dexteritjr  open  the  jugular  vein  viiih  its  teeth,  and  thus  bring 
its  prey  to  the  ground.* 

We  have  two  xpecies  of  the  Ca$tor  kind,f  viz.  1.  the  Beaver 
and  2.  the  Mutkrat  or  Mtuquash. 

The  Beaver  is  in  many  respects  the  most  remarkable  of  aU 
our  wild  animals.  Its  head  is  large,  its  ears  short :  its  fore  teeth 
are  prominent,  long,  and  sturdy,  and  hollowed  like  a  gouge ;  its 
fore  legs  are  short,  with  toes  separate,  and  its  hinder  ones  are 
long,  with  toes  webbed.  Its  tail  is  large,  broad,  and  scaly,  re- 
sembling  the  body  of  a  fish ;  its  fur  is  black,  very  thick  and  6ne, 
and  highly  valued.  It  is  an  amphibious  animal ;  its  body  is  three 
feet  in  length,  and  its  weight  45  or  50  pounds.  The  castor,  so 
much  celebrated,  lies  in  sacks  behind  the  kidneys.  Beavers 
like  birds,  have  only  one  place  for  evacuations.  They  dwell  to- 
gether in  families,  of  which  the  male  and  its  female,  and  4  or  5 
young  ones  of  a  year  old,  called  by  the  Indians  peoys,  form  one 
household;  the  construction  of  their  dams  and  habitations,  so 
particularly  described  by  most  writers  on  the  subject,  are  evincive 
of  a  wonderful  sagacity. 

MutquMb.  The  Musquash  is  also  amphibious,  and  affords  a  strong  musk. 
It  is  sometimes  called  the  Muskrat.'\.  It  fo  ms  its  cabin  in  stag- 
nant water,  with  sticks  and  mud,  and  is  smaller  than  a  beaver, 
being  1 5  inches  in  length  and  one  foot  in  circumference,  and  will 
weigh  about  four  pounds.  Its  back  is  dark,  its  sides  red-brown, 
and  its  fur  valuable. 

Cat  ximd.  The  species  of  the  Cat  kind^  found  in  our  forests  are  three, 
l.the  Catamount.    2.  the  Wild- Cat.     3.  the  Black-Cat. 

Catamount.  '^^^^  Catamount,  (the  Indian  Lunkson,  or  evil  devil,)  i»  a 
most  ferocious  and  violent  creature,  more  to  be  feared  by  the 
hunters  and  Indians,  than  any  other  one  in  our  woods.  Its  head 
is  like  that  of  a  common  cat ;  its  body  is  threefold  larger ;  its 
tail  is  about  five  inches  long,  its  colour  gray  and  its  fur  poor.     It 


*  I.  Ursiis  Arctos,  (Bear.)— 2.  Ursua  Ijoton,  (Raccoon.) — 3.  Ursiis  liuscus, 
(Wolverine.)  f  !•  Castor  Liber.— 2.  Castor  Zibethicus. 

\  Goldsmith  considers  the  Muskrat  a  species  of  the  Rat  g^enus;  whereus 
American  naturalists  range  it  under  the  Castor  kind.— 2  vol.  278, 

{  Felis.  1.  Felis  Pardalis.— 3.  Felis  Ljnx.— 3.  Fclis  Lepus. — Gold- 
smith supposes  the  "  Catamountaia"  is  the  same  as  the  eastcra  Occ/o/,  or 
Tygtr-CoL    2  vol.  276,  260. 


Skct.  v.]  orMAiNB.  135 

is  found  between  the  Penobscot  and  St.  John  riven.  There  is 
another  variety,  with  a  longer  tail,  shorter  legs  and  darker  colour. 

The  fVild-Catf  or  mountain  cat,  is  much  heavier  and  fiercer  Wiid-cai. 
than  any  of  the  domestic  species.  It  is  of  a  sallow-ground  col- 
our, and  its  weight  about  30  or  40  pounds.  The  Black- Cat  isBlacktau 
much  larger  in  size  than  the  wild-cat,  very  ravenous  and  fierce, 
has  short  legs  and  a  long  tail,  and  is  of  a  black  colour ;  called 
by  the  natives  fVooleneag.  A  hunter  has  assured  me  that  there 
is  a  fourth  species  found  in  our  woods,  called  Loucife,*  which 
has  a  cat's  head  and  ferocity,  but  its  fore  legs  and  tail  are  short 
and  its  hind  legs  long.  It  is  of  a  light  gray  colour,  is  twice  as 
large  as  a  rabbit  and  is  18  inches  high.  '        •  -^  " 

Of  the  Deer  kind,-\  we  may  reckon  three  species, — 1 .  the  Deiii 
Moose.    2.  the  Deer^  and  3.  the  Caribou.  ,  i  k. 

The  Moose^  sometimes  called  with  us  the  "  Moose-Deer,"|  is  Moom. 
the  most  noble  animal  of  our  forests,  as  the   white  pine  is  chief 
among  the  trees.     Hence  the  Moose  as  well  as  the  Pine  is  in- 
troduced into  our  shield,  in  the  coat  of  arms,  or  the  great  seal  of 
the  State. 

His  height  is  equal  to  that  of  a  common  horse  ;  his  legs  are 
longer  and  somewhat  smaller ;  and  his  head  and  neck  are  shaped 
like  that  of  a  colt,  witli  a  small  mane.  He  is  very  fleet-footed, 
able  to  trot   12  miles  an  hour;   and  when  pursued,  his  hoofs,  ..  ., 

which  are  cloven,  cHck  and  crackle  so  loud  every  step,  as  to  be 
heard  some  distance.  His  tail  is  short,  his  body  large,  gaunt  and 
cylindrical,  and  his  hair  is  an  intermixture  of  white  and  reddish 
brown,  forming  a  beautiful  gray.  He  chews  the  cud  and  has 
lofty  horns,  ten  feet  apart  from  tip  to  tip,  when  fully  grown,  which 
he  lays  back  upon  his  shoulders  when  he  travels,  and  which  he 
annually  sheds  ;  the  female  is  without  horns.  His  flesh  is  never 
very  fat,  but  exceedingly  tender  and  juicy,  and  is  said  to  make  a 
sweeter  and  better  steak  than  that  of  a  well  fattened  bullock. 


*  "  Loiipcervier,"  which  is  also  found  in  New-Brunswick  and  N.  Scotia. 
-Sk-ttches  of  JV.  n.  2  Hal.  A-  S.  39J. 

1 1.  Cervus  Torandus  —2.  Ccrvus  Dama,  (will  live  20  years.)— 3.  Cervui 
Canadcniii. 

\  Goldsmith  says, «'  there  is  but  very  little  difference  between  the  Euro, 
pcan  Klk  and  the  American  Moose-Doer."  2  vol.  206.  He  also  says,  p. 
213,  theN.  Americans  hunt  the  ffin-dtcr  "  under  the  name  of  the  Cari- 
bou.'"   But  he  mistakes. 


136  TRr  ANIMALS  [IlfTBOOTO. 

The  most  favourable  time  for  hunting  them  is  when  there  is  a 
deep  snow  on  the  ground,  bearing  a  hard  crust.    His  skin  makes 

jt^^v.:  soft  beautiful  leather,  and  is  highly  valued.  The  whole  weight  of  a 
full  grown  male  is  from  800  to  1200  pounds.    The  food  of  these 

i^H^t^i  animals  is  grass,  shrubs,  buds,  moss  and  the  bark  of  trees,  espe- 
cially beech  and  moose-wood,  a  sort  of  maple.  In  summer  they 
associate  in  families ;  and  in  companies  during  winter :  the  fe- 
male generally  brings  forth  two  at  a  birth,  in  April,  which  follow 
the  dam  a  year. 

They  were,  for  a  century  after  Maine  was  first  attempted  to  be 
settled,  found  and  killed  in  great  numbers ;  and  in  Nova  Scotia, 
they  were  still  more  abundant ;  so  that  as  late  as  during  the  Amer- 

'  can  Revolution,  they  were  in  that  province  hunted  by  the  loyal- 

ists merely  for  their  skins,  and  four  or  five  hundred  killed  in  one 
J  year.  They  are  now  scarce  in  this  State.  A  gentleman  informs 
me,  that  in  March,  1 786  or  7,  a  male  Moose  was  driven  into 
Hallowell  from  the  wilderness,  by  the  hunters.  He  strove  to  herd 
among  the  cattle,  but  being  discovered,  fled  to  the  river,  then  cov- 
ered with  ice ;  and  when  he  found  himself  surrounded  on  all 
sides  by  his  pursuers,  he  seemed  to  submit  to  his  fate  in  despair. 
The  first  shots  at  him  broke  his  under  jaw,  and  he  was  dropped 
by  a  ball  through  his  body.     He  had  then  no  horns. 

D^r,  The  Deer  is  of  a  cinerous  brown,  has  slender  horns  with  shoots 

on  the  interiour  side,  one  for  every  year  after  the  third  of  its  age ; 
and  these  horns,  of  three  pounds  weight,  he  casts  every  spring. 
The  amorous  season  is  September ;  and  the  modest  doe  sepa- 
rates from  the  buck  into  secret  places  to  bring  forth  her  young, 
bearing  two,  sometimes  three,  at  a  birth.  The  flesh  and  skin  of 
the  deer  are  highly  valued  ;  their  weight  of  carcase  is  from  350 
to  300  pounds.  They  are  still  plenty  in  this  State,  and  have 
very  lately  been  seen  near  the  head  of  the  tide  in  Penobscot 
river. 

Caribou.  The  Caribou*  is  a  large  animal,  about  half  way  in  size  be- 
tween tlie  deer  and  the  moose.  It  is  seen  about  the  upper 
branches  of  the  river  St.  John,  and  in  many  other  parts  of  the 
State.  Within  a  few  years  one  was  killed  in  a  farmer's  barn- 
yard in  Hampden,  herding  among  the  cattle — ^probably  chased 


*  Bucoaribou. — SuUivan> — It  ia  found  alao  in  Nova  Scotia  and  N.  Bruaa- 
wick. 


Sect,  r.]  ov  maine.  .  |87 

there  by  buatsmen  or  hounds.     It  has  branching  palniated  Iioms         .  ^ 
with  brow  antlers.    It  is  a  neat  beast,  and  is  very  fleet,  but  its 
flesh  is  not  so  good  as  that  of  the  moose.     Some  call  it  tlie  rein- 
deer of  North  America,  miiwid  a»k4  unit  jili 

It  is  believed  that  we  have  only  two  species  of  the  Dog  kind  ;•  Doo  kird. 
1.  the  Fox,  and  2.  the  Wolf;  and  th?.t  the  sorts  of  the  former  !i?**, 

.  Wolt 

are  not  different  species,  but  mert'l)  varieties  of  the  same  spe- 
cies :  These  are  the  red,  the  silver-gray,  the  black,  and  the  croit  «^«i^'i 
Foxes.  They  intermix  ;  and  one  full  grown  would  weigh  about  20 
pounds.f  The  silver-grays  are  very  beautiful  animals.  The  fox 
is  sometimes  mischievous.  But  no  wild  creature  has  been  more 
troublesome  to  the  husbandman  than  the  Wolf.  Till  the  Sepa- 
ration, a  bounty  of  four  pounds  currency  was  provided  by  law 
for  every  one  killed.     It  weighs  about  80  or  90  pounds^. 

The  Hare^  and  the  Rabbit\\  are  two  species  of  one  genus,  Han  and 
which  has  an  inner  and  outer  row  of  fore  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  j  *** 
on  each  fore  foot  they  have  five  toes,  and  four  on  each  hind  foot. 
The  latter  species  wears  a  long  silky  silver-white  coat  of  fur  dur- 
ing the  winter.  Both  feed  on  green  vegetables,  and  their  flesh 
is  much  esteemed.  The  female  is  capable  of  bearing  at  six 
months  old,  breeds  six  or  seven  times  in  tlie  year  and  brings  forth, 
in  a  month  from  gestation,  some  4, 5,  or  6  young  at  a  time,  which 
are  often  devoured  by  the  male,  as  well  as  by  foxes,  weasels  and 
odier  animals.  The  bed  of  her  young  is  lined  with  down  pluck- 
ed from  her  own  skin,  and  she  never  leaves  them  except  when 
pressed  with  hunger.    ^^    ..      ,..■.  ,  ..i. 

On  the  branches  of  the  Penobscot,  and  probably  in  other  Moles, 
places,  are  found  in  abundance,  two  species  of  the  Mole  /IT  one, 
called  the  digger,  is  very  small,  and  has  a  peaked  nose ;  the  other 
is  larger  than  a  house-mouse,  and  has  very  short  legs. 


'• ; 


*l.  Canis  AIopcx,  (will  livo  15  years.)— 2.  Canis  Lupus,  (will  live  20 
years.) 

f  In  Nova  Scotia,  is  the  black  Fox.  It  is  probably  the  Fithtr,  or  Black 
Cal,  resembling  a  Martin.  Its  length  2  feet,  circumference  1  foot ;  tail 
12  inches  long ;  yet  rarely  met  with  among  us. 

\  The  wolf  is  the  same  in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa  and  America — JV.  A. 
Review,  1826. 

(  Lepus  Timidus.  |)  Lepus  Americanos.    In  Maine  the  Hare  and 

Rabbit  are  each  about  7  or  8  pounds^  weight,  though  the  Hare  is  commonly 
the  larger,  but  in  Europe  it  is  twofold  larger.  %  Talpi. 

Vol.  I.  19 


1S8 


Mm*. 


.a«i.i»  V 


Porrupin*. 


(» 


R«t. 


Skuuk. 


THE  ANIMALS  PmTBOOCC. 

The  three  species  of  the  Mouse  kijtJ,*  seen  in  our  wood> 
lands,  are — I.  the  $hreu>y — 2.  the  ground^  and  3.  the  field Iiitovtt. 
The  first  is  the  smallest  of  quadrupeds,  with  eyes  exceedingly  lit- 
tle ;  the  second  is  slate-coloured,  burrows  in  the  ground,  and  fre- 
quently does  damage  to  the  roots  of  trees ;  the  third  is  larger 
than  the  house  mouse,  its  colour,  on  the  back  and  sides,  is  of  an 
orange-brown,  and  its  belly  of  a  dull  white. 

The  Porcupine,  or  Hedgehog,  or  more  scientifically,  the  Ut' 
chin,\  is  a  quadruped,  slow  in  motion,  of  a  gray  colour,  and  of 
about  ten  or  twelve  pounds  in  weight.  Its  flesh  is  wholesome ; 
it  feeds  on  the  roots  and  bark  of  plants.  The  female  brings  three 
or  four  at  a  birth,  once  a  year ;  the  time  of  gestation  being  about 
40  days.  What  is  most  remarkable  about  this  animal  is  its  quills, 
which  are  its  defence,  and,  like  barbed  darts,  wound  hs  assailant 
and  stick  fast  in  the  flesh.  The  Indians  dye  them  of  various 
colours,  and  then  work  them  into  curious  figures,  on  tlieir  moc- 
casins, belts,  and  birchen  vessels. 

The  Rat\  of  the  woods  is  a  cunning,  shy  creature,  about  which 
hunters  can  give  me  but  little  information.  It  is  dark  coloured 
and  burrows  in  the  ground  ; — not  often  caught  or  seen. 

The  Skunk\  has  been  marked  as  of  the  cat  kind,  and  a  kin- 
dred of  the  polecat,  though  smaller ;  but  it  is  certain  that  the  two 
greatly  diflTer.  Its  defence  is  the  fluid  it  scatters  and  flirts  on  its 
assailant ;  and  so  intolerable  is  its  scent,  that  never  was  armour 
more  universally  protective.  A  foreigner,  after  viewing  this  little 
harmless  creature,  gave  it  a  switch,  and,  as  he  himself  stated  the 
ease.  *  ere  the  whip  touched  its  calico  back,  it  turned  up  its  pos- 

*  terio.s  towards  me,  and  lifting  up  one  hind  leg,  discharged  a 

♦  Stygian  liquor,  of  a  scent  I  shall  never  forget  to  my  dying  day. 
'  In  a  moment,  the  place  was  filled    with  a  most  horrid  stench, 

•  :ivhich  beggars  all  description.     This  infprnal  water  made  me  so 

*  offensive,  I  was  for  many  uays  ashamed  to  go  into  a  house,  or 
'even  to  meet  a  person  in  the  liighway,' 

Of  the  Squirrel  kind\\  we  have  five  spccies,-^viz.  1,  tlie  black; 


■*  I.  Sorc«  Ccifltndis.— 2.  irorex  Miirinus.— 3.  Sorcx  Arcneus. 

Goldsmitli  wl.o  fulloHS  BiifToii  considers  every  cpcciiK  of  llic  mount  cnc* 
volt  as  belonfifiiij^  to  tlig  •»  Unl  hind."—  3  vot.  iliap.  I. 

(f  llrstrix  Dyr«itJ\,  |  .V,u» ?  ?j  Iv.cstris  ?— Jcrrc.stris 

or  Ground  rat,  }  Viverra  Pnlortiis. 

111.  Sciuris  Niffcr.— 2.  t'ciiiriis  CiDcr«u8..-S.  SciurusFiavuf — 4.  Sciurua 
etriatui.~6.    Sciunit  Volaas.    It  it  laid  a  iquirrel  will  lire  7  jeara. 


kiud. 


FrmlK",  or 


SiCT.  ▼•]  OP  MAINE. 

3.  the  gra^f  3*  ^^  ^*^i  4>  the  striped  i  5.  tbe  /ytn^  Squirrel, 
all  of  which  are  too  uoiversally  koovrn  to  need  description  ;  ex- 
cept, perhaps,  the  last.  The  flying  Squirrel  is  the  least  and  most 
beautiful,  being  covered  with  a  very  fine  and  delicate  fur.  It  has 
tvings  which  enable  it  to  fly  from  one  tree  to  another,  the  distance 
of  40  feet.  It  is  almost  as  large  as  a  striped  Squirrel,  end  feeds 
on  buds  and  wild  seeds. 

There  are  in  our  woods,  of  the  Weasel  kind,*  6ve  very  noted 
speci  3 : — I .  Ermine  ;  2.  Martin  ;  3.  Mink ;  4.  Otter  ;  «od 
5.  fVeaaelj  (sui  apeciei,)  and,  perhaps,  6.  the  Polecat,  j^ 

1.  The  ErminCj  or  Sable,  resembles  a  Weasel,  except  that  it 
is  larger,  weighing  about  IG  ounces  ;  it  has  its  tail  tipped  with  a 
beautiful  black.  In  summer,  its  colour  is  a  darker  orange-red 
than  a  fox,  and  almost  as  white  as  snow,  in  winter.  Some  have 
a  lined  back  of  dark  brown,  from  head  to  tail ;  every  one  of 
them  has  a  most  fine  and  delicate  fur :  and  it  is  the  sprightliest 
animal  in  nature.  Very  many  of  them  are  caught  in  the  north 
parts  of  the  State  every  year. 

2.  The  Marten  is  very  shy  and  retiring ;  its  colour  is  a  brown,  l»J«rtin. 
nearly  .approaching  a  black;  it  is  about  18  inches  in  length,  and 
weighs  between  four  and  five  pounds.    The  female   brings  forth 
from  three  to  -ix,  at  a  litter. 

3.  <  The  ^(Vi^  is  an  amphibious  animal,  burrows  generally  intiink. 
the  banks  of  fresh  water  ponds,  rivers,  and  lakes.      Its  legs  are 
short,  its  colour  brown,  and  its  fur  is  valuable.     The  weight  of 
one  is  about  equal  to  that  of  a  marten.      If  it  frequents  the  salt 
water,  its  fur  is  of  a  poorer  quality.  |    It  looks  much  like  a  sable. 

Note. — There  is  an  animal  in  (lie  woods  by  the  name  of  If^rncow,  fonn> 
eriy  numerous  about  the  heads  of  the  Kennebec  and  liic  Androscog^gin. 
It  is  of  a  dark  brown  colour,  with  lon^  fur  and  a  bushr  tail.  His  body  re- 
sembles that  of  a  bear;  it  has  a  larg^e  flat  foot,  and  is  about  the  size  of  a 
common  dog.  This  animal  is  very  furious  and  troublesome  to  the  hunters, 
often  robbing;  their  traps  of  game  and  their  camps  of  provision. — To  avuid 
bfiug;  caug^ht  when  pursued,  it  will  ascend  the  highest  trees.— £.  Chate, 
Esq. 

*  1.  !Vf  iistcia  Erminea.— 2.  Mustcia  Martcs.— 3.  Mustela  Canadensis.— 

4.  Mustula  Lntra.— 5.  Mustela  Mustuela. 

t  The  Polecat  is  larger  than  the  Weasel,  being  1  foot  8  inches  long,  of 
■A  deep  chocolate  colour. 

I  Tb«  Mink  it  not  mentioned  by  Ouldtmitb. 


in 


■■i*l%t 


146 


Oilwt 


WmmI. 


■JO  ■>• 


Wood- 

ebuck. 


THE  BIRDS  [IkTBODUO. 

4.  The  Otter  is  fierce  and  voracious  ;  it  feeds  on  fish,  frogs, 
water-rats  and  other  little  animals ;  has  short  legs  with  membranes 
between  its  toes,  fitted  either  for  nmmng  or  swimming.  It  is  not 
amphibious,  though  it  can  live  a  long  time  under  water.  Its  col- 
our is  black,  its  fur  is  much  esteemed,  the  length  of  its  body  five 
or  six  feet,  its  weight  20  pounds  or  more,  and  its  strength  and 
courage  such,  that  it  has  ventured  in  its  rage  to  attack  a  man  in 
self-defence.  —  ■  . 

6.  The  fVeasel  is  longer  bodied,  more  slim  and  active  than  a 
squirrel ;  its  eyes  are  piercing ;  motions  very  quick  ;  belly  cream- 
coloured  ;  back  brown  ;  length  12  or  14  inches  ;  and  its  weight 
3-4ths  of  a  pound  or  more.  Its  food  is  nuts,  eggs,  corn,  and 
little  animals,  such  as  chickens  and  mice ;  and  no  cat  will  clear 
a  house  of  rats  like  a  weasel.  Its  number  at  a  birth  is  from  three 
to  five — still  they  are  more  scarce  than  most  of  this  genus,  ex- 
cept the  Otter.* 

The  JVoodchuck\  is  abrut  14  inches  b  length,  its  legs  short, 
with  paws  well-formed  for  digging  its  own  burrows ;  its  body 
round,  thick  and  fat,  its  colour  brown  ;  and  its  fecundity  is  4  or 
5  at  a  birth.  The  flesh  of  the  animal  is  eatable,  but  it  is  too 
greasy,  and  tastes  too  much  of  the  ground  to  be  palatable,    v ''' 


Birds. 


'  1-  '•'! 


-iU 


''    ii 


BIRDS. 

In  Natural  History,  no  department  is  more  truly  engaging  than 
that  of  the  Ornithologist.  The  varieties,  the  plumage,  the  notes, 
the  sprightliness,  the  region  of  the  bird,  are  subjects  upon  which 
the  mind  dwells  with  pleasure.  But  so  numerous  are  those  in 
Maine,  that  nothing  more  can  be  done  here  than  to  mention  their 
kinds  and  species,  and  make  an  occasional  observation.  One 
great  division  of  them  is  into  the  land  or  cleft-footed,  and  the  web- 
footedf  or  waterfowl ;  another  is  that  of  the  songsters  and  of 
those  without  a  singing  voice ;  and  it  is  observable,  that  the  best 
singers  sometimes  leave  the  thickets  of  the  forest  for  the  open 
lands  or  fields  of  the  cuUivator,  apparently  ambitious  of  chanting 
their  notes  to  his  ear. 


*  A  weasel-skin,  worn  around  the  throat,  with  the  fur  out,  will   relieve 
those  afllicted  with  the  astiima. 

\  Ufhivel  Mustclac  species.— Lin.    Monax.— </c  Buffon. 


S«CT.  T.]  or  MAINE.  *  141 

The  Boblineon^  is  a  well  known  metdow  bird,  dwtyt  full  of 
life  and  chatter,  called  in  the  southern  States  the  Rict'bird.         ^  , 

The  Cherry-bird\  is  of  a  light  blue  colour,  crested,  and  large 
as  a  barn-swallow.  Flocks  of  this  species  are  seen  on  black 
cherry-trees  when  the  fruit  is  ripe,  of  which  they  are  immoder- 
ately fond. 

The  Creeper^  is  a  little  woodland  bird,  very  coy  and  harm- 
less.    Also  the  jyuthatch^  is  a  small  bird  of  the  pye  sort.         **» 

Of  the  Cuckoo  kind\\  we  have  two  species,  viz.  1.  the  Cuckoo  Cwkvoph 
itself,  a  brown  coloured  woodland  bird,  as  large  as  a  thrasher ; 
it  frequents  orchards  and  the  margin  of  woods :  2.  The  fVhettatOf 
which  is  a  little  larger  and  darker  tlian  a  blue-jay ;  its  notes  are 
like  the  gratings  in  whetting  a  saw.  It  frequents  logging  camps ; 
and  is  thought  to  be  the  same  as  the  Bird-hawk,  tliough  as  to  this 
naturalists  differ.        :     j:  ^    r.    V         '  ^: 

The  Cross-bilN  is  larger  than  a  sparrow,  and  is  of  an  olive 
colour :  the  upper  and  lower  parts  of  its  beak  cross  each  other 
like  a  pair  of  scissors,  and  thus  enable  it  to  cut  off*  the  stalks 
of  wheat  and  rye ;  it  then  lays  down  its  head  sidewise  to  pick 
and  take  the  kernels. 

Of  the  Dove  kind**  we  have  two  species,  1 .  the  Turtle  Dove,  Dovegenu. 
2.  the  wild  Pigeon.  Those  of  the  latter  are  very  numerous ; 
the  male  and  female  always  pair,  set  alternately  on  the  eggs,  and 
hatch  two  at  once,  several  times  in  the  season.  The  wild  Pig- 
eons are  excellent  for  the  table :  thev  come  in  the  spring  from 
the  southern  and  western  «;  ties,  select  beech  and  hemlock  land, 
where  they  stay  during  the  summer :  several  of  their  nests  are 
often  seen  on  the  same  tree,  and  their  fecundity  is  supposed  to 
exceed  that  of  any  other  fowl. 

On  our  coast  is  seen  a  much  greater  number  of  the  Duck  kind\\  Duckgautti. 

*  Emberiza  Oryzivora.  f  Ampelis  Garrulus. 

\  Certhia  Pinus.  (  Sitta  Canadensis. 

II  1.  Ciiculiis  Ainericanus. — 2.  Cuciilus  Olius,  Lunirus,  Canadcnsit. 

IT  Loxia  Ciirvirostra  or  Loxia  Restrofoiscator. 

**  1.  Coliimba  T«r<i«r?. — 2.   Columba  Migratoria. 

W  Dtuk — 1.  AnasBernicla. — 2.  Anas  Fnsca. — 3.  Anas  Nigra. — 4.  Anas  '" 

Spectabilis. — 5.  Anas  Cinerea. — 6.  Anas  Albcola. — 7.  Anas  Mollissima.— 

8.  Anas  Penelope. 9.    Anas  Acuta. — 10.   Anas  Arborea. — 11.   Anas 

Sponsa. — 12.  Ama  Hittrionica? — 13.  Anas  Strepera. — 14.  AnasBucepba- 
la — 15.  Anas  Ferina.— 16.  Anas  Discors. — 17.  Anas  Migratoria.— 18. 
Anas  Clangfula. — 19.  Anas  Moralia.  *    . 


'B^R 


142  THE  BIRDS  [iKTBOMJe. 

DHckgenui  than  of  any  other  fowl ;  there  being  in  all  no  less  than  nineteen 
species.  1.  The  Brant;  2.  brown  Coot;  3.  black  Duck  Coot ^ 
4.  whitehead  Coot;  5.  the  river  Coot,  or  ath  coloured  Duck; 
6.  the  Dipper;  7.  the  tea  Duck;  8.  the  gray  Duck;  9.  ths 
sprig  tail  Dvck,  or  Mallard;  10.  the  wood  Duck;  11.  the 
crested  wood  Duck ;  12.  Lord  and  Lady,  or  JSToddy  ;  13.  Old' 
wife;  14.  Quindar ;  15.  red  head  Quindar ;  16.  blue  wing 
Teal;  17.  green  wing  Teal;  18.  Whistler;  19.  Widgeon; 
all  wliich  are  webfooted. 

A  Brant  is  a  large  bird  of  passage,  of  grrty  colour,  and  in  size 
about  half-way  between  a  black  duck  and  a  wild  goose ;  it  is 
found  around  our  bays,  lakes  and  ponds.        I'f ; « '  '>  •■:.  tri  P^ffJ, 

The  white  head  Coot  is  black,  with  some  white  on  its  head  and 
midway  of  its  wings ;  and  each  of  the  Coot  species  has  a  short 
tail,  and  lives  about  the  shores  of  the  salt  water. 

The  Dipper  is  always  diving  and  dipping  for  fish  ;  nnd,  when  on 
the  water,  appears  larger  than  the  largest  species  of  teal,  and  is 
nearly  as  good  for  the  tabic  as  a  duck. 

The  Lord  and  Lady,  or  JVoddy*  is  as  large  as  a  pigeon,  good 
for  food ;  has  a  brown  back  and  cream-coloured  breast,  and  feeds 
on  small  muscles,  snails  and  insects.  Its  perpetual  whiffles  with 
the  wings  when  flying,  give  it  name. 

Old-wife's  notes  are  in  sound  like  shrill  scolding,  as  heard  from 
this  bird  often  in  the  night  time.  Its  flesh  is  brown  like  beef, 
about  as  good  as  that  of  a  duck,  and  is  itself  almost  as  large. 

Of  the  two  Teals,  the  green  wing  is  the  larger ;  both  are  very 
fine  for  the  table,  and  about  two-thirds  the  size  of  a  domestic 
duck.  .■.',,:  •  •■-^; 

A  Whistler  is  about  as  large  as  a  Dipper :  And  the  Widgeon 
is  supposed  to  be  the  same  as  a  wood  duck ;  the  female  lays  her 
eggs  in  some  hollow  tree,  and  when  her  young  are  hatched,  she 
carries  them  to  the  water  side,  where  she  rears  them  up  to  full 
size. 

We  reckon  two  species  of  the  Falcon  kind  jf  I .  the  Bird- 
hawk  ;  and  2d,  the  Ain^tirc?.  The  latter  is  a  most  active  and 
courageous  little  creature,  not  fearing  to  make  war  even  upon 
the  hawk  and  crow. 

*  Soino  tbiok  tliit  the  iioa'iwalloiv. 

1 1.  La  iua  Canadentii.— 2.  Lanini  Tjrannua :  "  t!i«  Icut  of  llic  fakoa 
Uribt."->/tr(«'  Enc^cbitlia. 


Fkltoii  g*' 


Sect.  ▼.]  otmainb.  143 

There  teem  to  be  two  kindi  of  the  Finek;*  one  has  with  usT«mkiiHb 
these  three  species :  1 .  the  Ooldfineh  or  Oolden  Robin  ;  2.  the 
Htng-bird}  aad  3.  the  Redwing  Blackbird.  The  last  is  the 
male  only  of  the  same  species  ;  the  female  is  smaller,  of  a  dirty 
brown,  and  has  no  red  on  its  wings.  The  two  former  hang  their 
nests  under  the  limb,  where  it  is  forked.  The  Goldfinch  is 
shorter  bodied,  but  thicker  than  the  yellow  bird  ;  its  plumage  is 
of  a  beautiful  bright  orange  colour,  and  its  voice  is  quite  me- 
lodious. 

Of  the  other  Finch  kind\  we  have  five  species :  1 .  the  Cheti' 
uieeh,  or  Pewit ;  2.  the  Chipping  Bird  ;{  3.  the  Winter  Spar- 
row;  4.  the  Yellow  Bird^  and  5.  the  Spring  Bird.  The  P*- 
wit,  or  Cheeweeh,  lives  in  tlie  summer  months  about  barns  and 
old  buildings,  where  the  swallows  have  nests,  in  which  she  lays 
her  eggs  with  tlicirs.  The  Spring  Bird  is  larger  than  a  chip- 
ping bird,  and  is  one  of  tlie  very  first  to  sing  the  vernal  song 
The  other  species  are  small,  very  pretty  and  well  known. 

There  is  a  genus  whose  leading  name  seems  to  be  that  ofn*""*"' 
Fljf-catcher,^  of  which  there  are  five  species;    1.    the  brown *•• 
Fly-catcher;  2.  x\\q  cuted  Fly-ratcher ;    3.  tlie    Cat'bird ;   4. 
the  Hedge-bird,  and  5.  the  Yellow  crown. 

The  brown  Fly-catcher  is  ns  big  as  a  swallow,  of  a  dove>col- 
our,  with  white  on  its  belly.  One  of  them,  in  July,  entered  a 
gentleman's  chamber,  who  informed  me,  that  though  the  flies 
were  numerous,  in  consequence  of  sickness,  the  bird  caught  them 
or  cleared  them  all  out  of  the  chamber  in  one  dny. 

All  untamed  Gee«e,ir  with  us,  are  birds  of  passage:  of  which Spcc'm of 
kind  we  have  seen  three  species, — 1.  the  wild,  or  black   Goote; 
2.  the  bluish  Goote,  and  3.  the  while  Goote. 

The  several  species  of  the  Gooie  and  the  Brant,  pass  north- 
ward in  March  and  southward  in  NovemL^r.  In  their  journies 
they   travel  in  flocks  from  thirty  to  sixty  together,  and   their 


*  FincliPi,  1st  kind  ;  1.  Orinliit  Dallimorus  :  But,  query,  if  found  io  lltia 
Slato t.  Orioiui  Icterus.— 3.  Oriolu*  Pliaeniceui. 

f  Finchci,  2J    kind;  1.    Frin{(iila  Erythroptlialma  — 2.   Fring;illa ?— or 
Pas*er  fcnui.— 3.  Fringilla  Orisca.— 4.  Fring;illa  Trittis.— 5.  Fringilla  — . 
I  Quoere,  if  the  Chipping  bird  doe*  not  belong  to  the  Sparrow  kind  T 

{  1.  Muscicapa  Fuica — 2.  Muicicapa  Crinita.— 3.  Mutcicapa  Carolinan* 
ail?— 4.  Muscioapa  Canadeniii ?— 9.  MuMsicapa  Flara. 

Y  1.  Anaar  Caaadaniia.— S.  Aoaer  CaarulaacaiMb— t.  Anaar  Crytbfopua. 


144 


tin'  jt-*-**! 

.*-•      HI  '' 


THE  BIRDS  [TltTBOinJC. 

height,  regularity,  and  swiftness  in  flight,  are  well  known.    Their 
summer  habitations  are  about  our  great    lakes,  in  this  State 
•nd  elsewhere,  northward.    Incredible  numbers  go  to  the  "  Great 
Bog,"  200  miles  northeastwardly  of  Quebec.    George  Bussick, 
who,  about  half  an  age  since,  was  eight  or  nine  years  with  the 
Penobscot  tribe  of  Indians,  and  an  interpreter,  says  he  went  to  the 
latter  place  three  successive  years,  after  feathers,  where  he  found 
wild  Geese,  BranUi,  black  Ducks,  and  Curlews.     The  Great 
Bog  is  an  extensive  quagmire,  on  which  the  fowler  cannot  walk, 
but  works  along  his  canoe  from  one  hummock  to  another,  and 
•mites  the  fowls  on  their  nests.     He  has  sometimes  killed  five 
with  his  paddle,  witliout  moving  his  canoe.     About  the  year 
1800,  a  broken  Hock  of  8  or  9  white  Geese,  in  the  spring,  light- 
ed  on  the   Island   Metinicus,    of   which    Mr.  Young,  one  of 
the  Islanders,  killed  three  and  his  neighbours  killed   the  residue. 
They  were  entirely  white  and  as  large  as  a  gander  of  our  do- 
mestic flocks.      I'-li  !>((«  V'J'-i  V^'  'r*^^''--'  "V;    ^.;^^^ii  V/i.:ii*0\, 

Oroon  !••      Of  tlie  Grouse  kind*  we  have  four  species. — 1 .  The  Grouse  ; 
2.  the  Partridge  ;  3.  the  spruce  Partridge,  and  4.  the  Quail. 

The  Grouse  is  seldom  seen,  except  about  our  highest  moun- 
tains, ana  is  probably  the  same  as  the  Heath-cock  of  Linneaus. 
Its  head  and  neck  is  marked  with  ahernate  bars  of  red  and 
black ;  it  feeds  on  bilberries  and  othei,  ^mountain  fruits,  and 
weighs  from  two  to  four  pounds.  They  .»v  er  pair;  but  when 
tlie  male,  in  the  spring,  from  an  eminence  claps  his  wings  and 
crows,  all  the  females  within  hearing  resort  to  him.     '  ►- 

The  spruce  Partridge  is  of  a  dark  brown,  has  a  short  tail, 
and  the  male  has  a  heart-form  upon  his  breast  of  two  inches 
in  length.  The  flesh  of  this  species  is  equal  in  goodness  to  the 
other,  though  the  body  is  not  so  large.  Quails  are  not  with  us 
so  plenty  as  in  the  other  States  of  New-England  :  Indeed, 
they  are  very  seldom  if  ever  seen  in  the  eastern  parts,  and  many 
tliink  the  spruce  Partridges  are  the  same. 

Gullsj^  are  very  common  on  our  coast ;  their  bill  is  straight, 
only  hooked  at  the  tip,  and  is  destitute  of  teeth.  They  feed  on 
fish  and  worms  and  are  always  about  the  water.     Their  body  is 


null*. 


*  1.  Tc'trno  tPlrix,— 2.  Trtnid  Rlarilaiidic  ii'*.— :i.  Tctrao  CanadiMiiin.— 
4.  Ti>tr«o  Virjriniamio. 

\  I.  lioriii  Canilidii'*.— 2.  I.arii«  Marimis,— 3.  l..inu  Ridibundiiit.— 4. 
Ii:ten)a  llirfudu. 


S«CT.  T.]  OPMAirVC. 

light  and  their  wings  long ;  and  when  terrified,  it  is  said,  ihey 
will  cast  up  all  their  indigested  food.  "Though  the  species  of 
this  genus  are  not  very  clearly  discriminated,"  owing  to  the 
changes  of  plumage  in  different  stages  of  their  growth  till  the 
third  y»ar ;  yet  we  suppose  there  are  with  us  four,  viz.  1 .  the 
ufhite  a  ill ;  2.  the  eagle  Gull ;  3.  the  mackerel^  or  fishing 
Gull ;  4.  the  swallow-tail  Gull,  or  Medrake.  The  mackerel 
Gull  is  nearly  as  large  as  a  goose  ;  and  the  Medrake  is  as  large 
as  a  black  duck  and  good  for  the  table.  Tiie  others  are  plenty 
about  our  seashores,  and  not  poor  food. 
Of  the  Hawk  kind,*  we  have  six  species,  and   two  varieties  :  H«wk  je- 

UUl. 

1  and  2.  the  bald  and  the  brown  Eagle  ;f  3.  the  great  brown 
Hawk;  4.  the  Acn  Hawk;  5.  the  pigeon  Hawk;  and  6.  the 
fishing  Hawk.  They  are  all  rapacious ;  and  it  is  said  to  be  a 
noted  fact  that  all  female  birds  of  prey  are  much  larger,  strong- 
er, and  more  courageous,  than  the  males.  ''  ''■  "  ''    '  '  ''  ^' 

The  character  of  the  Heron  kind  consists  in  having  the  bill  Heron  f«^ 
straight,  pointed,  long,  sub-compressed,  with  a  furrow  from  the 
nostrils  tow..;  '^  *\\e  tip,  the  nostrils  linear,  tongue  sharp,  feet 
four-toed  ar  ,  •  ,  and  the  toes  connected  at  the  base  ;  of  which 
we  reckon  mc  apecies,J  1  and  2.  the  blue  and  tlie  white  Heron  ; 
3.  the  Crane ;  4.  the  Stork,^  and  G.  the  Skouk. 

It  is  said,  tlio  blue  Heron  is  crested,  and  has  on  its  breast  a 
large  spot  witl  vo  growths  of  feathers,  the  under  one  is  soft 
and  short  as  the  down  of  geese,  and  is  of  an  otter  colour,  and  in 
the  night  time  has  a  bright  appearance  like  touchwood.  The 
Crane  has  a  long  neck  and  long  legs,  and  is  of  a  lead-colour. 
The  Skouk  is  as  large  bodied  as  a  partridge,  its  legs  blue,  its 
back  slate-coloured  and  ill  shaped — and  is  vulgarly  called  a 
"  shite-jwke." 

The  Humming  bird\\  is  the  smallest  and  fleetest  of  the  fcath- 


T  Falco  Lcucoccplialiis.— 2.  Faico  Fulvui. — 3.  Falco  Iliidsonius.— 4. 
Falco  Sparvcrrius.— a.  Falco  CuliiinbariHS. — C,  Falco  Ifaliactus. 

f  It  lian  been  asserted  that  an  cafj^lo  will  live  100  years. 

{  1.  Ardca  Cacrulca.— 2.  Ardca  Alba. — 3.  Ardca  Canadensis. — 4.  Ar- 
dea  Ciconi.x — 3.  Ardea  Vircsccni. 

^  Tho  Stork  ii  a  bird  of  pa<<«a|<-c,  the  white  one  has  naked  eyeballs,  iti 
hraU  and  fret  arc  of  a  blooJ-red  colour;  it  is  a  prrat  enemy  to  reptiles  ; 
its  disposition  is  mild,  neither  very  sly  nor  Kavag^n  ;  it  is  easily  inmed.  It 
Ins  a  mniirnfiil  viiajfo  and  jifrave  air,  thoiiiofh  Bn^rncioiis. 

il  PassLT ? — (ioliiimilh.    Trorhilm  colubrii.— /4M. 


146 

BIU. 


THEBIRM 


[lirTRO00C. 


Larks. 


Loom. 


ered  raco.  It  derives  its  name  from  the  Aunt  its  wings  make 
when  it  flies.  Of  a  full  grown  one  which  1  have  carefully  ex* 
amined,  tlie  length  from  the  crown  to  the  end  of  the  taiS-feathers, 
is  less  than  three  inches ;  its  body  one  inch  long,  and  twice  that 
in  circumference,  measuring  around  the  wings.  From  the  body 
to  the  end  of  the  longest  feather  of  the  wing,  is  about  one  inch 
and  '^— 4th.  Its  feathers  arc  of  the  softest  down ;  their  colour 
ne;  ihc  skin,  on  the  back  and  sides,  is  of  a  dark  bright  browo, 
changing  to  a  beautiful  golden  green  towards  and  at  their  ends. 
Tiiose  on  the  belly  are  tipped  with  white,  or  lightbrown,  and 
appear  beautifully  clouded.  The  bill  of  the  Humming  bird  is 
black,  3-4tlis  of  an  inch  in  length,  the  upper  and  lower  part  about 
as  large  as  a  common  sewing  needle ;  its  tongue  is  most  peculiar, 
resembling  towards  its  en^  a  split  hnir,  formed  to  sip  sweets  from 
tlie  cups  of  the  smallest  (lowers.  Its  legs  are  covered  with  down 
to  the  feet,  which  have  severally  four  claws  or  toes,  and  which  ore 
curving  and  very  sharp.  ..\       i    .-        ,   ,.,«    ^riS' 

.  The  Kingfisher*  is  plenty.  It  stays  all  winter  about  fresh 
waters,  and  in  the  spring  builds  its  nest  in  the  banks.  It  is  heavy 
as  a  plover,  has  a  long  bill,  its  head  is  crested  with  red,  its  back  is 
of  a  blue  colour ;  and  though  it  is  not  webfooted,  its  toes  grow 
.)ear  together,  and  it  dives  after  fish. 

We  have  two  species  of  the  Lark  kind^f  1 .  the  Skylarkf  and 
2.  the  Marshlnr.'-- ;  well  known  elegant  birds,  and  sweet  songs- 
ters.    It  is  said  this  kind  will  live  IG  years. 

The  red  Linnet,X  is  about  as  large  as  a  GoIdHnch  but  has 
longer  feathers ;  and  its  wings  and  tail  have  some  black,  other* 
wise  its  plumage  is  a  most  beautiful  dark  scarlet.  It  nests  in  the 
margin  of  the  woods. 

Loons^  are  very  common  on  the  seaboard  :  they  are  of  a 
bluish  colour,  have  a  large  head  and  will  weigh  12  or  16  pounds 
after  being  dressed.  What  is  remarkable  in  them  is,  their  hip- 
joints  grow  so  fast  to  the  body  as  to  be  immoveable,  so  that  they 
cannot  step  on  the  land  ;  they  are  of  two  species,  1.  hroun  throat 
Loon  and  2.  sea  Loon. 


t  1.  Alauda  Aipcttris.— 2.  Alauda  Magna* 


•  Alccdo  Alcyon. 

|Tanagra  Rubra. 

{!.  Colymbu*  Soptcntrionalis.— 2.  Coljrobui  Imawr. 


StC*.  ▼.!'  or  MAIlfB. 

Of  the  (M*  tve  have  four  species,  vis.  1.  the  horned*,  S. 
the  white ;  3.  the  epeeklei^  and  4,  the  ham^  or  eereech  Otel. 

The  Pe.lican\  kind  is  of  two  species,  both  webfootcd,  and  birds 
of  passage.  1.  the  Pelican  itnlf,  which  is  rarely  seen  ;  3.  the 
Shag,  which  is  larger  than  a  black  duck,  will  weigh  3  pounds, 
— its  colour  is  a  dark  gray. 

The  PlovertX  are  common  on  our  shores,  and  have  been  class- 
ed in  five  species. — 1.  The  blad:  breast  Plover ;  2.  vpland 
Plover ;  3.  large  spotted  Plover ;  4.  the  Kildeer ;  and  5.  the 
Oxeye.  The  third  species  is  large  as  a  Teal,  and  has  yellow  legs ; 
its  flesh  is  fat  and  good  for  food.  The  upland  Plover  is  larger 
than  a  robin.  The  Kildeer  is  a  long-legged  drooping  bird,  not 
seen  often  in  this  quarter.  The  Oxeye  is  a  little  tottering  shore- 
bird,  large  as  a  martin. 

The  Peep%  is  a  little  land-bird,  with  small  body,  wings  long 
and  l^rge  for  its  size.  w.    ■■  _^(  '.  ;i„;      <!        •.' 

The  Petrel,\^  or  Mother  Carey^s  Chiclens,  is  as  large  as  a 
black  martin ;  its  crying,  or  peeping,  is  considered  by  mariners 
«s  indicative  of  a  storm. IF 

Of  the  Raven  Kind**  are  two  species, — 1.  the  CroM>,ff  and 
2.  the  Blue-jay ;  both  of  which  are  common  inhabitants  of  tliis 
State  and  well  known. 


147 

0»h.       > 

frlimii 
!;iriui«. 


Pl.lVff 


■lA 


Rni'ffn 
zeim*. 


*1.  Strix  Bubo,— 2.  Strix  N3Ctt-o.— 3.  .■<trix  .\liico. — 4.  Slrix  Pasicrina. 

f  1.  PclictniiR  Onacralaliis.— 2.  Pclicaniis  Occllontalis. — 3.  Pclicanut 
Graculns.  A  live  Pelican  about  as  larn;e  as  a  wild  g;ouse,  was  taken  in  tlie 
Kenncbrck  river  in  tbesprin;^  of  1S26,  two  miles  above  Uatb.  Its  habits 
are  indolent,  it  does  not  often  migrate  so  far  nortli. 

\l.  Charadrlus  (Gr.)  Apricarii.a. — 2.  Cliaradriiis  Tetradactylus. — 3. 
Cliaradrius  Maculatus. — 4,  Charadriiis  Vociferus, — 5,  Charadrius  Alcxaa* 
drinus. 

{  Rallus  Carolinns.  H  Proc^Ibria  Pcla^icn. 

^  In  one  o(  the  cluster,  called  ^orth  Seals  and  Mud  Island,  otF  Cape  Sa> 
ble,  Nova  Scotia,  tliousandt  of  Pttrelt,oT  Mother  Carcy*«  67iicA'«fu,  annual* 
ly  hatch  their  young.  They  burrow  under  ground  diagonally,  three  or 
four  feet  deep,  and  sit  on  one  egg  ;  flitting  about  the  surface,  iu  astonishing 
numbers,  searching  for  food  and  casting  a  sickly  foetid  eflliivin.  Naturalists 
have  attributed  lo  this  little  winged  mariner  the  property  of  breeding  itii 
young  on  the  water,  by  delivering  its  egg  and  diving  to  catch  it  under  the 
wing,  where  the  young  one  is  said  to  be  hatched. — Lockwotd't  A'ova  Scotia, 
j).  81. 

**  1.  Corvus  Curax.— 2.  Corvtii  CristatuSi 

ft  Grucula  quiioala.  Craw  Blackbird, 


148 

Bpecimol 
IM  iUur- 
biU. 


Shelldrakfl. 


t' 


Huipe  genu* 


Sparrow 

gtUUM. 


Swallow 
(anui. 


THE  BIRDS  [IirrBOBUC. 

The  family  of  the  Razor-htll,^  contain  bg  three  species,  which 
are  seen  here, — ^viz.  1.  the  Penguin;^  2.  Murr,  and  3.  the 
aea  Parrot,  are  all  webfooted.  The  Penguin  is  as  large  as  a 
domestic  fowl ;  the  Murr  has  a  short  neck  ;  and  is  smaller. 

We  have  three  species  of  the  Shelldrake,\  or  Water  Raven, 

1.  the  Cream- coloured ;  2.  the  Red-bellied,  and  3.  the  Pied 
Shelldrake :  all  of  which  are  webfooted,  almost  always  in  or  on 
the  v    <;r  large  as  a  black  duck,  and  good  for  the  trencher. 

t      '  dve  four  species  and  two  varieties  of  the  Snipe  ;^  1  and 

2.  the  Woodcock  and  Wood  Snipe  ;  3  and  4.  the  gray  and 
large  speckled  Curlew :  their  flesh  is  fine  flavoured,  no  wood- 
land bird  pleases  the  epicurean's  taste  better.  The  Curlews 
have  long  legs  and  crooked  bills,  are  big  as  a  partridge,  and  are 
birds  of  passage. 

Of  the  Sparrow  tribe,\\  we  will  name  three  species,  though 
the  discriminating  classis  among  naturalists  is  not  very  perfect. 
1.  the  Chipping  bird,  or  domestic  Sparrow  ;  2.  the  little  field 
Sparrow,  or  Ground  bird ;  3.  the  Snow  bird.  It  is  diflicult  to 
know  where  to  class  this  latter  species ;  it  is  certain  no  one  is 
more  hardy,  for  it  stays  with  us  from  autumn  to  spring ;  no  one 
serves  so  much  to  enliven  the  cold  and  stormy  days  of  winter : 
for  then  they  often  appear  in  flocks  of  30  or  40,  all  cheerful  and 
sprightly.  Their  flesli  is  fine  and  delicate,  but  their  bodies  are 
too  small  to  cook.  Possibly  the  Starling,^  a  larger  bird,  is  of 
the  same  species :  though  it  may  be  one  of  another  family ;  or 
taken  for  the  red  linnet.  ' 

We  have  five  species  and  two  varieties  of  the  Swallow  kind;** 

*  1.  Aloa  ImpcDniii. — 2.  Alea  Torda. — 3.  Alea  Artica. 

^  Our  Penguin  is  anotlior  ihan  the  .inter  Magtllaneout  not  so  large, 
and  diiTercnt.    It  lays  a  sing'le  egg,  and  burrows  hke  a  rabbit. 

X  I.  Mergus  Merganser. — 2,  Mergus  Serrator. — 3.  Mergus  Castor. 

\  I,  Scolopax  (Gr.)  Kusticoia.— 2.  Scolopax  Fedoa, — 3.  Scolopax  Tota- 
nut. — 4.  Scolopax  Lapponica. 

jl  1.  Passer  Domosticus.— 2.  Passer  Agrcstis.— 3,  Passer  Nirulis.—.Sftr(.  ; 
alias  Einberi7,a  Hyemalis. — Lin, 

IT  Of  the  Sparrow-kind. — Ooldtmilh.  Querc,  if  the  Starling  be  found 
in  this  State. 

*"  1.  Ilirundo  riparia.— 2.  Hirundo  rustica.<-3,  Hirundo  pelasgia  canda- 
aculeata.— 4.  Hirundo  purpurea, — S.     Hirundo   urbria.— These]   appear 


SSCT.    T.J  OP  MAINS.  149 

1,  2,  and  3.  th«  bank^  the  6ani,  and  the  ckmney  Stcallow ;  and 
4,  and  6.  the  black  and  the  tmatt  Martin.    The  coining  of  these 
birds  is  considered  the  indicative  finale  of  spring.     The  chimney 
Swallow  comes  the  first  of  either ;  and  the  bank  Swallow  is  the       ' 
smallest  of  tlie  whole.     Its  hole  into  the  sand  banks  of  rivers,      -^'tt 
where  it  nests,  is  sometimes  two  feet  in  length.     The  black  Mat' 
tin  is  the  largest  of  the  Swallow  race  ;  it  appears  the   latest  and 
leaves  the  3arliest.     The  Swallows  are  all  torpid  during  tlie  win- 
ter ;  some  have  been  found  in  the  bottoms  of  ponds,  others  in 
the  hollows  of  large  trees  ;  and  it   is  known,  that  they  go  into 
winter-quarters  in  considerable  flocks  and  on  a  particular  day. 
It  is  understood  that,   1 .    the  Fox-coloured   Thruth ;  2.  the  Throih  g«* 

But. 

Thrasher^  or  Mockbird ;  and  3.  the  Robin,  are  species  of  the 
Thrush  family  ;*  and  few  upland  birds  are   more  inoffensive  or  .»,/ 

musical,  or  better  known  among  us.  ;i  i!  .«i(im>  ;^.;\i 

Of  the  Yitmouse  trU)e,f  we   may  mention  these  species :    1 .  Titmauie 
the  crested  Titmouse ;  2.   the  blue  Titmouse ;  3.   Toomteet ;  4.  *'*""*' 
yellow  rump  Tcomteet;  and  5.  Little  Hang-bird.     These  are 
all  very  small  birds. 

All  the  species  of  the  Tring  WnrfJ  are  unwebbed,  and  notTringife. 
large  bodied  :  they  are,  1.  the  t'lmility;  2.  the  Marsh-bird; 
3.  tlie  Rock-bird;  and  4.  the  ^  ich  c/  Sand-bird.  The  Hu- 
mility has  long  yellow  legs,  long  neck,  is  gray  spotted,  frequents 
the  shores  of  ponds  and  of  salt  water,  wades  after  small  fish,  and 
is  nearly  as  large  as  a  pigeon.  The  Marsh-bird  is  as  large  as  a 
martin,  has  long  wings  aud  is  very  fat.  A  Beach,  or  Sand-bird 
is  about  the  size  of  a  swallow,  coloured  white  and  gray ;  its  flesh 
is  eatable,  though  of  a  fishy  flavour.        '  ,;    • .  . 

We  have  several  species  of  Wagtails ;% — viz.    1.  the  crested  \\'„\i\tn. 
Wren;    2.    the  common    Wren;    3.    the  Blue-bird;     4.    the 
Grape-birdj  and  5.  the  Water-wagtail. 

The  Watermtch  is  as  large  as  a  pigeon  ;  its  beak  of   a  slate- 


niM. 


■»^,r-lf 


about  the  23th  of  April,  and  depart  (he  20tli  of  September.  The  martini 
depart  earlier. 

*  1.  Tiirdiis  Riifus. — 2.  Tiirdus  Orpheus. — 3.  Turdns  Migratoiiiis? 

f  1.  PartiB  Bicolor. — 2.  I'anii  Ainericanus. — 8.  Parus  Atricnpillui. — 4. 
ParuB  VirginianiiB— 6.  Panis  ptndnlinns. 

1 1.  Trinija  Interprcs. — 2.  Tringa  Morinclla, — 3.  Trinja  Mncnlata.— 1. 
Tringa  Arcnaria. 

(  1.  Motacilla  Kcg^uliis.— 2.  Motacilla  Trocliiliis.— 3.  Motacilla  Sinlis. — 
4.  Motacilla  Ictcroccphala.— 5.  INTotacilla ? 


M'iMHiperk 
•ert. 


'Ti  r*« 


Wliip-poor 


150  TuensHBs  [IimmMn 

colour,  and  its  breast  of  a  cream-colour  ;  its  liip-joint,  like  that 
of  a  loon,  is  fast ;  its  sight  and  motion  is  so  exceedingly  quick, 
that  it  will  repeatedly  catch  the  flash  of  the  gun  and  avoid  tht 
shot. 

The  Woodpec\er-fnmily*  is  so  large  with  us,  that  we  reckoi 
seven  species; — viz.  1.  the  grtnt  red  crettedj  2.  the  twallovh 
tailed,  3.  the  red  head,  4.  the  white  hac-c,  5.  the  woolly  hac\ 
6.  the  white  tail,  and  7  the  specified  Woodpeckir.  The  quills 
in  the  tail  of  this  genus  are  about  half  an  inch  in  length,  without 
feathers,  but  sharp,  like  those  of  a  porcupine.  With  these, 
pointed  ind  thrust  into  the  bark,  they  hold  and  rest  themselves 
while  drumming.     The  Yellow-hammer  is  also  a  Woodpecker. 

We  have  also  the  Whip-poor-will,  and  the  Night  Hawk,  which 
certainly  belong  to  the  same  genus,f  and  ornithologists  have 
long  doubted  if  they  are  not  in  fact  one  and  the  same  bird.  The 
celebrated  Bartram  thinks  them  so ;  and  I  am  told,  that  a  fowler 
having  killed  one,  while  singing  *'  whip-poor-will,"  was  satisfied, 
on  investigation,  that  the  singer  is  the  male  and  tlie  Night  Hawk 
is  the  female.     It  is  said  this  bird  lives  1 6  or  18  years. 

Besidts  the  146  species  mentioned,  there  are  several  others, 
the  genus  of  which  is  not  known  ;  as  the  Frog-catcher,  also  the 
Hagdel,  of  a  dark  brown  colour,  about  as  large  as  a  Murr,  though 
its  feathers  are  longer.  It  is  webfooted,  follows  vessels,  and  feeds 
on  fish-cfTal  and  the  refuse  of  cookery ;  also,  the  Moose-bird, 
which  feeds  on  the  berries  of  the  moose  bush,  and  stays  through 
the  winter.  Nor  is  it  probable  tliat  the  whole  number  has  beca 
mentioned  in  the  preceding  account ;  and  some,  which  are  conv- 
mon  in  other  parts  of  New-England,  are  seldom  here ;  particu- 
larly the  wild  Turleij.  A  few,  however,  have  been  shot  in  the 
western  parts  of  this  State.  ,k  ,-;  v. W 

FISHES. 

Fi*he».  In  our  salt  and  fresh  waters  are  found  about  sixty  species  of  fish, 

and,  generally,  they  are  abundant  in  numbers.  Some  are  warm- 
blooded, some  amphibious,  some  without  bones,  and  some  without 

•  1.  PicusPileatus. — 2.  PiciuPinindcnaceiif. — 3  Piciiv  Erytliroccpaliis. — 
4.  PiuiiR  Auratiis.— 5.  Ficiis  PubeacenB.— 6.  Picus  Villusus. — 7.  Picui  Ma- 
culosuB. 

f  1.  CaprimuljruB  Guropaeui. — 2.  Capriiautgus  Americanui,  [Nigbt  Hairk  ] 


•5.^,   .'JI.m'S' 

Fi'og-ralcli' 


SluoiehiriJ. 


Sect.  r*l"  opmaink.  151 

scales— diflTerently  classed  by  different  lethyologists.  In  the  fol- 
lowing amngement,  the  genera  are  alphabetical,  and  in  each  are 
the  several  sjiecies  found  among  us. 

Of  the    Bhnny  kindy*  we  mention — 1 .  the   Catjith ;  2.  tlie  J*/'^','"^ 
SnaH-fi»h,  and  3.  the  Wo1f'fiih.\  sli.  fi*. 

The  Catfish  has  four  teeth,  two  below  and  two  above,  which  Cm&a. 
set  together  like  those  of  a  rat  or  squirrel.  Its  colour  is  dark- 
brown,  its  head  round,  and,  from  its  middle  to  its  tail,  its  body 
tapers  like  that  of  an  eel.  It  is  two  feet  in  length.  It  has  large 
wing-fins  like  a  sculpion ;  in  other  resperts  it  looks  much  like  a 
cusk.  It  has  no  scales,  will  bite  at  a  hook,  and  will  weigh  from 
5  to  1 5  pounds,  but  is  too  rank  and  strong  for  the  table.  It  is 
found  in  our  bays  in  abundance. 

The  body  of  the  Wolf-fish  \s  round  and  slender,  the  head  large  Wuiffidi. 
and  blunt,  the  foreteeth,  above  and  below,  conical ;  those  in   the 
palate,  and  the  grinders,  round  ;  and  the  fin  covering  the  gill  has 
six  rays.  ■  -•;■''!:» 

Of  the  Cod  [or  Gad^  kind  of  Fish, J  we  have  seven  *pe«M,  cad  kind, 
viz.  1.   the    Cod;  2.   the   Haddoe'',  3.  the   Pollock;   4.    the 
small  Pollock;  5.  the  Hake;  G.   the   Frott  fish;  and  7.    the 
Cus\; 

The  Codfish  is  caught  abundantly  in  the  waters  off  our  ^~'''  ''• 
seaboard,  from  one  corner  of  the  State  to  the  other,  perhaps  equal 
to  20,000  quintals  in  a  year.  Tliey  are  generally  found  near  the 
ground  in  the  deep  waters  of  bays,  but  have  been  taken  in  Marsh 
bay,  [Penobscot,]  though  they  are  never  found  in  fresh  water. 
They  feed  on  muscles,  shrimps  and  clams  ;  but  the  best  bait  for 
them  is  herring.  They  are  without  scales  and  their  individual 
weight  is  from  5  to  75  pounds.  They  arc  said  to  spawn  in  coves 
and  at  the  mouths  of  rivers,  during  the  twelve  days  of  Christmaii.^ 

The  Haddock  are  companions  of  the  Codfish,  and  are  found  H^'Wock. 
in  the  salt  water  of  our  shores,  as  far  eastward  as  Mount  Desert. 


*"  1.  BIcnuins  Cliaotodon. — 2.  Blvnuius  Anguillarius, 

f  Anarijiclias  lupus — Golilsmilh. 

I  1.  Gaiiiis  Morliun. — 2.  Gadiis  n^IcRitiiis.— 3.  Gndus  polnchiut. — 4.  Ga 
diis  vircns?— 5.  Garlus  inolva. — 6.  Gadusluscus  — 7.  Gadiis . 

}  Go'(/»m/'/A  ««y«, [4  vol.  p.  22u,]  "  wlicn  (lieir  provision  [on  tlic  Grand 
fianlicj  is  cxIianstLd,  or  (lie  scasun  for  propag^ulion  returns,  titcy  gu  off  to 
tlic  puloxacat." — £ut  they  are  found  on  our  cor.st8  in  all  seasons  of  tbs 
year. 


Pollock. 


^t; 


Hake. 


«jJ«a'>"., 


THE  BIRDS  [iNTRODVirt 

Tbey  tre  scaled,  and  are  of  a  light  brown  colour^  whfa  black 
stripes  from  head  to  tail  on  each  side  of  the  baok«  commencior 
a  little  after  the  nape,  or  ^t7/  (Ins,  ia  spots  of  Uack,  shaped  like 
the  ball  of  a  man's  thunib.  The  Haddock  ii  shapeid  like 
a  codfish,  though  witli  a  larger  head,  and  two  back  fins  towards 
the  tail ;  it  weighs  from  five  to  twelve  pounds,  is  finer  flavptigred 
than  a  codfish,  harder  $nid  less  easy  to  break  when  dry,  and  con- 
sequently tobe  preferred  for  shipping.  ;   ,   ^  ^,, 

The  Pollock  is  plentiful,  especially  about  the  bays  of  Paaa> 
ectaquoddy  and  the  Isle  of  Holt.  It  is  shaped  much  like  a  Sal- 
toqaand  is  scaled;  its  sides  are  of  a  bluish  cast,  its  back  is  dark- 
er, its  belly  a  muddy  white,  its  length  from  30  to  30  inches,  apd 
weight  from  10  to  25  lbs.  It  is  very  good,  dressed  and  dried, 
tliough  not  so  good  as  a  codfish  when  fresh,  being  of  a  coarser 
grain.  It  is  excessively  fond  of  herring,  and  will  collect  together 
and  hem  in  shoals  of  them,  in  the  eddies  about  the  flats,  and  at 
slack  tide  feast  upon  them. 

The  small  Pollock  are  generally  found  in  our  harbours,  and 
are  exactly  the  same  as  the  other,  only  smaller,  weighing  from 
four  ounces  to  three  pounds.  Some  think  they  are  the  half- 
grown  young  of  the  true  Pollock. 

The  Hake,  Cod  and  Haddock  are  often  caught,  cured  and 
sold  together.  The  Hake  is  a  scaled  fish ;  its  length  and 
weight  are  almost  as  great  as  those  of  a  codfish  ;  it  is  tougher 
than  a  haddock  and  not  so  fine  flavoured.  Its  outside  is  coloured 
variously,  some  are  rather  of  a  dun-red,  others  are  of  a  muddy 
brown  with  white  bellies.  Its  head  is  much  like  that  of  a  cod- 
fish, except  that  its  mouth  and  jaws  are  formed  like  a  crescent, 
full  of  fine  teeth  which  are  very  sharp.  Its  body  tapers  from 
the  head  to  the  draught ;  tlience  to  tlie  tail-fin,  tlie  taper  is  much 
more  gradual ;  and  it  is  finned  mostly  like  a  cusk,  both  on  the 
back  and  belly.  Abundance  of  them  has  been  taken  within 
three  leagues  of  Castine.  They  are  caught  with  hooks ;  and  the 
best  hours  for  the  business  are  in  the  fore  and  latter  part  of  the 
night. 

The  Frostfish,  sometimes  called  Tom-cod,  are  found  about  the 
bays  and  mouths  of  the  rivers  in  the  summer,  and  in  the  winter 
they  inhabit  fresh  waters.  Thty  are  shaped  and  finned  like  a 
codfish  and  coloured  like  a  silver  eel,  scaled  and  fine  flavoured. 
Thoy  arc  very  small,  weighing  only  from  8  to  18  ounces.     They 


.T.] 


OF  MAINE,  r 


MS 


Eel  kind 


are  pknty  vnry  where,  bat  iiBond  m  the  greatest  abundance  about 
Namguagut,  Pleasant  river,  and  in  that  quarter.  In  place* 
where  diej  are  so  very  plenty,  they  are  caught  and  stacked  in 
December  and  January,  and  afterwards  cut  and  given  fresh  to  ' ' 

cattle. 

The  Cwik  deserved  a  place  prior  to  the  frostfish,  for  it  is  su-  cutk. 
periour  and  found  only  in  salt  water — weighing  from  5  to  20 
pounds.  It  is  shaped  much  like  a  catfish ;  its  head  is  round, 
with  jaws  full  of  small  teeth  ;  its  body  is  generally  two  feet  in 
length,  more  or  less,  according  to  its  size,  very  solid ;  its  liver 
only  is  fat  as  in  a  codfish.  Though  not  so  pleasant  to  the  taste 
as  the  cod,  it  makes  good  "  chowder,"  and  no  dry  fish  is  better, 
especially  when  it  is  three  years  old.  It  dwells  with  the  cod,  i  <><'-ii 
though  seldom  found  in  so  deep  water.  A  fresh  water  Cusk  is 
said  to  be  plenty  in  Moosehead  lake. 

This  is  the  family  of  the  Codfish,  and  none  other  is  so  univer- 
sally esteemed  for  the  table,     st'oris  j;  .    i.  >  :  snA 

The  EeU  are  plenty  in  our  waters ;  of  which  we  have  two 
As'ncb,  and  two  species  in  each  kind  :  the  two  species  of  one  kind, 
viz.  1.  Lamprey^*  and  2.  Sea-sucker,f  are  certainly  amphibi- 
ous ;  those  of  the  other, — viz.  1 .  the  sUver  Eel,l  and  2.  the 
Conger  Eel^  are  the  best  for  food.  The  bat,  the  eel,  the  swal- 
low, the  turtle,  the  frog,  the  toad  and  the  serpent  have  been  com- 
monly called  "  the  seven  sleepers."||  ' 

The  Lamprey  is  without  bone ;  and  one  of  three  feet,  a  com-  tampny 
mon  length,  will  weigh  3  pounds  and  will  cleave  so  fast  to  a  rock,  '^*'*' 
when  pulled,  as  to  take  one  up  of  4  pounds.  It  is  darker  col- 
oured and  less  slimy  than  a  silver  eel ;  it  is  cylindrical  and  large 
as  a  man's  wrist  to  its  bastard  fins,  which  begin  about  midway  of 
its  length  and  continue  to  the  tail.  Its  skin  is  so  tightly  ingrained 
with  the  flesh  that  it  cannot  be  taken  off;  and  it  has  9  or  10  eye- 
let-holes, as  large  as  a  pea,  on  each  side  of  its  back.  It  has  no 
teeth,  but  large  gooms  and  sucker-mouth ;  with  which  some  of 
the  smaller  ones  often  fasten  themselves  to  a  salmon,  or  shad,  and 
are  thus  carried  up  the  falls.  •    "  • 

*  Petromyzon  Fluviatali*.  f  Petromjzon  Marinus. 

I  Muraena  Anguiila.  }  Muraena  Con^r. 

0  The  Blenny  and  Eel  kind  bring  forth  their  youDjp  aliro. 
Vol    I,  It 


-•Wll».C?     MU 


154 


TiiB  nafiEs 


[IlfTKOOOC. 


Jt 


During  the  last  ten  years,  they  have  not  been  found  in  such 
abundance  in  the  main  rivers  as  formerly,  though  they  are  now 
plenty  in  the  Piscataquis; — ^they  are  taken  in  the  spring  and 
summer  months.  They  spanrii  in  May  or  June ;  and  afterwards 
attach  themselves  to  logs,  roots  and  stones,  near  where  they  cast 
their  spawn,  and  there  gradually  perish,  mortifying  from  tail  to 
head.  From  the  back  may  be  drawn  a  sinew  which,  when 
stretched,  is  tlirice  the  length  of  the  body,  and  makes  as  tough  a 
counter-string  for  a  violin  as  catgut.  They  are  caught  at  the  falls 
with  spears,  gafts,  hooks  without  bait  and  even  with  the  hands 
covered  with  mittens,  to  prevent  their  escape. 

The  Silver  Eeh,  found  in  both  salt  and  fresh  water,  are  taken 
Silver  Eeii.  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  and  are  very  good  for  food  :  They  are 
speared  in  the  winter  and  taken  by  hooks  in  the  summer.  They, 
like  the  Lamprey,  are  without  bones  and  scales,  and  are  about 
the  same  size,  though  some  of  them  will  weigh  6  pounds.  They 
have  two  fins  near  their  gills,  another  on  the  back,  which  runs  to 
the  tail,  as  on  a  cusk  or  catfish.  Their  young  is  seen  about  the 
6rst  of  June,  two  inches  in  length  and  about  as  large  as  a  small 
wire,  and  almost  transparent.  But  how  do  they  procreate  their 
species,  since  neither  spawn,  eggs,  nor  young,  are  found  in  them 
at  any  season  of  the  year  ?  ■  •     ^  '^   -  -  r  ^ 

The  Conger  Eels  are  caught  in  our  bays  and  salt  waters  of 
our  rivers.  They  have  a  round  head,  also  teeth,  and  otherwise 
look  much  like  a  catfish,  only  slimmer  ;  one  of  tv/ofeet  is  a  com- 
mon length,  being  only  as  large  as  a  man's  wrist.  They  bed  in 
the  mud  like  other  eels,  and  when  well  cooked,  they  are  received 
into  the  stomach  with  a  good  relish.  Their  natural  colour  is 
yellowish,  but  what  is  remarkable,  they  will,  when  dying,  change 
their  hues,  or  shades,  to  a  pale  green  or  faint  purple. 

Not  long  before  the  close  of  the  last  century,  a  French  mer- 
chantman, in  the  autumn,  grounded  on  tlie  flats,  a  league  below 
Bucksport,  in  Eastern  river ;  and  as  she  settled  down  with  the 
ebb,  her  sides  rested  on  a  large  bed  of  Conger  eels,  which  being 
tlius  ousted  of  their  settlements,  were  taken  by  the  mariners  and 
found  to  be  very  grateful  to  the  taste  and  stomach. 

The   Flounder  family*    embraces  five  species,   1 .  the   flat 


Flounder 
kind. 


*1.  Pleuronectes  Flesiis.— 2.    Plenronectcs  Platcssa.— 3.    Plcuroneclt* 
Hippc^UsBus.— 4.  riei.roL«ctc»  rapilIoiiUs.-<.5.  Pleuronectes  Equatrna. 


he   flat 


Sect,  t.]  '  of  Maine.  'life 

Houndert  3.  the  Plaietf  3.  the  Hahbut,  4.  the  Dab,  and  5.  the 
Skate. 

The  Flounder  is  exclusively  a  scaled  salt  water  fish,  and  fs  piwimitr. 
found  near  the  bottoms  in  coves  and  rivers,  and  consequently 
tastes  too  much  of  their  muddy  beds  to  be  palatable.  It  has  a  '  ^  ^'  ' 
black  back  and  a  very  white  belly ;  one  of  a  common  size  is 
about  12  inches  in  length  and  1  and  l-4th  of  an  inch  thick;  it 
has  two  black  fins  on  its  sidewise  back,  near  its  head,  and  a  white 
one  near  the  throat :  and  4  inches  from  the  head,  on  the  back 
and  belly,  are  the  roots  of  its  tail-fins,  running  nearly  to  the  roots 
of  the  fan-fin  at  the  end  of  the  tail,  which  is  in  length  and  width 
about  two  inches.  The  peculiarity  of  this  family  is  its  mouth. 
The  Flounder's  is  not  horizontal,  but  about  half  way  bei  veen 
diat  and  a  perpendicular;  that  is,  an  angle  of  45"  from  the 
ground ;  and  hence  it  seems  to  lie  on  one  side. 

The  Plaice  is  such  another,  though  without  scales,  smaller  &iid  |»i,iea. 
too  strong  to  be  fit  for  the  table.     It  is  lighter  coloured  than  n 
flounder  and  less  plenty,  and  dwells  in  the  same  places.     One  of 
a  common  size  will  weigh  a  pound.        "  ■^'"'      '   '  •''•^• 

The  Halibut  is  a  large  scale  fish,  weighing  from  10  to  200  iiai..,ui. 
pounds,  commonly  about  75  pounds.  It  is  found  in  considerable  ^  ^....v 
abundance  oflf  our  coasts,  about  the  bays  and  Islands,  and  espe- 
cially on  the  Grand  Banks,  but  only  in  salt  water.  The  colour 
of  its  back  is  a  dark  slate,  its  belly  white,  and  extending  only 
one  foot  from  the  gills,  is  very  short,  inclosing  a  small  quantum  of 
entrails.  One  of  75  pounds  is  six  feet  long,  between  2  and  3 
feet  across,  as  it  lies  like  a  flounder  apparently  on  one  side,  and 
only  6  inches  through  the  junk  in  thickness.  Its  moutli  makes 
an  angle  of  70^  with  the  horizon ;  its  fins  are  on  each  of  its  sides, 
extending  two  inches  into  the  body  to  the  joint,  and  tor ..•  mating 
6  inches  above  the  roots  of  the  tail:  the  flesh,  on  those  called  '' 

"  Halibut-fins,"  are  fat  and  when  fresh  very  palatable ;  as  are 
also  its  head  and  nape.  They  are  taken  with  hooks,  but  are  dif- 
ficult to  handle  owing  to  their  flat  shape.  '  '' 

The  Skate  swims  like  a  flounder,  is  whhout  scales  and  quite  g^,,^ 
short,  being  not  more  than  three  feet  in  length ;  yet  it  is  two  feet 
or  more  in  breadth,  and  will  weigh  30  pounds ;  though  tlieir 
sizes  are  variable, — from  5  to  50  pounds.    Its  tail,  two  feet  in 
length  liko  that  of  a  land  tortoise,  is  very  rough  and  full  of 


w 


Lniapfiibi 


Mackerel. 


HoTM 

r^^ktrtl. 


THE  nSHES  [IntBODUC. 

prickles ;  near  which,  on  each  sidci  u  has  something  like  two  1^ 
8  inches  or  more  in  length.,  with  which  it  can  clasp  hold  of  sub* 
stances :  it  has  6ns  on  both  sides  like  the  skirts  of  a  saddle ; 
it  is  seldom  eaten.  .  „h  i..^^.  ifu*..^' 

The  LumpJUh*  is  naturally  a  clumsy  creature  and  is  found 
only  in  salt  water,  mostly  about  the  westerly  coast  of  the  State. 
It  has  a  i^j-ominence  on  the  back  like  that  of  a  camel,  and  as 
large  in  propotion  to  the  creature  ;  also  two  gill,  or  nape  fins,  and 
a  small  tail,  somewhat  like  that  of  a  flounder,  and  a  very  small 

mouth.  '  r  I 

,h  Of  tills  sort,  are  two  varieties,  if  not  species  3  the  mud  or 
greetij  and  the  red  lump ;  both  are  good  to  eat,  though  the  latter 
is  the  best ;  they  are  shaped  alike  :  the  larger  sizes  are  20  inches 
in  length,  15  in  depth,  up  and  down,  also  about  10  in  thickness, 
and  may  weigh  20  pounds  or  inore.  From  head  to  tail,  on  each 
side  of  tlie  back,  are  three  rows  of  hard  sultstances  as  large, 
severally,  as  a  finger  nail ;  and  each,  half  an  inch  from  the  other. 
The  green  Lump  is  transparent,  so  that  the  finger  on  its  opposite 
side  from  the  eye  can  be  easily  seen.  On  the  breast,  each  has  a 
sort  of  sucker  raoutli,  by  ivhich  it  can  hold  fast  to  any  substance. 

The  Mackerel^  is  a  very  elastic  fish,  of  which  we  reckon  three 
species : — 1 .  the  Mackerel :  2.  the  horse  Mackerel :  and  3.  the 
BUl-jish :  all  of  which  dwell  in  salt  water. 

The  real  Mackerel  is  very  handsome  in  shape  and  colour  ;  is 
fat  and  palatable,  and  one  of  a  middle  size  will  weigh  two  pounds ; 
it  is  very  long  and  cylindrical,  with  bright  clouded  back,  (black 
and  green,)  white  teeth,  and  nape  and  centre  fins  :  tliey  are  taken 
in  great  plenty  off  Mount  Desert  rock  and  in  other  places  on  our 
coast.  Its  scales,  which  are  small  and  thin,  it  sheds  in  the  ago- 
nies of  dying. 

The  Horse  Mackerel^  or  Mackerel  Shark,  is  coloured,  shaped, 
and  finned  like  the  other,  but  it  is  too  coarse  grained,  dry,  and 
rank  to  be  fit  for  the  table.  They  differ  very  much  in  size,  be- 
ing from  20  to  200  pounds  in  weight ;  the  smaller  are  taken  with 
hooks  and  the  larger  are  harpooned. — Capt.  Lowell  caught  one 


f  I.  Scomber  icombiii. — 2.  Srnn)l)Pr  lani*.— rt.  Pcnmbrr  roilratin,     II  ii 
•aid,  a  Mackerel  will  produce  S  hundred  tiioiitand  cggt  in  one  teaton. 


SfCT.  ▼.]  <MrillilNEi    " 

which  weighed  about  300  pounds.    Thej  are  often  seen,  though 
not  reiy  plenty  in  our  waters.  '•• 

The  Bill-Jish  is  a  small,  rare  satt  water  fish,  weighing  only  Bin  a*, 
about  half  a  pound ;  and  though  so  light,  it  is,  from  the  end  of 
the  bill  to  that  of  the  tail,  15  inches  in  length.     Its  head,  except 
its  bill,  which  is  two  inches  long,  is  like  a  herring,  the  residue      .-^'^ 
like  n  mackerel  ;  its  flesh  is  dark  coloured,  and  in  flavour  rather 
rank  to  the  taste*'  "*"  *-^''  '> '>i'';'i*  .<'►'»'  ^j  ■  .'^-  ny  »  c  -«rvi;*f'r  ttit  ■>• 

Of  the  JIftnnotc,  or  Menow*  kind,  are  two  species  : — 1 .  the  Mcoow. 
MenotD}  and  2.  the  Sucker. 

The  Minnow  is  a  very  small,  slim  fresh  water  fish,  with  silvery 
scales,  is  from  two  to  three  inches  in  length,  and  is  used  alive  as 
bait  to  catch  pickerel.  When  in  perfect  trim,  immediate!/  after 
spawning,  its  back  is  almost  black,  its  belly  a  milkwhite,  and  its 
sides  dappled  like  a  panther's,  inclining  to  a  gra}  ish  sky  colour. 

The  Sucker  is  found  in  plenty  in  fresh  waters  only ;  it  is  rather  sucktr. 
more  yellowish  than  a  chub  ;  weighs  from  1  to  3  pounds,  being 
from  12  to  18  inches  in  length,  and  when  taken  in  cold  weather, 
is  eaten. 

Monk-Jishf  is  very  plenty  about  OwlVhead  and  other  bays ;  Monk-fiih. 
its  length  about  three  feet,  its  weight  1 5  or  20  pounds ;  its  head 
is  ?reat,  being  in  weight  about  a  third  part  of  the  whole  fish ;  and 
its  mouth  and  jaws,  of  a  half-moon  form,  are  proportionably  large, 
whence  the  proverb,  of  one  who  opens  wide  a  large  mouth  like  a 
monk-fish,  "  we  can  see  what  he  ate  for  breakfast."  Its  belly, 
as  it  swims,  is  partly  on  one  side,  like  a  flounder's ;  and  thus 
situated,  its  horizontal  width  is  12  or  15  inches  and  more  than 
three  times  its  perpendicular  thickness.     It  is  not  eaten. 

The  species  of  the  Perch  familyX  are  eight : — 1 ,  2,  and  3.  the  fttOu 
redy  (he  white^  and  the  sea  Perch :  4.  the  Whiting :  6.  the  Batt: 
G.  the  Shiner :  7.  the  Chub  :  and  8.  tlie  Bream.  "       ^ 

The  red  Perch  is  so  called,  because  its  under  fins  are  of  a 
palish  red  : — It  is  from  6  to  1 0  inches  in  length,  is  good  for  the 
table,  aiul  weighs  from  1 0  to  20  ounces.  It  has  a  horn  fin  on  its 
back,  like  a  bass ;  and,  perpendicularly,  up  and  down  its  sides,  it  is 
handsomely  striped  and  clouded  witli  black  and  yellow. 


i5r 


■P*i 


i.,.;\ 


:u--  J 


*  1.  Cypiinui. — 2.Cypriniit  castostomus  forator.     f  LopbiutTpitcatoriut. 

\  I.  Ferca  fluviatalii.— 2.  Pcrca  Iticiopcrca. — 8.  Perca  undulata. — 4.  P«r- 
ca  atburnus.— S.  Perca  oo«Ute.->6.  P«rca  nobilia.— 7.  P«roa  philac]«lphioB, 
— f.  P«rca  ohryioptert. 


.*»4^ 


K^f  THBFISHBi  [IirT«O0O«. 

PtKb.        "^The  while  and  feo  PereA,  as  I  am  informed  by  fisherman,  are 

so  nearly  alike,  as  to  render  it  difficult  to  trace  a  difference. 

4^.;   These  are  found  in  salt  and  fresh  water  ponds,  coves  and  rivers: 

tbfcy  are  larger  and  deeper  coloured  than  the  red  Perch,  and 

their  sides  are  as  ]igi)t  as  an  alewife's. 

Wbiiiiif .         '^^^  Whiting  is  a  small  but  wholesome  fish,  a  companion  of 
the  preceding — seldom  seen. 

Dan.  "^^^  Bass  is  a  large  scale  fish,  variable  in  its  size  from   10  to 

60  pounds.  They  arc  striped  with  black,  have  bright  scales  and 
horned  backs,  and  arc  caught  about  the  coasts.  They  ascend 
into  the  fresh  water  to  cast  their  spawn,  in  May  or  June,  being 
lean  afterwards  and  fat  in  the  autumn.  In  June,  1 807,  there 
were  taken  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kenduskeag,  7,000  of  these 
fishes,  which  were  of  a  large  size — a  shoal,  either  pursued  up 
the  river  by  sharks,  or  ascended  in  prospect  of  their  prey,  or  to 
cast  their  spawn.  Bass  is  good  for  food  when  fresh,  but  poor 
when  salted.  Mungo  Bass  is  both  smaller  and  much  better  fish ; 
—fat  and  fine  flavoured  as  a  salmon.  Its  exteriour  is  bright  as 
an  alcwife,  and  is  found  in  our  interiour  lakes  ;  one  of  them  will 
j^i    weigh  a  pound.  '?^*>  M?>4«  vjf|^^?3 'nvf   •  -   - 

VbiMr.  The  Shiner  is  very  plenty  in  our  fresh  waters,  where  there  are 

no  pickerel : — also  very  small,  being  only  about  4  or  5  inches  in 
length,  and  v>'eighing  no  more  than  4  or  5  ounces.  Its  name  is 
taken  from  the  bright  silver  shining  of  its  scales ;  and  there  are 
two  or  three  varieties,  one  is  like  the  minnow,  another  ''  the  shad- 
shiner."        -  .'...J.-» -». 

Ciiub.  The  CAtt2)  has  fins  like  a  sucker ;  is  exceedingly  well  shapen, 

with  a  fan-tail,  and  its  scales  are  as  bright  as  polished  silver. 
,  One  of  5lbs.  is  20  inches  in  length ;  it  is  eaten,  though  rather 
muddy  and  rank  to  tlie  taste. 

Brtam.  The  Bream  is  a  scaled  fresh  water  horn-back  fish,  five  inches 

in  length  and  of  only  8  or  10  ounces  in  weight.  The  back  is 
elliptical,  ci-<  ted  with  a  back-fin,  an  inch  and  an  half  upwards  ;  is 
as  good  to  the  taste  as  the  perch  and  less  bony :  it  is  found 
plentifully  in  our  ponds  and  mill-streams.  In  May  or  June,  each 
pair  will  sweep  round  and  form  in  the  sand,  a  cavity,  one  or  two 
feet  in  diameter,  and  G  or  8  inches  iu  depth,  within  which  they 
cast  their  spawn. 


-ii.If; 


Sf**  ( 


:iti, 


Jin-. 


•.tv'^ 


SmSt'  ▼•]  OPMAINB.  IM 

Of  Piektnl*  we  have  only  one  species ;  tnd  of  Fiktf  I  •m  PWknvi. 
not  iafortoed,  we  have  any  in  our  waters. 

Tlie  Pickerel  is  excellent  for  tlie  table ;  one  of  a  middle  size 
irill  weigh  3ibs.  and  measure  more  than  18  inches  in  length.  lu 
back  is  black,  its  belly  white,  and  its  sides  are  clouded  with  black 
and  yellow.  This  species  of  fish,  wliich  is  plenty  in  the  Kenne- 
bec waters,  was  first  brought  to  Penobscot,  A.  D.  1819,  and  put 
into  Davis'  pond,  in  Eddington,  where  they  have  increased  sur- 
prizingly  :  but  they  devour  (he  white  perch,  which  is  of  as  much, 
or  more  value,  and  their  emigration  has  not  received  much  wel- 
come. Where  they  are  plenty,  they  are  speared  and  also  caught 
with  a  hook.     ;«»»;?«(;.    't  i>;  i.  n     "••  lu    mI  i        *  .  :•  '  > 

Tiie  Poutf  is  found  in  almost  all  -our  fresh  water  ponds ;  it  Pout 
has  nape-fins,  on  each  of  which  are  straight  sharp  horns  an  inch  in 
length,  which  give  great  pain,  when  they  perforate  the  flesh.  The 
spawning  season  is  in  May,  and  the  old  one  keeps  the  brood 
around  her,  as  the  hen  does  hers,  and  will  as  boldly  fight  for  tlieir 
safety.  Pouts  have  five  or  six  smellers,  or  feelers,  jutting  out 
from  their  under  jaw,  as  large  as  wire  and  an  inch  in  length ; 
such  as  the  haUe  and  sturgeon  have  below  their  gills.  Pouts  are 
skinned  when  cooked,  and  eatable  when  baked. 

The  Hoach,X  though  rather  scarce,  is  found  in  fresh  ponds,  is  Uuncb 
pleasant  for  food,  and  one  may  weigh  from  6  to  20  ounces.     It 
is  shaped  much  like  a  chub,  witli  sides,  belly  and  fins  of  a  red- 
dish tincture. 

Of  the  Salmon  kind^  wc  have  three  species,  viz.    1.    th«: 
Salmon,  2.  Sulnon  Trout,  and  3.  Smelt,  .  '  i'  '/  7'-;  i 

The  Salmon,  a  most  excellent  fish,  is  now  or  has  been  caught 
in  the  Saco,  Androscoggin,  Kennebec,  Penobscot  and  Machias 
rivers,  into  which  they  ascend  from  the  salt  water,  in  the  spring 
and  summer  months,  to  cast  their  s;)awn  in  October.  They  then 
stay  till  the  next  May,  when  they  return  with  their  young  to  the 
sea ;  tliese  are  *'  the  rarcrb"  so  called.  In  the  males  is  a  sub- 
stance, as  hard  and  white  as  clear  pork  newly  killed,  which  is 
easily  distinguishable  from  the  spawn  of  the  females;    but  the 


ftlmont 


*  F.SOX  liiciiis.  't  Siliirui  Felis. 

\  Rubeliio  F)uria(ili«.— lias  been  called  the  "  iratcr-ihccp  fur  tti  liinpn* 


city. 


(  I.  Mmo  0aUr.— 9.  Salmo  Trutta.— 3.  Salmrv  Ep«rlanw. 


Troul. 


160  TREFISIfES  [lllTftOttVe. 

,,  peculiar  fellowship  or  connexion  at  the  time  of  spawning  remaios 
unsolved.  The  circular  spawn-noounts,  formed  of  sanu,  are  fiom 
4  to  6  feet  in  diameter  and  12  inches  in  height}  and  if  any  chub 
or  other  fish  comes  near,  the  Salmon  will  bite  them  to  death  and 
leave  them.     A  Sa!  iion  weighs  from  10  to  40  pounds. 

Of  this  species,  there  are  three  varieties ;  the  black  Salmon, 
which  is  the  smallest ;  the  hawkbitl,  which  is  the  largest  and 
lightest  coloured ;  nrd  the  smoothnoaed^  which  is  the  fattest  and 
best,  with  sides  bright  as  an  alewife. 

The  Salmon  T-out    re  found  in  all  our  larger  lakes  and  ponds, 

and  are  excellent  i :t  food  :  they  often  weigh  from  1 5  to  20  pounds 

each,  though  they  difTer  in  size  and  appearances ;  and  are  more 

.r<;  slim  and  less  fat  than  the  salmon;   their  sides  are  spotted  with 

red  and  yellow. 

SomIl  The  Smelt  is  a  small  salt  and  fresh  water  fish,  from  4  to  8 

inches  in  length,  with  brown  back,  light  sides  and  belly,  weighing 
4  or  5  ounces ;  they  are  caught  in  abundance,  after  March,  in  our 
rivers ;  20  barr'>'S  of  them  have  been  taken  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Kenduskeag  at  a  sweep,  and  sometimes  they  are  worth  no  more 
than  half  a  dollar  by  the  bushel.     :u  ~\.:-.'      .  u...      :  m  .u) 

gl^.  VVe  have  no  less  than  six,  perhaps,  seven  species  of    the  Shad 

.,  .,j  tribe,*  viz.  1.  Shad,  2.  Alewife,  3.  Herring,  4.  Hardhead,  5. 
Bret,  and  6.  Manhaden,  and  7.  Atherine.\ 

The  Shad,  taken  in  all  our  rivers,];  till  their  spring-runs  were 
checked  by  dams,  arc  too  well  known  to  require  a  particular  de- 
scription. They  are  three  years  in  coming  to  maturity,  when 
they  will  weigh  from  3  to  5  pounds.  The  Alewife  is  also  very 
common.  ;  ,.  «,  •   x  -  •■'    >-       -■  •■v*"  *>  >  •■■•.i, :>.*'.  uji.'  . 

Hcrriii''s.  Herringa^  are  of  various  sizes,  from  10  to  20  ounces  in  weight 
and  are  good  for  the  table.  They  are  scaled,  finned  and  shaped 
like  an  alewife ;  their  bucks  are  of  a  bright  green,  and  iheir  sides 
and  bellies  lighter.  They  are  caught  plentifully  along  our  coast, 
especially  about  Herring-gut  and  eastward.    They  are  the  best 

*  1.  Ctupea  Alo^o.— 2.  Cliipca  Serrata.—  3.  Clupea  Haren(|;ui. — 4.  Clupea 
Dura  Myttax.— S.  Clupea  Minima  ? — 6.  Clupea  IMenida  ? 

f  Atberine.    Athcrina,  may  belongs  to  another  family. 

\  Od  the  2d  of  May,  1791,  at  tho  mouth  of  (be  Kendutkcapf,  (of  the  Po. 
oobicot,]  were  taken  at  one  drnH  1,000  »bad  and  30  barrel*  of  alewivci. 

(  "  Of  ail  miffratiog:  fi«h  tba  lltrring  and  Pilchard  take  tb«  mait  adrM' 
Itroiii  voyag4a.* 


Saor*  ▼.]  OP  MAiNC. 

of  bait  for  oodfith,  md  are  w>  fiit,  before  they  sp*wil  in  Aaguit 
or  September,  that  it  is  difficult  to  sive  them  even  with  salt. 

The  Hardhead  is  shaped  and  fin  led  like  a  shad,  except  that  |{.nib,Mi. 
its  head,  which  is  smaller,  looks  lik ;  that  of  a  perch.  Its  back 
is  of  a  yellowish  cast ;  it  will  in  gei  eral  weigh  from  one  to  three 
pounds,  and  is  very  fine  flavoured.  The  Hardhead  are  mostly 
taken  in  salt  water,  with  nets  and  w..<'es  and  sometimes  with 
hooks ;  though  a<  few  have  been  caught  at  ilie  mouth  of  the  Ken- 
duskeag  and  other  fresh  rivers. 

Mankaden*  are  likewise  found  mostly  in  salt  water,  though  Manbadtn. 
they  are  seen  sometimes  as  high  up  in  rivers,  as  where  the  fresh 
and  salt  water  mix.  One's  head  is  almost  as  large  as  that  of  a 
shad,  and  is  equal  in  size  and  weight  to  one  third  part  of  the 
whole  fish ;  its  length  is  from  8  to  1 2  inches ;  its  weight  from  1 
to  2  pounds  ;  its  appearance  is  like  that  of  a  shad,  except  that  <  '<-' 
its  head  is  larger,  itself  shorter ;  its  Lack  is  green,  and  its  belly  a 
light  yellowish  colour,  like  a  hardhead.  It  is  plentifully  taken  on 
our  coast,  and  much  used  for  bait  to  catch  haddock,  pollock,  hal- 
ibut, and  mackerel ;  but  too  oily  and  strong  for  the  table.  This 
is,  in  grade,  about  the  fourth  family  of  fishes,  put  upon  the  table, 
and  abundant  in  our  waters.  -  ;    ^^  ".  \-,  .  "     •«■  s<'»  .  •„: 

Of  the  Squalid  tribe\  we  may  mention  three  species.     I .  the  Squalid 
Shark ;  2.  the  Dogfish ;  and  3.  the  Swordfi$h. 

The  Sharkt  among  fishermen,  is  called  the  "  maneater,"  "  the  Shark, 
shovel-nose,"  and  "  the  swingle-tail ;"  these  being  varieties  of 
the  species.  The  latter  is  caught  in  our  bays,  though  not  often. 
Its  length  is  from  4  to  14  feet,  half  of  which  is  tail,  perpendicu- 
larly flat,  like  a  s^v  ^d,  tapering  from  the  draught,  where  it  is 
about  1 6  inches  in  circumference,  to  the  end,  and  where  it  is  only 
an  inch  in  diameter,  turning  or  curving  downwards.  Its  mouth, 
head,  and  body,  are  like  those  of  a  dogfish.  One  of  common 
size  will  weigh  150  pounds;  yet  one  was  caught  eastward  of 
Metinicus,  in  1811,  which  was  supposed  to  weigh  more  than 
500  pounds. 

The  DogfUh,  fotmd  only  in  salt  water,  is  about  3  or  4  feet  in  |wtth. 
length  and  weighs  about  20  or  25  pounds.      It  has  a  peaked 
nose,  and  ^rom  its  end,  3  inches  back,  is  its  mouth,  very  small, 


•  Vulgarly  called  "pegeyi.* 

1 1.  Squalut  Stellarii. — 2.  Sqnalui  Acantbiai.— 3.  Squalut  Xipbiat. 


162 


l>;.!»<!tt« 


jHi^;«i!fl?1 


SworilUsh. 


Slick  lor*. 
Skip-JiKk. 


Siirklo- 
hack. 


fiturgron. 


,,i.i!'- 


lilE  PISHES  [iMTBOOVe. 

resembiing  that  of  (.<  Jturgeon,  but  full  of  small  sharp  teeth  whk 
which  it  bites  spite  fully.  Its  back  is  not  scaled,  but  so  ex- 
ceediiigly  rough  as  to  be  used  by  cabinct-rnakers  to  smooth 
their  boards :  and  to  educe  the  proverb,  "  as  rough  as  the  skin 
of  a  Dogfish."  But  the  great  peculiarity  of  this  6sh  consists  in 
that  of  procreation  It  never  spawns,  but  the  feti^ik'  hss  cHin 
in  its  belly  an  hund.od  eggs  at  one  time,  to  which  srverally  sre 
attached  a  ycving  om ,  in  a  state  of  greater  or  lei  in:  !u.  ity.  its 
eggs  are  from  the  bigness  of  o  pea  to  thi*  of  a  .;  ivtiids'/j  c|:;. ; 
and  when  the  young  ire  cast  fron<  tue  daii'«  one  at  a  time,  it  is 
slim  and  more  than  half  n  foot  in  Iriph  aaci  if  otta  be  cut  out 
before  entire  maturity  oaJ  thrown  into  the  water,  it  has  been 
known  to  swim  off  with  the  broken  egg  J),'n2;ing  \,y  a  string  vwo 
inches  in  icn?;ili. 

T'le  iStror<//i?A  is  not  frequent,  but  hap  been  seei;  off  iii  lum 
Deifert  and  otlicr  plares,  ten  leagues  at  sea,  It>  whole  lengtli  is 
about  o  or  lO  fecij  v.  has  two  fins  on  the  back,  which  are  apt  to 
be  out  of  liic  water,  as  it  usually  swims  near  the  surface.  Its 
sword,  iioui  the  |)oint  of  its  nose,  is  two  feel  long  and  so  hard 
iiiat  i])e  fish  can  wield  it  through  the  hull  of  n  vessel. 

Of  (he  )Sr»cA;/crs*  we  have  two  species; — l.  Skip-jack,  and 
2.  Stickle-back. 

The  Skip-jack  is  a  scaled  small  salt  water  fish,  good  to  eat, 
weighing  from  10  to  16  ounces,  and  shaped  like  <i  pumpkin  seed. 
It  is  only  about  an  inch  through,  measured  horizontally  ;  while  its 
perpendicular  depth  is  from  4  to  G  inches,  and  three  fourths  as 
much  as  its  length. 

The  body  of  the  Stickle-back  is  broadest  towards  the  tail ;  the 
head  is  oblong,  a  (in  covers  the  gills  with  three  spines  ;  and 
prickles  start  backward,  before  the  hack  fins  and  tliose  of  tlie 
draught.      >  •■  •«  >       ■   •      ,       ,  ,      ,,       ,        i,,; 

The  Sturgcon\  is  commonly  6  or  8  feet  in  length  and  weighs 
from  20  to  uO  pounds,  thougii  some  have  been  caught  whicii 
would  weigh  200  pounds.  It  migrates  from  the  salt  water, 
during  the  spring,  into  almost  all  our  rivers  and  returns  in 
the  autumn.  It  has  a  long  head  and  prominent  nose,  beneath 
which  it  has  a  suckur-muuth  without  jaws  or  teeth.     It  has  gills 

*  I.  Oa«tcrcilcu»  Solatrix.— 2.  Gaiitcro«tcu§  Aculcatu«,  -,;,,     , 

f  Aciprmf^r  stttrio.  ■ 


shaped 
tail,  and 
in  all,  fo 
like  a  gr 
siinie  wii 
ThcJ 
iiarbours 
ship-cool 
and  large 
gills  and 
Ims  also, 
all  which 
ous  to  the 
hostile  hui 
off  in  sha| 
small  and 
The  Su 
ing  300  pc 
inches  in  d 
riour  is  roi 
beneath  wl 
an  inch  an( 
very  elastic 
thrust  upoii 
is  said  to  b| 
The   Th 
salt  water 
It  has  a  hoi 
westward  ;  I 
The  Toi 
sculpion,  ar^ 
tJCT  of  the 
an  old  toad  J 
potbelly  an) 
small  fish, 

The  Trd 
waters,  parj 

*Cottui  ql 
I 


•ally  are 
ity.    its 

ne,  it  is 

cut  out 

iias  been 


irm 


i;v.'o 


fif  -vam 
lenglli  is 
ire  apt  to 
face.  Its 
I  so  hard 

jackj  and 

.( t 

)d  to  eat, 
pkin  seed, 
while  its 
fourths  as 

e  tail ;  the 
)ines ;  and 
ose  of  the 

ju.b 

nd  weighs 
ght  whicU 
salt  water, 
returns  in 
e,  beneath 
t  has  gills 


9i*4Vi 


x-w'l 


Sc«r.  v.]  OP  MAINE.  103 

shtped  exactly  li^e  «n  officer's  epaulett ;  and  on  its  back  to  its 
tail,  and  on  each  side  of  tlie  back,  including  the  belly,  there  ara 
in  all,  four  rows  of  hard  bony  substances,  pungent  to  the  touch, 
like  a  grater.  It  frequently  leaps  from  the  rivers,  to  wash  off  the 
siinie  which  gathers  upon  it  in  still  water  and  hot  weather.  > 

The  Sculpion*  is  common  about  the  mouths  and  sah  water  scufpion, 
liarbours  of  our  rivers — is  fond  of  fish-offal  and  the  refuse  of 
ship-cookery.  Its  lenpth  is  from  12  to  14  inches,  its  head  is  ugly 
nnd  large,  and  its  mouth  opens  like  that  of  a  monkfisli.  About  its 
gills  and  head  it  has  horns,  sharp  and  short ;  and  near  the  gills  it  ,. . , 
has  also,  on  each  side,  two  large  wing-fins  and  a  fin  on  the  back, 
all  which  have  horns  half  an  inch  in  length,  very  sharp  and  poison* 
ous  to  the  flesh  :  when  caught  it  will  bristle  up  and  make  a  dull 
hostile  humming.  From  the  bwer  extremity  of  the  body,  it  falls 
off  in  shape  very  abruptly,  and  thence  to  the  end  of  the  tail  is 
small  and  cylindrical,  tliis  part  being  the  only  one  ever  eatable. 

The  Sunfahf  is  a  large  ugly  looking  creature,  sometimes  weigh-  g^^  j.^^ 
ing  300  pounds,  but  never  eaten.  It  is  G  feet  in  length,  30 
inches  in  diameter,  and  very  solid.  It  is  not  scaled ;  its  exte- 
riour  is  rough  as  that  of  a  dogfish  and  as  thick  as  a  sheepskin,' 
beneath  which  is  a  substance  all  over  the  bodv,  from  one  inch  to 
an  inch  and  an  half  in  tliickness,  which  is  light,  transparent  and 
very  elastic,  so  that  when  it  is  pared  into  balls,  it  will,  on  being 
thrust  upon  the  floor,  bound  40  or  50  feet.     The  oil  of  its  liver  . .^ 

is  said  to  be  good  to  cure  the  rheumatism. 

The   Thornback,'^.  or  Cunner,  is  a  brown  coloured,  scaled  Tbornback 
salt  water  fish,  as  large  as  a  white  perch,  and  is  a  good  pan-fish, 
h  has  a  horny,  or  thorned  back,  and  is  found  in  Casco  bay  and 
westward;  and  weighs  from  1  to  C  pounds.  i.-..t 

The  Toadjish'^  is  an  ugly  shaped  creature,  about  as  large  as  a 
sculpion,  and  shaped  somewhat  like  it ;  and  is  probably  a  mem- 
uer  of  the  same  family.  It  appears  about  tlie  head  and  mouth  like 
an  old  toad,  with  the  addition  of  a  coarse  mossy  beard  ;  has  a  large 
potbelly  and  small  tail :  feeds  on  plaice,  flounders,  and  other 
small  fish,  and  is  found  in  our  salt  water  harbours. 

The  7Vou^,||  also,  must  be  mentioned  as  a  fish  of  our  fresh 
waters,  particularly  those  of  tlie  Androscoggin. 


Trotil. 


^L'ottui  q;udricorni«. 
I  Piicei  raca. 


t  Clydoptcrui  ? 


I  Raja  FuUonica. 
I  Tro«t«. 


164  THE  FISHES  [IktbODVC. 

The  warm  blooded,  or  cetaceous  mammiUaryinhibitants  of  our 
waters  are  three,  the  JVhale,*  the  Porpou«,t  and  the  Sea/.|  AD 
these  suckle  their  young. 

Wbai«.  fVhaleif  two  centuries  ago,  were  common  in  our  waters,  when 

Capt.  Smith  fished  for  them  about  our  great  bays.  Such  as  we 
.rt>^:;h  now  sec,  are  the  Humphackj%  wtiich  are  the  most  common,  being 
from  30  to  35  feet  in  length,  severally  yielding  from  1 5  to  25 
barrels  of  oil.  The  others,  are  the  Grampus  Whales,  shorter, 
smaller,  of  less  value  and  more  frequently  seen. 

Biack-fiiiii.  The  Black-fish^  is  from  1 5  to  30  feet  m  length ;  from  1 0  to 
12  feet  ill  circumference;  and  shaped  like  a  whale,  and  has  a 
large  fin  upon  the  back.  One  of  a  common  size  will  yield  half 
a  dozen  barrels  of  oil.  It  is  a  warm  blooded  fish,  resembling  the 
whale.  When  harpooned,  it  has  been  seen  to  take  its  young 
under  its  fluke,  and  carry  it  down  into  the  depths  of  water. 

Porpoise.  The  Porpoise  has  always  been  common  in  our  waters,  and  one 
...  of  a  middle  size  will  weigh  from  75  to  100  pounds,  and  measure 
from  5  to  7  feet  in  length.  It  has  no  gills ;  but  receives  air 
through  a  single  nostril,  or  "  puffer,"  which  is  between  its  eyes. 
Its  outside  is  without  scales  and  smooth  as  velvet.  The  liver  and 
lights,  which  are  like  those  of  a  swine,  are  the  only  parts  usually 
eaten,  though  the  savages,  with  stouter  stomachs,  do  not  stop 
there. 

geal.  The  Sen/||  is  found  among  the  Islands  and  in  the  rivers  of 

Maine,  and  was  formerly  very  plenty.  It  has  been  taken  at  the 
head  of  tide-waters  in  the  Penobscot  ;  and  seen  as  high  up  as 
the  Grand-falls.  It  is  an  amphibious  animal,  with  flukes  hke 
fore  paws,  and  with  webbed  feet  near  its  hinder  extremhy  ;  its 
head,  mouth  and  teeth  are  like  those  of  a  dog,  its  body  is  round 
and  from  9  to  12  inches  in  diameter ;  it  brings  forth  and  suckles 
its  young  like  a  land  animal,  and  seems  designed  to  form  the 
connecting  Unk  between  the  two  kingdoms,  as  the  bat  connects 
those  of  the  beast  and  bird. 


*  Cete  Balaona?  fThursio.  J  Phoca. 

{ <  The  New-England  wlialc  has  a  hiiinp  on  the  back.' — Ooldtmith. 
II  Fhoca.    Vitulina, 


n 


Sser.  v.]  tp.     OF  mainc.  105 

SHKLLFISH.  * 

Amoso  the  numerous  inhabitants  of  our  waters,  the  Shellfish  Sheiifiab. 
seem  to  be  formed  under  an  inverted  law  of  nature ;  for  tliey, 
contrary  to  other  animals,  have  tlieir  bony  parts  outside  and  their 
muscles  within.  Of  these  we  have  two  classes,  which  tlie  natur- 
alists rail  cnutaceous  and  testaceous,  or  the  soft  and  the  hard 
shelled.  Belonging  to  the  Jormer*  are, — 1.  ihe  Lobster  ;  2. 
the  Crab;  3.  the  Shrimp;  and  4.  the  Cray-fish,  which  are  of""''"'' 
the  Crab  kind  ;  and  5.  the  Tortoise,  whereof  there  are  amoug 
us  three  species.  Of  those  called  hard  shelled,\  are,  1 .  the 
Oysters,  2.  Muscles,  3.  Cockles,^  4.  Limpets,  5.  Sea-snails : — 
Clams  of  several  species,  or  rather  several  varieties,  as,  6.  Sea,  7. 
Hog,  8.  Razor-shell,  9.  Long-shell,  and  10.  Land-shell,  Clams. 

Lobsters  generate  in  salt  water.  They  have  claws,  feelers, ,  ob»ter» 
and  teeth.  Like  insects,  their  mouth  opens  the  long  way  ol  the 
body;  and  like  some  plants,  both  sexes  are  in  the  same  creature ; 
also,  if  a  joint  of  the  claw  be  broken  off,  another  will  grow  out. 
They  propagate  by  spawn  ;  and  change  their  shell  annually. 
Lobsters  suit  many  palates  ; — on  our  coast  they  are  plenty. 

The  Crab  is  less  in  size  than  the  lobster,  and  though  like 
flavoured  to  the  taste,  it  is  much  less  esteemed  by  epicureans. 
Of  this  creature,  we  reckon  three  varieties  :  the  sea  Crab,  the 
hermit,  and  the  slender  Crab. 

Of  the  Shrimp,  owing  to  its  smallness,  little  or  no  use  is  made,  shrimp. 
except  for  fishermen's  bait.      It  is  taken  on  our  shores.     It  is 
shaped  like  a  lobster.<v     „  .    ,  ;?     .  .:.,.,.       ,=     ,.-,... 

The  Crayfish,  or  Crawfish^  differs  so  little  from  the  lobster  as  Cra«fi«h. 
to  be  called  sometimes,  the  river  lobster  :  since  it  will  live  com- 
fortably in  fresh  water,  whereas  the  lobster's  element  is  'he  sea. 
The  best  of   Crawfish  are  found  in  considerable  quanticies  in 
Moosehead  lake. 

The  Tortoises  are  all  amphibious :  «*  a  land  Tortoise  will  live  "''"r'"'*"-, 

*^  '  and  1  urile. 

*  1.  Cancer  Astaciis.     2.    t^anrer  Piscinns. — 3.    Cancer  Sqiiilliis. — 4. 

Cancer — .  5.  Testudo  Dcnticulalo.— 6.  Tc&tiido  Carolina. — 7.  Tet- 

tiido . 

t  1.  Ostrca. — 2.  IMyliliis  ediilis.— 3.  Ncrita  littoralir— 4.  Patella  riisca. 
— S.  Ma(ricn!n£,  or  Nautilliis. — 6.  Molotlujria,  pliantaphiis. — 7.  Mya-aren 
aria. — 8.  Solcn  ensis. — 9.  Solcn  radiatis. — 10.  Sabclla  g^ranulata. 

\  Cockles  look  like  a  snail,  and  are  found  on  tho  flati. 

\  A  shrimp  bat  a  tou^h  skin  but  no  ahnll.  R  Cancer  asta^-  m. 


166 

TmltMte, 
and  T«irit«< 


Oytlfrt. 


Musries, 


THE  SHELLFISH  [tMTKObet. 

in  the  vrnter,  and  a  sea  Turtle  can  be  kept  upon  the  land,"  yet 
they  are  divided  into  those  of  each  element,  where  they  prefer 
to  stay.  Our  largest  species  is  from  the  sea ;  it  is  sometimes 
made  into  soups,  which  are  considered  a  treat,  though  H  is  a 
creature  rarely  taken  in  our  waters.  The  mud  T\irth  and 
tpeckltu  land  Turtle  are  too  common  to  need  description.  But 
it  is  to  be  remarked  of  tl.  's  animal,  whatever  be  its  size,  that  its 
scales  or  chequers  on  the  b^rrk  are  always  13  in  number  .  it  has 
no  teeth,  its  long  jaws  are  more  like  knii^es,  and  when  irritated  it 
so  fastens  them  upon  its  disturber,  that  the  part  seized  is  the  irib- 
u(e  inft'Uibly  taken.  It  lives  on  vegetable  food,  seasoned  and 
varier,ated  with  small  insects.  Its  propogation  is  by  eggs,  which 
it  lays  in  the  sand,  in  large  numbers,  and  which  the  genial  warmth 
of  the  sun  hatches.  Tortoises,  or  turtles,  like  the  frog,  serpent, 
bat  and  swallow,  lie  torpid  through  the  winter;  yet  it  is  ascer- 
tained their  respiration  is  not  wholly  suspended,  for  in  a  close 
vessel  without  air,  they  in  their  torpor  have  been  known  to  stifle, 
though  not  so  soon  as  those  in  a  stnte  of  vigour.  They  have 
been  known  to  live  a  century,  and  not  to  die  till  several  days  after 
their  head  was  cut  off.  ......  .1    ..  ; 

Oysters  were  originally  plenty  on  our  seaboard  and  on  our 
salt  water  flats,  as  is  fully  evident  from  the  great  quantities  of 
their  shells  seen  remaining  on  the  banks  of  Damariscotta  river, 
St.  George's  river  and  in  other  places ;  yet  they  are  quite  scarce 
at  the  present  period.  They  are  a  harmless  and  pleasant  food, 
except  about  spawning  time  in  May,  and  will  live  many  weeks 
after  being  taken  from  the  water.  The  spawn  when  cast,  looks 
like  candle-drops,  fastens  to  every  thing  it  touches,  and  in  three 
days  is  covered  with  a  shell,  and  in  three  years,  the  creature  is 
large  enough  for  market. 

Muscles  are  innumerable  in  our  salt  waters;  perhaps  from 
these  little  creatures,  (he  Muscle  ridges  took  their  name — a  nota- 
ble cluster  of  Islands  at  the  mouth  of  the  Penobscot  bay.  It  is 
well  known  the  muscle  consists  of  two  equal  shells^  joined  at  the 
back  by  a  strong  nervy  ligament,  forming  a  kind  of  hinge.  It 
has  a  muscular  fibre  resembling  a  tongue,  by  which  it  can  fur- 
row the  sand  and  make  shifts  to  get  along  edgewise,  till  it  reaches 
its  object ;  and  then,  with  p  glewy  substance  which  it  possesses, 
it  can  fasten  itself  there.     Muscles  are  taken  to  eat  (if  ever)  be- 


^%^mi 


SbOT.  ▼.]  OF  MAIRE.  167 

tween  June  and  October.     Like  the  Oyster,  they  are  formed  with 
(be  orgaos  of  life  and  respiration.  v{(} 

Ciams,  which,  according  to  naturalists,  bt  long,  like  muscles  to  *''*'"*■ 
the  tri-valvuJar  kind  of  shellfish,  are  plenty  about  our  shores,  and 
are  often  made  an  article  of  food,  especially  by  the  Indians. 
Of  the  three  varieties  mentioned,  the  one  most  peculiar  is  the 
razor-thdU  or  pivot^  whose  shape  is  like  the  haft  of  a  razor,  spotted  rivoi. 
as  a  turtle-shell.  All  its  motion  consists  in  its  ability  to  sink,  or 
rise  a  foot  down  or  up  in  the  soft  sand.  There  is  a  small  funnel 
hole  over  the  place  where  it  buries  itself,  through  which  it 
breathes,  or  imbibes  seawater.  When  the  tide  is  out,  a  little  salt 
put  into  the  hole,  will  as  it  mehs,  induce  it  to  rise  above  the 
ground  half  its  length  ;  it  must  be  instantly  seized,  for  it  w  ill  not 
be  drawn  out  any  more  the  same  tide. 

"  All  oysters  and  most  shellfish  are  found  to  contain  pearls*  Ptark 
larger  or  smaller."  They  are  formed  of  matter  connected  with 
the  shell,  which  is  soft  at  first  and  hardens  rapidly,  exhibiting 
successive  coats,  layer  over  layer,  not  unlike  the  consistence  of 
the  onion.  The  p^arl-oystcr  however,  as  such,  has  a  large 
strong  white  shell,  of  a  silver  colour  within,  and  elegant  pearly 
appearance.f  


I"  -ria 


\^vi   7i'.'. 


........  \,-  ■■       VERMES.    -'....I  ..-.,  V      .   .■    -  '.^p 

Or  these,  many  might  be   mentioned  which  belong  to  both  y 
elements,  land  and  water ;  though  they  are  not  sufficiently  known 
to  be  classified  with  much  precision.  .,'  <  ^tj 

In  the  sea — We  find  the  Horseshoe,  or  King-crab, ^  of  which 
there  are  three  species;  and  all  of  them  are  small  ill-shapen 
creatures  inhabiting  the  saU  water,  and  designed  for  the  food  of 
larger  fish.  The  Squid,  or  Cuttle-fish^  is  from  4  to  16  inches  in 
length ;  its  tail  shaped  like  the  top  of  a  coffee-pot ;  its  head  is 
joined  to  its  body  by  a  kind  of  swivel,  like  that  of  a  grashopper, 
and  it  has  a  bill  resembling  that  of  a  parrot.     It  has  large  smel- 


ci'inns. 


*"  1.  M.  de  Duflan,  p.  37.    This  is  doubted. 

t  Tlie  other  sliell-lJsli  found  in  our  wuteis  are  the  nipple  fish,  quahag, 
icallop,  tta-ipider,  and  peiriwinkle. 

\Monuculut  Puhji'luvmt  [one  c^cd  gcniisj.— .Jio/tocw/u*  Pitcimtt— 
tMuahdUui  Pulex. — Monoculus  (^uaJricurnut. 

{  S<'pMa  %.Vcdia, — Sephia  Caligo. 


1<8 


•j.w*. 


kn,  or  feelers ;  its  back  it  corered  with  spots  which  h.ivo  io 
their  appearance  the  colour  of  iron-rust ;  and  it  posf  t'^:«:2  ih« 
singular  power  of  changing  its  hue  from  an  olive-brown  &->  u  juU 
white.  Its  flesh  resembles,  in  its  looks,  beef  tripe ;  and  it  is  well 
furnished  by  nature  for  self-defence  or  protection,  for  it  possesses 
a  jet  black  liquid,  which,  when  alarmed,  it  squirts  into  ihe  water 
and  wiU)  which  it  thus  darkens  it  to  such  a  degree  as  to  screen 
itself  from  its  pursuer.  We  find  two  species  of  this  Cuttle-fish, 
as  a  Squid  is  sometimes  called.  uxv,  *\n   « 

The  Sea-urchin*  resembles  a  chesnut  burr,  its  back  is  covered 
with  bony  prickles  ;  its  mouth  is  underneath  ;  the  number  of  its 
horns  and  spines  are  very  great ;  its  shell  is  hard,  and  its  move- 
ments very  slow.     The  Sea-egg\  lias  a  great  affinity  to  it. 

Of  the  StarJUh'l  we  have  three  or  four  species ;  each  has  a 
common  centre  resembling  a  wheel-hub,  and  from  three  to  five 
branches  like  the  fingers,  in  shape  and  colour  of  a  man's  hand ; 
and  hence  they  are  sometimes  called  "  Fingerfish."  The  Sea- 
lungs  are  of  like  nature,  only  of  differcni  shape,  taking  their 
name  from  their  appearance. 

The  Barnacle^  is  much  less  than  an  oyster,  and  sticks  fast  to 
rocks  and  sometimes  to  the  hulls  of  vessels  :  a  cluster  of  them 
looks  like  a  bunch  of  grapes.  When  the  sea  is  calm,  they  will 
open  the  lids  of  their  shells  and  seem  to  take  a  momentary  look 
and  then  re-enclose  themselves  for  a  period  of  stupor. 
4  On  Land — ^We  have  two  or  three  species  of  Snaih^W  one  is 
without  any  shell ;  and  that  of  the  other  is  curious.  They  are 
propagated  by  eggs,  and  the  young  of  the  latter  have  shells  on 
their  first  appearance.     A  Slug^  is  of  the  same  nature. 

We  have  among  us,  in  summer,  a  variety  of  native  WortnSf  a 
few  of  which  we  may  mention,  though  they  are  seldom  very 
troublesome.  These  are  the  Grub  ;**  the  Earthworm  ;f  f  the 
Brandling ;Xl  the  Angleworm ;%  the  Glowworm ;\\\\  Earwig ;^^ 
Millepedes,  or  thousand  legs  ;  timber  Worm ;  and  others.  These 
differ  essentially  from  caterpillars ;  for  they  continue  to  be  worms 

*  Erinaceus  marinus,  or  whore's  tg^,  f  Asterias-capiit-mcdusa. 

}  Echinus.  }  Lepas  anatifera.  ||  Helix. 

IT  Limax.  **  Lumbricus.  ft  Vermis  tcrrostris.         JJ f 

\\  Vermis  piscatoriut.  DH  Cicindela.  %%  Forsicula  anrelia. 


fO  -fWH}HW:;l:. 


Sect.  ▼.]  or  UAvn. 

during  UK  whereas,  all  catarpiUafs  jmm-M^iary$atu  atate  and  at 
Jangth  become  insects.  to  viiiib'j^i  ,f{) 

We  find  several  speciea  of  Lteehu^^  conmurn  here.  Thejr 
live  in  fresh  ponds,  thoogh  tliey  are  arapbibioua  and  will  live  o» 
land.  The  mouth  of  each  one  is  armed  with  an  instrument  like 
the  body  of  a  pump ;  and  the  tongue,  or  fleshy  nipple,  is  like  the 
jucker — with  this.it  draws  bkxxL 


.i^Ju 


rO  (hJtM'ii  *:'r;,ii,!f;i  ■ 


REPTILES. 

Undcr  the  name  of  Reptiles,  we  may  mention  three  famiRett  ^*v^^^ 
■the  Frogi  the  Lizard,  and  the  Snake ;  which  are  not  numerous 
in  Maine,  and  generally  harmless  4  all  except  the  Ratdesnake  be- 
ing free  of  venom. 

Of  the  Frog  kind\  are  six  species  i — 1.  the  Toa(?;  2.  ihe 
fond  Frog ;  3. r.the  speckled  Frog;  4.  the  .free  Toad;  6,  the 
bull  Frog ;  wad  6.  the  green  Frog.       .j.   ni'r^n   -lii 

This  race  lives  about  10  or  12  yean,  and  comes-to  maturity  in 
four.  It  is  propagated  by  eggs  in  spawn,  impregnated  by  the 
male  at  the  time  they  are  cast ;  and  a  female  will  produce  from 
500  to  1000  eggs  at  a  time.  The  young,  which  are  tadpoles  at 
first,  have  legs  in  95  days,  and  ever  afterwards  Hveon  those  insects 
and  worms  only  which  havq  motion.  They  always  jump  to  sieze 
iitheir  prey,  for  they  touch  no  lifeless  insect.  The  .tongue,  as  in 
the  lizard  and  serpent,  is  extremely  long,  and  lays 'its  point  down 
the  throat.  The  male  only  croaks,  and  the  music  of  this  species 
has  been  ludicrously  recalled  the  singing  of  "Dutch  Nightin- 
gales.'' The  Toai  is  harmless,  never  venomous  4  always  seek- 
ing obscure  retreats  for  the  sake  of  safety^ 

We  sometimes  see  two  species  of  the  Lizard  kinyd  i\  the 
JVeiof,  or  hroxvn  Lizard,  and  the  Sivift. — Of  a  -compound  form 
between  a  snake,  and  a  frog,  they  are  in  aspect  exceedingly  for- 
biddmg. 


*  Hirudo.  f  1.  Rana  bufo. — 2.  Rana  octtlata 3.  Ranamacv* 

lata?— 4.  Ranaarborea. — 5.  Rana  boans. — 6.  Rana esculanta. 

1 1.  Lace rta  punctata. — 2.  Lacreta  fusciata.— N.  B.  The  Crocodile  U« 
species  of  this  ^enus. 

Vol.  L  12 


KapUlw: 


»»i'[- 


Iniectf, 


THE  UWECTS  (TltTBODVC. 

Eight  ^ecies  of  Serpent*  have  been  seen  among  us  :  viz.  i. 
the  Rattlunake ;  2  the  black  Snake ;  3.  the  Howe ;  4.  the 
Water ;  6.  the  little  broum  Snake:  6.  the  Adder i  7.  the^een 
and  8.  the  striped  Snake. 

Nothing  need  be  said   of  either,  so  often  are   they  seen  and 
so  entirely  harmless  are  they  all,  except  the  Rattlemake. 

This  creature  is  from  4  to  6  feet  in  length,  and  the  venom  it 
communicates  when  it  bites  is  often  mortal.     Befo/e  it  jumps  to 
strike  its  prey,  it  gives  a  loud  buzzing  with  a  tremulous  motion  of 
the  rattles  on  its  tail,  not  unlike  in  sound,  the  singing  of  the  locusts. 
In  this  way  an  alarm  is  taken  and  the  danger  avoided.     They 
den  in  the  w^inte-,  and  lie  torpid  till  spring.   The  first  rattle  grows 
when  they  are  :hree  years  old  ;  to  which  another  is  added  every 
year  of  their  liv  j.     Its  wonderful  ability  to  ,.harm,  or  fascinatt 
small  animals,  is  too  well  attested  at  this  day,  to  be  any  longer 
doubted. f     Great  numbers  of  the  Rattlesnake  have  been  taken 
on  a  hill  of  that  name  in  Raymond,  and  in  some  other  places  io 
Maine  ;  but  none  have  ever  been  5>een  east  of  Kennebeck  river. 
The  oil,  or  grease  they  yield  is  of  great  value  lor  sprains  ;  and 
the  slough,  or  shed-skin  ol  these,  or  the  others,  when  put  imo  the 
ear,  will  make  the  head  and  the  hearing  extremely  clear.     The 
Rattlesnake  is  said  to  be  the  only  creature  found  in  the  State 
which  carries  venom.  .       «,l;v  i ;, 


INSECTS.  V 

The  little  animals  usually  called  Insects,  are  those  which  have 
a  joint,  or  swivel,  in  the  middle  of  their  bodies,  and  thus  the  fore 
and  back  parts  arc  liolden  together  by  a  strong  ligament.  No 
otlier  order  in  nature,  not  all  the  plants  themselves  the  earih  pro- 
duce?, can  bear  any  just  comparison  in  numbers,  with  the  innu- 
merable myriads  of  this  Insect-creation.  Sometimes  they  are 
with  us  troublesome  and  dtaiructivc  ;  yet  in  general  they  are 
neither  so  large,  greedy,  nor  numerous  in  this  State  as  in  south- 
era  latitudes.     Entomology,  which  is  truly  a  curious  science,  has 

♦  1.  Crolalus  liorriiiiis. — 2.  Coluber  constrictor. —3.  Coltihcr  jninctatin. 
4.  Coluber  Tiscia^  — 3.  Culnhcr  KtrialuInH. — 6.  Coluber  saurct:!. — 7. 
Aaguii.  oryx. — 8.  Coluber  sipcdon,  [Urowu  Snake  ]  doincliinc*  seen. 

t2  JVilliamx  llitt.oi  Vermont,  appendix  No.  IV.  It  \%  not  found  in 
Europe,  Asia,  nor  Africa. 


have 

fore 

No 

pro- 

mnu- 

are 

are 

south- 

e,  has 

ictatiis. 
lund  in 


■Y 


Sect.  ▼.]  f  of  Maine.  Ml 

hitherto  received  too  little  attention  from  tlie  scholars  of  our  inaecu. 
country :  For  what  can  be  more  interesting  than  the  history  of 
the  bee,  the  ant,  the  butterfly  and  the  spider  ?*  ilg    ;tr 

All  we  can  do  here,  is  to  classify  a  few  of  tliis  hinuraerable 
race  of  mortals ;  and  we  suppose  those  found  in  Maine,  may  be 
arranged  under  these  generic  heads,  viz.  1.  Beetles;  2.  Chir' 
vers;  3.  Bugs;  4.  Caterpillars;  5.  Butterflies;  6.  Bees;  7. 
Ants;  8.  Spiders;  and  9.  Flies;  and  still  there  are  others, 
such  as  the  deathwatch,  the  mite  and  the  father-tong-Ugs,  which 
are  not  sufficiently  known  to  he  correctly  classified.  v\'<\t^ 

The  Beetle  is  a  flying  insect,  furnished  with  a  case  which  it 
draws  over  its  wings,  to  secure  them  from  injury  whenever  it  is 
digging  holes  in  the  ground  or  in  rotten  wood.  The  whole  race 
have  a  great  aversion  to  roses ;  and  make  a  humming  noise  when 
on  the  wing. 

Of  the  Beetle  class,f  1 .  the  horned  Beetle  has  dark  brown 


*The  Spider's  web  is  considered  a  remedy  fur  the  Asthma,  and  possibly 
for  the  hydrophobia — taken  in  quantity,  a  scrupU  at  a  time. — Dr.  Thadi' 
iir'«  Dispeniatory,  p.  396—339. 

BEETLES.  ;       "^vi 

f  1.  Scarabacus  Simson. — 2.  Scarabaeus  Carolinus. — 3.  Scarabaens  Stor- 

corariuB. — 4.  Scarabaeus  Horticola. — 5.  Scarabaeus  Lanigerus  ? — 6.  Scan* 

baeus  Ahineus  ? — 7.  Lucanus  Cervus 8.  Lncanns  Interruptus. 

Meloe  Proscarabaes ;  OiU  Beetle. — Dermestei  Lardarius;  Bacon  Beetle. — 
DcrmestesTypog^raphus;  Print  Beetle. — Gyrinus  natalor;  Woter  flea.— 
Dytiscus  piceus ;  Water  Beetle. — Selpha  vespillo;  Fe/td  Bee//e— Coccinel- 
la ;  Lady-fly,  Lady  Cow,  (or  Lady  Dtrd.)— Bruchus  pisi ;  Weevil. — Cur- 
culio  quircus;  Snouted  Weevil. — Cerumbyx  Coriarius;  Capricorn  BeetU 
or  Ooat  Chaffer, — Lampyria  Lucida ;  Firefly  or  Lightning  bug, — Buprextria 
mariana  ;  Cantharidet,  or  Bum  Cvw, — Moleo  nig^ra  ;  Blottom  eater-— Torn- 
cula ;  Earyoig.—  Blatta  ;  Mill  bfttle. — Staphylinus ;  several  species,  blacky 
blue,  or  ttriped  beetle,  tic.  — Cassida  ;  Shield  beetle. 

CHIRPEBS. 

Gryllus  ;  Cricktt,  Home  cricket. — Gryllus  Gryllotalpa  ;  Molt  Crickel.'^ 
Gryllus Aquaticus.  Water  Cricket. — Locusta;  Locutt. — Cicada;  Orai- 
hopper,  several  sperics.— Cicada ;  Balm  Cricket. 

BUGS. 
'iuex;  Bugi  of  teveral  ipeciet.—CUcrmct ;  Bugs  on  plants  and  trtts."* 
Aphis  {  Louse  on  planU  find  leavei. 

CATERriLLARS. 

Campc  ;  Naturalist  suppose  there  are  is  many  species  or  Catirpillars 
n  thtra  are  plants,  etch  feeding  on  its  favourite  om. 


f  l| 


17f  THE  INSECTS  P«TBOI»0C. 

loMcu.       wings  and  horns,  turning  b  towards  each  other ;  sometimes  vul> 
garly  called  the  horn-bug  :  2.  the  Carolina ;  3.  the  Dung-hUl; 

4.  Apple;  5.  Golden;  and  6.  hra*$  Beetlet,  are  all  of  one 
genus^  and  7.  the  Stag^  and  8.  the  fiuted  Beetle,  belong  to 
another.  The  stag  Beetle  is  the  largest  of  the  whole  race  amonp 
us,  has  six  feet,  coral  coloured  horns,  and  is  more  thaL  an  inch 
in  length. 

Of  the  chirping  race,  are  die  Loeaats  vnA  Criekett,  which  are 
never  numerous  and  always  harmless.  In  dry  seasons,  the  Grot' 
hoppers  however, ^often  appear  in  great  multitudes,  and  are  the 
greedy  destroyers  of  the  half-parched  herbage.  Tliis  was  par- 
ticularly the  case  in  the  years  1743  and  1756,  when  they  threat- 
ened to  destroy  every  thing  green. 

With  Bugs,  Lice,  and  JVormsy  on  trees  and  plants,  the  hus- 
bandman is  oftentimes  seriously  troubled,  especially  in  gardens. 
Our  wheat  and  pea  fields  have  been  injured  by  a  devouring 
•Maggot  ;*  and,  m  the  war  upon  these  kinds  of  voracious  crea- 

BUTTEUFLIES. 
Papilio  magnm;  Ortdt    ButUrJly. — Papiiio   Communis ;   Comman  Bui' 
tr.rfly. — i^phinx  :    Burnet  Moth,  and    other    species. — Phalaena.— JVi'^A/ 
SltUterer,  or  JUiller, 

BEES. 
Apis;  two  species,  Bumble  and   JlUd  Bee:  (The  white-head  Bumble 
[Humble]  Bee  carries  no  sting.)— Vespa ;  Wtup ;  of  which  there  are  three 
tpeaiet,'.l)/adlc,  yeliow  and  blue. — Vcspa  Crabo ;  Hornet. 

ANTS. 

Formica;  (he  Ant ;  of  which  there  are  several  species,  as  the  great  Pit- 
mirt,  tiie  i7naU,yelht»,  and  black  Emmeit. 

SPIDEBS. 

Aranea  ;  Spider;  several  species,  such  as  blatl;  gray,  wandering,  gar- 
•den,  water, jumying,  roic  Spiden. — Linnecus  takes  notice  of  only  six  .'Spi- 
ders; 1.  the  greatest  ;  2.  tlio  houcc ;  'i.    the   hag-hearing;  4.     the  water; 

5.  the  bud  Sprders  ;  and  6.  titc  Tarantula;  But  in  this  lie  is  evidently  tuo 
limited. 

TLIES, 
Oftstrus;  Ox-Gtuljly,  (size  of  a  coii.iiion  bee.)— Lytta  bittata;  Potah 
jrty,  (IooUb  liko  a  Spanish  Fly.)— Nittonocta  ;  If  ^^■r/?1/.— [vil)ellulu  ;  I)ra£- 
•n%,  or  JJ...  'i.-$tinger.~Cyuui^;  OakaintU  y-'/y.— 'I't-nthrcdo  l)etulae  ;  Saw 
l-'iy.— Mu«a;  black,  and  brvwn  /7j/,— Tabaniis;  /Vori^y— Coiiops  oal- 
citrana;  Slinging  Jiy. — Culex  i\\>icnt,JhiM{iu»to.—  V'\lcx;  a  Flta,—Vod\i- 
ra  nivalis;  aSnowFtco. — l.inniPus  mentions  more  than  thirty  species  o/ 
F.tea,  many  of  which  are  unknown  in  tliii  State. 

*  At  maturity,  it  list  b««n  called  the  littmn/y. 


ffoTE. — Nattirallits  8ay,  as  to  the  fecundity  of  animal  nntiirc,  that  :n  « 
year,  a  common  fly  will  lay  144  cgg»;  a  spider  170;  a  moth  1000  ;  a  frog^ 
or  a  tortoise  lUOO;  a  slirimp  6,000  ;  a  lobster  10,000 ;  and  u  crab  100,000. 
i'o  in  difTcrcnt  kinds  of  iisii,  there  have  been  round  in  the  intlt  of  a  hcr> 
ring',  or  a  wnnlt,  33,000;  in  a  roach  10U,QOO ;  in  a  carp,  a  perch,  or  a 
uiaekcrel,  3U0,000;  in  a  flounder  100,000  and  more:— and  two  naturalist* 
have  computed  that  a  codfish  producet  0,000|000  of  cgg»  in  a  single  scasoq^ 


S«CT.  r.]^  OP  MAINE.  17$ 

tures,  difierent  expedients  have  been  adopted  to  kill  or  check  Immu. 
them.    It  has  been  said»  that  soaking  the  seed  intended  for  m>w- 
ing,  or  planting,  in  copperas  water,  or  lime  water,  will  be  of  ^^ 

much  ser\'ice.  "i 

Butttrjliet,  especially  in  the  eastern  parts  of  Maipe,  are  not 
numerous  ',  and,  of  course,  we  may  infer  as  to  the  countless  tribe 
of  Caterpillars  noticed  by  Linnseus,  which  become  Butterflies 
and  other  insects,  the  numbers  among  us  are  not  great.  One 
kind  of  Caterpillar,  has  done  our  orchards  in  some  seasons,  great 
damage.  Tliis  lays  its  eggs  in  the  branches  of  the  trees,  early 
in  the  spring,  froiu  which  are  hatched  a  black  insect  called  the 
Canker-worm,  about  an  inch  in  length.  Such  are  sometimes  the 
troops^of  iliese  ravagers,  tliat  by  the  21st  of  June,  when  they 
disappear,  they  give  the  trees  the  appearance  of  having  been 
stripped  of  their  foliage  by  fire.  They  do  not  come  every  year ; 
and  their  ascent  is  prevented  by  girdling  the  tree^;  with  tar. 

It  is  doubted  if  the  Honcif'bee  is  a  native  of  this  State,  or  of 
North-America.  Joscelyn  supposes  hives  of  them  were  introduc- 
ed into  this  country  from  Europe.  They  flourish  exceedingly 
well  amongst  us ;  and  a  bee-master  is  able  to  tell  curious  and 
entertaining  stories,  equally  about  their  propagation,  industry,  aad 
self-government. 

The  Humblebec,  the  Hornet,  the  black  and  ytllow  Wasps,  are 
indigenous;  and  seem' to  brave  our  cold  winters  without  many 
fata!  losses  in  their  respective  families. 

Of  the  Fly  class,  the  black  Fly  and  the  Mxuquito  are  the  noost 
troublesome.  The  former  by  day,  and  the  lutter  by  nig'  e«- 
pecially  near  the  borders  of  our  woods,  come  forth  in  great  num- 
bers to  sate  their  greedy  appetite,  by  extracts  from  the  human 
body. 


174 


Minnralt  In 
iu  general. 


Kindt  of 
Kock*. 


Ornnitei 


Gneisi. 


THE  MINERALS  [InTRODUC. 

SECTION  VI. 

MINERALS. 

In  tlie  mineral,  as  well  as  in  the  animal  and  vegetable  depart- 
ments of  nature,  are  noticed  the  most  evident  impresses  and  tra- 
ces of  the  Divine  wisdom,  power  and  goodness.  Around  us  and 
under  oiir  feet,  are  various  qualities  of  matter,  which  are,  by  dis- 
criminating knowledge  and  skilful  management,  wrought  into 
articles  of  most  extensive  use  and  exquisite  beauty.  If,  therefore, 
we  were  well  acquainted  with  what  is  placed  widiin  our  immedi- 
ate control  or  observation,  as  the  resources  of  our  own  State ; 
we  should  probably  find  far  less  occasion  to  visit  other  countries, 
for  obtaining  what  is  either  useful  or  curious. 

The  object  of  the  present  Section  is  to  give  a  short  account 
of  the  Minerals*  found  in  this  State — the  science  of  which  is 
highly  interesting  and  important ;  for  it  deals  in  materials  near  at 
hand,  worthy  of  research  and  examination,  and  fraught  with 
great  benefits  to  the  mechanic  arts,  and  consequently  to  common 
life. 

Accordiii;^  to  geologists,  we  may  mention  as  among  us,  eight 
kinds  of  Rocks, f  viz.  Granite,  Gneiss,  and  Mica-slate,  which 
are  primitive  Rocks;  Argillite,  Limestone  and  Grreen*<07if,  which 
occur  in  primitive,  transition  and  secondary  Rocks  ;  Grai/'wacke 
and  Sandstone,  the  one  of  which  is  transition  and  the  other  sec- 
ondary rocks.  These  two,  however,  are  rarely  found  in  tliis 
State. 

1 .  Granite,  composed  of  feldspar,  quartz  and  mica,  is  in  its 
structure  granular,  and  its  usual  colour  is  gray.  It  is  a  very  val- 
uable and  handsome  building  stone  ;  and  in  Bowdoinham  the 
graphic  variety  is  peculiarly  beautiful. 

2.  The  Gneifs  is  constituted  of  the  same  minerals  as  the 
granite  ;  tliough  the  former  has  less  feldspar  and  more  mica  than 
the  latter.  Its  structure  is  slaty,  its  colours  more  delicate  than 
those  of  the  granite,  and  is  more  easily  split  into  rpgular-fornicd 
masscss.     Mountains  of  it  are  more  rotnided  and  loss  steep. 

*SiioIli  and  other  organic  substances  [K-trificct  arc  called  Fostili. 

f  Tlic  ancicnti  snpiioied  tlie  exterior  ^>l'  tlio  g^lnl)0,  wan  a  Jtuid;  and 
Iraiinforrod  the  idea  of  water  rri/tliiliiril  to  ico— to  primilivr.  rocks  wliicli 
arc  Af/oi"  all  (itlicrs  and  ari-  ni(irn  or  Irss  <rtj»lnllinx .  Secondonj  r(ii-l<<i 
were  evidently  lorincd  ailcrward*  as  tlic)  otlcu  exhibit  inariuc  thells, 
and  other  petrifactions. 


t^^l 


Sbot.  n.].  or  hainc.  175 

3.  MUtMlate  is  composed  essentially  of  mica  aad  qaartz,  the  Mica-i!M«.. 
former  of  which  usually  predominates.  Of  course  it  exhibits  a  '* 
bluish-gray  hue,  and  in  the  sunbeams  reflects  a  dazzling  lustre. 

It  is  not  plenty  like  the  otlier  two,  and  when  all  occur  together, 
it  is  uppermost,  and  in  point  of  originality  supposed  therefore  to 
be  secondary  rock.  -:   «^"»  •  -i 

4.  ArgUlite  covers  all  three  when  they  occur  togetlier ;  and  Ar;;!Ht«. 
itfj  colour  and  formation  are  both  slaty.     It  never  possesses  a 
chrystalline    structure.      It  is  used,  when    sufficiently  soft,  for 
writing-slates,  and  also  for  roof-slating  when  it  splits  well.     It 

Is  found  on  the  banks  of  the  Kennebec  river  at  Winslow  and 
Waterville.  ;  s, ,,{,?->     ■  ^  ■  t):>  •    .:■  1  »,;  , 

5.  Limestone  is  a  mineral  rock  which  abounds  in  this  State,  LimetioM. 
at  Thomaston,  and  will  be  hereafter  described. 

6.  Greenstone  is  composed  of  hornblende  and  feldspar,  either  GrMiuton. 
in  grains  or  small  chrystals ;    and,  because  the  hornblende  pre- 
dominates, it  assumes  a  greenish  tinge.     It  is  sometimes  so  very 

bard  and  fine  grained  as  to^admit  of  a  beautiful  polish. 

Upon  the  mountains  about  the  heads  of  Kennebec  river,  the 
Greenstone  presents  itself  in  prisms  of  several  sides  and  straight 
edges,  and  an  aspect  not  unlike  bricks  standing  endwise.  In 
Harpswell  it  is  found  to  contain  numerous  balls,  or  globules,  ap- 
parently of  garnet,  as  large  as  bullets,  and  easily  separated  from 
the  mass.  Greenstone,  when  a  secondary  rock,  is  observed  to  be 
in  detached  masses,  abounding  or  marked  with  fossils.  It  occurs 
on  the  height  of  land  between  the  Kennebec  and  Penobscot,  and 
also  at  Belfast  and  Brownville.  This  may  be  useful  in  building, 
and  when  pulverized,  it  may  be  employed  to  form  a  water-proof 
mortar  for  cellars,  docks,  and  piers. 

Besides  these  various  kinds  of  rocks,  a  large  portion  of  the  Ai'iviai 
earth'i  crust  is  constituted  of  Alluvial  Deposites,  in  which  are 
found  clay,  sand,  gravel,  pebbles,  fragme-iits  of  rocks,  loam,  coal, 
bog-ore,  intermixed  with  organic  remains,  shells,  bones,  and  even 
trunks  of  trees.  Among  these  have  appeared  precious  stones 
and  precious  metals,  which  through  their  jiardnesi  wore  found 
li^*le  affected  by  attrition.  Alluvial  appearances  are  very  mani- 
fest in  many  places,  upon  the  banks  of  th«  Androscoggin  and 
Kennebec,  and  particularly  in  Pittston. 


D'i'Otiita. 


1  m- 1 


MioMMid 
Miaaraifc 


THE  HlNBlliiLS 


lit  Cun. 


Minerah,*  are  fnorganie  sabitances  as  they  naturally  exist ; 
and  large  ^antities  of  them  are  commonly  called  Mines.  Such 
of  each  as  are  found  among  ti9r  are  now  to  be  mentioned;  ac- 
C  "  .  cording  as  they  have  l>een  arranged  by  Mineralogists,  and  made 
to  submit  to  a  fourfold  classificatbn,  and  subordinate  orders, 
The  Claw-  ggn^a  and  species.  They  class  minerals  according  as  they  par- 
take iitaterially  of  an  Acid — an  Earthy— ^l  Combustible — or 
a  MicTALLic — ingredient  or  integral  property. 

The  first  C'oM  embraces  the  different  Adds  ;  also  the  AVialis 
—Ammonia,  Potash,  and  Soda;  and  the  ?tvc  primitive  Earths — 
Barytes,  Stxoniian,  Lime,  Magnesw,  and  Allumine. — But  we  have 
to  remark  only  upon  Lime  and  its  species;  for  we  have  no  native 
beds,  or  mines  oi  the  others  ;  nor  of  conunon  Salt  ;  nor  of  Nitre,. 
or  Saltpetre,  so  necessary  in  iT>edicine,  in  chemistry,  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  gunpowder,  and  in  the  cure  of  the  heavy  meats.     A 
spontaneous  production  of  Nitre  might  however  be  easily  effect- 
ed, by  artificial  layers  of  earth  in  a  dry  atmospheric  air,  v  ih  ani- 
mal or  vegetable  substances  embedded  in  a  state  of   iecomposLi^ 
tion.f 

Of  Ltme,  a  primitive  earth,  there  are  several  species.  Apa- 
tite, in  pale  green  crystals,  is  found  in  Topsham,  disseminated  in 
granite  ;  and  Gypsum,  or  plaster,  has  been  found  and  extensive- 
ly used  by  husbandmren,  in  manuring  their  grounds.  J  It  is  im- 
ported m  large  quantities  from  Nova-Scotia  for  that  purpose. 

Zttmef^one  is  abundant  in  this  State,  especially  in  Thomaston 
and  Camden,  and  also  in  Brunswick,  and  on  Johnson's  moun- 
tains. Like  all  tiie  stratified  rocks  in  the  vicinity,  its  general  di- 
rection is  from  southwest  to  ncMtheast,  and  inclined  at  an  angle 
of  45°.  This  nuneral  is  both  foliated  and  granular ;  the  grains 
are  sometimes  very  fine  and  compact ;  and  if  whole,  the  mass 
resembles  loaf  sugar.  It  is  commonly  white  or  gray,  shaded 
often  with  blue,  green  or  yeilow.     It   is  found  in  large  masses, 


Apatitw 


LknwWne 


*  iD'Coinpilmjr  this  section,  a  particular  Tiokn<)wle(]p;rncnt  is  due  tu  Par- 
KF.aCLF.AVKi.AND,  Estt^  Prolcssor  of  M. '.licmatios  ami  I'iatiiral  Philoso- 
phy, and  liRcturor  on  ('hcmistry  and  IMinoraloijfy  in  lk>wduiQ  College,  and 
to  bis  excpllcnt  Treatise  onJIineralo^y  arid  (Jtolo^y. 

t  There  were  once,  Sail  works,  on  the  Isle  of  Sliuals. 

I  Itn  action  on  the  soil  ami  the  plant,  is  not  satiKfactorily  explained  ;  when 
put  un  a  piece  uf  earthen  near  the  vcgfeluhlu,  its  efi'oct  hu«  been  the  niuiMx 
u  wLon  LatU  on  tlio  (^roiiad  ai  it*  ruot. 


*'i'l 


Skot.  rt.]  ernAWcist  Iff 

and  usutlly  in  primitive  rocks.  It  oeenrs  with  hornblende,  mica^ 
and  quartz,  and  sometimes  gneiss.  When  burnt  into  Lime,  it  i» 
in  great  demand  for  plastering  rooms.  Thomaston  lime  com- 
mands a  higher  price  and  quicker  market  than  that  of  Camden, 
owing  probabljr  to  a  superiour  granular  Bneness,  in  the  rock  of 
the  former  place. 

The  Marble  is  exceedingly  fine  grained,  its  predominant  col-  MarbUt 
our  is  a  grayish,  or  bluish-white,  diversified  with  veins  of  a  dif- 
ferent colour,  enlivened  by  silver  clouds  or  deepened  with  blue 
sliades,  and  exhibits  the  beauties  of  a  well  finished  engraving. 
It  receives  an  exquisitely  fine  polish,  and  is  already  used  exten- 
tensively  for  gravestones,  for  the  tabulars  of  side  boards,  for 
chimney  pieces  and  other  ornamental  works.  ' 

'la  1809-— 10,  CoL  William  Dwight  buiU,  in  Thomaston,  a 
'  mill  for  sawing  blocks  of  lime-rock  into  slabs  for  the  manufac- 
« Hirer's  use.  Aiiother  mill  was  afterwards  erected,  and  in 
<tliem  about  200  saws  arc  kept  constantly  going;  10  or  12 
<  hands  are  employed  in  the  works,  and  between  4  and  5,000 
'  feet  of  marble  are  annually  prepared  for  market.* 


The  second   Class  of  Minerals,  which  embraces  principally  ^^  f"'-*"*- 
curious  Stones  and  ClaySf  exhibits  a  greater  list  tlian  all  the  tluree  CtAvs. 
others.  '      f  •  ..  ,;., 

A  little  Cyanite  has  been  found  at  Brunswick,  in  primitive  i^'tSromsi. 
rockS)  crystalized  and  in  a  prismatic  form.      It  scratches  glass, 
is  sometimes   transparent;   its  colour  ranges  between  sky  and 
Prussian  blue,  and  its  lustre  is  pearly. 

Staurotide  occurs  abundantly,  in  mica-slate,  at  Winthrop,    and  Stoiiroiid*. 
is  nlso  an  inhabitant  of  Sidney  and  Hallowell.     It  is  hard,  though 
it  will  not  strike  fire  with  steel.     Its  integral  parts  are  prismatic 
cystals,  either  opaque  or  pellucid  j  its  colour  is  a  reddish  brown, 
and  its  lustre  somewhat  sliiniiig. 

Quartz  is  a  celebrated  mineral,  common  in  this  State.  It  ap-Quartt. 
pears  in  amorphous  or  ii.  definite  masses,  as  well  as  in  beautiful 
crystals.  It  scratches  ghss,  elicits  sparks  with  steel,  is  not  quite 
so  hard  as  flint,  and  in  its  varieties  exhibits  hself  differently. 
Sometimes  it  is  limpid  as  "Rock  Crystal"  and  transparent  as 
ilic  purest  glass ;  or  smoky  and    rose-red,  both  of  which  have 


*  liimGStnne  ii  found  in  Bttckfiald,  Foxcrort,  kc. 


178 


'hiH  UfSfSihUi 


fifPBlOTOc. 


Flint. 


Hornstr/ne. 


Basanile. 


Mica. 


Scborli 


Andalusii'' 


Feldspar 


been  found  In  Topsham,  aiid  Uie  Amethyst,  which  is  violet-blue. 
Quartz  is  used  for  watch  seals  and  ornamental  jewelry. 

Few  minerals  are  better  ,kno^''n  and  more  necessary,  e^jecially 
in  time  of  war,  than  Flint :  for,  though  it  is  employed  'a  tlj« 
manufacture  of  glass  and  porcelain,  us  greatest  use  is  in  t^o  lock* 
of  firearms.  It  has  been  found  in  beds  of  chalk,  and  eve  lime- 
stone ;  but  Mount  Kineo,  on  the  eastern  margin  of  M<  ahead 
lake  is  said  to  be  composed  entirely  of  massy  flint.  It  is  found 
also  in  Orono.  So  easily  are  gun  flints  made  in  England  and 
France,  by  hammering  and  striking  the  broken  pieces  witli  repeat- 
ed small  blows  upon  the  edge  of  a  chisel,  xJiat  a  skilful  artisan 
will  give  to  300  a  finished  form  in  one  day. 

Hornstune  is  a  rare  mineral ;  a  little  mass  was  found  near  Bel- 
fast ;  also  in  Topsham.  It  i.s  not  so  hard  an  quartz  ;  iis  colour  is 
a  dull-white,  shaded,  or  clouded  with  blue,  green,  or  yellow. 
When  thin,  it  exhibits  transparent  curves,  like  horns,  and  thence 
assumes  its  name. 

Some  rolled  pieces  of  Basanite,  a  species  of  the  Silicious 
Slate,  have  been  found  on  the  banlt  i  cf  the  Androscoggin,  black, 
and  as  hard  as  quartz.  It  ranks  among  the  best  touchstones  to 
test  the  purity  of  gold. 

Mica,  [commonly  called  Isinglass,*]  appears  in  thin,  flexible, 
elastic  lamina;,  or  leaves,  with  high  polish,  and  glassy  lustre.  Dr. 
Belknap  mentions  its  abounding  appearance  in  Grafton,  N.  H.  ;f 
and  it  is  seen  in  different  parts  of  Maine. {  Anciently  it  was  much 
used  for  window  glass,  particularly  in  war-ships,  as  being  proof  in 
the  discharge  of  cannon. 

Common  Schorl  in  this  State,  is  abundant,  especially  in  Hal- 
lowell,  Gardiner,  Bowdoinham,  Litchfield,  and  Parker's  Island. 
It  appears  in  long  prismatic  crystals,  scratches  glass,  is  very  brittle, 
and  exhibits  a  shining  velvet-black.  It  is  often  transparent,  es- 
pecially at  the  edges. 

A  specimen  of  Andalusitt  was  found  in  Readfield ;  its  colours 
vary  between  red  and  brown. 

Feldspar,  which  is  an  important  mineral,  is  nearly  as  hard  as 
quartz,  and  its  structure  is  distinctly  foliated.     When  in  crystal 

'"  Acipenscr  Sliirio Ichthyocolla. — Dr.  Thucher. 

t  His  Hist  of  New  Hampshire,  3il  vol.  p.  141. 
J  In  Fwumford,  Paris,  and  Topsham. 


Sect,  n.lj  *  op  Maine.  179 

masses,  it  tMj  be  easily  divided  at  natural  joints.     Only  tliat  of 
an  apple-green  colour  has  been  found  in  this  State. 

Axestont  took  its  name  from  the  circumstance  of  being  used  Axeitoiw. 
by  the  natives  iu  iieu  of  iron,  for  edge-tools,  such  as  axes,  chis- 
A<i  and  gouges:  severul  of  these  articles  are  in  my  possession,. 
Til*'  fracture  of  thp  mineral  is  somewhat  splintery  ;  and  its  col- 
our is  rf  a  greenish  hue,  but  it  is  opaque  and  hard  as  quartz. 

Several  Emeralds  have  beer   .ound  in  Topsham  and  Paris,  EmeraKU. 
whicli  in  t'  ii  lively  and  beautiful  gre*     they  exhibit,  are  almost 
equal  to  "'  s  fmcbt  Peruvian.     They  are  exceedingly  pleasing  to 
the  eye.  ap:i  when  set  in  gold,  form  the  richest  jewels.  *•• 

Of  the  si^ntj  rich  and  beautiful  family,  is  the  Beryl ;  found   in  Beryl, 
coarse  grained  granite,  in  and  between  the  towns  of  Bath  and 
North  Yarmouth.     I«8  crystals  are  large  and  its  green  paler  than 
the  precious  wnerald.     It  exhibits  hexedral  transparent  prisms, 
perfectly  resembling  the  Siberian  Beryl. 

At  Topsham  have  been  found  both  the  precious  and  common  Garnet. 
Garnet  ;*  its  crystals  are  variable  from  the  size  of  a  pin-head  to 
that  of  an  apple  ;  and  in  colour,  varies  from  an  opaque  reddish- 
brown,  to  a  pellucid  lively  red.  ;•,. 

Two  varieties  of  Epidote  occur  upon  the  banks  of  the  An-  Epidote. 
droscoggin  ;  it  is  commonly  granular,  sometimes  crystalline  :  and 
frequently  found  in  primitive  rocks  ;  it  is  some  shade  of  green, 
and  as  hard  as  quartz.     This  is  a  rare  stone. 

Hornblende  is  frequently  found  ;  two  varieties  of  which  occur  Hornblende 
in  Brunswick,  contiguous  to  a  bed  of  primitive  lime-stone.     With 
difficulty  it  gives  a  few  sparks  with  steel ;  and  its  prevailing  col- 
ours are  black  and  green,  frequently  intermixed. 

The  Made,  a  curious  mineral  is  found  in  small  in<antilies  at  '^''«  Made. 
Georgetown   and    Brunswick.      It   occurs   in   chrystals,   whose 
forms  are  four-sided  prisms,  with  natural  cracks  or  joints.     Its 
colour  is  either  gray  or  white,  shaded  with  green  or  rf:d.     It  is 
not  so  hard  as  quartz. 

But  Talc  is  ahogethvr  softer  than  any  of  the  prec  ding,  and  '•'*'•*• 
may  be  scratched  wuh  the  finger-nail.      Rubbed  en  cloth,  it 
leaves  a  W'hitish  trace  which  is  often  pearly.     Its  prevai'mg  col- 
ours are  apple-green  and  silver-white  with  intermediate  shades ; 


*Tlie  Carbuncle  of  the  Ancients  was  probably  a  Garnet — Clearelnnd. 
Garnet  is  found  in  Bath,  nnmBwick,  New-Gloucester,  and  Paris. — Jtobin- 
ion. 


18& 


Cbloriit, 


Siaie. 


Clats. 


potter'* 
Clay. 


Loam. 


Mould. 


Clay  arti- 
cle*. 


Fuller'* 
earth. 


THE  MiMERALa  flirrmomjo. 

as  a  specimen  of  it  found  in  Brunswick  appears.    It  may  be  used 

as  cKaJk. 

Common  Chlorite  is  considerably  hnrder,  and  may  be  fonned 
in'u)  inkstands;  the  old  Indians  used  it  to  make  their  pipes, 
tliough  it  re!  cuntly  yields  to  the  knife.  Its  colour  is  a  shade 
of  green.     If  is  found  in  veins  or  cavities  of  feldsf  "!'•. 

Slate  appears  to  be  the  result  of  decomposition,  'or  it  never 
possesses  so  much  as  a  clirystalline  structure.  Its  uses  and  ap- 
pearances are  well  known.  It  is  found  on  the  branches  o(.  the 
Kennebec,  at  Houlton,  at  Williamsburgh,  at  the  Grand  fiiUs  of 
the  river  Penobscot,*  and' other  places. 

Our  Clays  are  common  and  various  ;  they  have  been  arranged 
mto  twelve  varieties. 

One  is  patterns  clay,  whose  colour  is  grayish-white,  shaded  with 
blue,  green,  or  yellow.  Ti  is  smooth,  a  little  unctuous  to  the 
touch,  and  when  moistened,  forms  a  ductile  tenaceous  paste,  call- 
ed *'  bng  paste ;"  and  the  purest  of  tliis  clay  is  called,  ^^pijpe 
clay." 

Loam  is  only  potter's  clay  mingled  with  sand  and  the  oxide, 
or  rust  of  iron,  and,  perhaps,  the  carbonate  of  lime.  Mixed  with 
particles  of  decomposed,  or  rotted  vegetables,  it  is  denominated 
Mould.     Both  of  these  are  found  abundantly  with  us. 

Domestic  vessels  and  other  articles  are  moulded  of  Clay ;  and 
wiien  wHshcd  and  made  into  paste,  and  baked,  they  are  enam- 
elled (I.-  f^l.zed,  to  preserve  them  from  soiling,  or  absorbing  the 
invvari  li<iiiid.  But  the  oxide,  or  rust  of  lead  with  which  this 
glazing  Is  done,  is  often  perilous  to  health ;  because  acids  and 
oils  easily  act  upon  it,  to  poison  the  contents  of  the  vessels,  such 
as  porcelain,  stone-ware,  common  earthen-ware  and  crucibles. 
Stone-ware,  however,  is  formed  of  pipe-clay  and  pulverized  flint 
intermixed.  A  great  manufacture,  particularly  of  bricks,  tiles, 
and  some  earthen-ware,  has  been  long  and  successfully  pursued 
in  this  State. 

Fuller's  earthy  another  variety  of  Clay,  is  a  very  useful  in- 
gredient in  fulling  cloth,  as  it  thoroughly  cleanses  it  of  all  grease. 
It  is  easily  diffused  in  water  without  forming  a  paste.  It  occurs 
in  Newfield,  in  veins,  twenty  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  earth. 


*  J.  Bennock,  Esq.  produced  to  ine  a  miaeral,  soft  as  Talc,  ia  globular 
forms,  large  ac  bullets  and  pigeon's  eggs,  of  a  dull  white  colour,  tincturecl 
with  yoUow — and  each  oao  appears  to  hare  been  perforated. 


Sect.  Ti.]  of  mawe.  •'-  181 

VwAer  n  t}f  a  lirown  colour,  with  a  lively  tinge  of  yellow,  linhw. 
Its  texture  is  fine  and  compact,  feels  dry,  and  receives  a  polish 
from  the  finger.     When  heated  it  becomes  reddish.*    The  na-  "'^^ 

tives  paint  whh  this ;  and  a  quantity  was  found  in  Bangor,  buried 
with  an  Indian's  spears,  nnd  other  implements  of  flint  and  axe- 
stone.  By  way  of  experiment,  it  was  used  as  paint,  and  exhib- 
ited a  lively  red,  of  a  shade  between  vermilion  and  Spanish- 
brown. 


U\  '.. 


>)und 
>n  and 


The  third  Class  embraces  such  minerals  as  are  sii  ceptible  of 
combustion.  They  are  seldom  crystallized,  and  in  their  specific 
gravity,  they  are  light.  - 

The  species  to  be  mentioned  are  only  four, — 
phite,  Coal,  and  Peat;  and  hitherto  these  i 
among  us  in  small  quantities.  .Anthracite  occurs 
Thomaston,  entirely  opaque  and  grayish-black,  strongly  resem- 
bling «oa3,  though  harder  and  heavier.  It  bums  slowly  without 
flame,  smoke  or  odour.  Graphite  is  found  at  Bath,  >Gorham, 
Paris,  and  Freeport,  in  granite ;  at  Brunswick,  in  limestone; 
and  alluvial,  on  the  banks  of  the  Androscoggin.  It  consists  of 
mkiute  grains,  is  nearly  iron-black,  «nd  is  easily  -scraped  with  a 
knife.  Pulverized,  mixed  with  oil,  and  applied  to  stoves,  it  se- 
cures them  from  rust  and  gives  them  a  gloss  ;  and  compounded 
with  clay,  itw  formed  into  the  best  crucibles  :  The  purest  kind 
is  manufactured  into  lead  pencils.  Coal  and  Peat,  though  sup- 
posed to  be  abundant  in  our  swamps  and  bogs,  have  not  yet  been 
the  objects  of  much -search,  inasmuch  ;  as  they  have  not  been 
needed  for  fueL 


3d  Class. 
CoHBusri* 

BLtit. 


Anthracite. 


(!raphil«. 


CoiiL 
I'eat. 


The Jourth  Class  embraces  metallic  substances,  or  Ores,f  oi Mx.tAi.1^ 
which,  few  species  have  been  yet  discovered  among  us. 

A  species  of  Copper  has  been  found  at  Brunswick — a  metal  ^^^^^ 
highly  useful  in  ship  building  and  brass  foundries,  as  well  as  in 
forming   a   very  necessary  and  convenient  currency.     Alloyed 
with  zinc,  it  becomes  brass  and  pinchbeck ;    and  compounded 
with  tin  it  is  tlie  principal  ingredient  of  bronze.     The  oxides 


*  Red  Ochre  is  found  in  larg^c  quantities  on  the  west  branch  of  Penob- 
scot, Pleasant  river,  and  in  Buckfield. 

t  A  mineral  spring,  16  miles  from  Stillwater,  on  and  near  the  Bcnnock 
>Toad,  lias  been  discovered ;  it  is  evidently  imprcs;nalcd  with  iron. 


i8>. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0    SflU  Ui 

ut  lU  ■2.2 

S  HA   ^ 

1.1    l.'"'^ 


lli2Sl^lii& 


6" 


V 


FhologFaphic 

Sdences 

Carporation 


#^  <^ 


»  win  turn  smn 

WtWTH,N.V.  MSN 
<7»)tn-4901 


uV 


* 


^ 


<\ 


\ 


188 


Itm 


D«f 


THE  MINEIUUI  OP  MAINE.  [bfTmoime. 

•nd  Mits  of  c<^»per  are  quite  pmBOoous,  and  therefore  Tcaidt 
made  of  that  metal  ought  not  to  be  used  in  kitchm  cookery. 

Iron  is  the  hardest,  the  most  common  and  useful,  of  all  th« 
metals.  Different  species  of  it  have  been  found  at  HaUowelland 
Winthrop :  and  the  native  magnet,  or  loadstone,  has  occurred,  it 
is  said,  at  Topshara.  The  magnetic  oxide  of  iron,  found  at  Paris, 
Clinton,  Sunkhaze,  and  Buckfield,  yields  the  best  bar-iron — the 
ore  from  which  ^iC  Swedish  iron,  so  much  esteemed,  is  forged. 
Bog-ore  is  not  rare  among  us,  in  low  grounds,  and  will  produce 
33^  per  cent,  of  cast  iron. 

One  species  of  Lead  has  been  found  at  Topsham  and  Exeter ; 
it  is  a  mineral  much  used  :  but  it  is  unsuitable  for  aqueducts ;  for 
when  constantly  wet,  or  moist,  it  is  gradually  oxidated  and  poisons 
the  water. 
Moiybdena.  Molyhdena  is  silver-white,  brittle,  and  so  hard  as  to  be  melted 
with  difficulty  in  a  furnace.  Specimens  of  it  occur  on  the  banks 
of  the  Androscoggin. 

Although  the  precious  metals  were  among  the  principal  objects 
of  the  first  voyagers  to  this  country ;  it  is  certam  neither  gold  nor 
silver  has  been  discovered  hi  this  State ;  nor  yet  mercury,  tin, 
line,  nor  platina.  Indeed,  no  minerab  have  been  extensively 
wrought  among  us,  except  the  limestone. 

Note. — According  to  the  treatise  on  .American  Jdituralt  and  their  Lo- 
ealUiei  bj  Sahobl  Robinson,  M.  D.,  there  hat  been  found  at  Fhipaburg, 
Chalcedony;  at  Beiraat  and  on  the  Penobscot,  Jatper;  at  PiT\t,RuheKitt, 
LepidulUe,  of  great  beautjr,  and  TourmuUne,  green  and  blue;  and  at  Rum- 
ford,  yeUow  Ochre. 


,rV, 


''»   if  n      <,'5H  -rUH  '■  »:*«i  i»  n  ,iK#f. 


■  ■in-'  mi- 


^i^ 


HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


t.Ht 


CHAPTER  I. 

JTu  Spaniards,  EngUth  and  Frtnck  in  America — GotnoUFa  and 
Pring's  Voyages — Tke  claims  of  the  English  and  French-^Pth 
tent  of  Acadia  to  de  Monts — His  visit  to  Port'Royal,  Passamo- 
quoddy  and  Penobscot — Weymouth's  View  of  Penobscot  and  oth- 
er  plates — North  and  South-Virginia  Patent  and  Council — 
Chalon's  and  Hanham's  Voyages — The  Settlement  of  a  Colony 
attempted  at  Sagadahoc — The  Government — Intercourse  with  the 
Natives — Difficulties  with  them — Disasters — T^e  Colonists  re- 
turn to  England. 

At  the  close  of  the  16th  century,  the  northern  coasts  of  the  A.  D.I600. 
American  continent,  had  become  generally  known  to  Uie  nations 
of  Europe  ;  several  parts  having  been  frequently  visited  for  the 
purposes  of  discovery,  fishing  and  traffic  ;  and  attempts  made  at 
a  few  places,  to  establish  settlements.     Newfoundland,  about  this  i««wfeuiid- 
time,  was  attracting  particular  notice.     Its  surrounding  waters,  |*1^  '^'^ 
were  already,  in  a  single  season,  visited  by  iVree  or  four  hundred 
fishing  vessels,  under  English,  French,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese 
flags ;  and  on  the  shores  were  seen  more  than  one  hundred  hab- 
itations, or  stages,  constructed  for  the  accommodation  of  Fisher- 
men.* 

The  Spaniards  had  selected  the  region  about  and  below  thr  ^^\ 
equator ;  and  were  acquiring  rich  and  extensive  possessions  in  Vj-fy''*'' 
tliose  parts  of  the  hemisphere.    Its  northern  sections  very  early  •"• 
attracted  the  attention  of  the  French  ;  and  their  adventurers  had 
long  since  explored  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  taken  formal  posses- 
sion of  its  borders.       Yet  the  project  of  forming  permanent 
settlements  upon  its  banks,  which  had  been  delayed  fifty  years, 

*  TImm  wore  not  pertnanvut  wttl«incnli :  the  first  birth  on  the  lUaad, 
of  European  (wrentt,  wi^  March  27,  1613.— /*rinct^«  .flnnu/*,  p.  t7. 


184 


TRCHISTOBY 


Fo'. 


A.  D.  1600.  bjr  the  oivH  wan,  «ppeared,  at  thb  period,  nnrety  to  be  reTi?iii|. 
Certalnfy'  that  peopb  had  hitherto  done  nodniiig  more,  than  to 
engroM  its  lucrative  trade,  and  make  extensive  claims  to  its  terri- 
tory.  The 'intermediate  Latitudes  presented  strong  invitations  to 
British  enterprize;  several  Englishmen,  influenced  by  hopes  of 
discovery,  and  motives  oT  gain  had  been  already  concerned  in 
expensive  voyages  hither^  and  some  of  them,  particularly  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh,  having  been  assiduously  labouring  for  several 
years,  to  plant  a  Colony  in  the  vicinity  of  Chesapeake-bay.  Bat 
this  and  all  the  other  efforts  and  expeditions  were  productive  of 
no  considerable  bene6ts  to  the  adventurers,  nor  lasting  good  to 
their  country;  otherwise  than  being  promotive  of  the  politicai 
establishments  which  have  mnce  risen  into  independent  States. 
.j^„  c„,„„.^  For,  as  a  correct  writer  says,  though  "110  years  had  elapsed 
^'^•^•""'^•.since  the  new  world  had  been  known  to  the  old  j"  and  though  a 
few  eniigrant  fishermen  had  a  temporary  residence  at  Newfound- 
land ;  "  neither  the  French,  the  Dutch,  the  English,  nor  any  but 
Spaniards  had  made  the  smallest  effectual  settlements  in  the 
'^'  Aew-disoovered  regions."* 

All  knowledge  of  the  interiour  country,  its  geography  and  re- 

raphye(ih« sources twas- exceedingly  limited;  and  all  acquaintance  with  in 

Abowq?  ""  bays,  inlets,  shores,  rivers  and  highlands,  was  quite  imperfect. 

'The  best  charts,  then  etxtant,  were  rude  sketches  of  the  coasti 

and  liarbours ;  and  few  men  were  bold  enough  to  explore  a  land 

•dlo^d  with  heavy  forests,  and   filted  with    ignorant    savages. 

Therefore  in  compiling  the  History  of  this  State,  it  is  necessary 

^b  commence  «mong  the  shades  of  nature        ';>d  thence  trace 

the  progress  of  tliat  improvement,  which  ha    .     dually  laid  deep 

and  strong  the  foundations  of  our  present  liberty  and  prosperity. 

•—•In  tlie  several  adventures  and   voyages,  to  this  Continent,  we 

find  no  account  of  any  one,  who  visited  the  waters  or  shores  of 

Maine,  before  A.  D.  1 602. 

Barikolomew  Oosnold,  an  English  navigator,  of  skill  and  ex- 
perience, who  had.  previously  crossed  the  Atlantic  in  the  usual 
routes  by  the  Canaries  and  the  West-Indies,  entertained  a  belief, 
that  a  course  direct  from  England  was  practicable,  and  would 
probably  shorten  the  distance  an  hundred  leagues.     Furnished 

*  PrinctU  Aimaltff.  1,  2,  6,  II.— Canada  and  Nora  Scotia,  woro  under 
the  Engliih  crown  till  A.  D.  1800;  when  the  French  did  poitest  themiolvot 
>er  L'acadia.— 1  Coll.  JV.  Hi$i.  5oc.  p.  2S2— 3d  itriet. 


-site?  <  '•• 


•imt'-'i  m 


B.OoMcild'a 

V«>vage, 

4603. 


»»..  1. 

tan  to 
tern- 
008  to 
pes  of 
aed  in 
ly  Sir 
several 
.    B«t 
stive  of 
;ood  to 
politick 

SM&tOS* 

«lspsed 
lOUgh  i 
wfound* 
any  but 
t  in  the 

and  re- 

with  iu 
nperfect. 
le  coast! 
e  a  land 

savages, 
lecessarj 
kce  trace 

aid  deep 

■osperity. 

inent,  we 
lores  of 

and  ex- 
le  usual 
a  belief, 
id  would 
burnished 

roro  under 
IthemiolvM 


Cbav*  (.] 


eruAwm 


'■)■ 


m 


trith«inillbailBtotrfibeex^eriin«Bt,lMstil«dfitMa  Ftlatoadi,i*.ll.Mi^ 
March  36tb,  1602,  attended  by  39  penoM,  <of  wbom  d(;ht  only 
^rnetoimnni  and  proceeding  west  by  the  compass,  as  directly 
as  the  winds  would  permit,  made  land,  May  4th,  at  or  about  the 
43d  degree  of  north  latitude.  It  is  not  fulfy  ascertained  whit 
land  he  first  discovered. — ^It  might  have  been  Mount  Desert  or 
Agamenticus ;  for  a  skilful  narigator,  three  years  afterwards, 
fbuoti  that  Capt.  Goeoold  had  marked  places  in  this  region,  at 
half  a  degree  bek>w  the  true  latitude ;  and  it  is  certain  that  the 
central  Isle  of  Shoals,  which  is  in  lat.  43"  29  *->is  south  of  the 
land  he  first  saw.    *  Meeting  with  a  shallop  of  European  fabric, 

<  in  which  were  eight  savages,  and  seeing  one  of  them  dressed  in 
( European  clothes,  Gosnold  and  his  associates  were  led  to  con- 

<  elude,  that  some  unfortunate  fishermen  of  Biscay,,  or  Brittany, 

<  had  been  wrecked  on  the  coast.'  They  immediately  sailed  to 
the  southerly  side  of  Cape  Cod ;  and  on  the  18th  of  June,  re- 
embarked  for  England. f 

But  though  we  have  doubts,  whether  Gosnold  ever  saw  any  Jff'*'?^ 
lands  of  ours ;  it  is  certain  our  shores  were  actually  visited  the  }^s*> 
following  year,  by  another  voyager,  Martin  Prirtg.     Through 
the  influence  and  generosity  of  the  city-ofiicers  and  several  mer- 
chants of  Bristol,  in  England,  Richard  Hackluyt,  Prebendary  of 
St.  Augustine  Church,  Robert  Aldsworth,  and  others ;  £1000 
sterling  were  raised,  and  two  vessels  procured,  equipped  and 
victualed  for  a  western  voyage  uf  eight  months.    The  Speedwell, 
one  of  them,  a  ship  of  50  tons,  with  a  crew  of  30  men  and  boys, 
was  commanded  by  Pring  himself.    The  master  of  the  other,  a 
bark  of  26  tons,  called  the  Discoverer,  carrying  13  men  and  a 
boy,  was  William  Browne ;  and  Robert  Salterns,  who  had  at- 
tended Gosnold  to  America  three  years  before,  was  appointed    - 
supercargo,  or  principal  agent  of  the  expeduion.     Tlie  adven- 
turers were  furnished  with  various  kmds  of  clothing,  hardwares, 


,  Svif'  i>i 
..  .    itni 


*  7  Coll.  JUtut.  Hitt.  Soc.  p.  243. 
of  thii  cout  ••  erroneont.** 


-Weymouth,  in  1608,  found  the  chirt 


fS  Pvrchaty  p.  1647,  I6SI.— Gmnold  was  afterwards  one  of  the  Council 

in  Virginia,  where  he  died,  Aug.  23,  1607. — PurcAa*,  1690 Capt.  Smith, 

{in  hit  Hitt.  p.  18,]  saj  s,  Robert  Salterns  was  Gosnold*s  pilot. —1  Btlknap'a 
Ring.  p.  <31— 219 ;— corrected,  2  B«Uc.  Biog.  p.  100— 123.— I  Holmn* 
4iHi.  p.  142.  n.  3,  4. 

Vol,    L  18  .,^,j,M  \  ■  ..?--»? 


||§  THE  HHrroHY  ■  [Vok  i; 

4,0.  im>ao4  trJukfiMt^hr  thci  purpoM  of  tcadiiig  with,  tbe  Nathrc%  and 
proctvbg  a  car§o  of  .MiMUiras*  and  (ura. 

pMobMoi       ^^  ^^  ^°*^^  ^  Milfiwd-Haven,  AprS  10,  1603,  «  few 
^y  ••d     dajTS  after  the  death  of  queen  Elisabeth ;  and,  passing  insight  of 
the  Azores,  fell  in  with  the  American  coast,  June  7th,  between 
the  43d  and  44th  degrees  of  north  latitude,  among  a  multitude  of 
Mands,  in  the  waters  since  called  Ptnohteot  hay.\     Pring  and 
bis  companions  were  highly  pleased  with  the  view  they  had  of  '<a 
high  country  full  of  great  woods ;"  and  happy  to  find  good  moor* 
ing  and  fishing  among  the  Islands.    Upon  one  of  these,  they  saw 
silver  grayfoxu  ;  whose  name  they  gave  to  the  whole  cluster,^ 
the  principal  of  which  are  the  north  and  south  Fox-Islands,^ 
The  cod  and  haddock,  which  they  took  in  great  plenty,  were  es- 
teemed by  them  superior  to  those  usually  taken  at  Newfoundland. 
Kiicn,  Ken'      From  this  place,  tliey  sailed  along  the  coast,  southerly ;  and 
York,  and  passing  the  Islands  of  Casco  bay,  entered  the  mouth  of  a  river, 
ri-ara.        over  a  bar,  probably  the  Saco,||  which  they  ascended,  in  a  good 
kIkiei;  depth  of  water,  about  two  leagues.     They  proceeded  next,  to 
visit  the  other  two  nearest  inlets,  which  must  have  been  the  riven 
Kennebunk  and  York ;  but  these,  the  Narrator^  says,  they  "  did 
not  pierce  so  far  into  the  land."     The  westerly  one,  [evidently 
the  Piscataqua,]  they  found  to  be  the  most  important  of  the  four; 
and  a  party  of  them  examined  its  channel  for  three  or  four 
kagues..;,!;,^-,    l.^. ...._.,. 

They  made  particular  mention  of  "  the  very  goodly  groves  and 
woods,  and  sundry  sorts  of  beasts"  seen  by  them.  But  being  un- 
able to  procinre  sassafras,  or  to  find  any  of  the  natives  with  whom 
to  traffic ;  and  concluding  from  the  appearances  of  recent  fires, 
and  the  vestiges  of  habitations,  that  they  must  have  lately  gone 
from  the  shores,  and  might  not  soon  return,  Pring  and  Browne 
sailed  to  places  farther  southward  ;  and,  leaving  the  coast  in  Au- 
gust, carried  home  valuable  cargoes,  and  among  other  curiosides, 


%«, 


*  Stutafrai  principally  ;  (1  Htlmtt'  A.  Ann.  p.  140,)— for  it  wu  esteem. 
•d  highly  medicinal,  and  celebrated  as  a  sorereign  remedy  for  the  plague, 
the  strangury,  the  stone,  the  scurvy  and  other  maladies.  One  of  Gos- 
Botd*s  men  had  been  cured  i>y  it  in  12  hours,  of  a  surfeit,  occasioned  by 
exceaaircly  eating  of  dogfish,  then  considered  a  delicious  dish. — 2  Belle, 
Biog.  p*  126—7.  Also  the  Voyage  of  Carter  to  Canada.—  1  Btlk  Biog. 
p.  176.  in  note  (*).  f  Called  by  the  French  «<  Ptntageet." 

\  2  Belk.  Biog.  p.  125.  \  Incorporated  June25, 1780,  f^tna/Aaven. 

0  »Sbawakotock"— /'VencA.— Chouakoct— I  J9(U:.  Bhg,  149. 


CEtf.  V]  Of  uimis,  IM 

a<»M^^  •^>'M^^^  ^>><^fiii»^  ingenuitj.     Gorged  feiliii^^:  lioi. 
Hf^ioiy,  s^,  Priflig  made  a  perfect  diacorery  of  all  these  eastern 
riven  end  huboun ;  and  brought  the  most  exact  account  of  the 
eoast  that  had  ever  come  to  hand.* 

The  French  as  well  as  the  English  were  repeating  their  ^^t]^!!!^ 
to  thb  northern  country  every  year  ;  and  making  it,  at  home,  a|"N.AMf 
favourite  topic  of  conversation  and  enquiry.    Both  were  highly 
islated  with  ideas  of  extensive  foreign  dominions ;  and  the  pros- 
pect of  an  abounding  commerce ;  yet  the  means  and  measures 
best  fitted  for  their  attainment,  were  altogether  unknown,  as  well 
to  the  sage  as  to  the  speculator.    More  of  plan,  organization  and 
vigor,  was  necessary ;  for  past  experience  had  rendered  it  certab, 
that  rights  to  territory  arising  iirom  mere  discovery,  nominal  pos- 
session, or  ro}ral  commission,  were  too  slender  to  be  seriously  de- 
fended.   Nbthing  short  of  actual  well-organized  settlements  un- 
der the  auspices  of  their  respective  governments,  could  give  to 
enterprize  success  and  permanency. 

But  it  was  a  great  misfotume  to  those  nations,  and  no  less  to 
this  country,  that  they  both  coveted  the  same  territories ;  uid 
were  using  all  practicable  means  for  establishing  severally  in 
themselves,  the  most  plausible  titles  to  their  claims.  Twen^ 
years  before,  Humphry  GUbert,  in  behalf  of  queen  Elizabeth^ 
had  taken  formal  possession  of  Newfoundland,  and  the  region 
200  leagues  about  it;  and  there  promulgated  sundry  laws.| 
The  Marqub  de  la  Roche,  fifteen  years  afterwards,  was  commis- 
sioned by  his  master,  the  IVth  Henry  of  France,  to  conquer  and 
colonize  all  the  regions  bordering  upon  the  St.  Lawrence,  denom- 
inated Canada,  and  unlimited  in  extent ;  and  three  years  after  his 
death,  another  of  similar  import  was  granted,  or  the  same  renew- 
ed to  M.  de  Chauvin,  who  immediately  carried  colonists  90  lea- 
gues up  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  settled  them  at  Tadousae.^ 
These  are  instances  only  of  prelimiitary  transactions. — ^The  people 
of  both  nations  were  resolved  in  their  purposes ;  and  with  such 

objects  in  view,  and  the  rival  feelings,  which  each  indulged  to 

______ — ^ — . —  '  , 

•  S  Purchat,  p.  1654— 6— Pring  made  a  lecond  voyage  id  leOS 2  Stlk*  i 

Biog.  p.  140.— Prmce'«  4iiti.  p.  19,  noU  llO}.— Smith's  HUt.  p.  18..- 1 
Hokntt'  A.  Ann.  p.  14&. 

f  One  Savelet,  an  old  mariner  bad,  before  1609,  made  no  leu  tbao  4t 
voyajfea  to  these' parti.— PordUu,  p.  1640. 

\  1  BtUtnt^U  Bug.  p.  MO.  (1  CharUrois  .AT.  Franti.  Vm^ttX, ' 


>. 


>l^' 


A«adi«. 


j^Kft  m^m^^  <»*!*»  *'  wW»*  ^"^^  ^^^  ^^^  <fl>fe«^  t^^vj^sfsttply. 

*tl^  counter  j[)08s^ssoi7  claims  wpuld  proflfic?  ibese^erea^  e|- 
(5it?ni^itts,if  aotwar.,  ,, 

„  ...  By  a  royal  patent,*  November  8tb,  A.  D.  1603,  the  same 
PeMW^Heniy,  $ramed  to  Pierre  de  Gait  Steure  de  Monttt  all  the 
^'  ''  Am^rijp^n  territory  between  the  40th  and  46th  degrees  of  north- 
era  latitude;  and  appointed  hlra  Lieutenant-general  of  this  exten- 
stfe  region,  with  authority  to  colonize  and  rule  it  according  to  his 
disci;etion ;  and  to  sub^due  and  christianize  jts  native  inhabitants. 
Tlie^name  given  it  in  the  patent  was  ".^catJta,"  or  AiMdit^  an 
abbrevia;tion  or  corruption  of  Arcadia  in  Greece.f  This  char- 
ter or  patent,  having  no  other  boundaries  or  confines,  than  the  de- 
grees of  latitude  mentioned,  was  found  to  embrace  the  American 
coast  between  the  Island  Cape  Breton,  south  of  Neii\[foundland, 
and  the  shores  below  the  mouth  of  the  river  Manhfttan,  now 
Mir  Json ;  and  was  soon  published  in  all  the  maritime  towns  in 
France.  To  him  and  his  associates  were  afterwards  conceded 
an  exclusive  peltry  trade,  not  only  throughout  his  colony  but  around 
tfae^ulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  I 

l>a'.Monts,  in  the  course  of  the  winter,  procured  and  equiped 
two  vessels ;  and,  furnishing  them  witli  suitable  necessaries,  sailed 
for  America,  March  7th,  1604.  His  familiar  companion  was  M. 
de  Poutrincourt,  who  bad  been,  a  long  time  desirous  of  visitmg 
this  country  ;  and  his  pilot  was  Samuel  Cbamplain,  a  gentleman 
of  noble  birth  and  of  skill  in  navigation,  who  had,  the  preced- 
ing year,  explored  the  St.  Lawrence.  Of  the  adventurers  in  the 
retinue  of  de  Monts,  some  were  Catholics  and  some  Protes- 
tants ; — ^liis  own  tenets  however  were  of  the  latter  order. 

Arriving,  May  6th,  at  Cape  de  la  Heve,  in  Lat.  44"  5,'  on  the 
southerly  side  of  the  Acadian  Peninsula,  they  came  to  anchor 
opposite  the  present  Liverpool  in  Nova  Scotia.  But  they  soon 
left  this  place ;  and  sailing  northerly  around  Cape  Sable  into  the 
bay  of  Fundy,  and  eastwardly  along;  the  northern  shores  of  the 

*8e«  this  Patent  entire  in  FVenoh. — 1  Haz.  CoH.  p.  45  :  Also  Appendix, 
pMt,  translated.— The  ortliog;rapliy  of  the  name  is  varied  much  by  different 
writers  as,  •«  Lofarfie"— ".^codie"— »'.4cca(/y"— "  Accadia."  »♦  L'Acadic"-- 
M  Nous  etant*'  des  lon^  temps  a  informes  de  la  situation,  dcs  bajs  et  territoric 
de  VAcadia — is  the  language  of  tlie  patent,  whence  it  would  seem  the 
country  might  have  been  previously  called  in  France  by  that  name. 
,  f  Bril.  Dum.  in  America,  bk.  3d.  pt.  II.  p.  346. 
,  i  1.  Httmti  A.  Ann.  p.  147. 


March  7. 
1604.    His 
Voysge. 


May  6.    He 

viitiu  his 
prtviuco. 


-.ijv 


Cmi^  I*]  ^"ovnuNi.  ffH^ 

jMBioMibi cnbnd  MtftdkHk biri^ «iivireMd by  MBtf  iMl^liiM#b.4llk 

4am,  mat  anchored  bi  «  good  tihrixMr.    FoMrineoiin  in#'fab       '   '' 

dMmcd  with  th«  beautifbl  appMniice  of  tto^ 

H  for  hU  fature  nsidoRce.    Obttiintiig  readily  a  grasc'd'  h  lirMi 

de  Moots,  which  the  King  afterwaMs  confirmed,  he  gave  It  4llte 

name  of  Port  JSoya/,  now  Anaapofis ;  and  here  his  partjr  dWilt 

for  severalyeara.*  •    -  i-.d  •;.:■:.- .v..  ■,  ;.li  -     .rrabiuHJl 

In  exploring  the  bay  of  Fundy^  de  Monts  irfsited  iSHeiWtir  flU. 
John,  and  gave  it  the  name,  it  has  ever  since  borne.  Thence  he 
proceeded  into  the  vraters  of  PoMtetmaquoddif  bay,  ascended  the 
Sekoodie  to  a  small  island,  which  Champlain  selected  for  a  Mat- 
ing place,  and  a  fortification.  «  ^t*  ^o*i 

As  Passamaquoddy  Bay  and  the  Schoodic  river  now  fortn  )& 
part  of  the  Eastern  boundary  of  this  State,  a  more  particular  a(> 
count  of  its  first  discovery  and  situation  may  not  be  uninterestin|(i 
De  Monts  and  his  men  called  the  bay  a  sea  of  salt  water ;  and 
in  ascending  the  river  found  it  an  inconsiderable  (me,  admitting 
vessels  even  on  tlie  tide  to  no  great  distance.  The  Island  it^lf, 
containing  12  or  15  acres,  they  called  St,  Croix,  because  two 
leagues  higher,  there  were  brooks  which  came  *<  erM«ime,  to  fkO 
within  this  large  branch  of  the  sea  ;" — a  circumstance  whkh  bai 
given  to  the  Schoodic  the  same  name.  The  Island  is  utna^ 
ted  just  above  the  northeast  ccmier  of  Robbinston.  Its  soil  is  fer«. 
tile  ;  and  it  is  usually  the  residence  ol  one  family.  The  Inhabit'' 
ants  often  call  it  "  Mufrai  hland:'\  ' 

L'Escarbot  says,  "  it  was  half  a  league  in  circuit,  seated  in  th# 
"  midtt  of  the  river ;  the  ground  most  excellent,  and  abundantly 
"  fruitful ;  strong  by  nature  and  easy  of  defence,  but  difficult  to 
« be  found.  For  [says  he]  there  are  so  many  isles  and  great, 
"  bays  to  pass,  [from  the  St.  John]  before  we  come  to  it,  I  won->  " 

'*  der  how  one  ever  pierced  so  far  as  to  find  it.  The  woods  of 
"  the  main  land  are  fair  and  admirably  high  and  well  grown,  as 
"  in  like  manner  is  the  grass.  There  is  right  over  against  the 
"island  fresh  water  brooks,  very  pleasant  and  agreeable,  where 
"divers  of  Mons.  de  Moots'  men  transacted  their  business  and  > 
" builded  certain  cabins."     n"''  »'«>""-  '  '  ••*J 

*  1.  Hotmtt*  A.  ./Inn.  p.  148.  JVbl«  5.->tbe  Mttlement  at  Port  Rojtl  con*  ' 
menoed  the  next  year.    L'Ewarbot-^  Pnrchas,  1682.       "   ^'^*-  '^' 

t  This  character  and  account  ia  aceordinf  to  a  late  map  of  N.  Seotia,  aad  ' 
a  plan  and  letter  from  a  |«ntlem80  ia  that  tection. 


JWIP  TIWHB10RT  I  f[VMkt. 

^^..1^^  n.ThiMafloarlMiiig  frr  tdvnwMlti  A»  Momb  doMbdoil  kxT^ 
iniFDni«< , the. winter upoi ihft isltnd.  AppMhcnding danger  firom thewva- 
SkCVois.  |{ei^  hcieraeted  ft ibrtifieation  oa  the  Mrtb  ptrt  of  it,  tthkli  CB- 
tktty'Commaoded  the  river.  The*  fort  wu  sheltered  by  trees, 
whi^li  bo  directed  not  to  be  felled ;  and  within  its  waUs  he  plant- 
pA  his  oamx>n  and  oonstructed  a  diapel,  after  the  Indian  manner  of 
buildiing.  "  Hoary  snow-father  being  come,"  (as  L'Escarbot  cx- 
prosses  himself,)  "they  Were  forced' to  keep  much  within  the 
^fdoorsof  their  dwellings  during  the  winter.  But  as  there  was  not 
.^plen^  of  wood,  which  had  been  too  prodigally  used  in  boild> 
*Ving  J  and  a  want  of  fresh  water,  which  was  found  on  the  banks 
"of  the  river  strongly  enclosed  under  locks  of  ice ;  they  were 
*^  under  the  necessity ,  of  procuring  both  Irom  the  shores  every 
IVday."  Some  of  the  savages  were  occasionally  bespoken ;  and 
through  fear  of  surprise  or  assault  from  them,  who  had  a  lodgeoicat 
at  the  foot  of  the  Island,  and  appeared  to  be  jealous,  de  Monts 
kept  a  con3tant  watch  night  and  day. 

'■  The  winter  was  severe,  and  the  suffisrings  of  the  people  from  the 
scuny  very  grevious ;  not  one  wh<^y  escaped  it ;  and  36  put  of 
70*  actually  died  before  spring.  At  the  usual  seed-time,  they 
prepared  a  piece  of  ground  and  sowed  it  with  rye ;  and  being 
absent  in  the  first  season  of  reaping,  they  gathered  m  the  second 
year  a  growth  of  it,  in  the  narrator's  words  "  as  fair,  big  and 
weighty  as  in  France." — ^This,  being  a  mere  temporary  residence, 
could  never  have  assumed  any  considerable  in^rtance  ;  had  it 
not  been  the  first  pretension  of  a  settlement  in  Abadie.f     J  .  t 

-■  ri  II  ^  . 

*  OgiUy  nays,  <^  ninety-Beren/' 

t  See  Mark  VEMcarbofa  Hitt.  nf  d'JVlmU'*  VoyOgu,  trandated  in  S 
ChurtJiiirt  Coll  706 ;  abridsred  in  5.  PurduCt  PUgrinu  p.  I6l9.  [Harv. 
CoU.  Ubtwy.)  VEtearbot  was  liiinself  with  de  M&nts  in  this  voyage. 
**  The  people  (he  says)  that  be  from  St.  John's  river  to  Kcnnibeki,  wherein 

*'  are  the  rivers  St.  Croix  and  JVorombefua  are  called  Etechemins." 

The  rive.  St.  Croix  was  made  a  part  of  the  boundary  line  in  the  treaty 
of  1783  between  England  sid  the  United  States;  and  afterwards  a  dis- 
pate  arose  which  of  the  two  was  that  river,  the  Sehoodie  or  the  Magagtmd* 
oftcfe  [M agadavl,]  both  emptying  into  Passamaquoddy>bay. — ^the  month  of 
the  former  being  8  or  4  leagues  distant  from  that  of  the  latter.  To  set- 
tle the  controversy.  Commissioners  were  appointed  by  the  two  govern- 
meats;  and  in  1798,  they  visited  tiioae  places;  and  found  an  lalanU  in  the 
9itin'-^''<-riTer  which  corresponded,  with  the  description  given  of  that 
/  where  de  Monts  and  bis  party  pawed  the  winter  1604—6.  Near  its  up- 
per end  were  the  remains  of  an  ancient  fortification  *<  overgrown  with 


"   iXlH 


Gajir.  I.]  oritUNB: 

^|yiMB4b«  nnrvifofs  of  iw  patf  had 
tiMiritNOgib;  dalfontopat  hit  proviaou  aad  tnnt  on  boofd^, 
lHfpii»aoe,attdoboiittlw  ndddlo  oTMoy  [1M6}  be  uA  Ui8u>£ 
men  embariMd  in  sevch  of  a  mon  oomreoieat  iituon,  umIxmi 
wanner  climate.    In  ranging  the  coast  westwardiy,  thejr  odtaiM 
the  bay  of  Penobtcotf  which  with  the  migbbouring  country,  lOnie 
European  adventurers  had  previously  understood  by  the  Natives^ 
was  called  Aoreaiii^tia.*    At  Kennebec,  they  erected  a  erea^' 
and  took  possession  in  the  name  of  their  king ;  and  after  visiting 
Gasco  bay  and  Saeo  river  proceeded  to  Cape  Cod.    Some  <if 
the  plaeeslthey  passed,  appeared  bviting  and  suitable  for  settlet 
ment ;  biit  their  company  was  small ;  the  savages  numerous,  un^ 
finendly,  and  diievisli ;— rtherefore  they  returned  to  St.  CroiXi 
snd  soon  proceeded  to  P<Mt  Royal, i^vw  u*;  ,t,f  «;«;-  ;vvi.v.» 

Here  he  met  M.  Dupont  and  an  accession  of  40  men,  wiiili 
fresh  supplies,  in  a  ship  from  F'rance ;  and  removing  the  remain^ 
der  of  his  property  from  the  Island  St.  Croix,  across  the  bay, 
he  lodged  it  with  his  other  stores  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  empty- 
ing into  the  basin  of  Port  Royal.  At  this  place  he  proceeded 
to  construct  a  fort  and  a  few  habitations ;  and  when  he  had  made 
doe  disposition  of  his  afiairs,  he  and  Poutrincourt,  in  September, 
sailed  for  France ;  leaving  Dupont,  Champlain,  and  Chauvm,  tO' 
explore  the  country  and  perfect  the  settlement. 

To  avoid  the  jealousy  of  th6  French,  and  at  the  same  time  tOGcorg* 
secure  the  advantages  of  prior  possession,  and  continual  claim ;  mratii'* 
several  English  gentlemen,— the  Earl  of  Southampton,  Thomas  mw%  3i 
[lord]  Arundel  and  their  associates,  despatched  George  fVey- 
m&tUh  across  the  Atlantic,  on  a  pretended  discovery  of  a  north- 
west passage,  which,  it  was  still  believed,  might  be  found.    Wey- 
mouth sailed  March  31st,  from  the  Downs;   and,  probably,  he 
was  not  disappointed.  May  11th,  viiidn  he  came  in  sight  of  the 


large  trees,"  (he  foundation  stones  of  which  were  traced  to  a  considerable 
extent.  1  Holnu'  A.  Ann.  p.  149,  Note  3.  These  were  among  the  fact* 
and  reasons  which  induced  the  Commissioners  to  determine,  that  the  Schot- 
die  ts  the  St.  Croix.    8t»  pott  A.  B.  1798. 

*  1  Btlknap't  Biog.  p.  328.-2  H.  149.  «  Norombega  was  a  part  of  the 
same  district  comprehending  Penobscot  bay  and  river,  but  its  eastern 
and  western  limits  are  not  described." — See  5  Purchaty  p.  1625, 1832. — 
See  I  Holmea*  A.  Ann.l4,not«  4lh  and  his  quotations.  Purtha*  says^ 
"  Femptcgoet  is  that  place  so  famous  under  the  name  of  JV«rMii&«|«.'* 


.*. 


iVofc*ii 


nth  x-t'i 
,»iol'J  . 


Rnriirilt 
MdiihrKm 
•ltd  8l 


■'f  ■ 


ooMt,.  ai  itf>io^tfa]n  in  lilkuds  41^  aoV  HMT  Gtpe 

,Qb4.    Being  coAayedaiaoag  ihdabi  1m  tato  nortlminU)r  fimm 

;;tki  I4lh  lottto  19tfa!of  ibe  nootb,  n,iliMu»»«f  JOleaguM^  vid 

•B^liored  about  noeaooiihe  north  aido  ofa  promHwat  lalaad,  in 

4(Mliboni8  of  .«lUar^;io!»w  iaoo»  f>c(i  ^sni^oiri  til     .ttiHois.  ^^  j  • 

;Tiiiti«}aad  be  foiiiid  tor  be  situated  About  8  leagues  from  the 

main  l«bd,  and  to  lie  in  an  obhrng'Shapa'  flrom  northeast  to  south* 

W«st.i    It  was»  as  £iir  land  to  fall  ih  whh,  (he  said)  as  ooald  be 

deMr^ii ;  having  a. good  landfall  and,  bold  shore,  free  of  sands 

and  rocks;  and  though  of  ''no  great  compass,"  it  contained,' 

pr^bab^i  1000  acres.    SeaCbwl  here  vere  plenty  ;  and  the  ipar- 

iqffV  in  fishing,  caught  "30  large  cod  and  haddock;"     .Wey- 

|(p0tHh  called  the  Island  *sSt.  George;-'  but  it. waa  afterwards 

ascertained  to  be  Monhegan;  "  aS  no  other  Island  hereabouts 

answers  the  descriptiooJ'*     Since  that  time,  it  has  been  a  most 

opted  station,  or  landmark  for  mariners ; :  and  was  eurly  inhabited^ 

V>  According  to  Capt.  Weyiuputb^s  jouraal,  he  sailed,  May  10th, 

al^9u^  two  or  thr^e  leagup^  northward,  among  the  Islands,  towards 

|bf||hig)kilands  ao/d  n^untains  in  fight;  and,! finding  good  anchor-. 

agei  :"  defended  (as  be  «ays)  frocipi  ail  winds,  in  an  excellent 

^epth)  of  water  fpfiShips  of  jany  burthen,  upon  a  clay  ooze,  veiy 

tough,  where  was  good  moonng  even  near  the  rocks  by  the  cliff 

side,"  he  named  the  place  "  Pentec^$t  harhour"—^novi  George^s 

if|a}M^r^rj&<^jur, % w?l) Jfl^qwiA h^vjenfit  the moittb of  St> ;Crttocg6's 

river.'-.   i:t.!jO/jo-i   h.u-   .^)^:brofl?<A! '■nh'tlo  *^x''?i'^~^hn'>T!t  (Vftt'T'''' 
'    Here  tlie  m^^steif  and  men  regaled  themsj^Ives  several  days  .^nd 

recruited  their,  strength.     Before  being  visited  by  the  Natives,  he 

and  a  party  properly  armed,  explored  the  islands  and  shores; 

while  his  sailors,  engaged  in  fishery^  readily  took  "  plenty  of  sal- 

*Vmoa  and  other  fishes  of  great  bigness ;  good  lobsters,  rock-fish, 

"  plaice  and  lumps ;"  "  and  with  two  or  three  hooks,  caught 

**  enough  of  cod  and  haddock,  to  supply  the  ship's  company  for 

"three  da3rs.    Upon  the  lands  they  found  various  sorts  of  trees, 

besides  vines,  currents,  spruce,  yew,  angelica  and  divers  guihs ;" 

and  about  the  shores,"  abundance  of  great  muscles,  some  of  wliich 

contained  pearls ;  fourteen  being  taken  from  a  single  one. 


:  *  3  6elk.  Biog.  137—130  [Capt  Williams'  observations.]    Tite  ortlMf  ra 
phy  of  Monhegatit  a  word  of  InJian  extraction,  it  various  in  different  aU' 
tbors.— »  Moniiigg^oD'^— «  Muutiig^tpon,"  8  Coli.  Mats.  H.  Soc.  p.  223. 227. 
UubbartPt  Indian  ji^ar»,  p.  280,  "  MonkigotL"^Pritic«'*  *9nnalt,  127. 16 


161. 


Om  tlM  ndi  nyt  th»  JottfiMltti,  **we  digged  a  gtrden,  M>#ed  A.i^  iM. 
M-paw mmI biil0)r «ml  garden  wicdg,  which  in  16  days  greir  up       .,, 
»  vighr  indMa }  alllMMigh  this  was  bat  the  crust  of  the  ground,  and    '  '  ^  'J; 
**  much  infermr  to  the  mould  we  afterwards  found  on  the  niain;** 
9HeM  <*ere  Ihe  firtt  fruitt  of  culture  on  these  liiands  or  «Atfre«^''' 

The  discovery  of  a  great  bay  and  river,  the  Penobscot,  divert- ne„pj„,M 
cd  their  attention  from  a  trade  witli  the  Indians,  for  ft  or  6  ^ay*;I|j^'ii^ju'^ 
which  were  passed  in  exploring  those  waters  and  the  contiguous 
lands.  Leaving,  for  that  purpose,  Pentecost-harbour,  on  the  1 0th' 
or  11  tfa  of  June,  they  proceeded  northwardly,  by  estimation,  i^x- 
ty  miles.  In  their  progress  up  Penobscot  bay,  they  came  to' 
anchor  on  the  12thf  noC  far  from  the  land,  abreast  the  monn^ 
tainsviaince  called  Penobsooi-hitis,.  [now  Camden  heights]  ;  and 
tea  of  them  woot  ashore  and  amused  themselves  in  hwiting. 

*  The  next  day,'  says  the  account,  *  we  ascended  in  cur  pinnatfie^ 
'that  part  of  the  river  which  inclines  more  to  the  westward, 
[probably  Belfast  bay,*  or  possibly  the  waters  bi^lween  the  lowtir 
part  of  Orphan  Island  and  the  main,]  carrying  with  us  a  crosiM^ 

<  a  uthiog.  never  omitted  by^  any  Christian  travellers,  which  We 

<  erected  at  the  ultimate  end  of  our  route.'f  ^'"^^  ^^  ^a  «.»*;  j  &+»w    " 

These  adventurers  were  much  delighted,  the  whdU  way,  with' 
the  novel  and  picturesque  scenery,  which  the  verdant  country  pre-    • 
seated  at  this  season.     For  they  not  only  listened  to  the  notes  of 
the  wood  birds  among  the  branches  with  delight,  but  they  found 
the  waters  of  the  river  to  be  wide,  deep  and  glassy ; — its  margin 
adorned  with  coves  and  green  borders  of  grass ;  and,  "  n)any  (says 
"the  Journal)  who  had  been  travellers  in  sundry  countries  and  in 
"  most  famous  rivers,  affirmed  them  not  comparable  to  this-Mhe 
"most  beautiful,  rich,  large,  secure  harbouring  river  that  the 
"world  a£R)rdeth."     These  were  the  enthusiastic  expressions, 
this  tour  inspired,  as  the  visitants  departed  reluctantly,  on  their 
return  to  St.  Georges.^ 


*  la  1  Purchat,  735,  it  is  said,  Weymouth  "  discovered  tlircc  score  inilcB 
up  a  most  ^excellent  river;" — and  the  Journal,  (in  2  Z?i7Ar.  Bto^.  p.  144,) 
lays,  *<  we  passed  mx  or  seven  miles  in  altop^ether  fresh  water,  whereof  we 
all  drank;" — this  must  havo  been  above  Marsh  bay;  for  in  tiiis  bay  tb*  ' 
waters  arc  always  salt.  , 

t  la  one  author,  (  1  Holmet'  A.  Anii,   p.   150,)  it  is  said,  ho  *'  set  up , 
crosses  in  soreral  places." 

I  See  James  Roster's  account  of  this  voynge— 5  PurcAor,  1659— 1676; 
abridged,— 2  Belk.  Biog.  p.  MO. 


A.D.  WX     Their  intMcoune  «nth  the  nftivet  wm  in  the  end  unfartnm, 

though  at  first  attended  with  mutual  friendship  tad  satiafactioni 

cMf'o  wi'ih  The  annaUit  says,^  *  they  visited  us  on  board,  lying  upon  daek 

"'""^  t  with  us,  and  we  ashore  with  them,  changbg  man  for  man  u 

*  hostages. — ^We  treated  them  very  kindly,  because  we  intends 

*  to  inhabit  tlieir  country ; — and  they  readily  traded  with  u»— ihe 
■>*  exchange  of  their  furs  for  our  knives,  glasses,  combs  and  toys,— 

*  being  of  great  profit  to  us ; — for  instance,  one  gave  40  skins  of 

*  beaver,  otter  and  sable,  for  articles  of  five  shillings'  value.* 

.  It  seems,  ho\T ever,  that  a  rupture  happened  between  the  piN 

ties  about  the  first  of  June,  after  which,  Capt.  Weynaouth  seiaed 

five  of  the  savages,  whom  he  had  confined  in  the  liotd  of  his 

:  vessel.    To  rescue  the  unhappy  prisoners,  or  avenge  the  wrong, 

their  countrymen  discovered  no  great  determination,  as  they  ap> 

peared  only  to  seek  for  an  opportunity  to  efifect  it-  by  means  ol 

artifice.     At  one  time,  coming  and  pomting  eastward  to  the  main, 

they  "  signified,  that  the  Bashaba,  their  king,  had  plenty  of  fun 

>  *'  and  much  tobacco."    Indeed,  during  the  late  excursion  up  the 

^  Penobscot,  three  Indians  came  in  a  canoe  to  the  pinnace,  and 

were  earnest  to  have  one  of  tlie  crew  "  go  with  them  to  the  Ba- 

"  shaba,  and  tlie  next  morning  he  would  return  with  furs  and  to- 

«  «  bacco."    But  the  stratagems  thus  used  to  draw  the  men  away 

^  from  the  ship,  were  too  flimsy  to  be  successful ;  and  not  long  after 

i  the  middle  of  June,  Weymouth  weighed  anchor  and  bore  off  his 

booty  to  England.  nf^  ,'\oiw  ftn  nt  vsv^k  an  m  ifv^tf 

Smith,  in  his  History,  thus  relates  the  above  incident.*—^  Tlie 
'  natives  came  and  desired  the  captain  to  go  and  trade  with  their 
'  Bashaba,  on  the  main,  who  was  their  chief  lord  ;  and  he  ac- 
'  cordingly  manned  the  yawl  with  14  men  for  the  purpose.'  '  Yet,' 
says  he,  <  would  they  row  faster  with  five  oars  in  their  canoes, 
'  than  our  men  could  their  boat  with  eight.  At  the  shore  was 
'  exchanged  one  Owen  Griffin,  for  a  young  fellow  of  the  savages. 
'  -Griffin  discovered  their  treachery,  finding  283  savages,  armed 

*  with  bows  and  arrows,  without  any  such  articles  of  traffic  as  they 
'  had  pretended  to  have.'  These  suspicious  cu'cumstances  gave 
umbrage;  and  the  first  who  afterwards  came  on  board  were 
three  whom  Capt.  Weymouth  kept ;  and  two  others  were  with 

*  much  ado  seized  on  the  shore.     There  were  also  two  canoes 


*  Smilli*!  flitt.  p.  19>.20.-Princo*i  Ann.  14.        f  &initk*t  IlUt.  p.  18. 


.QOtoOttS 


( tiklD»  ttid  Mi^^^'^  bowB  aad  anowt.*  Four  of  thMC  mdiippy  A.9.  MW^ 
moiJiMitf  Titqtumhmt  MmUmt  Sheh»mrr«t$  and  .tfiweomotr,* 
000  being  •  Stgamore  and  three  of  the  others,  peraoof  of  rank. 
Hia  fint  three,  Cq>t.  Weymouth  delivered  to  Sir  Fbrdimahdo 
GoMCS,  Governor  of  Plymouth,  as  soon  as  he  arrived  in  that 
Mi^KNt ;  who  kept  them  in  his  fiunily  three  years.f  After  learn- 
ing to  speak  the  English  language,  tliey  amused  him  with 
numerous  legendary  tales,  and  imparted  to  him  many  things  as 
facts,  which  he  was  strongly  inclined  to  credit. 

But  neither  the  fruits  of  this  voyage,  nor  yet  the  possession 
taken  of  the  country,  could  counterbalance  the  ill  effects  of  Wey- 
nwuth's  treatment  of  the  Natives.  For  the  forfeiture  of  trade  and 
of  their  hospitality ;  the  hatred  of  the  English  name  ;  revenge  and 
cruelties,  were  the  consequences  which  might  be  expected  for  this 
ofienoe.  Surely  never  were  men's  conduct  more  impolitic,  since 
it  was  full  half  of  their  errand  to  pave  the  way  for  a  colonial  es- 
tablishment and  future  trade.  ^ 

Tbjive,  and  much  baser  improprieties,  '^owever,  appear  not  to 
have  been  much  regarded  at  home.  Bui  iiie  descriptions  given 
of  this  country  by  voyagers,  fishermen  and  tradesmen  ;  the  profits 
of  its  commerce  ;  the  sight  of  the  natives  carried  across  the  At- 
lantic; the  propagation  of  "Christianity  in  the  dark  comers  of  >»th 
the  earth;"  and  the  claims  of  the  French  to  the  country,  had 
their  several^'  and  full  effects,  to  excite  the  attention  of  the  Eng- 
lish public,  and  to  inspire  influential  individuals  with  fresh  ardour 
in  the  prosecution  of  American  enterprizes.  The  grant  to  Sir  ' 
Walter  Raleigh,  22  years  before,  had  become  void  by  his  attain- 
der ;  and  no  obstacle  seemed  to  lie  in  die  way  of  another  grant 
to  any  person,  who  had  influence  with  the  crown. 

An  association  of  English  gentlemen,  therefore  was  now  form-  North  and 
«d,  for  the  purpose  of  planting  colonists  on  the  American  coasts ;  ^\^^ 
and  of  bringing  the   infidel  savages  to   a    knowledge  of  the'*"** 


:Vf, 


*1  Btlk.  Biog.  847.~iVince*f  ^nn.  15. 10. 

\iBtlk.  Biog,  135—150. — Sir  Ferdinando  Oorgtiit,  now  first  introdii- 
ced  to  n«,  a  gentleman  of  g^rcat  energy,  and  in  the  prime  of  life,  only  80 
jeart  of  age.  Ho  died  A.  D.  1046.  The  lavages  seized,  Gorges  says, 
"vere  all  of  one  nation,  but  of  several  parts  and  several  families.  This 
acciJent  miul  be  acknowledged,  the  means  under  God  ul'  putting  on  foot 
tad  giving  life  to  all  our  plantations.*' 


1m  Colnny. 


Sd  Colony. 


tifc  RurroKY  V^  n^b.  \. 

A.  tt.  Ikoe  ChrittlM  reKgion ;  to  the  true  wonhf  of  God  ;*  to  clvOiaod  Mb ; 
Bad  to  a  Battled  government.  These  men,  so  usocietcd,  king  Jioici 
Is- by  Patent,  April  10,   1606,  incorporated  agreeably  to  tlwjr 
omi  choice,  into  two  Companiea^  under  one  and  the  same  €k%. 
end  Council  of  Government :   wherein  Messrs.  Gates,  Somen, 
Hackluyt,  Wingfield  and  their  associates,  belonging  to  the  city  of 
London,  and  called  the  London  Company,  or  Jirtt  ColoKt  or 
ViRoiNiA,  formed  one  branch ;  and  Thomas  Hanham,  Raleigh 
Gilbert,  William  Parker,  George  Popham  and  others  of  I^ymouth, 
in  the  county t>f  Devon  or  "  elsewhere,  who  might  associate,"  form- 
ed the  odier,  and  were  called  the  Plymouth  Company,  or  the  "  See* 
ONO  Colony."    The  country  granted,  extended  from  the  34tli, 
to  the  4dth  degree  of  north  latitude,  and  included  all  the  islands 
within  100  miles  of  the  coast ;  the  whole  being  known  by  the 
general  name  of  *^orth  and  South  Virginia.*^    The  Jirst  Co/. 
ony  was  permitted  to  begin  a  plantation,  at  any  place  below  th« 
41st  degree  of  north  latitude ;  and  the  second  Colony,  any  where 
above  the  36th  degree.    There  was  also  provided  a  judicious 
precaution  against  any  unhappy  interference ;  for  it  was  ilirther 
stipulated,  that  the  colony  which  might  be  planted  the  last  of  the 
two,  should  not  begin  a  settlement  within  100  miles  of  the  other. 
The  government  ordained,  was  this,  viz : — A  general  *<  CouneH 
of  Virginia,^*  consisting  of  thirteen  men  appointed  by  the  crown, 
and  residents  in  England  ;   who  were  vested  with  a  paramount 
jurisdiction,  to  be  exercised  according  to  such   ordinances,  as 
should  be  given  tliem  under  the  royal  sign  manual :  And  also  two 
Subordinate  Councilt,  each  of  thirteen  members,  living  in  Amer* 
ica,  named  in  the  same  way,  were  created,  for  ruling,  and  man* 
aging  the  interior  affairs  of  each  colony,  agreeably  to  the  king's 

bnc  Dt    instructions. 

This  was  a  Charter  of  rights  as  well  as  a  patent  of  territory ; 
though  all  sales  of  lands  by  the  Colonial  councils  were  to  be 
confirmed  by  the  crown, — to  pass  the  fee.  Every  colonist,  and 
b"T  children,  were  to  bo  citizens  of  the  realm; — the  coinage  of 
money  was  authorized  ; — and  importations  of  '*  all  useful  chattels, 
armor,  and  furniture  from  the  British  dominions"  into  the  Colo- 
nies, were  granted  and  allowed  for  seven  years,  duty  free.    The 


Cniinriln  of 

Govern- 

jneiit. 


*Tho  declared  intent  of  tlio  ndvonturert  wm  to  propaftta  God's  holy 
Ch\iTC\i.—IIuN>ard''t  Hit.  A'.  E.  14.  f  1  DoiiglM  Humm.  p.  5. 


ColpntHf  «|9r»  monoTor  fuUy  empowered  to  mim  or  expel  iatttfh  A,  p.  mi, 
dtfs  I  .uui  <P  *^*^  ***®'  *i>^  duties  (or  their  own  benefit. 

Such  is  the  outline  of  this  )!mportant  patent  ;*  which  without  Chni«M' 
aojr  other  boundaries  xh?-\         paralleb  of  latitude  mentioned,  iimn*  v^ 
embraced  at  the  eastward,  n  -fH  of  tiie  Acadian  peninsula.     Inipa-  "''**' 
tieot  to  found  a  plantation  upon  these  northern  shores,  Lord  Pop-  vM 

bam.  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,  and  otiier  members  of  the  Ply- 
mouth company,  or  second  Colony,  despatched  hither  Capt. 
Henry  Chalons,  b  August,  with  a  ship  carrying  31  men,  and  two 
of  Weymouth's  captives,  Manida  ixnd  Assecomoit.  Shortly  after- 
wards, Thomas  Hanham,  one  of  tlie  patentees,  and  Martin  Pring, 
before  mentioned,  were  sent  with  auxiliaries  and  fresh  supplies,  ;. '^^ 
to  join  Chalons  in  beginning  a  colony  within  the  patent.  But  ' 
Chalons  was  taken,  Nov.  10th,  by  a  Spanish  fleet,  and  carried  to 
Spain,  where  his  vessel  was  condemned  ;  and  Hanham  did  noth- 
ing more  than  to  new-vamp  and  repeat  the  encouraging  accounts 
of  the  country,  and  tliereby  enliven^  or  perhaps  invigorate  the 
spirit  of  adventure.f  — ^  i-^~  '      '  '■■■■'■  '  '■■^* 

Next  under  the  auspicious  patronage  of  the  London  Company,  s4>i'i«>iMint 
three  ships,  with  an  hundred  colonists,  including  the  members  of  y')^'^)!^, 
a  Colonial  Council,  sailed  December  20th,   for   the  coasts  of.'/i^'^*'"' 
South  Virginia;  and  in  April  [1607]  a  permanent  settlement  was       i  •  u^^ 
originally  effected,  and  at  length  establisiied  on  James'  river ;  and 
there  the  earliest  administration  of  government  was  now  cooir, 
menced.  '  "v 

A  similar  enterprize,  projected  by  the  Plymouth  Company,  Km;f;rNnt'ft 
\Tas  matured,  about  the  same  time,  for  settling  anotlier  colony  in  Virginia. 
North  Virginia.  In  this  branch  of  the  Corporation,  the  leaders 
were  Lord  John  Popham,  Chief  Justice  of  England,  and  Sir 
Ferdinando  Gorges,  already  become  a  conspicuous  member. 
An  hundred  emigrants,  besides  mariners,  were  engaged  in  the 
enterprize  ;  and  all  necessary  ordnance,  utensils,  and  supplies 
were  speedily  procured.  The  outlines  of  a  colonial  government 
were  drawn ;  and  the  several  members  of  tlio  Council,  and  the 
officers,  who  were  all  colonists,  were  designatci^  by  name.  It 
was  intended  to  have  taken  into  employment  three  sliips,;^  and  by 
no  means  to  be  outrivalled  by  tliose  of  the  other  company.     But 


■vW 


*Sfle  thit  Patent  entire,  1  Hazard's  Coll.  p.  9|— &S.  ,«^^^ 

\  PrinctU  Annali,  p.  18,  10.  JVbfe  10.  U^l 

\ (iorgti  i»j«,  th«r«  wf re  "  three  »liip».''    Piina't  Ann.  21,  [n.]     .i^.  r 


A.D.  Iter. 


PopiMM 

■lid  Gilbert, 
commau- 
den. 
M«>  SIM. 


Arrival, 
Attf.  8tb. 


Au|(mtII. 

Oovtm- 

iiMnlor- 

gSttilMl. 


Hnfada- 
borlt  Colo- 
ay  leraled 
•lid  Ivrtifi* 
•d. 


THEHtarroKY  [Viitl't. 

Aroa§h  .disippdiitniehf  in  procuring  one,  ifiie  eipilifion  tm 
retarded,  and  two  only  were  equiped,  and  despatched  on  dut 
interesting  expedition. 

The  command  of  them  was  given  to  two  of  the  patentees, 
George  Popham,  his  lordship's  brother,  and  Raleigh  Gilbert,  a 
nephew  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh.  They  left  Bymouth  on  the  SIst 
of  May ;  and  according  to  their  destination*  steered  direcdy 
for  the  North  Virginia  coast,  where,  after  a  favourable  passage, 
they  arrived  August  8th,  in  safety.  They  first  touched  at  Mon> 
hegan,  and  then  proceeded  "  to  the  mouth  of  a  fair  navigable 
river,"  cal'ed  by  the  Natives  Sagadahock. 

Although,  according  to  some  accounts,  they  first  went  ashore 
upon  ErascoKegarij^  or  the  western  PefitnM(Za| ;  yet  it  is  believed 
they  finally  disembarked  upon  an  Island  200  rods  eastward,  cat- 
led  Stage  Island ; — supposed  by  them  to  be  better  situated  for  all 
the  conveniences  of  trade  with  the  natives,  and  of  navigation 
through  the  year.  They  probably  landed  on  the  north  part  of 
the  Island,  which  is  level  and  easy  of  access — the  southerly  end 
being  high,  bleak  and  rocky. 

They  left  the  ships,  August  the  Ilth;  and,  assembling  on 
shore,  returned  public  thanks  to  Almighty  God,  and  listened  to  s 
sermon  adapted  to  the  occasion.  Their  patent  was  then  read ; 
and  their  ordinances,  laws  and  instructions  promulgated.  The 
form  of  civil  government,  although  aristocratic  and  simple,  was 
evidently  drafted  for  a  great  State.  The  Colony  Council  con- 
sisted of  eight  members,  who  were  severally  appointed  to  hdd 
particular  offices  :  George  Popham,  senior  captain  of  the  voyage, 
being  President ;  Raleigh  Gilbert,  admiral ;  Edvoard  Harlow, 
master  of  the  ordnance ;  Robert  Davis,  sergeant-major  and  com- 
mander of  the  militia ;  Ellis  Best,  marshal ;  John  Scammon,* 
secretary  of  the  colony ;  James  Davis,  commander  of  the  fort, 
and  Gome  Carew,  searcher. 

These  adventurous  planters  erected  ou  the  Island  some  slight 
habitations,  or  cottages ;  sunk  two  or  three  wells ;  and  commenc- 
ed an  intercourse  with  the  Indians.  But  they  were  soon  con- 
vinced, that  tlie  wells,  owing  to  their  contiguity  to  the  sea,  would 


*Tlie  orifrinni  object  wn«  to  be/fin  near  Monbeg^n,  some  wbere  nbonl 
the  mouth  of  Sagadahock.  Hub,  A*.  E.  39— Indian,  **8tigwimhoktJ"  -Smith''* 
HM.219.  JR^  \'^.:.r.  ,vi  .1 

ifiovf  Parker'i  Island.         |<«0n  a  peDinsuIa.**  1  Hnlmt*^  A.Ann.  IM. 


never  jieid  street  wtter  $  that  the  Uand*  containing  only  8  or  10  a.  d.  Mor. 
aeraSy  was  too  small  for  the  peimanent  foundation  of  a  cokmj ; 
and  dial  it  was  situated  too  &r  from  other  lands  to  form  a  free 
intercourse  with  the  country.  Therefore  they  concluded  to 
change  their  situation ;  and  passing  across  the  river,  to  the  west- 
em  bank,  they  selected  a  pleasant  and  convenient  site  on  the 
southeast  side  of  a  creek,f  near  what  is  now  called  Atkin's  bay ; 
which  stretches  west  into  the  land  half  a  league,  and  forms  a 
peninsula  at  the  southerly  corner  of  the  present  Phipsburg.     To  :* 

this  place  they  themselves  removed,  and  during  the  autumn,  located  >  "^^^ 
and  established  a  settlement ;  which  was  subsequently  denominat- 
ed the  Saoadahock  Colont.  A  commodious  house  and  bam, 
and  a  few  slender  cabins  were  built,  and  a  fortification  erected, 
which  they  named  fort  St.  George,  from  the  Christian  name  of 
the  President }  but  it  was  afterwards  called  PophavCn  fort.  A 
block  house  likewise  with  a  store-room  was  erected  and  rough- 
ly finished ;  where  the  people  kept  theii  provisions  and  might  in 
case  of  danger  find  protection.!     .        .»;£<]  rrJlrj  jliMiJ'/inj.'xttu'.i^ 

All  practicable  preparations  being  made  for  winter ;  the  two  pec.  s. 
ships,  December  5tli,  sailed  for  England,  leaving  only  45  colo-  ^'j|,e'tb^ 
aists,  situated  between  an  unbroken  wilderness  on  tlie  one  hand, 
and  a  waste  of  waters  on  the  other ; — in  an  untried  climate,  and      ' 
in  tlie  vicinity  of  savages.     This  plantation  was  undertaken  by 
its  patrons  with  a  determination  worthy  of  great  and  enterprising 
minds ;  resolved  upon  the  accomplishment  of  tlieir  purposes ;  and 
sure  of  the  greatest  advantages  to  be  derived  from  its  establish- 
ment and  prosperity."^     ^juubj^, lis^Tfcrj^s  xivwf  u^jat  4'^^  HUrt-.i 

Through  tlie  friendly  assistance  of  two  natives,  Shetwarroes,  '^  ^**' 
and  Dehamida,  sent  hither  in  the  ships  by  Gorges  and  Popham, 
the  adventurers  received  from  tlie  natives  a  cordial  welcome,  and 
afterwards  testimonies  of  particular  respect  and  hospitality. 
Some  of  the  Sagamores  even  offered  to  go  witli  tlic  English  to 
the  Bashaba,  their  Great  Chief;  whose  residence  they  repre- 

*0n  Stog-e  Island  arc  the  remains  of  a  fort ;  brick  chimneys  and  aomo 
rells  of  water ;  several  cellars ; — the  bricks  must  have  come  from  Eii* 
rope SaZ/ttun  p.  170.    -'"!''.  '  <*it/i>i«-»  .u*»}  ii,«W5  jji.fftiT*  ,»w* 

t  From  this  creek  to  the  mouth  of  the  Konncbeo  river  is  10  mites. — Cult* 
M.  Hit.  Soe.  p.   294. 

\PrmceiAnn.  p.  63— The  fort  is  on  tiie  S.  E.  siilc  of  Cape  Small  Foini 
PeniDsula*  mr   -^  .-  i  !■       J  Wu^tanZ'*  ./V.  £.  p.  37.  •    U 


,it 


J%'*i.i*'fl      4111 


Tr«rf«  with 
the  Naiivn. 


4,p.  1^.  a^itmljQ  be  ibout  Pemtquid,!  Jht^jifpi&td  to  lkm> 
jjwt hewnsfk nvgbty  prioco,  Ivrfdu^  io oJbcMliemBe  all liie 
£rQ{n  Penobscot  to  Piscattqua,*  and  tiiat  be  expeeted  all  tlwstraiK 
gerS)  cpniing  iatt>  bis  domioiaas,  to  pay  him  their  court,  as  a  cut* 
tonaary  usage.  Yielding  at  last  to  tbeir  iraportunities,  the  Pre»> 
ident  proceded  along  the  coast  eastward,  several  leagues,  till 
obliged  by  adverse  winds  and  inclemeot  weather  to  return  ;<— 
equally  to  the  disappointment  jftfi^himself,  of  the  great  Chief  and 
the  Sagamores.,  o  i  ;  .;i.,v. .. 

When  the  Bashabawaa  mformed  of  what  had  taken  plac6;  be 
sent  his  own  son  to  visit  the  president,  and  make  an  arrange, 
ment  with  the  company,  for  lopening  a  trade  in  furs  and  pehrjr. 
Such  was  the  conduct  of  this  frank  and  forbearing  people ;  thoif  h 
several  of  them,  but  a  short  time  before,  and  in  this  vicinity,  had 
been  forcibly  carried  away  to  places  unknown  to  tbeir  tribe.  As 
an  instance  of  manly  gena-osity,  an  Indian  named  Amenquin,  to 
reward  the  strUiigers  for  a  straw  hat  and  knife  "  given  him,** 
tripped  himself  of  a  beaver  mantle  worth  50  or  60  shillings  ster- 
ling, and  presented  it  to  the  President.f 

The  winter  months  were  fraught  with  various  trials.  The 
season  was  extremely  severe  in  England  as  well  as  in  this  country ; 
their  habitations  were  poor;  and  they  before  spring  suflered 
much  from  the  cold.  For  though  they  had  left  a  country  in  s 
higlier  latitude  than  tliis,  they  were  nevertheless  strangers  to  an 
atmosphere  equally  keen,  and  to  unrelenting  snow  and  ice, 
through  five  montlis  in  succession. 

Still  they  might  have  enjoyed  security  and  peace  in  their  (brti> 
fication,  and  lived  comfortably  upon  the  provisions  brought  from 
home,  together  with  the  fish  and  game  taken  by  themselves  or 
purchased  of  the  Indians,  had  they  met  with  no  misfortunes,  and 
been  guided,  at  all  times,  by  the  maxims  of  prudence  and  econ- 
omy. But  a  traditional  story  is  related  and  transmitted  to  us,  as 
coming  from  the  old  Indians, — ^thot  at  some  time  in  the  winter, 
"  a  quarrel  fell  out  between  the  colonists  and  the  natives,"  wherein 
one  of  the  former  was  killed,  and  the  rest  all  driven  out  of  the 
fort,  leaving  their  provisions,  arms,  and  several  "  barrels  of  pow> 

•Be/A-.  Biog.  p.  351. 

f  From  tbi»  creek  to  the  mouth  of  Kennebec  river  ia  10  miles. — 1  Coll, 

;V.  Hi:  See.  2ftt.  |  Purchai  Pit.  p.  039. 


>^uis  :>  ■> 


EvMtit  of 
ibe  Wiuker. 


CitAr.  I.]  OF  MAINE. 

dor.**  Hie  Indians  opened  the  casks;  and  being  unacqaainwd  A. o.  IMt. 
widi  the  peculiar  properties  of  their  contents,  carelessly  scattered 
die  kernels,  which,  taking  fire,  blew  to  pieces  the  most  of  what 
was  in  the  fort,  and  "  destroyed  several  of  the  Indians"  them- 
selves. Struck  half  dead  by  the  report,  and  the  disasters  wit- 
nessed, they  supposed  the  Great  Spirit  was  angry  with  them  for 
doing  harm  to  the  strangers ;  and  made  immediate  proposals  for  a 

restoration  of  mutual  friendship. — Another  tale,  whiciii  • 

comes  to  us  in  the  form  of  a  memoir*,  is  also  worthy  to  be  told  :  ^ 

— Being  collected  at  the  fort  to  traffic,  the  Indians,  it  is  said,     ^      ' 
were  requested  to  draw  a  small  mounted  cannon  by  the  drag- 
ropesl     They  laid  hold,  and  when  in  an  attitude  most  exposed,   , 
it  was  discharged,  giving  them  all  a  frightful  shock,  and  actually 
killing  and  wounding  some  of  them.  fi«rtfi«| 

Whether  these  stories  have  any  connection,  or  foundation  Jn 
truth,  we  cannot  at  this  distance  of  time  ascertain  with  certainty : 
and  we  might  especially  wish  the  latter  one  for  the  credit  of  the 
colonists  to  be  a  fable ;  yet  both  were  believed  to  be  true,  by  the 
ancient  and  well-informed  inhabitants  on  Sagadahock  river.  It  is, 
moreover,  certain,  that  their  store-house  took  fire  in  mid-winter, 
and  was,  with  a  great  part  of  their  provisions,  reduced  to  ashes. 

As  soon  as  the  ships  returned  to  England,  Lord  Popham  per- 
suaded his  associates  of  the  Plymouth  Council,  to  provide  anoth- 
er immediate  outfit  and  send  them  back  without  delay.  But, 
while  waiting  for  a  wind,  the  mariners  of  one  ship  heard  of  his  LlSpd'i»«». 
Lordship's  sudden  death  ;  and  the  master  of  the  other,  before  he  Giit^IJ/ '* 
sailed,  was  informed  that  Sir  John,  the  brother  of  Raleigh  Gil- 
bert, was  likewise  dead ; — and  thus  became  the  bearers  of  these 
melancholy  tidings  to  the  plantation.        -,:':  •  ;  '^li:       H  ji7  r  sfef'w 

Besides  these  deaths,  happened  that  of  George  Popham,  Pres-  _         . 
ident  of  the  colony,  who  had  also  lately  deceased  ;  and  who  was  «•>•  •»>•  . 
succeeded  in  that  office  by  Gilbert,  the  official  admiral.    Being  his  end  of  ibi 
brother's  heir,  he  believed  the  estate  required  his  immediate  at- 
tention ;  and  therefore  he  concluded  to  return  home.     The  reso- 
lution at  this  crisis,  and  the  deaths  of  the  two  Pophams  and  Gil- 
bert, three  principal  patrons  of  the  enlerprize,  together  with  some 
additional  disappointments,  proved  fatal  to  the  colony.     The  cli- 


*  Supplement  to  King  Philip'i  wart,  A,  A  1675— p.  78. 
Vol.  I.  14 


ill 


THtiuaTcifty 


tV<ikl. 


A»P.fl6ai.iiiate  Wm  cold ;  the  wildeniess  appeared  to  Aem  fanpenioai; 
Shetland  wholly  unyieldii^  to  the  toOs  and  arts  of  cultitatioB; 
and  probably  the  Indians  had  beeome  again  unfriendly.  Nay, 
one  account  represents,  that  in  consequence  of  the  resentmenu 
of  the  natives,  occasioned  by  the  gun  powder  plot,  or  some  ill 
treatment ;  the  emigrants  were  induced  to  re-embark,  for  the 
sake  of  their  own  safety,  and  durst  not  return. 
{hfHaving  resolved  to  quit  the  country,  whatever  tlie  cause  might 
have  been,  they  all  entered,  with  their  effects,  on  board  the  re- 
turning ships,  that  brought  them,  and  cheerfully  departed ;  taking 
with  them,  as  the  only  fruits  of  their  winter's  enterprize,  several 
kinds  of  fur,  a  small  vessel  built  by  them,  and  some  native  pro- 
ducts of  the  place. — ^To  Gorges  and  others,  the  promoters  and 
patrons  of  this  colony,  the  return  of  the  planters  was  altogether 
unexpected  and  extremely  unwelcome. 

In  vindication  of  their  conduct,  they  framed  excuses  with  what 
ingenuity  they  possessed  ;  and  though  they  had  lost  only  one  of 
their  number  by  natural  death,*  tliey  told  very  unfavourable  sto- 
ries of  the  countiy,  its  climate,  soil,  and  healthfulness ;  represent- 
ing it  to  be  an  intolerably  cold  and  sterile  region  "  not  inhabitalile 
(they  said)  by  our  English  nation."f 

This  colony,  the  first  ever  attempted  to  be:  estabUshed  by  the 
English  in  North-Virginia,  was  planned  and  begun  with  the  cour- 
age, zeal  and  beneficence  which  do  not  fear  to  encounter  difficul- 
ties, or  hazard  pxpense.  Its  projectors  and  friends  believed  a 
colonial  establishment,  well  organized  and  prosperous,  would  be 
the  common  resort  and  asylum  of  all  adventurers  to  tiiis  country ; 
and  the  means  of  promoting  and  spreading  other  settlements  to  a 
wide  extent.  But  its  untimely  end,  some  further  deaths,  and  ad- 
ditional discouragements,  gave  a  deadly  check  to  the  spirit  of 
colonization  for  several  years.  |  Yet  Sir  Francis  Popham,  son 
of  tlie  late  "  baronet,"  sent  a  ship  annually  into  these  warters,  for 
several  years ;  in  anticipation  of  benefits  from  tlie  fishery  and  fur 
trade,  and,  possibly,  from  his  father's  advancements ;   till  over- 

*  Prince''»  Ann.  p.  2ti, — Thoiig^h  "  tlicy  nscribed  it  to  a  prevail! n{^  sick- 
ness, occasioned  by  tbe  severity  of  the  winter." — 1  Coll.  JUati.  Hiit.  Soc. 
p.  tm.  t  Prince's  Ann  p.  23. 

X  Dut  <*of  plantations  we  bars  no  more  spcccbes."— Smt/A'«  Hi$l.  p. 

18,  19,  24,  i7il  ,\\.^. 

« 


ChMT.!.]  WHABIII.,  Ml 

0000 bf  div     <'«gMM"tt and  lomi,  h»  wu  obliged  tt  hit  toA.lt.itm. 

give  op  the  piitfuit.*  Seme  idventtueni  may  hive  met  with 
better  success ;  ibr  it  is  coofidently  asserted,  that  the  coasts  were 
never  afterwards,  for  any  considerable  length  of  time,  entir^ 
deserted  by  Europeans,  until  the  oountxy  became  settled. 


«  J7«&ftard*«  jy.  E.  S7.->He  says,  *the  Freaeh  were  here  mmb  »fhir 
Popbun't  party  left  the  plto«.*~Gotyw*  AwC  19.— 5  Anrc^M,  18N.— 
PfiaMV  •Am*.  SS. 


Oy/  ;«.*• 


rd; 


?  a  f 


m- 


•  ,S4rti»  U* 


CHAPTER  n. 


AcaJia. 


Snk  $4ttlemaU  of  Port'Royal  abandoned  6y  tke  JFVeneh-^Rtnmed— 
Mount  Deurt  visited  by  Hum — It  it  tke  abode  of  two  jetuitt— 
Gorges  sends  Vines  to  Saco — South-Virginia — Newfaundlandr-~ 
Argots,  Somers'  and  Harlow's  visits — Natives  carried  to  Eng- 
land—  The  French  settle  Mount  Desert — Argal  removes  them — 
He  takes  Port-Royal — Capt.  John  Smith — His  character— His 
voyage  to  Sagadahock — His  Map  and  History  of  New-England 
—Hawkins'  voyage — War  and  pestilence  among  the  eastern  no. 
/  tives — Fines   at  Saco — Smith,  Admiral  of  New-England — Bo. 

croft's  and  Dermer's  voyages — Settlement  of  New-Plymouth. 

A.  0. 1606.  The  infant  colony  at  Port-Royal,  in  the  winter  of  1605 — 6, 
after  its  affairs  were  committed,  by  de  Monts  to  Dupont,  was 
plentifully  supplied  with  corn  and  venison  by  tlie  Mickmak  In- 
dians ;  and  carried  on  with  them  quite  a  profitable  fur  trade.  To 
encourage  them,  de  Monts  and  Poutrincourt  returned,  in  July, 
(1606)  with  fresh  supplies.  The  former  then  took  Dupont  with 
him  and  sailed  again  for  France,  committing  to  Poutrincourt  the 
management  of  the  colony,  and  the  survey  of  the  country. 

The  latter  proceeded  as  far  as  Cape  Cod ;  where  he  had  a 
skirmish  with  the  savages,  in  which  they  killed  two  of  his  men 
and  wounded  others.  From  this  circumstance  he  conceived  a 
most  unfavourable  opinion  of  their  dispositions ;  and  in  retaliating 
their  wrongs  he  committed  wrong  himself,  by  seizing  five  of  thero, 
who  came  to  trade  with  him,  and  then  cruelly  putting  them  to 
death.  Returning,  he  and  his  companions  passed  the  ensuing 
time  at  Port-Royal,  in  a  social  and  festive  manner ;  till  intelli- 
gence was  received,  by  an  early  arrival  in  the  spring,  (1607,) 
of  a  transaction  which  proved  fatal  to  the  colony.  This  was 
an  official  report,  that  the  Hollanders,  piloted  by  a  treacherous 
Frenchman,  had  obtruded  themselves  into  the  Canada  fur  trade ; 
that  the  king  had  revoked  the  exclusive  right,  a  privilege  pre- 
viously given*  to  de  Monts,  by  which  he  was  entitled  for  ten 
years,  to  that  kind  of  traffic  in  Acadia  and  tlie  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 

*  See  A.  D.  1608,  ante. 


C«Ar*  If 

mce;  « 

ibrbidd«n 

fisbetyab 

Cape  Bre 

and  some 

Royal,  At 

Tb«kii 

a  patent  o 

without  re 

in  that  reg 

procuring 

supplies  ar 

bad  been  1 

of  his  trut 

year,  and  1 

riod  we  he 

Poutrinc 

procured  tj 

his  endeav 

view  of  bo 

Jesuits,  Bia 

come  settle 

severe  com 

which  he  li 

earth,  and 

He  tan 

France  lefi 

control  of 

reside  in  tl 

punishmenj 

state  of 

the  spring.! 

well  and  p[ 

*  Quebec  | 
JV.  F.  121.- 

i*'MotUi\ 
JVotc—Herj 
gin  of  the  t\ 
IMotOtt  Deii 
dirided,  and 
i^Mf  19. 


1 

it 

fist 


Cmt*  »^1  or  HAns.  ^. 

raoce;  tad  that  6tmi  the  veiMl  which  brought  tbt  news,  wu4.a  UH^ 
forbidden  to  purchase  any  furs  or  skins ;  being  allowed  only  a 
fisbeiy  about  Canseau — in  the  waters  between  the  peninsula  and 
Cape  Breton.  Poutrincourt  was  so  much  disheartened  by  these 
sad  some  other  discouragements,  that  he  with  his  party  left  Port* 
Royal,  Aug.  11th,  and  returned  to  France. 

The  king,  to  recompense  de  Moots,  gave  him,  the  next  year,  l^  ^""f 
a  patent  of  the  fur  trade  for  twelve  months  in  the  St.  Lawrence,  frovine*. 
without  restriction ;  merely  upon  his  agreement  to  settle  a  cok)oy 
in  that  region.    He  now  quitted  all  connexion  with  Acadia,  and,        \ 
procuring  three  ships  and  several  families,  furnished  them  with 
supplies  and  gave  the  whole  in  charge  to  Samuel  Champlain,  who  -^y  ^  ^m 
bad  been  his  companion  and  agent  in  Acadia.    In  the  execution 
of  his  trust,  Champlain  selected  the  site,  early  in  July  of  this    "^if/  ^ 
year,  and  laid  the  foundations  of  Quebec;* — and  after  this  pe-  ' 

riod  we  hear  no  more  of  de  Moots. 

Poutrincourt,  wishing  to  revive  his  plantation  at  Port-Royal,  poutrin- 
procured  the  kmg's  confirmation  of  the  grant,  upon  condition  of  p^^-Koy*!* 
his  endeavours  to  convert  the  natives  to  the  Catholic  faith.  In 
view  of  both  purposes,  this  adventurer,  his  son  Biencourt  and  two 
Jesuits,  Biard  and  Masse,  witli  several  families,  intending  to  be- 
come settlers,  embarked  for  America.  While  on  the  passage,  a 
severe  controversy  arose  between  him  and  the  Ecclesiastics ;  in 
which  he  boldly  told  them, — "  it  was  his  part  to  rule  them  on 
earth,  and  theirs  only  to  guide  him  to  heaven." 

He  tarried  a  short  time  at  Port-Royal;  and  returning  to 
France  left  his  son  in  command.  Disdaining  to  be  under  the 
control  of  these  priests,  who  were  merely  invited  by  his  father  to 
reside  in  the  plantation,  Biencourt  threatened  them  with  corporeal 
punishment,  in  return  for  their  spiritual  anathemas.  In  s^uch  a 
state  of  society,  the  three  could  hardly  continue  together  until 
the  spring.  At  an  early  day,  therefore,  the  Jesuits  bade  him  fare- 
well  and  proceeded  westward  to  Mount  Desert.\ 


*  Quebec  was  the  Indian  name.— 1  Holmu'  A.  Ann.  p.  168.— 1  Charlertix 
Jf.  F.  121.— 5  Purchat,  1640—1 VEtearbofM  Account. 

t  '*  MotUt  Detart"— 80  named  by  Champlain. — 1  Holmei*  A.  Ann.  178,  and 
Jfote, — Here  were  taken  various  kinds  of  fisli  and  game ;  and  on  the  mar> 
gin  of  the  sound  grew  abundance  of  cranberries — 500  bushels  in  a  year. — 
[MotaU  Duert  was  incorporated  into  a  town  by  that  name  Feb.  17. 1789, 
divided,  and  Eden  incorporated,  Feb.  28, 1796.]  •«  Mount  D«sart.".-S  BOc' 
Bieg  19. 


mil 


Sir  P.  Gor 
rnMncli 
niiber  Rich' 
anl  Viiwi. 


TUB  ttDTORT  •  [V«U  t. 

ifil>:  Mr  This  wts  the  hlf^bett,  largest,  uid  oooMquentljrthe  mott  noted 
Maid  Md  bland  upon  the  cm«c.  It  was  <*  so  named  by  the  French,"  per. 
Mmmi  Da-  haps  by  Champlam,  **  on  account  of  the  thirteen  high  moontains,** 
it  exhibited  ;  which  were  the  first  lands  seen  from  sea.  It  is  sup. 
posed,  die  place  of  residence  selected  by  the  Missionaries  was 
on  the  western  side  of  the  Pool— a  part  of  the  sound  which 
Stretches  from  the  soudi  easterly  side  to  the  heart  of  the  Islai^rl. 
Here  they  constructed  and  fortified  an  habitation,  planted  a  gar-^ 
den,  and  dwelt  five  years ;  entering  with  great  zeal  and  untiring 
perseverance  upon  the  work  of  converting  the  natives  to  Chris- 
tianity. 

Meanwhile,  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,  a  man  never  overcome 
'  by  discouragements,  was  equally  bold,  and  ardent  in  his  pursuits, 
though  of  a  different  character.  "  As  to  the  coldness  of  the 
"  climate,  (says  he)  I  have  had  too  much  experience  in  the  world 
"  to  be  frighted  with  such  a  blast.  Many  great  kingdoms,  anH 
*'  large  territories,  more  northerly  seated,  and  by  many  degrees 
(( colder,  are  plentifully  inhabited ; — divers  of  them  being  stored 
"  witli  no  better  commodities  than  these  parts  afford — if  like  in- 
"  dustry,  art,  and  labour  be  used."*  Ho  was  confident ;  yet  so 
strangely  had  the  passion  for  adventures  abated,  that  he  could  find 
nobody  willing  to  engage  with  him  either  in  making  settlements, 
or  discovery.  He  however  purchased  a  ship  with  his  own  money, 
and  procured  a  master  and  crew  to  make  a  voyage  hither,  pos- 
sibly to  keep  possession  of  the  country  against  the  French; 
though  avowedly  for  tlie  purposes  of  fishing  and  traflic, — the 
only  objects,  supposed  to  be  sufiicient,  at  this  time  to  induce  them 
to  cross  the  Adantic.  On  board  the  ship,  he  sent  Richard  Vines, 
and  some  others  of  his  servants,  in  whom  he  had  the  most  con- 
fidence ; — and  this  was  the  course  he  pursued,  several  years.f 
Nor  was  the  South-Virginian  or  first  Colony  flourishing ;  the 
Indians  were  hostile,  and  the  charter  itself  was  full  of  defects.  The 
king,  therefore,  on  the  22d  of  May,  1609,  granted  a  new  one  to 
the  patentees,  which  enlarged  tlieir  privileges,  ft  d  7eHnd  in  them 
the  fee-simple  of  the  countij,  200  miles  northwr^rd  ani^  .-Oirthward 
from  old  Point  Comfort.  He  also  gave  then  i  > . .,  ytus  after- 
wards, a  third  patent  embracing  all  the  lands  between  the  30th  and 


Sr-MS-Vir. 


,1*' 


'  Gorge*'  Narrative,  p.  22.      f  Gorg^ea,  p.  22— 27.— Priacc*s  Ann.  p.  it. 


Cmat*  n.]  orM'iiNfi.  90<f 

41st  degNM  of  Northeni  latitude,*  with  •  further  guaran^  ofA.  aiWL 
yery  extensive  civil  powers. 

Newfoundland  had  made  the  most  progress  of  any  place  to-  NewteMi. 
wards  becoming  a  Plantation,!  the  kiut^  acquainted  with  that  fact,  Coioajr. 
incorporated  46  English  gentlemen,  intu  a  body  politic,  April  27, 
1610,  denominated  "the  treasurer, and  company  of  Adyeoturers, 
'*  and  Planters  in  the  ci^es  of  London  and  iiristnl,  for  the  colony, 
«  or  plantation  of  Newfoundland."  I  nder  the  it  patronage  about 
40  permanent  planters  emigrated  in  June,  and  commenced  a  set- 
dement  at  Conception  bay.  In  the  following  year,  the  colony 
was  increased  to  60  persons ;  and  afterwards  a  court  was  estab- 
lished, and  jiiries  empanneled.f  -^w  >pi^s«»jBpf 

Avno'-.!;  ilic  visitants  to  these  Northern  coasts,  at  this  period,  ArgaPi. 
ci  iV'ui  L'^^^'id  Argal,%  subsequently  govemour  of  South-Vir- .hThi^' 
{rlnia.     Driven  by  a  violent  storm,  he  bore  away  for  Sagadahock ;  '"*  *  *'****" 
and  cuiiing  in  sight  of  a  small  rocky  Island  out  of  Penobscot 
bay,  in  latitude  43"  44',  he  approached  it  as  the  winds  abated,  and 
on  the  28th  of  July  landed  upon  it.     Here  he  found  a  great  store 
"  of  seals,  and  therefore  called  it  Seal  Rock,  a  name  it  still  retams. 
Another  visiter  was  Sir  George  Somers,  who  landed  at  Sagada- 
hock in  September,  on  his  way  to  Bermuda.     A  third  was   Capt. 
Edward  Harlow.    In  his  voyage,  projected  for  the  purpose  ofA.  d.  16H. 
making   more  particular  discoveries  about  Cape  Cod,   he    fell 
in    with   Mouhegan,    which    had    now    become  a  noted   mart 
for  trade  with  the  natives,  as  well  as  a  land-mark  for  seamen. 
But  the  memorials,  we  have  of  his  conduct,  justly  load  him 
with  censure ;  for,  like  many  unprincipled  men  of  this  age,  he 
was  guilty  of  the  sin  of  manstealing  without  any  pretence  of  provo- 
cation ;  seizing  three  natives,  Pecktno,  Monopet,  and  Peekenitnef 
who  came  civilly  on  board  to  barter  with  him.    But  Peckroo, 
leaped  overboard,  and  being  a  good  swimmer,  as  most  Indiana 
are,  escaped.  ||   Aroused  by  him,  the  bowmen  of  the  tribe  assailed 


*  That  is,  from  Florida  to  Manhattan.  1  Haz.  Coll.  72—81. 

t  Prince's  Ana.  p.  30,  32,  85,  43. 

|Sec  this  Charter  entire,  1  Hag.  Coll.  88—72. 

\ "  Ar^^al  discovered  a  more  direct  and  shorter  passage  to  Vii^inia,  and 
"  left  the  tract  of  ancient  navigators,  who  first  directed  their  course  south- 
"  ward  to  the  tropic,  sailed  westward  by  means  of  the  trade  winds,  and 
^  then  northward  till  they  reached  the  English  settlements."— 4  Amm'c 
Hitt,  34 1.  Q  Prince's  Ann.  p.  3S.       -       « .  ■'         .. 


The  In- 
dianf  kid 
napped. 


tOfll!  ..  TUB  HI8TOS¥  C^KMb^X.^ 

A.  D.  Mil  Harlow  with  great  fiuy,  for  his  audacity  and  crime,  and  *  torelj 
*  wounded  three  of  his  inen  witli  arrows.'  Nevertheless  he  car- 
ried away  the  two  captives  to  Cape  Cod,  where  he  kidnaj^ed 
vtkti^  three  others,  Saekaioeston,  Coneeonum  and  Epenow;  and  thence 
proceeded  with  them  all  to  England. 

Epenow  was  shown  in  JLondon  as  a  sight ;  the  others  being 
distributed  to  different  places.  Capt.  Harley  one  of  the  unsuc- 
cessful planters  at  Sagadahock,  knowing  of  Gorges'  benevolence 
to  these  natives,  and  tlie  interest  he  took  in  tlieir  welfare,  brought 
Epenow  to  him ;  and  soon  afterward::,  Gorges  recovered  Assa- 
comoit,*  one  of  tlie  Indians  who  had  been  carried  away  seven 
year?  before,  by  Weymoudi,  from  St.  Georges'  river.  These  In- 
dians at  first  could  not  in  conversation  understand  each  other.f 
But  when  better  acquainted,  Epenow  amused  his  fellow  witli  a 
very  artful  story.  Having  sagacity  enough  to  learn  in  what  high 
estimation  the  English  always  held  the  precious  metals,  ho  had 
the  ingenuity  to  fabricate  a  tale,  that  a  mine  of  gold  had  been 
found  in  his  country,  very  great.  Assacomoit  related  the  same 
to  Gorges,  as  Epenaw  wished  ;  who  was  hoping,  when  the  report 
should  spread  abroad,  diat  he  might  be  employed  as  a  pilot  in 
some  ship  bound  to  his  native  country. 

Since  tlic  Charter  was  obtained.  Gorges  had  been  viewing  the 
American  coast  between  Piscataqua  and  Passaniaquoddy  witli 
peculiar  intensity  and  predilection  ;  and  continually  drawing  fioni 
voyagers,  from  the  natives,  and  in  particular,  from  Richard 
Vines,  a  great  variety  of  facts  about  its  situation,  its  inhabitants, 
and  its  resources.  So,  without  doubt,  otlicr  Englishmen,  as  well 
as  he,  had  beibre  this,  noticed  witli  jealousy  and  displeasure  the 
progressive  French  settlement  at  Port-Royal,  and  the  residence 
of  the  Jesuits  at  Mount  Desert. 

Meanwhile,  an  opjiortune  transaction  gave  fresh  vigour  to  the 
^"(•''"aiar.  ^^nt^rpr'^cs  of  the  French  in  this  region.  Madame  de  Guerclic- 
villc,  a  Catholic  lady  of  France,  zealous  for  the  conversion  of  the 
American  natives,  after  procuring  of  dc  Monts  a  surrender  of  his 
patent,  had  it  all  confirmed  to  her  by  a  Charter  from  the  King, 
excepting  Port-Royal,  previously  granted  to  Poulrincourt.     She 


Qoifet. 


Madame 


tor. 


•  1  Bcll(na|)''8  Biofffopiij-,  p.  230. 

I  Indeed  their  native  abodra  were  wide  apart  one  at  Cnpo  Cod,  and  Uia 
etberatSt.  George's  Kivor.         .  ,,,    .    ,., 


CbaT.  n.]  OP  MAMB. 

appointed  one  Sutasajre,  her  agent,  who  sec  up  at  P<»t  le  Hive,  A-  o.  Mia 

in  Acadia,  where  he  arrived,  May  16tb,  the  arm*  of  his  mistrewj, 
io  token  of  possession  taken ;  and  at  Port-Royal,  he  made  a  visit,  Mndiimc 
where  he  found  only  five  persons,  of  whom  two  were  Jesuit  mis-  viiipt 
sionaries.*    Suassaye,  producing  his  pious  credentials,  took  both  H^^nye,  " 
monks  into  the  service  of  the  mission,  and  sailed  for  Mount  Desert.  !lc«*ioii^f" 
Here  25  colonists  were  landed  on  the  south  side  of  the  river ;  a*****"' 
small  fort  was  buih ;  the  ship's  crew  of  35  men  helped  fit  up  the       .  -4| 
habitations ;  and  here  tlicy  set  up  a  cross,  celebrated  mass,  and 
called  the  place  St.  Saviour.     Whetl)er  tliis  was  on  the  eastern 
end  of  the  Island,  as  one  account  states,  or  in  tlie  southerly  part, 
as  others  report,  where  Biard  and  Massui  were  residing,  we  have 
no  means  at  this  time  to  determine,  i  ^.-33  .{*ij{s*is  ^^mm. 

But  scarcely  had  these  emigrants  provided  themselves  with 
some  few  accommodations,  when  they  had  to  encounter  new,  and 
unexpected  troubles  from  the  English.  Capt.  Argal,  of  Virginia, 
in  a  fishing  trip  to  these  waters,  being  cast  ashore  at  Pentagoet, 
or  Penobscot  bay,  was  there  fully  informed  by  the  natives  what 
the  French  were  doing  at  St.  Saviour,  sometimes  called  Mount 
Mansel.f  ».p„'Vi^»«j» 

This  intelligence  he  immediately  communicated  to  the  Virginia  The  Fr'-nrh 
magistrates,  and  they  at  onco  determined  to  expel  these  catholic  Argai!  ' 
Frenchmen,  as  obtruders  within  tlie  limits  of  the  first  Charter 
granted  to  the  patentees  of  North  and  Soutli  Virginia.  Eleven 
fishing  vessels  were  speedily  equipped,  carrying  60  soldiers  and 
14  pieces  of  cannon ; — and  of  this  little  armament,  Argal  was 
appointed  the  commodore.  His  first  approach  completely  sur- 
prized the  French ;  yet  having  a  ship  and  a  barque  in  tlie  har- 
bour, and  "  a  small  entrenchment"  on  shore,  they  made  a  show 

*  It  leems  that  Biard  and  Matte  arrived  at  Port-Royal  on  tlio  12th  June, 
lGll,and  were  probably  the  missionaries  found  here  in  the  spring  of  1613. 
—1  Cfiarlcroix,  p.  209.    He  supposes  St.  Saviour  was  at  Pcnta<roet. 

t  In  lat.  44® 2C' according  to  their  observations: — this  would  be  on  the 
northerly  part  of  the  Island.  "  Mount  Mantel"  was  the  first  iand  discovered 
by  Ihe  fleet  of  the  Massachusetts  emigrants,  A.  D.  1630.    Winthrop't  Jour' 

mI,  p.  17. — See  Hub.  In.  Wart,  p.  286 J.  Pnluirct,  p.  16,  says,  in  1613 

titc  French  established  '<  n  fort  at  the  mouth  of  tho  river  Pentagoet  or  Pe.  . 

nabscot,  and  Argal  drove  them  awny  !" — So  also  OgMy,  p.  137,  saj  s  two 
Jesuits  excommunicated  Poutrincourl's  sun,  gained  a  party  in  France,  re- 
ceived arms,  brass  guns,  &c.  from  liouis  18th,  became  masters  of  Port* 
Rural,  imd  bcfan  a  fort  At  Pentagoet 


t\ 


11 


Sift  THE  HISTORY  (Vofe.  |, 

A.1^  MIS,  of  reaictfenee.  This  wts  dl  they  were  able  to  do,  for  the  c«iiiiqq 
were  not  io  a  situation  to  be  used }  and  the  men  were  mostly 
absent  from  the  fort,  engaged  in  their  respective  em{rfoyments. 

Argal,  in  his  attack  upon  the  vessel,  found  the  capture  of  them 
to  be  no  difficuh  task,  even  with  musketry.  Gilbert  du  Th«t, 
one  of  the  Jesuits,  was  killed  by  a  musket  bail,  while  in  the  act 
of  levelling  a  ship's  gun  against  tlie  assailants ;  others  were  woun- 
ded ;  and  those  on  board,  except  4  or  5,  were  taken  prisoners. 
Argal  then  landed  and  summoned  the  fort.  The  commander 
requested  time  for  a  consultation  ;  but  through  fear  of  his  being 
reinforced,  his  request  was  not  granted.  The  garrison  then  aban- 
doning the  fort,  throMgh  a  private  passage,  escaped  to  the  woods. 
After  breaking  in  pieces  the  cross  which  the  Jesuits  had  erected, 
Argal  reared  another  inscribed  with  the  name  of  his  king  and 
^  in  this  way,  took  formal  possession  of  the  place. 

The  people  came  in  the  next  day  and  surrendered  themselves, 
their  patent,  and  their  stores.  Argal  treated  them  with  kindness, 
and  gave  them  their  choice,  either  to  return  home  in  such  French 
vessels,  as  might  perchance  resort  to  the  coast,  or  to  go  with  him 
to  Virginia.* 

To  complete  the  reduction  of  Acadia,  the  fleet  sailed  farther 
eastward,  piloted,  as  some  say,  by  the  Jesuit,  Father  Biard,  who 
was  glad  of  an  opportunity  to  avenge  himself  of  Biencourt ;  or, 
as  others  affirm,  by  an  Indian,  whom  Argal  had  pressed  into  his 
service.  At  St.  Croix  Island,  he  "  took  one  vessel,"  destroyed 
what  remained  of  de  Monts'  settlement  ;f  and  crossing  the  Bay 
of  Fundy,  came  to  anchor  before  Port-Royal.  ^  u-i,a   •■■,. 

The  French  at  tlie  time,  were  mostly  absent  from  the  fort  ;l 
Biencourt,  being  employed  in  exploring  the  country,  and  others 
differently  engaged.  Argal,  therefore,  lost  no  time  ;  and  in  two 
hours  after  he  had  landed  his  men,  he  reduced  the  entire  settle- 
ment to  ashes. 

The  two  commanders  afterwards  had  a  meeting  in  a  neighbour- 

*  Arg^al  took  15  of  tliom  and  Iho  Jcsuiti  to  Virg;inia.  Ho  leemato  hare 
made  twu  voyngoi  this  year. — 1  //t/met*  A.  Ann.  p,  179.    Note  1. 

tS9  Univortal  Iliit.  p.  255. 

I  It  ii  romirkablo  tlut  botli  places  were  so  little  on  their  g^uard  ; — since 
the  coast  was  haunted  by  pirates.  The  Aimons  Peter  Easlon,  in  1612,  com- 
manded 10  pirate  ships  ;  and  in  June  took  lOU  meu  from  the  fishing  vessels 
about  Newfoundland.— /'rincc'i  Ann.  p.  33. 


Catf •  ^.' 


•  By  the  pat 
<er,  1606.    It 
crowns.— 1  Ch 

\  Princt't  At 
other  authorili 
D»m.  in  .V.  An 

II  See,  in  /?«/* 
la  A.  D.  1596, 
killed  three  Ti 
a  triumphal  pn 
in  Virfkiiu  by 
1631,  agtd  02. 


CbaT*  U.]  op  MAINE.  9}]^ 

ing  meadow,  and  disbussed  the  subjects  of  their  rights  and  A.Bk  Mia.* 
claims,  when  Biencoort  made  proposals  to  negociate ;  but  Argal 
in  return,  said,  his  only  orders  were  to  dispossess  the  French ; 
and  if  they  should  be  found  there  again,  they  would  be  treated 
as  enemies.  In  this  mood  they  parted  ;  and  Argal  carried  the 
French  ship,  pinnace,  cattle  and  provisions  to  Jamestown. 

The  two  crowns  being  at  that  time  in  a  state  of  profound  jj^^^^,^'*'^^ 
peace,  tlie  reason  assigned  for  this  hostile  expedition,  was  tlie  en-  ^^"V***** 
croachinents  of  the  French  upon  the  territories  of  the  English,— > 
tlieir  right  to  which  they  rested  on  three  grounds — the  discovery 
by  Cabot ; — the  formal  possession  taken  of  the  country  by  Gil- 
bert ; — and  the  original  North  and   South  Virginia  patents,  from 
their  sovereign ; — to  which  might  be  added,  a  continued  claim  by       ,%,>, 
repeated  visits,  and  by  attempts  to  settle  the  country.* 

The  expedition,  was,  in  the  opinion  of  some  writers,  "  contrary 
to  the  law  of  nations,  because  inconsistent  with  their  peace  ;"f 
yet  the  transaction  does  not  appear  either  to  have  been  approx'ed 
by  England,  or  resented  by  France. — Four  years  after  this,  Bi- 
encourt  was  resident  at  Port-Royal ;  "  and  it  seems,  that  by 
"  some  connivance  of  the  English  ministry,  a  small  plantation  of 
«« the  French,  was  suffered  to  continue  at  that  place,  after  its  re- 
"  duction  by  Argal. "J 

The  celebrated  John  Smith ||  has  so  much  connexion  with  <;•?»• 'oi» 
this  history,  as  to  deserve  some  particular  notice.  He  was  a  na- 
tive of  England,  bold  and  magnanimous  in  mind ;  and  in  talents, 
integrity  and  perseverance,  not  a  whit  behind  Sir  Ferdinando  Gor- 
ges himself.  Though  now  only  thirty  five,  or  six  years  of  age, 
he  had  been  a  great  traveller ;  was  a  most  conspicuous  adven- 
turer to  South-Virginia;  and  in  1608,  made  president  of  the  Col- 


*  By  the  patent,  authority  was  |>:ivcn  to  make  the  icizurc.  Ft(/«  Char- 
ter, 1600.  It  is  said,  Port-Knjal  settlement  liad  cost  tlio  French  100,000 
crowns.— 1  Charleroix  JV.  F.  137.  f  Chnhners,  p.  82. 

\  Prince's  Ann,  p.  94.    Note  [13.]— Sec  Smilli'i  Iliit.  p.  115.— See  also 

other  authorities  as  to  the  Expeditions  of  Arpf.il 5  I'urchas,  1828.     BriL 

Dam.  in  JV,  America,  b.  II,  p.  216.    2  Ihlknap't  Bing.  p.  SI— St. 

II  Sec,  in  Belk.  Bwg.  p.  240-320,  the  infcrcstinp  nio5;raphy  of  Capt.  Smith. 
In  A.  D.  1596,  when  ho  was  17  years  old,  he  made  the  tour  of  Europe,— 
killed  three  Turkish  champions  in  sinpflc  cnml>at  ;  and  was  honoured  with 
a  triumpiial  procession.  Ho  was  a  prisoner  in  Turkey.  His  life  wns  saved 
in  Viff  ioia  by  the  celebrated  Pocaiiontas.  Ho  died  in  London,  A.  D. 
1631,  aged  S3. 


8ia 


THEUurroay 


tV«-  f. 


Mnrrh  3d. 
Ci»pi. 


bock. 


A.o.  ifii4.(Miy  Council.  So  much  bad  bis  virtues  and  a  qurit  of  adven- 
ture, given  his  name  celebrity  among  his  countrymen,  especially 
the  merchants  trading  to  America,  that,  on  his  leaving  Virginia, 
they  readily  took  him  into  service,  for  the  treble  purposes  of  dis- 
covery, traffic,  and  settlement. 

With  an  outfit  of  two  vessels,  a  ship  and  barque,  carrying  45 
men,  he  sailed  from  London,  March  3d,  1614,  having  instrucdons 

!s"k*3»-"*  ^  remain  in  the  nortliern  country,  and  found  a  colonial  settle- 
ment, or  at  least  keep  possession.*  He  shaped  his  course  for 
the  river,  or  vicinity  of  Sagadahock ;  and  he  himself  says,  ''I 
was  to  have  staid  there  with  only  sixteen  men."f  He  arrived 
at  Monhegan,  the  last  of  April ;  and  immediately  entered  upon 
the  business  of  his  voyage,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Sagadahock ; 
and  upon  the  neighbouring  lands  and  waters. 

He  built  seven  boats,  in  some  of  which  himself  and  8  men 
explored  the  coast  east  and  west,  to  Penobscot  and  Cape  Cod ; 
trading  with  the  natives  for  beaver,  and  other  furs,  and  making 
observations  on  the  rivers,  shores,  harbours,  promontories  and 
islands.  His  men  employed  themselves  in  taking  whales  found 
in  these  waters  ;  by  pursuing  which,  however,  tliey  lost  the  best 
part  of  the  fishing  season ;  nor  were  they  when  caught  of  the 
kind  expected,  "which  yields  fins  and  oil."  Still  more  futile  was 
the  visionary  story  reported  about  a  gold  and  copper  mine ;  it  be- 
ing ascertained,  on  a  litde  inquiry,  to  be  the  baseless  fabric  oi 
fiction. 

The  fruits  of  this  voyage  were  of  great  value  and  variety. 
Within  20  leagues  of  Monhegan,  says  Capt.  Smith,  we  "  got  for 
trifles,  11,000  beaver,  100  martens,  and  as  many  otters  :" — and 
we  took  and  cured  *  40,000  dry  fish ;'  and  *  7,000  cod  fish,' 
corned  or  in  pickle.  The  net  amount  of  gains,  to  tliose  inter- 
ested, was  about  £1,500  sterling.  Eastward,  and  about  Penob< 
scot,  he  adds,  "  our  commodities  were  not  so  much  esteemeu ,' 
because  'the  French  traders  bartered  their  articles  on  better 
terms.'J 

♦  The  Wcit-India  Company,  under  their  charter  from  James  I.  pave 
positire  union  to  Rhips  in  their  service,  •'  to  hinder  any  foreigner  from  let- 
tling  (hero  upon  any  pretence  whatever."— J.  Palairetfp,  14-16. 

t  Smith's  Hist.  p.  821.  ,  ^^^,^  „  ,^.^,. 

\  Smith't  Hitf.  f.  213 — This  year,  25,000  skins  were  brought  from  thest 
northern  parts  into  France, 


I  .A 


CbAP.   II.]  ^"^FMAWIl^  21S 

In  exploring  the  eout,  tnd  contigoous  country,  C«pt.  Smith  k  D.  leii. 
obtained  considerable  knowledge  of  the  natives.     He  says  he 
nw  upon  the  land  between  Penobscot  and  Cape  Cod,  "  forty 
several  habitations,*'  or  "  Indian  villages  ;**  and  enumerates  twelve  ''^ 

different  people  by  name,  residing  east  of  Piscatnqua.     Of  those  "' 

teen  along  the  coast  from  Sagadahock,  southerly,  as  far  ns  Na- 
umkeag,  [Salem,]  he  says — ^they  "  all,  for  any  thing  I  could  per- 
« ceive,  differ  little  in  language,  fashion,  or  government ;"  but 
others  scattered  upon  the  coast  to  Cape  Cod,  (he  adds)  "  I  found 
« to  differ  somewhat  in  language,  custom,  and  condition."  He 
had  only  one  skirmish  with  them,  and  in  this  some  ot  tliem  were 
killed.'*"**'*  f)£*  tnli     .'»■■  !v*«  wT.f  nu!M»  i,vvT^.,f;  rif);^?^  j.:-n-",or>>« 

Smith  sailed  for  England,  July  8,  leaving  his  companion,  Thom-  T.  Hunt 
as  Hunt,  master  of  the  other  vessel,  who  was  bound  with  his  savage*. 
freight  to  Spain.*  Smitli  says,  "  Hunt  purposely  tarried  behind, 
to  prevent  me  from  making  a  plantation,  to  monopolize  the  trade, 
and  to  steal  savages."  Indeed,  Hunt's  appetite  was  insatiate  j  for 
before  he  left  Patuxet  [Plymouth]  he  seized  24,  whom  he  car- 
ried to  Malaga  and  sold  for  slaves,  to  the  Spaniards,  at  £20  a 

The  more   important  discoveries,  and  obser^'ations  made  by  Smiiit* 
Capt.  Smith  in  his  late  voyage,  he  committed  to  paper ;  and  after-  iiiM«>ry  o 
wards,  at  intervals  of  leisure,  he  formed  a  Map  of  the  coast,  and  lahd, 
compiled  a  short   History\  of  the   country ;    to  which   Prince 
Charles  prefixed  the  name  New-Enrland.     It  was  supposed  to 
comprehend   the  region  between  Manhattan,  [New-York]  and 
J{ewfoundland. 

About  the  time  when  Capt.  Smith  was  surveying  and  explor- 
ing this  coast,  a  most  destructive  war  broke  out  among  the  sav- 
age tribes,  which  raged  two  or  three  years.  Smith  does  not 
mention  it,  nor  yet  Harley,  wlio  was  despatched  this  summer  to 
Sagadahock  by  Gorges,  with  the  artful  Epenow  and  other  natives  for 
the  purpose  of  learning  more  about  the  gold  mine,  and  of  adding 
new  facts  to  his  stock  of  knowledge.     Epenow  escaped  by  junip- 

'"Scine  names  uf  tlio  savaji^cs,  Hunt  took,  were  Sqiuinto,  or  Ti»qii;inturTi, 
Wanape,  or  Wanawct ;  and  Samosct.  Tlic  latter  said,  in  1G21  alter  his  re- 
turn, he  was  a  Sagamore  about  Monhcpati  — Fiinre,  p,  09. 

\  Prince  in  hit  Annali,  sajs  he  took  twenty  seven,  p.  10.  100.  At  Cih- 
rallnr,  the  friar*  took  those  that  were  unsold,  to  chriiitianizo  tlicin, — 
I  nolmtt'  Jim.  Ann.  p.  llJl. 

t  It  wa-j  first  published  in  4lo  London  1610,    Pi-inct't  dnu.  p.  439. 


RO- 


ivV 


II' 


A.D.  1615. 
lUrcli. 


§14  TUB  HVrORY  [VoIm  i. 

A.B.  Hiu.  ing  overboard,  not  fiur  from  Martha's  Vineyard ;  and  widi  him 

vanished  his  glitteriog  visions  of  gold. 
AitcmrH  The  Plymouth  Company  at  this  period  were  so  remiss,  that  no 
colony  in  considerations  seemed  able  to  arouse  them  from  their  inactivitjr. 
vr'auiM?'  As  a  body  they  disregarded  the  encroachments  of  the  French ; 
neither  were  they  excited  by  motives  of  gain  or  emulation,  though 
they  saw  vessels  in  the  employ  of  the  London  Company  return 
home  in  the  midst  of  winter  from  the  coast  of  New-England,  with 
rich  cargoes.  Hence  Gorges,  and  his  friends,  as  individuals,  unit> 
ing,  equipped  two  ships,  gave  to  Capt.  Smith  the  command  of 
them  and  sent  him  in  March  1615,  with  sixteen  planters,  to  begin 
a  colony  at  some  place  within  the  Patent.  But  he  was  captured 
by  the  French ;  his  companions  accomplished  nothing ;  where- 
fore Sir  Richard  Hawkins,  the  President  of  the  Plymouth  Ccnn- 
pany,  in  October,  afterward  undertook  another  voyage  for  their 
benefit.  On  his  arrival,  he  discovered  that  the  eastern  natives 
were  engaged  in  a  bloody  war ;  therefore  he  passed  along  the 
coast  as  far  as  to  Virginia ;  and  returned  to  England  with  a  cargo 
of  fish  only.  -  i*v  j*  ,  t. 

?^"and""  .     "^^^  parties  to  this  savage  war,  and  its  causes  are  not  fully 
liience       known :  though  Mr.  Hubbard  savs,  that  "  on  account  of  some 

Among  the  . 

EatteroNa.  treachery  committed  by  tlie  western  tributaries  of  the  Bashaba,  a 
great  Indian  prince,  to«vards  the  Tarratines ;  there  had,*  arisen 
a  deadly  feud  ;  and  the  latter  began  the  war."  Ogilby,  from  Sam- 
son d'Abberville,  and  Capt.  Smith,  both  suppose  the  great  Saga- 
more lived  towards  or  near  Penobscot ;  and  Gorges  says,  "  his 
chief  abode  was  not  far  from  Pemaquid."  His  place  of  imme- 
diate residence  was  probably  between  tliat  river  and  Penobscot 
bay.  Yet,  according  to  Purchas  and  Smith,  his  political  domm- 
ions  included,  at  least,  all  the  Indians  upon  the  Kennebec,  the 
Androscoggin,  and  probably  the  Saco.  Capt.  Smith  farther 
states,  that  though  the  tribes  as  far  westward  as  Naumkeag  [or 
Salem,]  have  their  own  sachems,  or  lords,  "  they  hold  the 
Bashaba  to  be  chief,  and  the  greatest  among  them."  Nay,  Gor- 
ges, Smith  and  Prince  agree,  tliat  even  the  Massachusetts'  In- 
dians and  their  friends,  were  sometimes  the  Bashaba's  allies, 
though  at  other  times,  his  enemies.  It  is  also  certain  that  the 
Tarratinu  dwelt  upon  the  bay  and  waters  of  the  Penobscot ;  and 


•  Hobbard'i  N.  E.  p.  10. 


ClU».n.]  OPMAWE.  U§ 

that  th«^»  n><i  ^^><>*®  '^  ^^  Passamaquoddy  and  the  river  St.  a.  O.  K1» 
John  considered  themselves  as  brothers,  or  branches  of  the  same 

political  family.* 

liostilities  were  probably  commenced  early  b  the  spring,  A.  D. 
1615  ;t  and  for  two  years,  violence,  revenge,  and  extermination, 
seem  to  give  character  to  tJiis  war.  In  its  progress,  the  Tarra- 
tines  "presumed  upon  tlie  hopes  of  being  favoured  by  the 
French,"  with  whom  they  are  represented  as  being  on  terms  of 
very  intimate  intercourse.  >>*>.?.?!!-•  5  ■jaS'  :M^ 

At  length,  the  arbiter  of  war  decided  in  favour  of  the  Tarra- 
lines ;  who,  as  we  are  told,  were  more  "  brave,  wise,  lofty-spirit-  ..  " 
ed  and  industrious,  than  many  others ;"  and  might  possibly  have 
been  somewhat  assisted  by  the  French,  j;  IMost  evidently,  their 
successes  were  equal  to  their  wishes ;  for  tliese  Tarratine  war- 
riors and  their  eastern  allies  cut  their  way  to  the  residence  of  the 
Bashaba ;  and  when  tliey  had  killed  him  and  his  adherents,  tliey 
carried  away  his  women  and  all  his  valuable  effects,  in  triumph  ;  '  -^ 
laying  waste  his  immediate  territories.  These  were  thought  by 
some  old  writers,  to  have  been  tlie  ruins  of  what  the  Europeans 
or  natives  have  called  the  ancient  jlrambeck,^  or  the  remote  parts 
of  JVcrombegua  ;  to  which  the  victors,  as  far  at  least  as  to  the 
western  banks  of  Penobscot,  or  even  to  St.  Georges,  might  per« 
haps  now  have  succeeded  .         •         .       ' 

This  war,  not  only  in  its  course,  but  consequences,  was,  we 
are  told,  uncommonly  destructive.  ||    The  vanquished  sufferers  had  '  '1 

been  called  from  their  hunting  grounds,  and  prevented  likewise  '^ 

from  planting  and  fishing ;  their  habitations  were  destroyed,  and 
famine  and  distress  soon  filled  the  country  with  misery.  Add  to 
these,  the  calamities  of  a  civil  war ;  for  the  subordinate  sachems 
having  no  federal  head  or  superiour  to  control  and  unite  tliem, 

*  See,  for  autlioritics— Og-t/ftjr,  p.  130,  150;    Smith^i  Hist.   p.  213,  215; 

CorgeiJ^Tar.  p.  12,22,53—54  ;  Primce't  Ann.  p.  112 "To  the  easternmost 

or  Saj^adahock"— "  this  is  the  Bashaba's  dominion."    Purchat^  Pil.  p.  939. 

f  Prince's  Ann.  p.  43.  He  says,  Oct.  1615,  Hawkins  found  "  the  war  at 
"  the  height,  and  the  principal  natives  almost  destroyed." 

XPrince't  Ann.  p.  112.  The  Massacliusctts  Indians  and  the  "Squaw 
Sachems,"  feared  the  Tarratines.        {  Offilby,  139.     5  Parchai.,  1632. 

II  Tlie  enmity  of  the  Tarratines  continued  after  the  war.  In  A.  D.  1632, 
100  of  them  in  30  canoes  att.ickcd  tiie  Sagamores  of  Agawam  [Ips- 
wich]—and  killed  and  took  r.iptivo  10  or  12.  Huhbnrd''i  jV.  E.  U». 
Winlhrofri  Jovm.  28.-29. 


,■^1 


fk) 


A.D.  1617. 


R.  Vines 
nnd  oiheri 
wiiiier   at 


;«;<, 


Attempts  tn 
colonize  the 
F.ahtflii. 
Couiiir' 
Sniiili ' 
RocroA. 


THB  HISTORY  [V»l»  i. 

after  the  death  of  the  Bashaba  many  of  the  chief  men  ML  ioto 
bloody  feuds  among  themselves. 

To  these  distresses  succeeded  a  pestilence,  which  spread  iar 
and  wide,  and  was  exceedingly  fatal.  It  has  been  called  the 
plague.  It  raged  in  the  years  1617  and  1618  ;*  and  its  wasting 
effects  extended  from  the  borders  of  the  Tarratines,  through  the 
whole  country,  to  the  Narragan  setts.  The  people  died  suddenly, 
and  in  great  numbers,  through  the  whole  intermediate  coast.  It 
is  said,  some  native  tribes  became  extinct ;  and  their  bones  were 
seen  years  afterward  by  the  English,  bleeching  above  ground,  at 
and  around  the  places  of  their  former  habitations.f  The  specU*- 
ic  disease  is  not  certainly  known.  Some  have  thought  it  was 
probably  the  Small  pox :  others  have  believed  it  must  have  been 
the  Yellow  fever,  from  the  circumstance,  that  the  surviving  In- 
dians represented  the  bodies  of  the  sick,  and  dead,  to  have  as* 
sumed  an  appearence  resembling  a  yellow-coloured  garment. 

It  happened  that  Richard  Vines  and  his  companions,  whom 
Gorges  hired  to  remain  during  the  winter  in  this  country,  passed 
that  season,  probably  in  the  vicinity  of  Saco,  when  this  wasting 
pestilence  was  at  its  height.  Nevertheless,  though  '  the  mortality' 
♦♦  was  the  greatest  that  ever  happened  within  the  memory  of 
man,"  yet  "  Vines  and  the  men  with  him,  who  lay  in  the  cabins, 
with  these  people,  that  died,  some  more,  some  less,  not  one  of 
them,  ever  felt  their  heads  to  ache,  so  long  as  they  staid  there."{ 

While  Providence  by  these  destructive  agencies  of  war,  fam- 
ine and  pestilence,  seemed  to  be  thus  opening  this  country  to  the 

I'ance  of  Christian  settlers ;  a  spirit  for  colonizing  it  was  ex- 
tensively reviving  again  in  England.  Capt.  Smith  indefatigably 
espoused  the  cause ;  pnd  in  his  solicitude  to  unite  and  animate 
the  English  nobility,  gentry  and  merchants  in  the  undertaking, 


•Though  writers  differ  as  to  tlie  time.  Prince  says  [in  Jan.  1616.]  .Jnn, 
p.  46.  4  Coll.  J\I.  Hist.  SiC.  103.  J^TenfaJV.  E.  p.  07.  This  pestilence  was 
known  in  Enp^land  before  Nov.  S,  1620.  Sec  N.  E.  charter  of  that  year. 
Sec  1  Holmes'  A.  Ann.  217—8.  JVofc  4. 

+  This  placfuo  slew  most  of  the  Mass.  Tribe.  1  Cotl.  M.  Hist.  Sot^  1 J5 
8  //.  226—204. 

f  Gorges''  JVar.  p.  12.  22.  27.     He  says  the  country  was  sorely  afflicted^ 

by  the  plag'iio  so  that  "  in  a  manner  it  was  left  void  of  inhabitants."' — Hub- 

bard''s  JV.  E.  p.  195,  represents  tlie  disease  as  very  loathsome ;  many  of 

the  dead  were  left  iinburied  "  as  appeared  by  the  multitude  of  carcasses 

found  up  and  down  the  country."' — 1  Ddk,  Kiog.  335. 


Catf*  n*]  or  MAINE.  Wf 

be  traveUed  through  tha  kingdom,  for  diat  purpose ;  making  dM  A.9-  KM. 
subject  a  favourite  topic,  and  distributing  copies  of  his  history 
and  map.  Besides  receiving  promises  and  other  encourage- 
ments, he  was  at  last  provided  wtdi  three  ships  at  PlymcuUi,  and 
presented  with  15  settlers  ready  to  embark.  He  was  prepared  to 
sail  early  in  the  spring  (1617),  with  (uH  intent  to  begin  a 
plantation  upon  this  coast.  But  being  windbound  three  months, 
he  abandoned  the  voyage ;  receiving  nothing  more  for  all  his  la- 
bours, losses  and  disappointments,  than  a  commission  from  tht 
Plymouth  Company,  as  Admiral  of  New  England.* 

Never  were  attempts  to  accomplish  an  attainable  object  more  ^f^' 
uniformly  thwarted  ;  and  at  the  same  time  with  greater  persever- 
ance renewed.  It  was  represented  that  one  Thomas  Dermer, 
then  in  Newfoundland  was  an  active  friend  to  the  cause  of  set- 
dement  and  discovery:  and  therefore  the  Plymouth  Company 
dirough  the  persuasions  of  Gorges  sent  out  Edward  Rocroft  in 
a  ship  to  North  America  to  assist  Dermer.  Tliough  missing  him, 
Rocroft  had  the  good  fortune,  in  April,  to  seize  a  French  barque, 
obtrusively  fishing  and  trading  upon  the  coast ;  and  finding  her 
a  valuable  prize,  he  sent  the  master  and  crew  in  his  own  ship  to 
England  ;  determined  to  retain  possession  of  her  himself,  and  with 
a  part  of  his  men  to  keep  or  guard  the  coast  through  the  winter. 

But  ascertaining  that  several  of  his  men  had  conspired  to  as- 
sassinate him  and  run  away  with  the  prize,  he  set  them  ashore  at 
Saco  ;f  and  in  December  sailed  for  Virginia,  where  he  was  killed. 
The  wretched  men,  he  left,  having  some  knowledge  of  Mon- 
began,  as  a  noted  station,  succeeded  in  reaching  that  Island, 
where  they  passed  a  tedious  winter.  This,  and  the  winter  previ- 
ously spent  by  Vines  and  his  companions  at  Saco,  are  the  earliest, 
in  which  any  Englishmen,  except  the  Sagadahock  colonists,  are 
known  to  have  remained  during  the  winter  season,  in  the  territo- 
ries of  this  State. 

Dermer,  being  a  man  of  great  prudence,  and  industry,  embark-  ifiio.  TtK 
ed  at  Plymouth  in  February,  to  find  and  assist  Rocroft ;  also  to  voyage, 
bring  about  if  possible,  a  reconciliation  of  the  savages  towards 
the  English.;^     For  the  treacherous  management  of  Hunt  and 


t*'i  la 


M 


*  1  Belk.  Biogr.  314. 

t"  Sawgiiatock"— 15  Loag;uca  rrom  Monhcgan— rrJncrtMiin.  ftS* 
J"  About  Kenntl>eck."— i/utfc.  Alarro.  p.  286—9. 
Vol.    T.  18 


IliiP'! 


ill 


TRBimnoRV 


M.9.  *il.oOien,t^d»1iyi^  exasperated  the  ntttves,  thei  Aebbitoen  ef 
trade  and  settlement  was  greatly  interrupted.  At  Monhegan,  be 
was  informed  by  the  Islanders,  that  Rocroft  left  the  coast  six 
months  before  for  Virginia.  He  then  took  an  expbring  surrej 
of  the  country,  and  found  southwestwardly,  **  some  ancient  pkiK 
tations,  not  long  since  populous,  now  utterly  void."  Other  places 
were  not  yet  free  from  the  sickness ;  where  only  a  remnant  of  peo> 
^ewith  some  stores  had  escaped.  At  Patuxet,  [Plymouth,] 
Squanto's  native  country,  all  were  dead."* 

In  performing  the  trust  of  reconciling  the  hostile  Indians, 
Dermer  had  Squanto^s  generous  help,  whom  he  had  brought 
with  him,  from  England,  and  whose  heart  he  had  won  with  kind- 
ness. He  had  also  with  him  Samoset,  a  native  of  Sagadahock, 
whom  Capt.  John  Mason,  governour  of  Newfoundland,  had 
lateiy  sent  home,  and  whose  friendly  feelings  Dermer  had  secured. 
These  were  two  of  Hunt's  captives,  and  had  probably  learned  to 
speak  the  English  tongue.  Having  succeeded  in  his  mission,  he 
put  Squanto,  (as  he  wished)  ashore  at  Saco ;  sent  sonie  dis- 
patches to  England  by  a  Capt.  Ward  ;f  and  June  23,  Jleft  Mon- 
liegan  for  Virginia. 

Landing,  on  his  way  at  Martha's  Vineyard,  he  and  his  men  were 
assailed  by  Epenow  and  his  countrymen,  and  in  the  affray,  sever- 
al of  his  crew  were  killed,  and  himself  was  so  severely  wounded, 
tliat  he  died  m  September,  soon  after  hi.^  arrival  in  Virginia. 
The  untimely  death  of  this  worthy  man  so  exceedingly  discour- 
aged Gorges,  that  he  declared,  it  *'  made  him  almost  resolve 
"  never  to  intermeddle  again  in  any  of  tliese  undertakings."! 

Unexpectedly  at  length,  the  first  settlement  in  New-England 

Si'p'i.?"!*  ^**  established  by  a  people  and  in  a  manner,  very  few  if  any  had 

previously  contemplated.     The  English  Puritans  who  resided  in 

Holland,  having  resolved  upon  a  removal  to  America,  procured 

of  the  Virginian  Company,  in  Sept.   1619,  a  Patent;  and  im- 


Dernwr'i 
Death. 


The  Ply- 

mwilli  Pil- 


•I  Patuiet. 


*  Prince'*  Ann.  63.    Smitlt's  Hist.  127.    229. 

fit  is  said  Dermer  loaded  a  ship  of  200  tons  with  fish  and  furs  alMonbe- 
gan  and  dispatched  it  for  England ;  and  each  sailor  had  £  16.  ICs.  for 
■even  months — Hoi.  A.  Ann.  p.  196. 

t  Hubbard,  803-8  {Hitt.  JV*.  E.  p.  40.)  Dermer  was  emplo3'cd  "  to  settle 
<«  the  affairs  of  the  plantation  now  a  third  time  revived  ng'nin  about  Kcnne- 
•«  beo  in  the  year  1619."— See  IIMardU  JVarralivc  0/ Indian  Wan.,  p.  289. 
Ed.  Worwtert  1807— S»nt(A'«  Ilitl.  228-9- 


neduitdx  in*<I*  prepanuiona  for  leaving  Eun^  to  locate  theni-  a-  o.  «» 
selves  00  or  near  the  river  Hudson.  Neither  the  dangers  of  the 
ocean,  nor  a  wilderness  of  savages,  could  extinguish  their  heaven- 
bom  courage;  for  God  and  truih,  religion  and  lilerty,  inspir- 
ed their  resolution  and  enterprize.  Led  on  by  hopes  from  above, 
though  filled  with  anxieties,  they  embarked  at  Plymouth,  Sept.  6, 
in  the  following  year,  1 G20.  But  they  were  treated  with  treachery. 
The  Dutch,  desirous  of  possessing  the  same  country  which  these  pi- 
ous pilgrims  were  seeking  for  their  refuge,  bribed  their  captain ;  and 
be  brouglit  them  in  November,  to  the  shores  of  Patuxet.  Tfaey 
knew  their  patent  would  now  avail  them  notliing,  for  they  were 
entirely  without  the  limits  of  the  Virginian  territory  :  therefore 
they  formed  a  social  compact  and  a  temporary  government,  and 
resolutely  entered  upon  a  country  as  they  viewed  it,  provided  for 
their  abode  by  the  allotment  of  Providence. 


.\ 

^i^^i-sVivu'  V.  4......  ':<^:h'.ii;A■ 

'zifTiXh-:^  •  ■ 

■s:^"^  Sur'ifj^;'' 

r\ 

■.;'!  1/  fj   ^m  V  iuh  >■'■•■     .  . 

:'i     ■,        ,-,..  .„,^.(. 

i.  ,...:,■.,   :-i 

■     V- ••J'rt>tj;j(i  0;'  ■;•"■:            -''.■ 

^^    •         .,                                                '^ 

,.fcM.. .,,..,,.* 

■ 

■'■'     -^'K 

-^n'^-^-l'-^v 

-"^f   %-  fVr''^-^'*^^rtr^lfa 

',    .     "•-'     '■■       "       ■ 

--.-.vj    tj!-fVv-^r; 

■--•■  .iflf^rri  ^v           ■  n^ 

«-*t,-.t.i.;_i,..-    -      ^,H    -    •    .'.■•  —         •      •  :■  -    f-  ■•     *'■■-:■:      ■■■'■■         -   --<     - 


.i»«.T«s:I> 


TUCBWrOftf 


CVoki. 


A.  n.  is^. 

Setllpmeiits 
proino4«(ii 


Patent  lo 
Plymouth 
CJiiucii. 


Granted. 


CHAPTER  m. 

ffetit-Eitghnii  patent  granted^-Its  extent  and  government — Patent 
to  Maton — Charter  of  N.  Scotia  to  Alexander — Its  civil pou>tr$ 
and  management — Laconia,  a  province,  a  company — Monhegan 
and  other  places  on  the  eastern  coast  settled — Intruders— -Saco, 
New-Hampshire,  and  Pemaquid  settled — Robert  Gorges,  and 
his  cotmcil — Free  fishery  discussed — Agamenticus  settled— 
The  rights  to  Acadia,  and  of  the  Plymouth  Council  discussed 
—N.  Scotia  confirmed  to  Alexander — Monhegan  sold — Trade  to 
Kennebec — Massachusetts  patent  and  charter — Canada  takm  by 
the.  Kirks — Peace— New-Hampshire,  Commocks,  Kennebec,  Saco, 
Lygonia,  Muscongus  and  Pemaquid  patents — Settlements  at  Sag- 
adahock  and  Piscataqua. 

An  era  now  opens  which  was  far  more  favourable  to  the  set- 
tlement of  North  America,  than  that  of  any  preceding  period. 
The  country  was  perpetually  growing  in  importance ;  and  adven- 
turers, through  the  increase  of  their  knowledge  and  experience, 
became  more  judicious  and  prudent  in  their  enterprizes.  In 
1620,  after  our  Pilgrim  Fathers  had  founded  the  colony  of  New 
Plymouth,  seven  English  ships  made  voyages  to  New  England 
for  fish  and  fur,  and  eight  others  carried  1 ,095  settlers  to  the 
Virginia  plantation. 

Observing  that  colony  to  flourish  under  new  patents*  with  more 
ample  privileges,  the  Plymouth  Company,  or  the  other  branch 
in  the  corporation  of  1606,  petitioned  the  crown,  through  Gor- 
ges for  a  new  Patent,  which  might  prescribe  a  definite  extent  of 
territory,  with  the  necessary  powers  and  privileges ;  and  give  an 
exclusive  right  to  the  soil,  fishery,  and  trade,  within  its  limits. 
The  king  was  easily  moved  by  the  entreaty ;  and  accordingly 
orderedf  one  to  be  drafted  which  should  compare  with  that  pre- 
viously "  granted  to  the  present  company  in  Virginia." 

This  charter  was  dated  Nov.  3, 1 620.     Its  corporate  members 


*■  Its  second  Patent  23d  May  1609— 3d  Patent  M:^rch  12th  1621—1  Hat. 
ro.7.  58,  72,  61. 

f  1  Hat.  Coll.  M — where  the  order  of  couacil  :>•  entire. 


CsAv.  nt.]  orMAiicB.  Sil 

cooMstad  of  forty  noblemen,  knightu  and  gentlemen,*  who  were  a.D.  lOt. 

collectively  denominated,  *'  The  Couneii  e$tabluhed  at  Plymouth 

in  the  Couniy  of  Devon,  for  plantings  ruling  and  governing    ^  _ 

Ncw-EiraLAND  in  America."    The  extensive  country,  now  grant-  >«<i«i* 

ed  in  fee-simple,  was  situated  between  the  40th  and  48th  degrees 

of  northern  latitude,  in  breadth  ;  and  in  length  by  the  same  breadth 

"  diroughout  the  main  land  from  sea  to  sea  ;" — extending  in  fact, 

Iromthe  bay  of  Chaleur,  and  the  north  line  of  Maine,  southerly, 

to  a  parallel  of  latitude,  more  than  a  degree  below  Long  Island, 

or  the  mouth  of  the  river  Hudson. 

After  expressly  recognizing  the  patent  to  Hanham,  Gilbert  and 
others  in  1 606,  and  the  possessions  acquired,  and  settlements 
undertaken,  within  its  limits ;  the  new  charter  premises,  that  this 
country  had  lately  experienced,  under  a  visitation  from  God,  an  "  '^"' 
ancommon  desolation,  by  "  a  destructive  plague,"  and  "  horrible 
slaughters  and  murders  among  the  savages ;"  and  that  none  other 
dian  English  subjects  had  any  possessions  within  that  territory. 


*  Namel}',— Lodonrick,  duke  of  Lenox, 

Lord  Steward. 
GeQrg;e,  Ld.  Marquit  Buckingham, 

High  Admiral. 
James,  Marquis  Hamilton. 
William,  Earl  of  Pembroke,  Lord 

Chamberlain. 
Thomas,  Earl  of  Arundel. 
William,  Earl  of  Bath. 
Henry,  Earl  of  Southampton. 
William,  Earl  of  Salisbury. 
Robert,  Earlot  Warwick. 
John,  Viscount  Haddington. 
Edd.  Lord  Zouche,  Lor</  Warden 

of  the  Cinque  ports. 
Edmund,  Lord  Sheffield. 
Edward,  Lord  Gorges. 
Sir  Edd.  Seymour,  Knight  Baronet. 

—  Robert  Mansell. 

—  Edward  Zouche,  Knight  Mar. 

shal. 

—  Dudley  Diggs. 

—  Thomas  Rowe. 

—  Ferdinando  Gorges. 

—  Francis  Popham,[fon  <f  the  lat« 

Chief  Jvt.  of  Eng.] 


Sir  John  Brooks. 

—  Thomas  Gates,  [in  the  patent  of 

1606.] 
— -  Richard    Hawkins,    [Pre$.  of 
JV.  r.Col.  1616.]  ,  >   ' 

—  Richard  Edgcconib. 
— -  Allen  Apsley. 

—  Warwick  Heale. 

—  RichM  F.  Cotchmay. 

—  John  Bourchier. 

—  Nathaniel  Rich. 
— —  Edward  Giles. 

— •  Giles  Mompesson. 

—  Thomas  Wroth. Kmohts. 

Mathew  Shurtelefie,  DeanofExeter. 
Henry  Bouchier,  Esqr. 

Robert  Hcathe,  Recorder  of  Lon- 
don. 

John  Drake. 

Raleigh  Gilbert,  [in  the  Patent  of 
1606.] 

George  Chudlcy. 

Thomas  Hammond. 

John  Argal. Esquires. 


,v  ' 


mm 


929  THE  HISTORY  [VflJL.  fc 

A.  Dk  icso.  Nay  '  riiuiy  places  for  leagues,'  it  was  stated,  *  were  without  na- 
tive inhabitants  to  challenge  any  interest  in  the  lands. 

Powers.  The  charter  created  a  body  politic,  and  corporate  with  per- 

petual succession,  vested  with  powers  to  fill  vacancies ;  to  elect  a 
president  and  secretary  ;  to  appoint  all  governors,  and  other  offi- 
cers needful  for  managing  the  affairs  of  tlie  Colony,  whether  in 
America  or  in  England  ;  and  to  establish  all  such  laws,  and  or. 
dinances  as  might  be  .suitable  for  a  regular  administration  of  jus« 
tice.  The  Corporation  or  Council  were  democratical  in  their 
proceedings ;  and  all  their  governors,  magistrates  and  other  au- 
thorities in  tiie  colony,  were  directed  to  rule,  punish  and  pardon, 
according  to  the  orders  and  instructions  given  them  under  the 
corporate  seal  and  signature  of  the  President.* 

Privileges.  In  general,  the  privileges  granted  in  the  former  charter  were 
confirmed  to  the  Plymouth  Council  now  incorporated  ; — such  at 
the  rights  of  citizenship ;  tlie  exclusive  trade  and  fishery  witbia 
their  territorial  limits;  importations  from  England  seven  years 
duty-free ;  and  the  expulsion  of  all  intruders.  But  no  coining 
of  money  was  allowed  in  the  colony,  nor  any  catholic  permitted 
to  settle  there,  f  "         . 

This  Charter,  which  existed  upwards  of  fourteen  years,  and 
longer  than  tlie  former  one,  is  the  foundation  of  the  numerous  sub- 
sequent patents  by  which  New  England  was  first  divided ;  and 
its  settlements  and  colonies  located  and  limited. 

F.  Gorges.  The  more  zealous  and  prominent  men  in  the  council  were  two, 
who  might  be  justly  placed  at  the  head  of  the  list.  One  was 
Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges.  He  had  been  president,  under  tlie  former 
charter ;  and  the  settlement  of  tliis  country  was  still  his  favourite 
pursuit.  Capt.  John  Mason,  returning  home  about  this  time  from 
Newfoundland,  of  which  he  had  been  governour,  also  exhibited 
great  courage  and  confidence  in  the  cause ;  and  when  there  was 
an  occasion  to  fill  an  early  vacancy  in  the  Council,  he  was  elected 
a  member  and  became  their  secretary. J 

JohnMuon.  The  first  territorial  grant  by  the  Plymouth  Council  was  to  him. 
This  was  dated  March  2,  IG21 ;  and  it  embraced  the  lands  be- 


*  Yet  the  Plymouth  Council  doubted  its  right  to  transfer  the  powers  of 
ipovernment  to  any  of  its  Patentees  :  thoiii^h  it  certainly  had  the  sole  power 
of  g^rantin;  the  lands  from  the  40th  to  the  48th  degree,— Hubbardt^  JV.  E. 
627-620.  i  Sec  this  Charter  entire 1  Hom.  CoU.  lOS-118. 

t  1  Belknap's  N.  H.  p.  14< 


.  Claim. 


\t/V',H 


ChaF.  Ill']  OP  MAINE. 

tween  Merrimack  and  Naumkectg,  from  their  sources  to  the  sea,  A.l>.  MSt 
including  all  islands  within  three  miles  of  the  coast.*    It  was 
called  "Mariana." 

But  though  the  expectations  and  plans  of  Gorges  were  great,  p^nri, 
he  was  nevertheless  exercised  with  very  discouraging  apprehen- 
sions. He  had  obtained  due  information  that  the  French 
were  settled  at  Quebec,  at  Port-Royal,  at  Mount  Desert  and 
at  other  places ;  and  intended  to  become  the  cxchisive  posses- 
sors of  the  country.  He  foresaw,  that  though  the  coast  was 
thoroughly  cleared  of  them  by  Argal,  eight  years  before,  as  far  as 
Port-Royal :  the  most  efficient  measures  ought  to  be  adopted 
without  delay  to  thwart  their  designs  and  exclude  them  from 
New  England.  A  difficulty  however  arose  from  a  deficiency  or 
defect  in  the  new  Charter  itself.  It  extended  indeed,  two  de- 
grees farther  north  than  the  former  one  ;  yet  he  found  after  all  it 
only  embraced  the  bay  of  Chaleur,  which  was  a  degree  at  least 
below  the  southerly  bank  of  the  gidf  of  St.  Lawrence.  "- 

To  remove  this  perplexity,  Gorges,  "  being  (as  Prince  says)f  Sept.  10. 
entrusted  with  the  affiiirs  of  this  country,"  procured  from  the  Novh  Smii» 
Council  a  conveyance  unto  Sir  William  Alexander,  Secretary  of !°  j„/'"" 
State  from  Scotland,  and  afterward  earl  Sterling  and  Vis- 
coitnt  of  Canada  ;J  whereby  a  large  northern  section  of  their  ter- 
ritory was  assigned  to  him,  which  was  forthwith  confirmed  and 
enlarged  by  a  Patent,  Sept.  10,  1621,  from  James  I.  the  king  of 
England.  The  western  boundary  line  of  the  Province  passed 
northwardly,  from  Passamaquoddy  through  "  the  river  St.  Croix, 
to  the  farthest  source  or  spring  which  comes  from  the  west ;" 
and  thence  north  in  a  direct  course  over  land  to  the  first  spring 
that  runs  into  the  great  river  of  Canada  ;  thence  northward  unto  the 
river  and  along  the  shores  of  it  eastward  to  Gaspe ;  and  thence 
by  the  coast,  excUjsive  of  Newfoundland  and  Cape  Breton, 
around  Cape  Sable  and  across  tlie  bay  of  Fundy  to  the  place  of 
beginning.  To  this  territory,  which  embraced  a  groat  part  of  Ac- 
adia and  also  the  islands  and   waters  within  six  leagues  of  the 


*  <>iio  tliii  Pntfnt  in  I  hibhard'tjY.i:.  p.  oil— 6\e. 

tl'iitice's  Ann.  p.  91.  111. 

J  2  firit.  ^)ominv>n»  in  .'Im,  p.  fi. — lie  was  m:it!r  Vi«rount,  A  I).  ICiS. 
Sir  William  >ras  ina»trr  of  requests  for  Srotlur\d.  Mn»on  first  inlrodiirpil 
liiin  to  Gorges;  anil  Gorfjes  snrs,  tlio  U'w^  rommantlfil  iis  ton^vj^n  Sir  Wil- 
liam a  •'  pnrt  of  om  t'-iritori'  n," — I  <'-;/'.  IIji.  3U7. 


.h:<r 


i|0|  THB  HISTORY  [VoL.  | 

A.  D.  1621.  shores,  was  given  the  name  Nova  Scotia,*  or  Nbw-Scot> 
LAND, — and  it  was  granted  to  Sir  William  and  his  heirs  in  fiea 
simple  without  any  condition  whatever. 

No  provisions  for  any  civil  government  appeared  in  the  Patent; 
and  the  country  was  erected  into  a  royal  palatinate, — to  be  holden 
as  a  fief  of  the  Scottish  crown  ;  the  proprietary  being  invested  with 
the  regal  rights  and  prerogatives,  of  a  count-palatine^  The  two 
rights  of  soil  and  government  being  in  this  way  originally  separa- 
ted, were  for  a  long  period  kept  distinct,  and  sometimes  in  dif- 
ferent hands.  These  territories  must  have  been  considered  the 
King's  Scottish  dominions ;  and  even  then,  it  will  perplex  the 
wisest  civilian  to  discover  the  justice  or  propriety  of  the  tenure. 
Bcotoh  Si-i-  There  was  a  general  wish,  and  it  was  also  Sir  William's  inten- 
icmpied.  tions,  to  Settle  the  country  with  Scotch  emigrants.  Utterly  op- 
posed as  they  were  to  French  Catholicism,  they  would  form  a 
stable  barrier  to  the  encroachments  of  Frenchmen  ;  while  their 
industrious  and  economical  habits  and  religious  principles  would 
render  them  a  fit  people  to  settle  a  new  country.  Sir  William, 
*"  the  next  year,  and  from  year  to  year,  till  the  death  of  his  king, 

sent  a  ship  with  men  and  necessaries  to  plant  a  colony  within  his 
Patent.  One  arriving  late  in  the  next  season,  was  obliged  to 
stay  through  the  winter  in  Newfoundland.  The  mariners  and 
planters,  in  another,  coasted  from  that  island  along  the  shores  of 
Nova  Scotiu ;  selected  an  eligible  place  for  a  plantation  on  Port 
Joli  river,  eastward  of  Cape  Sable;  and  took  possession.  Yet, 
"  by  reason  of  some  unexpected  occurrences,"  they  resolved  to 
make  discoveries,  not  to  plant,  and  took  passage  in  July  for 
England  ;  intending  to  resume  the  enterprise  the  next  spring. 
Accordingly  in  1624,  and  afterwards,  Sir  William  transported 
hither  some  Scottish  settlers ;  and  after  *  subduing  the  French 
inhabitants,  or  removing  them  to  Virginia,'  he  "  planted  a  colony 
there  himself,  and  held  possession  ten  years,"  before  "it  returned 
to  the  Fn  nch."f 

*  Tlii«  Patent  wat  in  Latin  ;  licnco  (lio  nainc"Npvii  Scotia."— See  trani* 
lation  by  PU'iint,  \e—V2.—0ldinuii>n  22. 

fl  ColiJlaiii.  Hit.  S'(c.  3rf  tfrie$,  p.  232.— AHor  lliii  Sir  William  per- 
tni(tc<(  hiflton  and  Clniiilcdc  la  Tour  lo  biiiUl  a  fort  nt  8t.  Julin*i  river,  call- 
cil  "  La  Tour  and  ./l/r.rnnf/^r." — Sec  C'>nimiiiinnir»^  Jifporl.ScK'  Chalmti* 

p.  .12,  01 3  Purcliat,  p.  1(171—3.^1  Ilolmtt'  A,  Jinn.  p.  210,  who  cited 

'/,ncr  p,C2." 


Vol.  I 

r-ScOT« 

in  fw 

Patent; 
i  holden 
ted  with 
rhe  two 

separa« 
I  in  dif- 
sred  the 
rplex  the 
tenure, 
n's  Inten- 
terly  op- 
l  form  a 
iiile  their 
les  would 

Williara, 
his  king, 
within  his 
obliged  to 
iners  and 

shores  of 
1  on  Port 
on.    Yet, 

Bsolved  to 
July  for 

xt  spring. 

■ansported 

e  French 
a  colony 
returned 


-See  traoi- 

'illiam  per- 
I  river,  call- 
V  tVia/mfi» 
who  cited 


CbaV.  III.]  or  MA  INK. 

-  '.V  - 

Gorges  and  Masoo,  the  pro^jcton  and  prosecutors  of  still  A.  A 
greater  designs,  were  taking  measures  to  carry  a  very  extensivji  ^^1^,'^^,*'^ 
plan  o{  enterprizes  into  immediate  execution ;  wherefore  they  first 
procured  of  the  Plymouth  Council,  August  10th,  1622,  a  patent 
of  all  the  country  between  tlie  Merrimack  and  Sagadahock  ;  ex- 
tending from  the  Atlantic  unto  die  rivers  Canada  and  Iroquois, 
ud  including  tlie  "  Savage  nations  towards  tlie  great  lakes."  It 
was  called  "  The  Province  oj  Laconia"* — a  region  represented 
bv  travellers  and  novelists  as  abounding  profusely  in  all  the  varie- 
ties of  nature. 

If  their  descriptions  were  just,  the  seaboard  was  full  of  bar-' 
hours  and  fish,  the  lands  were  variegated  with  elevations,  vallies, 
rivers  and  streams,  and  clothed  with  forest  trees  of  every  spe- 
cies, where  wild  fruits,  nuts,  and  gums,  were  spontaneous,  and 
abundantly  plentiful.  In  fresh  waters  were  always  sec>>  shopls  of 
delicious  fish  ;  and  over  the  declivities  and  through  meadows  might 
be  killed  multitudes  of  deer,  beaver,  and  other  game — ^truly  one 
of  the  best  regions  in  the  world,  for  furs  and  settlements. 

Nor  could  any  land  offer  to  emigrants  surer  pledges  of  health 
and  long  life ;  for  the  atmosphere  was  pure  and  salubrious,  and 
the  face  of  the  ground  was  free  of  every  tiling  that  could  hurt  or 
annoy.  In  a  word,  it  was  exalted  by  some  romantic  accounts 
into  a  kind  of  terrestrial  pnradise.f        vtt^:  H'-'iihmu.hit   juth&t 

To  make  large  gains  of  a  country  so  extensive,  and  so  tempt-  J;**^"'" 
ing  to  adventure  and  rural  pursuits.  Gorges  and  Mason,  united  foriueti. 
witli  several  merchants  of  London,  Bristol,  Exeter,  Plymouth, 
Shrewsbury  and  Dorchester,  in  an  association,  self-termed  "The 
Company  of  Laconia  ;"  being  thus  able  to  give  a  new  impulse 
to  the  fur  trade  and  fisheries ; — to  discovery  and  settlement.}; 
A  great  number  of  ships  was  sent,  during  the  season,  from  the 
west  of  England,  to  take  fish  in  these  "  northeastern  waters,"  of 
which,  as  many  as  thirty  visited  the  Damariscove  Island.^ 
Emi;^iants  arrived,  intending  to  dwell  in  the  country  ;  and  estab- 
lishments were  undertaken  at  Piscataqua,||  and  other  places, 
along  these  eastern  shores. 

•HiManrtJ^.  K.  616— See  a  ccrlified  copy  [Feb.  17,  1T63,  from    Lordi 
Com,  Pl.m   nt  Wl.itolia!!,]  in  Sec.  i;fj,  r,  limltn.        \  1  Do  k  lliop.  S76-7. 
llliibhnrilVN.  F..  214.— 1  Uclk.  N.  il.  14.  ^Tiinuu**  Auii.  117— U. 

il  Belk.  N  H.  14.     ■  ■■■}  ..h 

Vol,  I.  16 


^ 


iifi!!!! 


iilll 


THCiiurroRY  t'lVoi..  |4 

A.1X  Mss.  Makhbgak  was  permanently  peopled  about  the  year  1S32« 
Snitan  up-  A  part  of  Dermer's  crew,  as  previously  stated,  passed  the  winter 
cnn  aud  th«  1618 — 19  upon  the  Island ;  and  the  next  May,  they  were  there, 
for  he  could  obtain  information  from  none  other  than  '  its  resident 
■r  inhabitants,'  that  Rocroft,  the  year  before,  had  actually  sailed  for 
Virginia.  The  Island  was  a  place  of  general  resort ;  and  Prince 
says,  that  five  of  "  Sir  F.  Gorges*  men"  had  a  skirmish  with  the 
natives  near  Cape  Cod,  in  the  autumn  of  1620,  in  which  three 
were  slain,  and  the  other  two  '^  hardly  escaped  to  MonheganJ*^* 
The  same  author  makes  express  mention  of  the  Island  b  the  fol- 
lowing February,  as  "  a  Plantation  of  Sir  F.  Gorges  }" — and 
again  two  months  afterwards,  as  **  a  settlement  of  some  begin* 
nings."  But  still,  how  could  any  confident  anticipations  be  enter- 
tained of  its  prosperity,  if  the  first  Islauders  were  only  resident 
fishermen,  blended  with  some  such  stragglers  as  Dermer's  crew  ? 
Perhaps,  however,  the  Company  of  Laconia  considered  it  appen- 
dant to  their  patent,  and  fishermens'  dwellings  were  now  fitted 
up  under  their  auspices,  for  the  purposes  of  a  more  extensive 
fishery.  At  any  rate,  these  facts  seem  to  be  certain,  that  Mon- 
hegan  was  not  without  inhabitants  after  1 622,  till  the  first  Indian 
war,  and  that  the  young  colony  of  New-Plymouth,  in  the  spring  of 
this  and  subsequent  years,  sent  hither  for  provisions,  which  they 
readily  obtained  from  the  ships  always  found  in  these  eastern 
f'v  waters.  The  opposite  country,  or  main,  afibrded  greater  conven- 
■t  iences  for  trafiic ;  and  it  seems,  that  slight  habitations,  such  as 
cabins  for  fishermen  and  huts  for  temporary  residence,  were  con- 
structed about  this  time  upon  the  shores,  between  the  rivers  St. 
George  and  Saco.f  ;  a^^i;   ■  ., ,  i     ;M,;,:j«li        j/ji 

iMrudan.  But  it  was  a  prevailing  sin  of  early  times,  to  treat  the  native 
inhabitants  and  the  country,  as  if  they  were  only  fit  to  gratify 
the  cupidity  of  the  plunderer,  or  passion  of  the  destroyer.    The 


*  Prince^t  Jinn.  99,  lUO.— He  says,  "this  year,"  1623,  there  are  "some 
•catteringf  bc^inninf^g  made  at  Monliigg^on  and  some  other  places  by  sundry 
olhcrs."— /fc.  127. 1S4. 

t  H«bkard  in  hit  JVar.  p.  SBO,  says,  after  the  attempt  to  settle  Saj^faMa- 
hock, "  oMicr  places  adjoiningf  were  suon  after  seized  and  improved/ar  trad- 
ing <tivl  Jiihery."  But  in  his  Hiit  »/  JST,  K.  p.  14,  speaking  of  the  coo^t 
eastward  about  Monhof^an,  Damarisrove,  Ca«co  Bay,  Cape  Porpoise  and 
MetinicuH,  he  snys,  no  Colony  was  ever  Roltied  in  any  of  these  places  "  lill 
,  the  year  1020."  Qm* — was  there  any  so  early,  except  that  of  New-l'ly- 
mo'ithf 


.( -,.-.,1 


Chap,  ill.]  opMAiNi!;ff     .  fgf 

Plymouth  Council,  even  complained  to  the  king,  of  the  repre- A.D.  Mtt. 
hensible  encroachments  and  abuses  committed  within  their  pa* 
tent.    The  woods  were  foundered  of  timber  or  set  on  fire,  to  the  J 

utter  ruin  of  whole  forests ;  the  best  harbours  were  unneces- 
sarily encumbered  with  overthrown  ballast  and  impediments ;  the 
possessions  of  proprietors  and  the  first  emigrants  were  wantonly 
disturbed ;  the  profits  of  trade  with  the  natives,  and  the  rights  ol 
fishery  upon  the  coast,  were  engrossed ;  and  the  offenders,  ap- 
parently '*  resolving  to  omit  nothing  that  might  be  impious  and 
intolerable,"  had  bartered  away  to  tlie  savages,  fire-arms  and  am- 
munition and  taught  them  the^use_'of  the  gun.->But  as  might  be 
expected,  some  of  them  afterwards  receiving  retributive  justice 
from  heaven,  were'slain  by  the  same  savages  they  "  had  taught, 
end  with  the  same  weapons  they  had  sold  them." 

To  rectify  and  prevent  all  improper  practices,  and  favour  the 
designs  of  the  proprietors,  the  king  by  proclamation,  Nov.  6, 
1622,  commanded  his  subjects,  both  adventurers  and  planters 
through  New-England,  never  to  disturb  the  trade  with  the  na- 
tives— ^never  to  sell  them  fire-arms ;  nor  in  any  instance  to  inter- 
meddle with  the  woods,  or  freeholds  of  the  planters,  without 
license  eitherTrom  the  Plymouth  Council,  or  the  crown.  It  also 
threatened  the  wrongdoers  with  confiscation  and  other  penalties 
expressed  in  the  patent,  provided  they  did  not  desist  ;*— -as  if 
such  a  mandate  could  effectually  be  a  preventive  of  evils,  in  a 
country  where  eyewitnesses  must  be  few  and  interested,  and  tri- 
bunals were  unknown.  Yet  it  might  have  some  effect,  to  allay  ^ 
fears  and  invigorate  enterprize. 

As  early  as  1623,  a  permanent  settlement  was  commenced  at  AiD.  ifits. 
Saco.  Gorges,  14  years  before,  and  subsequently,  had  sent  hith- h«co  Mtt* 
er  Richard  Vines  and  others,  to  collect  facts  and  select  some  el- 
egible  situation  for  planting  a  colony.  The  first  winter  they  pass- 
ed in  the  country  was,  in  all  probability,  A.  D.  1617~18,  and  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Saco,  For  in  a  subsequent  grant  of  territory 
here.  Vines,  John  Oldham,  and  their  associates,  were  represented 
to  have  undertaken  "  the  advancement  of  the  general  plantation 
"  of  the  country,  and  the  strength  and  safety  thereof  against  the 
"  natives  or  any  other  invaders ;"  and  some  of  tliem,  certainly 
Vines,  if  not  Oldham,  in  fact  *'  lived"  here  in  1 G23,  where  they 


m'/' 


«  1  Has.  Coll.  p.  ISl,  162. 


'■  ill  - 


N.  Hump 
shire. 


Saeadn- 

liodiRnilSii 

George. 


1^  TKe  HISTORY  [Vou  I. 

A.'tt.  Ifit^.ind  Aeir  cotmpanionslong  continued  their  residence.*  Gorges 
being  the  patron  of  Vines,  must  also  have  been  the  tutelar  pro> 
tector  and  guide  of  this  colonial  enterprize.  Tlie  place  choseo 
was  at  Winter-harbour,  near  the  seashore,  an  inviting  shuation; 
and  six  years  after  this,  a  patent  was  granted  to  tlie  settlers,  and 
a  form  of  government  established. f 

In  the  spring  of  the  same  year,  the  Company  of  Laconia  sent 
over  David  Thompson,  two  Hiltons,  and  other  planters,  to  estah> 
lish  a  colony  and  fishery,  on  the  south  side  of  Piscataqua  river,  at 
its  mouth.  Here  they  erected  salt-works  and  built  a  house  which 
they  called  "  Mason's  Hall  j" — being  the  foundation  of  New- 
Hampshire.]: 

We  call  those  settlements  permanent,  which  are  continued 
from  year  to  year,  without  interruption  ;  and  although  we  find 
not  in  the  annals  of  the  times,  precisely  hi  what  year  or  by  what 
persons,  habitations  for  families,  or  homesteads,  were  first  formed 
upon  Arrowsick  Island,  and  upon  the  main  land  at  Sagadahock,  at 
Sheepscot,  at  Damariscotta,  at  Pemaquid  and  St.  George's  river ; 
yet  we  are  under  the  necessity  of  concluding,  it  must  have  been 
as  early  as  the  present  year.  The  harbou  s,  head-lands  and  rivers 
had  rendered  this  section  uncommonly  attractive  to  Europeans; 
the  remains  of  chiranies  and  vestiges  of  dwelling-places,  are  strong- 
ly marked  with  antiquity ,§  and  it  is  said,  there  were  only  seven 
years  after  this,  "  eighty-four  families  besides  fishermen,"  dwel- 
Ung  upon  the  siiores  of  this  region. 

But  no  country  can  be  prosperous  and  happy,  without  civil 
rulers  or  some  administration  of  government.  The  Plymouth 
Council,  convinced  of  this  as  a  political  maxim,  sent  over  a  del- 
'^%*        egation  of  three  gentlemen,  Robert  Gorges,  Francis  West,  and 

•  Sw//ivan,p,  219.— TA«  Patent  ««y#,  A.D.  1629,  "John  Oldham  of  Nc\r- 
<* England,  g;entlcman  planter,  and  his  servants,  have  for  tix  yean  patt,\iv- 
"  ed  in  Ncw-En|)rland  ;  and  he  hath  nt  his  own  expense  transported  divers 
"  persons,  there" — viz.  Saco,  A.  D.  1629. 

t  1  Belle.  JV.  //.  App.  p.  291.— the  "  mcmornrdiim"  of  a  deed  17  ^^ay 
1629,  calls  "  Richard  Vines,  Governor,  and  Ricliard  Bonighton,  assistant 
of  the  Plantation  of  tSaco."    But  the  genuineness  of  this  deed  is  doubted. 

\  I  Belk.  N.  II.  15— Prince's  Ann.  134. 

{  The  Dukede  Rochffoucault  Liancourt,  in  2d  vol.  Travels,  p.  244 — 5,  says, 
•««omo  attempts  to  settle  a  colony  in  the  vicinity  of  New-Castio  were  made 
by  the  Dutch  in  1623,  and  even  at  the  early  period  of  160T,  but  without 
effect."    ,1110  Hubbard's  .Vbr.  £50.  • 


A  Grneral 

Govero* 

lueal. 


Chap,  hi.]  "       of  MAtN-ft.  5|29 

fVUliam  Merrill,  with  authority,  in  different  capacities,  to  super-  A.  D.  16«. 
intend  and  manage  all  the  public  affairs  of  New-England.* 

Gorges,  son  of  Sir  Ferdinnndo,  an  active,  enterprising  genius,  t^,  ^"'■pw, 
and  a  brilliant  officer  in  the  late  Venetian  war,  was  commissioned  <J.ii-rni, 
Lieut-General,  and  Governor-in-chief  of  the  country.     His  coun- cvuuui. 
cil  was  to  be  formed  and  consist  of  Francis  West,  Christopher 
Leavitt,  the  Governor  of  New-Plymouth,  and  such  others  as  he  ' 

might  select ;  and  when  in  session,  they  were  invested  with  full 
power  "  to  do  what  they  should  think  just  and  fit  in  all  cases 
capital,  criminal,  civil  and  military."f  He  arrived  at  New-Plym- 
outh in  September,  and  brought  witli  him  several  families  and 
passengers,  and  also  a  patentj  from  the  Plymouth  Council,  dated 
the  13th  of  the  preceding  December,  intending  to  settle  a  Colony 
southerly  of  Cape  Ann,  while  he  was  discharging  the  duties  of 
Governor  through  New-England.  :    .^ ;  ;    ;;(•  ^^f     :;;r.>? '^i;  y 

West,  commissioned  Admiral  of  New-England,  arrived  a  few 
months  before  the  Governor,  with  special  instructions  to  restrain 
all  unlicensed  ships  from  fishing  and  trade  within  the  Plymouth 
patent,  or  otherwise  to  exact  of  all  interlopers,  payment  of  tlie 
penal  sums  prescribed.  He  proceeded  to  execute  his  orders, 
till  finding  the  fishermen  too  sturdy  and  stubborn  for  him  to  control| 
he  was  obliged  to  desist.  :  1-i  ■   '  -.  >-^.:'  . .  ;,r 

To  superintend  the  churches,  when  established  in  New-Eng- 
land, Mr.  Merrill,  an  Episcopal  minister,  had  received  a  commis- 
sion from  the  Ecclesiastical  Courts  in  England  ;  but  he  met  with 
no  welcome  and  returned  home  in  disgust.*^ 

When  West  arrived  in  England,  the  mariners  complained  to  Fr,,^  pisi,. 
Parliament  of  his  attempts  to  restrain  them  in  their  rightful  em-  wfJi,^!,"'"'*' 
ployments,  and  requested  an  order  to  make  the  fishery  entirely  j^'',j'*^"** 
free.     The  Commons  were  at  that  time  extremely  jealous  of  the 
royal  prerogative ;    and   so   much   were  they   opposed  to  these 
corporations  created  by  the  King  with  exclusive  privileges,  that 
they  were  ready  to  view  the  charter  to  the  Plymouth  Council  as 
a  public  grievance.     Hence  they  immediately  called  Sir  Ferdi- 
nando  to  the  bar  of  the  House,  and  charged  it  upon  him  and  his 


♦  Sullivan  1«7— 391.     S.  JDavi$'  account,  on  (he  C.  Filca.     '    ' 

t  Prince,  p.  141-2. 

I  1  Ha7,.  Coll.  161-6.— Prince's  Ann.  141— 2.— 1  Felk  .  Biog  36:— 0. 

{  iBclk.  Biog:.  p.  366— 7.— 1  Coll.  Mau.  Hint.  Soc.  125—139. 


''  'I'll 


Gorgn'  da 
fenct. 


THE  HISTORT  {VoU  |, 

A.D.  1624.  associates,  that  they  of  the  corporation  under  cotor  of  j^ting  « 
colony  were  pursuing  their  own  private  gains,  regardless  of  the 
public  interest,  and  the  good  of  the  community ;  and,  though  be, 
as  a  gentleman  of  worth  and  honor,  had  their  respect,  all  persooa) 
considerations  must  yield  to  the  common  weal ;  and  he  must 
without  delay  deliver  the  patent  to  the  House. 

Gorges'  defence  was  able,  though  the  Commons  thought  it  not 
satisfactory.  He  said  "  he  had  no  power  to  deliver  the  patent 
without  the  consent  of  the  Council ;  nor  was  it  in  fact  in  his  cus< 
tody.  Never  had  they  transcended  their  rights ;  and  he  knew 
not  how  their  enterprizes  could  be  considered  a  public  grievance, 
since  they  were  undertaken  for  the  increase  oi  trade,  the  advance* 
ment  of  religion,  and  the  enlargement  of  national  empire.    No 

^  monopoly  had  been  exercised  or  enjoyed  for  the  purposes  of  pri- 

vate gain ;  for  (said  he,)  the  losses  of  the  adventurers  have  been 
so  heavy,  that  they  themselves  had  grown  weary,  and  others  were 
fearful  to  engage.  At  no  time,  had  tlie  fishery  been,  by  design, 
or  in  fact,  converted  to  private  uses,  as  the  offers  made  to  all  the 
maritime  cities  in  the  western  part  of  the  kingdom,  would  abund- 
antly evince.  Nay,  the  exclusive  privileges  in  the  charter  itself, 
were  nothing  more  than  the  necessary  favors  granted  to  the  com- 
pany, for  the  management  of  their  prudential  concerns — ^privileges 
possessed  by  lords  of  manors  without  a  jealous  thought.*  {-  c  T 

ihie  rokib-'^     However,  when  the  grievances  of  the  nation  were  presented 

cii  checked,  jq  ti,g  i^jng  by  the  parliament,  the  patent  was  the  first  on  the 
list.  Apprehending  this,  and  knowing  the  facts,  king  James,  out 
of  respect  to  his  prerogative  and  to  Gorges,  would  not  recal  it.f 
Still  the  discussion  and  issue  gave  a  great,  though  temporary 
check,  to  tlie  measures  adopted  for  colonizing  the  country :  and 
the  Plymouth  Council  in  deference  to  the  voice  ot  the  nation,| 
suspended  their  plans  and  expeditions,  and  concluded  to  call 
home  Gorges,  the  governor,  in  about  a  year  subsequent  to  his 
tirrival.     After  looking  therefore  to  his  father's  affairs  eastward, 


tSo.l'- 


•  1  Belk.  Biogr.  369. 

f  In  1621,  James  is  reported  to  have  said, "  America  is  not  annexed  to 
the  realm,  nor  within  the  jurisdiction  of  Parliament,"  'and  they  have  no 
right  to  interfere.'— 1  Uolmet'  A.  Ann.  237. 

I  After  this,  the  Plymouth  Council  granted  only  two  or  three  patents, 
till  A.  D.  1629.  ) 


/*k»l 


ri-'4rr' /,*.■'. 


■iOl ;  *>*! 


CbaT.  ni.]  W  MAINE.  ^\ 

he  returned ;  and  tliis,  the  first  essay  made  to  esubltsh  a  general  A.  D.  uu. 
government  in  New-England,  was  wholly  unsuccessful. 

Goi^es,  meeting  witli  these  crosses  in  the  general  system  of  „.    _ 
American  aflairs,  determined  to  plant  a  small  colony  at  his  own  t""'  "'  ^ff* 

¥¥111  '   r  i>»i  mnmiicHi. 

expense.  He  had  been  informed  of  ^  sliort  salt-water  river,  ad-  iv«rk.j 
initting  vessels  to  a  safe  harbour  and  good  anchorage  at  and  above 
its  moutl),  called  ,^gamenticut  ;*  its  situation  being  nearly  equidis- 
tant from  a  mountain  of  tliat  name  and  the  river  Piscataqua. — 
Pleased  with  the  description  of  the  place,  he  procured  from  the 
Plymouth  Council,  a  patent  of  24,000  acres, — namely,  12,000 
on  each  side  of  Agamenticus  [York]  river,  and  made  provision 
for  settling  it.  He  entrusted  the  immediate  management  of  its 
affairs  to  Ferdinando  Gorges,  his  grandson,  a  young  gentleman  of 
rank  and  ambition,  and  to  Francis  Norton,  who  having  risen,  by 
his  own  merits,  from  a  common  soldier  to  a  Lieut.  Colonel,  was 
desirous  to  perpetuate  his  fortune. 

In  this  company  of  emigrants  were  several  artificers,  who  were 
to  be  employed  in  building  vessels  and  saw-mills.  The  others 
were  laborers,  furnished  with  oxen  and  means,  partly  for  clearing 
and  cultivating  the  ground,  though  principally  for  getting  lumber 
of  dififerent  kinds.  A  settlement  was  commenced  on  the  eastern 
side  of  the  river  near  the  sea,  and  afterwards  no  other  plantation 
of  Gorges  had  so  constantly  and  so  fully  his  patronage  and  favor.f 

About  this  time,  a  demise  of  the  rrown  happened,  which  was 
followed  by  an  event  alike  unpropitious  to  the  Plymouth  Council,  j^  oipuia. 
to  Sir  William  Alexander,  to  Gorges,  and  to  this  country.    Thb  ''J"  )[',„5ill 
was  the  intermarriage  of  Charles,  the  new  King,  with  Henrietta'**  *''•"«•• 
Maria,  a  French  Princess  and  a  Catholic.    By  the  marriage 
treaty,  negociated  some  months  prior  to  her  arrival,  in  May,  1 625, 
it  was  stipulated  to  cede  or  resign  generally  the  jurisdiction  of 
Acadia  to  France.f    This,  in  view  of  all  Englishmen  interested, 
cast  a  deep  shade  upon  their  American  afiairs ;  and  brought  their 
rights   into  an  unhappy  collision  with  the   engagements  of  the 


•  Called  also  "  Accomenticus" — Gorget^  Jlist, 

j  Tli«  precise  time  iwheu  ^gamcnticui  [York]  wos  first  settled  in  not 
quite  certain.  Oorgfi  Hitt,  i6,  27,  says,  it  was  about  the  time  N.  Ply- 
mouth  was  settled. — 1  Bttk.  Biog.  877-8  gives  tidi  ttUltmmt  a  place,  in 
order  of  lime,  before,  thoug'h  the  same  year  (1633^  with  that  of  riscatnqiia. 
Capt.  Champernoon  and  the  cousin  of  Sir  F.  Gorges  had  charge  of  the  plao- 
(ations  about  Agamenticus. — tStMard't  JV".  E.  224.         '<>     <t"  i   Mf  i-H>ft  » 

t  J.  Palairct,  p.  1«,  10.  /■  •>    -m-. 


lUM' 


fiorpes'  lie 
fvitcc. 


July. 

Sir  \V.  Al 
examlci''* 
Charter, 


232  THE  HurroKY  [Vofc.  tw 

A.  D.  162  A  crown.  The  King  and  Council  saw  it ;  and  when  the  Frtnch 
ambassador  came  to  urge  his  master's  claim  to  the  territory,  they 
summoned  Gorges  before  tliem  to  defend,  explain  or  surrender, 
according  to  what  might  appear  best  adapted  to  circumstances. 

Gorges  appeared  and  defended  the  rights  of  the  Plymouth 
company  with  so  much  ability  and  force,  as  to  affect  a  postpone- 
ment of  the  concession.*  It  was  perceived  however,  that  the 
French  were  in  a  fair  way  to  acquire  a  considerable  part  of  the 
long  coveted  country,  in  spite  of  all  opposition.  Sir  William 
Alexander  well  knowing  their  wishes  and  his  own  liabilities  to 
loss,  procured  of  king  Charles,  July  12th,  a  confirmation  of 
his  grant,  described  and  sanctioned  witli  much  particularity  :f — 
and  this,  followed  by  a  war  with  France  two  years  afterwards, 
kept  Nova  Scotia,  or  Acadia,  from  the  French,  till  the  treaty  of 
St.  Germains.J 

Feb.  iG2e.  But  no  sooner  was  the  French  claim  put  to  rest,  than  tlie  Com- 
mons renewed  their  calls  upon  the  Plymouth  Council,  to  grant  a 
free  fishery  within  their  patent,  and  upon  refusal,  moved  the  king 
to  vacate  the  charter. — ^Thus  assailed  from  different  quarters, 
their  rights  were  only  preserved  by  Charles  j  he  like  his  father, 
refused  to  yield  a  little  of  his  prerogative,  even  at  the  solicita- 
tions of  Parliament.  ctw   ,BOi^  sar  lii'iu  tr/n  bit),  ia^ty* 

Moniieuan       Tliese  measures  and  the  controversies  between  king  and  people ; 

i>ri<i;re  niiu  the  apprehensions  of  a  war  with  France,  and  other  anticipated 
difficuhies,  so  alarmed  the  English  merchants,  that  those  of  Ply- 

i^V.,K*<,  mouth,  who  were  proprietors  of  the  plantation  at  Monhegan, 
«  rf6t\  made  sale  of  it  to  Giles  Elbridge  and  Robert  Aldsworth,  for  £50 
sterl  ng.  They  also  sold  to  tlie  Plymoutli  colonists  and  Piscata- 
qiua  settlers  Avhatever  else  they  owned,  consisting  of  goats,  Bis- 
cay blankets,  and  sundry  mercantile  commodities  to  the  amount 
of  jCDOO ;  and  withdrew  from  the  concern.^  It  is  said,  that 
under  the  late  purchaser^,  the  Island  was  occupied  and  improved 
by  resident  families  to  tlie  first  Indian  war.|| 


N 


•  1  Bclk.  Bioff.  373. 

+  Sec  this  patent  in  Latin.     1  Haz.  Coll,  203—224. 

^Namely  A.  D.1832,  though  there  icas  peace  in  1629.  '  ^ 
{Tlie  articles  had  belonged  to  the  carpo  of  a  French  ship  cast  away  at  C-g-- 
adahock;  and  were  obtained  by  tiie  Monhegan  Islanders.  Prince's  Ann. 
153.  161. ^-Abraham  Jennings  sold  the  Island  and  delivered  the  patent 
to  Abraham  Shurte,  agent  to  the  purchasers.  Shurte  lived  at  Pemaquid. 
See  hit  Drpo.  Cum.  Hep.     AlJswortli  was  an  "Alderman."  1]  SuUiTan. 


CbaT.  ni.]  OP  MAINC 

These  orertures  probably  increased  the  population  upon  the  a.  D.  tiM. 
shores,  and  promoted  trade  with  the  natives.    The  New-Plymouth  co'oniii*  rf 
colonists,  by  a  little  barter,  from  year  to  year  at  Monhegan  and  Ji'.T.'h'irtdt 
Damariscove  for  provisions,  had  now  become  acquainted  with  the  {^*"'Jd 
certain  gains  arising  from  the  fishery  and  fur-trade  in  this  quar-  Peix**"*- 
ter ;  and  began  to  make  trips  hither  solely  for  these  purposes. 
After  harvest  the  last  year,  they  sent  a  shallop  loaded  with  com 
"up  Kennebeck  river,"  in  exchange  for  which,  they  received 
«•  700  lbs.  of  beaver  besides  other  furs."*    The  present  year,    7"**i'i2 
they  erected  a  trading  house  at  Penobscot,  and  commenced  a  «"ii'><^  •«*» 
traffic  with  the  Tarratine  Indians ;  being  the  first  English  estab-         '- i> 
lishment  of  the  kind  in  these  waters.f 

To  secure  unto  themselves  the  exclusive  trade  of  the  Kenne- 16*7.  Tiieir 
beck,  Mr.  Allerton,  their  agent,  applied  to  the  Plymouth  Council,  beckPatent. 
in  1627,  for  a  patent,  which  was  readily  granted ;  but  its  limits  and 
tlie  privileges  it  contained,  were  altogether  too  indefinite,  to  ren- 
der it  of  any  advantage,  till  it  was  renewed  and  enlarged. |      '' '. 

Our  country,  at  this  time,  appeared  in  the  eyes  of  Europeans 
to  considerable  advantage.  The  settlers  and  natives  were  living 
la  good  neighbourhood ;  and  no  doubts  were  now  entertained  but 
that  the  waters,  wilderness,  and  soil,  would  afford  to  an  industrious 
people  an  abundant  livelihood.  The  troubles  were  in  England, 
springing  principally  from  the  state  of  parties ;  and  this  country 
began  to  be  considered  an  inviting  asylum  for  the  oppressed, 
especially  for  ministers  who  had  been  silenced,  and  other  scrupu- 
lous dissenters  j  many  finding  a  removal  necessary  for  the  preser-  <*  »* 
vation  of  their  lives.  To  provide,  therefore,  for  the  retreat  and 
comfort  of  the  persecuted,  a  patent  was  obtained  of  the  Plymouth  wti*  P«teni 
Council,  March  19,  1627,  by  Roswell  and  Jive  others,  embracing  ler. 
the  country  between  the  lines,  a  league  southerly  of  the  river 
Charles  and  northerly  of  the  Merrimack ;  which  appeared  to  be 
most  eligibly  situated  for  the  benevolent  purpose.  Under  this 
patent,  Roswell  and  his  fellows  associated  to  themselves  Sir 
Richard  Saltonstall  and  19  others; — all  of  whom,  being  26  in 
number,  became  equal  co-proprietors  therein.     There  were  now 


*  Prince's  Ann.  p.  156 — 7.  f  Mass.  Letter  Book,  p.  107. 

\  Prinee't  Ann.  f.  1C9— New-Plymouth  established  a  trading  hoii»e  on 
the  Kennebeck  river  in  1628,  perhaps  near  the  mouth,  possibly  above 
Merrymeeting  bay.  ,    . 

Vol.  I.  17 


»M 


984  TUBBirroitY  ,  [Vol.l 

ir.JP'.^'^' within  the  limits  of  the  patent  only  Jive  small  settlements  ;*  md 
j^  to  superintend  them  and  plant  another  at  Naumkeag,  (Salem,) 

John  Endicott,  one  of  the  patentees,  was  sent  over  by  the  pro- 
prietors, well  furnished  with  necessary  supplies.     To  give  full 
effect  to  the  patent,  a  Royal  Charter  was  obtained,  March  4, 
A.  D.  I6»..1628,t  by  which  it  was  erected  into  a  Colony,  under  the  name 
of  Massachusetts  Bay  ;  and  an  administration  of  civil  gov- 
ernment was  soon  established. 
Firearm*        In  the  first  settlement  of  this  country,  the  judicious  manage- 
ISViuivof  n**D'  of  ^^^   natives  was  an   art  of  great  importance.     The 
French,  by  a  condescension  and  familiarity  peculiar  to  their  char- 
acter, seem  to  have  attained  it  early,  and  in  an  eminent  degree. 
Firearms   and  gunpowder  made  the  savage,  their  better  ally. 
With  Englishmen,  especially  tlie  settlers,  it  was  otherwise.     From 
the  first,  they  carefully  withheld  the  gun  and  pistol  from  the  In- 
dians.    To  meet  them  armed,  always  excited  alarm  ;    and  six 
years  since,  a  royal  proclamation  forbade  the  sale  of  all  such  ar- 
ticles to  the  natives.      Yet  this,  as  well  as  all  principles  of  pub- 
lic policy,  one  Morton  had  the  hardihood  wholly  to  disregard ; 
and  for  the  sake  of  a  lucrative  trade,  such  as  he  understood  tlie 
French  and  fishermen  had  improved  at  the   eastward  ;    he  sold 
the  Indians  arms  and  taught  them  their  use.      But  his  conduct 
aroused  all  the  settlements  upon  the  coast ;  and  he  was  arrested 
and  sent  to  England. 

It  would  have  been  the  height  of  good  policy  for  the  planta- 
tions, never  to  have  been  partakers  with  the  parent  Slate  in 
any  of  her  wars.  But  unfortunately  from  first  to  last,  the  reverse 
has  been  too  true ;  and  a  waste  of  blood  and  treasure,  and 
almost  every  shape  of  misery,  have  followed  in  train.  In  the  sec- 
ond year  of  the  war  between  England  and  France,  (1628)  Sir 
David  Kirk,  and  his  kinsmen,  Louis  and  Thomas,  were  commis- 


Canmla 
taken  by 
(he  Kirki 


♦  These  wer«  I. 


Wessajfusset,  [Weymouth]  beg^un  in  A.  D.  1622. 
2.    Cape  Ann,  [Gloucester]        "  "        1634. 

S.    Nantasket,  [Hull]  <>  «        1624. 

4.  Mount  Wallaston,  [Quincy]  '♦  "        1625. 

5.  Winisimet,  [Chelsea]  ««  ««        1626. 

6.  Naumkeag^,  [now  Salem]      "  ««         1627. 
See  authorities— Pnnce't  Ann.  p.  119,  147,  161-7,  176.— 1  HuUhintmU 
HiH.  p.  14, 15,  16. 

t  As  the  year  at  this  period  ended  March  34th ;  ong;hl  not  the  above  era 
to  be  "  1629  ?" 


fr 


sioned  to  seize  upon  the  infant  cobniet  b  Canada,  planted  tt  a.  v%  ICK. 
Quebec,  at  Trois  Kevieres  and  Tadousac.  Quebec,  where  Sam> 
ucl  Champlain  the  Governour  of  New-France  resided,  was  flour- 
ishing and  had  a  stone  fortress ;  and  when  the  assailants  sum- 
moned a  surrender,  he  defied  them,  even  after  they  had  taken  a 
provision  ship,  on  its  arrival  from  France.  The  siege  and  the 
war  were  both  rather  ungracious ;  for  the  Kirks  were  despised 
protestants,  and  the  Quebec  colonists  likewise  were,  in  general, 
fugitives  from  catholic  persecution.  Nevertheless,  the  attack 
was  renewed  the  following  summer  and  articles  of  capitulation 
were  signed,  July  19,  1629;  by  which  the  garrison  were,  at  their  July.  1C9' 
election,  permitted  to  dwell  with  the  captors  or  be  transported  to 
France. 

At  the  time  of  this  achievement,  which  acquired  to  the  brave  ttaiet. 
Kirks  so  much  credit,  they  had  no  knowledge  of  the  treaty  of 
peace  between  England  and  France,  ratified  the  preceding  April.  > 

It  being  therefore  a  conquest  after  hostilities  had  ceased,  they  in  .    , 

iact  derived  no  emolument  from  the  acquisition  ;  having  a  mere 
nominal  possession  of  it  three  years  only,  before  the  whole  coun- 
try, by  the  treaty  of  St.  Germains,  was  transferred  to  the 
French.* 

In  England,  after  the  return  of  peace,  such  was  the  rage  of 
party,  such  the  abuses  of  power,  and  such  the  popular  discon- 
tents, that  great  numbers  were  induced  to  remove  into  this  coun- 
try. Here  was  civil  and  religious  liberty, — here  the  novelties  of 
rural  happiness.  New-Pi}  uouih  was  a  flourishing  colony.  She''''^*''" 
had  lately  opened  a  trade  in  a  new  article,  called  Wampum ; 
which  her  people  were  pursuing  with  great  profits.  It  consisted 
of  white  and  blue  beads,  long  and  as  large  as  a  wheat-corn,  blunt 
at  the  ends,  perforated  and  strung ;  possessing  a  clearness  and 
beauty  which  rendered  them  desirable  ornaments.  They  were 
only  known  to  the  Narragansetts,  the  Pequots,  and  the  natives  on 


Kmn^beck 


V 


..*! 


*  The  true  name  of  these  men  is  said  to  be  "  Kertk." — I  narlevoix 
JV.  F.  p.  165.  The  Kirks  fitted  out  an  armament  at  tlieir  own  expense, 
"took  18  FrencI)  vessels  and  136  pieces  of  ordnance,"  intended  for  Mount 
Desert  and  Quebec  ;  ''  and  Alexander  Kirk  was  made  governor  of  the 
whole."— SM//tvan,  p.  275.  As  a  reward,  the  king^  of  England  only  gave 
them  "  a  patent  of  the  lands  north  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence." — 1  Doug- 
lot  Summ.  p.  306.— 39  Univ.  Hist.  p.  423.  See  the  Articles  of  Capitula* 
tioD.— 1  Ha*.  CoU.  p.  20&-7,  in  FrencA,— 1  BtU:.  Biog.  p.  348. 


II 


m 

A.D.  16S9 


.C'-^f  ,r  - 


Nov.  7. 

Paient  or 
N.  Itamp- 
■hire. 


Cominock'* 
Grant. 


Januarjr  IS, 
KeoMbeck 
Fateot. 


THEHISTOKY  [VoIn  I, 

Long  bland ;  from  whom  tbey  were  obtained  at  a  low  priee  for 
corn,  or  small  articles  of  foreign  fabric,  and  transported  into 
this  eastern  counuy  and  bartered  for  furs.  At  their  trading  bouse 
on  the  Penobscot,  and  another  erected  a  year  before,  above  or  be> 
low  Merrymeeting-bay,  on  the  Kennebeck,  probably  near  Pop. 
ham's  old  (ort,  they  kept  through  tlie  year,  besides  wampum,  the 
most  suitable  articles  for  the  Indian  trade,  as  coats',  shoes,  blank* 
ets,  biscuit,  fruits  and  trinkets.  Nay,  within  two  years  after 
wampum  was  first  brought  into  this  region,  it  was  found  to  com* 
mand  a  more  ready  market  among  the  tribes,  than  any  other 
commodity.* 

In  tlie  present  revival  of  colonial  affairs,  the  Plymouth  Council, 
obsequious  to  the  wishes  of  adventurers,  proceeded  to  grant  the 
extensive  territory  between  the  Merrimack  and  Penobscot,  in  por- 
tions to  suit  applicants  or  purchasers. 

John  Mason,  having  agreed  with  Gorges  to  make  the  Piscataqua 
the  divisional  line  between  them,  took  subsequently  from  that 
Council,  Nov.  7th,  1629,  a  patent  of  what  lies  between  that  riv- 
er and  the  Merrimack,  being  part  of  Laconia,  and  called  it 
New-Hampshire. f       :•  \.  i   -- t  , 

Another  grant  of  1 500  acres  between  the  river  Spurwink  and 
Black  Point,  [in  Scnrboro,]  was  made  about  the  same  time|  by 
the  Council,  to  Thomas  Commock ;  upon  which  he,  with  Mr, 
Gains  and  others,  in  1632  or  3,  began  a  plantation.  Under  this 
title,  the  lands  on  the  east  side  of  the  town  have  since  been  holden. 
The  Eiirl  of  Warwick,  President  of  that  Council  was  the  uncle,^ 
and  probably  the  patron  of  Commock.  '      '    ' '      'V 

The  next  grant  was  made  January  13th,  1629,  to  New-Plym- 
outh, since  called  the  Kennebeck  or  Plymouth  Patent. ||     It 

*  Prince' »  Jinn.  \72— 3 — Ho  sayi,  ••  wo  buy  about  £60'a  worth  of  team- 
pum  ;  at  firit  it  sticki  2  yoara,'*  aud  '•  then  we  can  acarco  procure  enougL." 

t  1  Haz.  ('oil.  289.— 1  Belk.  N.  H.  Ifl. 

\  Commocli  wnt  one  of  the  aubRcrihing^  witne&sea  to  the  livery  of  seizin, 
May  27th,  lC33,of  the  PemaquiJ  Patent.— //a«.  Col.  318 — Sullivan,  127.— 
Hubbard"!  X.  E,  216—224,  Commock  dird  A.  I).  1643.  Joshua  Scotlow 
aflerwarda  owned  part  of  the  patciii ;  and  Henry  Joscolyn  married  Com> 
mock's  widow,  and  lived  upon  it  many  years.  The  patent  contained  uUa 
Stratton's  Island  [BiufTKIand;]  and  Sullivan  saya  it  contained  SOOO  acres. 

{  F«hom,  p.  29,  aaya  the  patcut  was  made  in  1631.  Commock  lived  on 
Prout's  pock. 

(I  1  Haz.  Coll.  p.  2!)8— 303— where  the  pati  nt  is  entire.  For  a  lonff  lima 
N.  Plymouth  proprietor*  claiincd  to  the  sea.     Dut  about  A.  D.  170S— 9 


CbaT' 


Cbat*  ui.]  or  MAflfB.  SST 

was  iiiteBded  as  an  express  Uvor  to  her  trade  and  fishery,  and  the  AiD.  Mm 
propagation  of  religion.  Its  limits,  as  ultimately  settled,  were  in 
the  north  line  of  Woolwich  below  Swan  Island  on  the  eastern 
side  of  the  Kennebeck,  through  the  south  bend  of  the  river  Cob- 
besseecontee  on  the  western  side,  and  15  miles  in  width  on  either 
side  of  the  main  river, — to  an  easterly  and  westerly  line  which 
crosses  Wessarunset  river  [in  Cornville]  a  league  above  its  mouth, 
containing  about  1 ,500,000  acres.  Annexed  to  the  charter  were 
all  the  rights  of  exclusive  trade ;  an  open  passage  at  all  tiroes  to 
the  grantees  between  the  patent  and  the  sea  ;  an  establishment 
of  rules  aud  ordinances,  necessary  for  the  management  of  their 
affairs  and  defence  of  their  property ;  and,  in  a  word,  all  the  pow- 
ers, (except  admiralty  jurisdiction,)  which  the  charter  council  in  <,  .^vi 
session  possessed.  "  m..^ 

In  prosecuting  the  trade  of  the  river,  it  is  understood,  that  the 
stations  selected  by  them  for  local  traffic,  were  at  Popham's  fort| 
at  Richmond's  landing,  and  at  Cushnoc. 

To  the  plantert  at  Saco,  and  their  associates,  were  granted  by  pai«nu  at 
the  same  authority,  on  the  12th  of  February,  1629,  old  style,"""* 
[equivalent  to  Feb.  1,  1630,]  two  patents,  severally  four  miles 
by  the  shore,  and  eight,  on  each  bank  of  the  river.  The  propri- 
etors named  in  the  one  on  the  southerly  side,  were  Richard  Vinea 
and  John  Oldham ;  these  in  tlie  other,  Thomas  Leveit  and  John 
Bonython.  It  seems  that  Oldham  had  been  here  six  years, 
and  Vines  seven  ;  and  that  the  former  had  at  his  own  expense 
transported  hither  several  settlers,  and  encountered  great  danger 
and  fatigue.  Indeed,  the  grant  itself  was  made  in  consideration 
of  nothing  more  than  a  small  quitrent,  past  services,  and  the  en-      * 


the  Superior  Court  of  Mauachuaetti  and  Maine,  detormincd  the  louthtrly 
line  of  the  patent  to  patt  easterly  and  westerly  tbroug^li  the  bend  sf  the 
rirer  Cobbeaaeecontee  which  ii  nearest  the  western  ocean. — Sullivan,  p. 
lis.— Tliis  was  confirmed  by  a  Stalest  deed,  Feb.  18,  17U9,^and  defined  to 
b<-  (on  the  east  side  of  the  Kennebeck)  <*  in  the  north  line  of  Woolwich." 
The  north  lino  bein^  without  any  definite  boundarj',  was  determined  by 
deed,  obtained  of  the  Sngamores,  A.  D.  184f ,  by  the  Plymouth  Colony,  and 
nnother  A.  D.  1S5S. "  of  all  the  lands  from  Cuslinoc  to  jyeunruniet  ;*'  and 
by  the  sunreys  and  plans  of  Johnson,  Bane  and  Brudhnry,  and  the  deposU 
tions  of  old  men.  ftce  "  itatemtnl  vf  Kennthttk  C/aj'm,"  A.  D.  1783—6,  con- 
firmed by  same  Deed  of  State,  1789.— 8  GrttnltafU  Rep.  p.  111.— On^ht 
not  the  date  of  the  Pat.  to  be  ''A.  D.  1630,"  new  style  i—Prince't  Am, 
p.  197-8.— Su//iran,  p.  170. 


n 


Palenl. 
1630. 


8^  THfc  HISTORY  jyWf: 

A.D.  ie!fb.  gagemehtl  t»7  Ihem  and  their  tssociates,  to  bring  50  mhabitanta 
into  the  plantation  within  ieven  years,  and  to  advance,  as  much 
as  practicable,  its  interests,  and  give  it  strength  and  safety  against 
*  natives  and  invaders.'*  The  first  habitations  were  near  the  sea* 
shore ;  and  though  the  increase  and  growth  of  the  plantation 
had  hitherto  been  quite  slow,  its  people  were  orderly,  healthful, 
and  contented.  If  ancient  statements  be  correct,  they  had, 
J  about  this  time,  perhaps  when  the  patent  was  received,  an  organ- 
ized  administration  of  government,  "Vines  being  Governor,  and 
Bonython  assistant."f  They  also  raised  taxes  for  the  support 
of  public  worship ;  and  cultivated  an  harmonious  and  lucrative 
uitercourse  with  their  savage  neighbors. 

Another  patent,  much  more  extensive  and  important,  was  obtain- 
ed from  tlie  same  source,  A.  D.  1630,  and  called  Ltgokia.  The 
territory,  though  indefinitely  described,  was  40  miles  square,  and 
extended  from  Cape  Porpoise  to  Casco,  as  limited  ;  but  as  it  was 
afterwards  considered,  it  reached  to  the  southerly  margin  of  Mer> 
ryconeag  peninsula,  [Harpswell,]  in  Casco  bay.'l  In  some  in- 
stances the  Plymouth  Council  granted  the  rights,  both  of  soil  and 
government.  The  present  was  of  that  character,  being  a  chajler 
of  privileges  as  well  as  a  patent  of  lands.  It  was  executed  by 
the  Earl  of  Warwick,  their  president,  and  by  Sir  Ferdinando, 
claimant  of  the  country  under  a  former  assignment  of  Laconia  to 
him  and  Mason,  followed  by  a  partition  between  them.  If  we 
may  give  credit  to  Hubbard  and  Sullivan,  John  Dye,  Thomas 
Impe,  Grace  Harding,  and  John  Roach,  gentlemen  of  London, 
were  the  proprietary  grantees  ;    and  they  made  provision  for  set- 

*  Livery  of  siezin  was  given  June  25  and  28,  1631. — See  these  two  pa- 
tents entire  in  Appx.  of  rolsoni's  Savo  and  Biddcford,  p.  315 — 319.— Sea 
also  Dk.  of  Cfaimi,  p.  8 — 53. — Vines  was  the  agent  of  Gorges,  who  for  tin 
most  part  kept  tlio  plantation  in  his  own  hands.— i/u66ar(/'<  A*.  E,  p.  ^4. 

f  In  the  memorandum  to  the  deed  of  Paisaconaway  and  others,  May  17, 
1620,  this  is  inserted  as  an  attestation,  >'  Rinhard  Vines,  Governor,  Richard 
Bonython,  assistant  of  the  plantation  of  Saco."— 1  Btlk.  JV,  //.  Appx.  p. 
291. — But  qucro  as  to  the  genuineness  of  that  deed?— Sr<  Sullivan,  p.  lU 
218 — 220—224, — yinet  lived  near  Winter-harbor  on  the  sea  shore.— i/ony<> 
hon  lived  on  the  east  side  of  the  river,  l-4th  mile  from  the  water.— Su//. 
p.  22.. 

}  It  extended  toKenncbunk  river  west;  and  probably  to  Harpswell,  east, 
for  the  titles  to  the  lands  in  the  latter  town  were  from  the  Plymouth  pro- 
prietors.—Jti5.  Letter  of  Rrv.  Mr.  Eaton.— Th*  patent  says  its  extent » is 
40  miles." — It  is  •'  south  of  Sagadahock,"  from  C.  PoipoiM  to  C.  Elisabatb. 


^lAT.  IU>]  or  MAOIK.  iH9 

tling  t  oolcoy  principally  with  ■griculuiralistt,  and  eitabUshii^  a  A.O.  mid. 
(am  of  citril  government.  To  encourage  emigiation,  very  an- 
tiiMting  stories  were  told.  The  slicres  M>ere  represented,  as  in- 
dented with  harbours,  adorned  with  Islands,  and  wa^ed  by  never- 
freezing  waters ;  and  the  uplands  as  diversified  with  promontories, 
streams  and  marshes,  and  heavily  clothed  with  a  mixture  of  hard 
wood  and  evergreen,  which  must  possess  a  deep  productive  soil ; 
and  while  settlers  were  converting  it  into  enclosures  of  cultivation, 
they  could  take  sea  and  river  fish,  land  and  water  fowl,  and 
plenty  of  game,  such  as  beaver,  bear  and  deer. 

In  the  spring,  a  connexion  was  formed  between  the  patentees  ^iwif'juh?. 
and  Bryan  Brinks,  John  Smith,  and  eight  other  husbandmen,  who 
engaged  to  emigrate ;  and  a  small  vessel  of  only  60  tons,  drawing 
ten  feet  of  water,  was  procured,  which  in  compliment  to  the  en- 
terprize,  was  called  the  Plough.  She  sailed  under  the  command 
of  Capt.  Graves,  and  arrived  at  Sagadahock  in  July.  The  com- 
pany settled  themselves  on  the  south  side  of  that  river,  "  in  Cascc  '  ^ 
Bay," — at  a  place  not  ascertained  with  certainty,  perhaps  at  Pur- 
pooduck,  or  on  the  Peninsula.  Here  considerable  money  was  ex- 
r>8nded,  improvements  were  made,  and  suitable  constitutions  and 
'  '  ere  established  for  governing  the  youthful  colony.*  i,i 
pleased  witli  their  local  situation,  or  the  wild  appearance  of 
the  country,  tiiese  colonists,  like  those  of  1 C07,  tarried  one  year 
only  ;  and  then  the  most^  or  all  of  them,  being  collectively  called 
in  ision  *'  the  husband  and  company,"  abandoned  the  under- 
taki>>g.  Indeed,  the  idea  of  agriculture  was  treated  with  so  much 
contempt  by  some  adventurers  of  the  day,  that  the  patent  itself 
was  by  way  of  ridicule  called  the  "  Plough  Patent."  Informed, 
probably,  of  the  fleet  which  had  passed  their  shores  with  the  Mas- 
sachusetts colonists,  the  greater  part  re-embarked  in  the  Plough, 
proceeded  to  Boston,  in  July  1631,  and  thence  to  Watertown  ; 
and  Mr.  Winthrop  says,  "  most  of  them  proved  familists  and  van- 


*  It  was  a  dinputed  point  if  the  P.  Council  could  p;rnnt  the  prerogative! 
of  ifovcrnincnt.— 1  Dtug.  Sum,  p.  416.— 1  Btlk.  JV.  //.  p.  28.— 1  Hutch. 
Hilt.  p.  317. — Sullivan,  p.  305,  lay*,  the  advcnturcri  mrant  to  pursue  ag- 
riculturo  ai  well  as  trade  and  the  fishery.  Two  Islands  were  granted  in  the 
river  ^af^Hdahock,  "about  three  score  miles  from  the  sea,"  under  43"  and 
44"  N.  Lat.,  but  there  arc  none  such  hereabouts. — Sullivan,  p.  310—311— 
312. 


teul. 


.JLD.  1690.  iabed  awaf."*'  Thw,  htmeftt,  is  considered  the  en  of  the  ori^ 
ioal  settlement  about  Casco.f  Failing  of  success  •:;  tbe  Btu 
endeavour,  the  Patentees,  in  1638,  took  another  associate,  fifr. 
Richard  Dummer,  of  Newbury,  in  N.  England; —  to  whom  they 
delivered  the  original  patent,  and  gave  him  ample  powers  to 
take  possession  of  the  country.  But  he  was  unibic  to  succeed 
in  the  plans  they  devised ;%  ^^^  ^he  settlements  eastward  of 
Spurwink,  where  Commock,  Gains  and  Joscelyn,'^  began  aplan> 
tation,  must  have  been  few  and  feeble,  till  the  patent  was  assign, 
ed  to  Sir  Alexander  Rigby. 
'**  •'!»"or  ^^^  ^^^^  patent  graiaed  by  the  Plymouth  Council,  was  od 
,^af<Joi>a-  |)je  2d  of  March,  1630,  to  John  Beauchamp,  of  London,  and 
Thomas  Leverett,  of  Boston,  in  England ;  and  was  called  the 
"  MiTscoNous  Patent,  or  grants  Its  extent  was  from  the  sea- 
board between  the  rivers  Penobscot  and  Muscongus,  to  an  un- 
surveyed  lint .  jnning  east  and  west,  so  far  north  as  would,  without 
interfering  with  the  Kennebeck  Patent  or  any  other,  embrace  a 
territory  equal  to  30  miles  square. ||  About  89  years  afterwards, 
the  Waldos  became  extensively  interested  in  the  grant ;  and  from 
them  it  took  the  name  of  "  the  Waldo  Patent.^  It  was  pro- 
cured expressly  for  the  purposes  of  an  exclusive  trade  with 
the  natives.  It  contained  no  powers  of  civil  government.  The  asso- 
ciates concerned  in  the  anticipated  traffic,  were  the  Patentees,  and 
Shirley,  Hatherly,  and  Andrews.  They  appointed  Edward  Ashley 
their  agent,  and  William  Pierce  an  assistant ;  and  despatched  them 
the  same  summer  in  a  small  new-made  vessel,  with  five  labourers, 
one  of  them  a  carpenter,  and  furnished  them  with  provisions,  arti- 
cles of  trade  and  supplies,  equal  to  the  exigency  of  the  enterprize. 
In  the  autumn,  they  procured  at  New-Plymouth,  "  com  and  warn- 


•  Wintlirop's  Jour.  July  1631,  p.  27.— Hubbard's  N.  E.  p.  141. 

t  At  Purpoodic,  the  first  settlement  was  early.— JJ/S.  Let.  E.  Thrathtr 
Enq. — Commock,  Gaines  nnd  Joscelyn  began  at  Black  Point,  towards  Spur- 
wink. 

I  HubbardU  J^ar.  p.  293—291. — He  says,  "  being  denied  an  opportunity 
to  effect  it,  Dummer  came  orer  in  1632.  He  waa  an  ancestor  of  Lt.  Got. 
Dummer."  .  . 

}  Sullivan,  p.  128. 

II  About  1,000,000  acres.  The  north  line  of  the  patent,  as  since  settled, 
is  in  the  south  lino  nf  Hampden,  Ncwbnrg  and  Dixmont. 

If  Sfc  I  Ifru.  Coll.  p.  304—5.  The  patent  itself  is  in  the  family  of  the 
late  Gen.  Knox.    The  r^ate  there  is  "  March  18,  1629,"  old  ityla. 


pum"  suited  to  the  wants  of  winter.*  They  estabh'shed  i  truck*  a.d, 
bouse  on  the  eastern  banks  of  St.  George's  river,  6ve  miles  below 
ibe  head  of  tide-waters,f  where  a  possession  and  traffic  were 
continued  till  the  first  Indian  war. 

The  eijhthj  and  last  grant  of  land?,  by  the  Ply  mouili  Council,  ivmnqiiid 
within  the  present  state  of  Maine,  was  the  " PcMAquiD'^  Pa-  *'*'"' 
TENT,"  which  was  dated  Feb^  20th  1631.  This  was  to  two  mer- 
chants of  Bristol,  Robert  Aldiworth  and  Gyht  Elbridge.  It 
extended  from  the  sea  between  the  rivers  Muscongus  and  Dam- 
ariscotta,  so  far  northward  as  to  embrcce  12,000  acr^s,  besides 
settlers*  lots}  as  it  also  was  to  include  100  acres,  for  pvery  per-  »*>« 

son,  who  should  be  transported  hi'.her  by  the  pioprittcis  within 
seven  years,  and  reside  here  three  years.  The  grant  v  as  made 
to  the  patentees  in  consideration  of  public  services  past,  and  their 
present  engagements  to  build  a  town.  It  included  the  Damaris' 
cove  Islands,  and  all  others  within  nine  leagues  of  the  shore. 

By  this  instrument,!!  which  was  a  charter  as  well  as  patent^ 
extensive  privileges  were  secured  to  the  proprietary  grantees  and 
their  associates,  and  also  the  powers  of  establishing  nn  adminis' 
tration  of  civil  government.  They  had  a  ligLtto  hunt,  fith,  fowl, 
and  trade  with  the  natives,  in  any  part  of  New-England  ,  and 
these  were  their  exclusive  privileges,  whliin  their  own  patent. 
The  fee-simple  seemed  to  have  been  granted  ;  yet  upon  condi- 
tion of  forfeiture,  if  conv'eyed  to  any  other  than  "ihtir  ten- 
ants." They  were  authorized  to  elect  such  civil  officers  by  a 
major  vote,  and  enact  or  make  such  laws,  as  the  exigency  of 

*  Princo't  Ann.  p.  203. 

•f  1  Dnvglat,  Svmm.  p.  389,406.-  The  ship  in  wliich  Mr.  Allerfon,  of  ft. 
Plymouth  came,  was  tlir  Lyon.  Capt.  Wm.  Pierce,  matter,  who  tailed  from 
Briitol,  Engfland,  for  Penobscot  witb  the  agent  oftlic  MusconTus  patentees, 
accompanied  by  4  or  5  men      AUcrton,  was  engaged  in  a  trading  house  at 

Penobscot  and  Machias.— Brar/^ur(/'i  LiiUn. 3  Coll.  J\l.    Hiit.  Soc. 

p.  70.— 72. 

I  Namely,  1  Laconia  A  D.  1GS9;  2d  Agamcnliciis ;  3d  Black  Point| 
4th  Kennebec  ;  9tli  Saco  (2) ;  61h  Lygonia ;  and  7th  Muscnngiu. 

}"  PcmkiieiJg." — Indinn, 

I)  See  an  extract  of  thiR  in  1  flat.  Coll.  p.  315— S13  :  and  eitirc,  in  the 
Cimimiiiiontrt'  Rrpnri  upon  the  cautn  of  the  d{fiirultie*  intht  county  tif  LitX' 
nh^A.  D.  1811,  p.  83—41.  By  the  location  of  the  settlers,  on  lots  of  lOO 
acres,  from  jear  to  year,  and  then  giving  the  quota  of  12,0liO  acres  to  the 
proprietors,  caused  long  difficulties ;  Ibe  claim  amouatiog  in  all  to  about 
90|000  acres. 

Vol.  I.  19 


T' 


I 


' 


First  wiile' 
menl,— A. 
bhurip, 
Ageal. 


fM  THE  HISTORY  [V«Im  U 

A.B.  1691.  (heir  affun  required.  They  might 'seize  by  foree  of  arms,  aQ 
unltcenaed^intruders,  and  c<Mi6scate  their  property.  But  no  re«. 
dent  Governor  might  ever  take  a  planter  from  his  employmenti, 
otherwise  than  for  the  public  defence.  Another  patent  was  to 
be  granted,  if  requested  within  seven  years,  under  some  fit  name 
and  more  ample  form  of  privileges. 

The  earliest  settlements  seem  to  have  been  on  the  western 
banks  of  Pemaquid  river,  in  1623  or  4.  A  deed  of  lands  in 
this  quarter,  was  executed  by  two  Sagamores  to  John  Brown, 
July  15th,  1625  ;^  and  according  to  the  deposition  oCAbrahmn 
Shurte,  be  himself,  as  a  magistraie  of  Pemaquid,  took  the  ac- 
knowledgment of  it  in  the  same  month  of  the  following  year. 
Shurte  was  the  agent  of  the  proprietors,  and  five  years  previous- 
ly, he  had  purchased  for  them  the  Island  of  Monhegan.f 

A  fort  was  built  therci,  the  year  before  the  date  of  the  patent,| 
and  rifled  by  pirates  in  November,  1632.^  Formal  possession 
was  given  and  taken  under  the  same  instrument,  May  27, 1 633  ;|| 
and  the  plantation  had  a  gradual  uninterrupted  growth  till  the 
first  Indian  war.  The  settlements  extended  to  Damariscotta, 
and  especially  at  the  lower  fells,  they  were  seen  rising  on  both 
sides  of  the  river.  ^'^'  '*>  '"^^-r  w^'^  t«s.'rs*;'  ■■:'*;'.  -'.wr  »?s^.-.'  .«!, 

•  The  visitants,  as  well  as  inhabitants,  were  highly  pleased 
with  the  situation  of  Pemaquid.  A  smooth  river  navigable  a 
league  and  a  half  above  the  point,  a  commodious  haven  for 
ships,  and  an  eligible  site  for  a  fortress,  at  once,  filled  the  eye. 
Here  was  a  canal  cut  10  leet  in  width,  and  variously  deep  from  6 
to  10  feet,  on  the  east  side  of  the  river  which  passes  the  first 
ripples^ — an  enterprize  devised  and  finished,  at  a  time  and  by 
hands  unknown. IT  •  n.- '  i  *p^'  wj"  />.<i.*.»  rtJoe**, 

These  patents  of  the  Plymouth  Council  together,  embraced 
the   whole   :,rr.board  from    Piscataqua  to  Penobscot,  excepting 


Th«  gniiits 
in  general. 


•  Com.  Report,  1811,  p.  106—7. 

f  Hit  dcp.  in  lb.  4C,  41.— Shurte  was  tlie  means  of  restoring  to  a  Lyna 
Sac'liem  his  wife,  taken  by  ths  Eaiitern  Indians,  in  1631.  .    f^-.-tv  .. 

1 1  Doug.  Sum.  p.  466.  {  1  Bclk.  N.  II.  p.  24. 

II  In  presonca  of  Thomas  Comirtock,  Christoplicr   Burnhcad,  Georfe 
Newman,  William  Hook  and  Robert  Knight. 

H  It  was  20  rods  in  length ;  and  passed  down  a  smooth  inclined  plain. 
No  water  runs  there  at  present. 

1,  •  :  ,.'-; 


CSAt.  ni.]  OP  MAIMK 

irhat  li«s  between  Sagadahock  and  Damaraooita ;  and  die  nMit  A.B.  mm. 

of  this  intermediate  coast,  wat,  at  the  time,  claimed  under  the 
Keiuiebeck  Patent.  Every  one  of  them  reserved  to  the  crown, 
tod  to  the  Council,  severally,  a  6ftli  of  all  precious  metals  ;  but 
io  no  other  respects  than  what  have  been  noticed,  did  they  differ 
materially  from  each  other.  It  is  apparent,  they  were  muhiplied 
by  that  body  in  hasty  succession,  possibly  through  an  apprehen- 
sion of  its  being  soon  dissolved.  The  most  of  them  bear  the 
signature  of  Gorges,  and  it  must  be  acknowledged  they  are  richly 
endued  with  privileges. 
"  The  territory  of  Sa/Fadahock,"  situated  between  the  river  of  S**"*"*"" 

J  TV  •  r  t>eiwe<!u 

that  name  and  Damariscotta,  a  tract  of  only  five  leagues  in  width,  i^<if;a(ia- 
including  the  Sheepscot  and  the  Islands,  had  attracted  early  and  Uomari*- 
perpetual  attention.     John  Smith,  in  1614  and  15,  and  Thomas  ai' Piic»ta- 
Dermer,  in  1619,  undertook  to  revive  the  settlement,  which  had**"'" 
failed  under  the  presidency  of  Popham.     "  By  Dermer's  pru- 
"  dence  and  care,  a  lasting  peace  was  effected  betwixt  the  na- 
"  tives  of  the  place  and  the  English ;    and  mutual  confidence 
«« restored,  so  that  the  plantation  began  to  prosprr."*      There 
were  inhabitants,  traders,  and  fishermen  on  the  river  continually 
from  A.  D.  1626,  to  tbe  first  Indian  war.     Also  we  find  residents 
as  early  about  Danir     cotf^.  lower  falls,  as  at  Pemaquid;  and 
above  Wiscasset,  \vc  are  told,  there  were,  "  in  the  year  1630, 
"  fifty  families  on  what  were  called  the  Sheepscot  /arm«."f     At 
Cape-N'ewagen  [in  Boothbay,]  and  JVequasset  [in  Woolwich,] 
there  were  ancient  settlements,  begun  perhaps  by  fishermen. J 

Mention  is  also  to  be  made  at  this  time,  of  the  settlements 
commenced  on  the  northerly  banks  of  tlie  Piscataqua,  and  the 
river  above.  These  were  at  Kittery-point,  at  Spruce  creek,  at  Stur- 
geon creek  [Elliot,]  atQuampeagan  falls,  [or  the  Parish  of  Unity,] 
and  the  ancient  Newichawannock  [or  Berwick]  ; — Some  or  all  of 


., 


*  Hubbard's  Nar.  \,.  239. 

jSulliVcuif  p.  165,  1G7,  170. —  Walter  Phillip*  lived  on  the  west  side  of 
Damariscotta,  not  far  from  the  Oi-eal,  or  Lower  Falli.  Thomas  Oent^ 
lived  at  Sheepscot  Great  Neck,  where  was  a  fort.— Com.  Report,  1811, 
p.  98/ 

I  Tho  titles  in  Georgetown  are  through  the  Kcnncbcck  Patent,  the  Lake 
and  the  Salter  rights ;  in  Boothbay  and  Woolwich,  from  old  Indian  decdi  to 
Bateman,  Brown  and  others ;  in  Sheepscot,  by  •otUecneDt  and  Indiaa 
deeds. 


It' '' , 


244  Tiic  HISTORY  [Vol.  i: 

A.O.  itsi.  which  were  leven  jean  of  age  in  1631 ;  being  coll«ctiveiy  called 

the  Plantation  of  PUeataqua. 
{^^^  Between  these  and  the  loner  plantation  on  the  south  side  of 

Hampthira  the  river,  at  the  present  Portsmouth,  and  the  upper  one  at  and 
about  Cochecho  [Dover,]  and  Squamscot  falls  [at  Exeter,]  there 
was  constant  intercourse  and  some  political  connexion.^  The 
patrons  of  the  former,  were  Gorges,  Mason  and  the  London  ad> 
venturers,  whose  agent  was  Walter  Neal ;  and  of  the  latter,  sev» 
eral  Bristol  and  Shrewsbury  gentlemen,  who  had  intrusted  the 
agency  to  Thomas  Wiggin.  Neal's  residence  was  partly  at  Kit-- 
r->-  «tery-point  and  partly  at  Strawberry-bank  [Portsmouth.]  He  had 
five  associates,  in  the  various  business  of  trade,  lumbering,  fish- 
ing, salt-making  and  husbandry ;  two  of  whom,  Chadbourne  and 
Gibbins,  living  at  Newichawannock.  Being  the  joint  agent  of 
Gorges  and  Mason,  r<s  well  as  the  "  governour"  of  their  affairs 
and  of  the  plantations,  Neal  made  grants  in  Kittery,f  which  have 
been  holden  valid,  effected  some  discoveries  in  the  interior  and 
remote  parts  of  Laconia,  and  returning  to  England  in  1G34,  was 
succeeded  by  Francis  Williams.| 


-/if. 


*  1  Bclk.  N.  H.  p.  23,-27,  20i. — -Hubbard's  N.  E.  p.  21C,  217. 

f.\eal  sold  M  the  land  in  Killery  bet>?een  A.  D,  1632-4;  and  there  aro 
no  other  g^rants  from  Gorges  and  Mason  jointly  to  be  found  on  record.— 
Su//ir«n,  p.  127,  142-3,  '  '^  -  v   ,fv(^  y^^i*^   >. 

\  Chalmers,  p.  472. — 1  FJaz.  Coll.  323. —  Adventurers  were  much  dis- 
courafred  in  1632.  Capt.  Coinmock,  of  Black-point  and  Mr.  Godfrey,  prob< 
ably  of  Ag^auiejiticue,  went  from  Piscataqua  in  Oct.  1(>32,  in  Capt.  P^cal'i 
pinnace  toBoston^  and  carried  16  bhds.  of  corn  iomiU.—'Winthrop^s  Jour. 
p.  44. 

N.  B. — It  is  stated  by  one  writer  that  the  Council,  by  patent  in  1631, 
»» conveyed  to  Robert  Trctatcney  and  Moset  Goodyear,  of  Plymouth  (Eng- 
land] mprchftnts,  a  tract  of  land  extending  from  the  mouth  of  a  small 
stream  called  3j,iiiruink  river,  on  the  line  between  the  towns  of  Scarboro' 
and  Cape  Elizaljiith,  fifteen  J7n7e«  into  the  interior ;  thence  crossing  cast- 
wardly  to  Prcsumpscot  river,  and  so  down  to  the  sea.  Portland  and  sev- 
eral other  towns  arc  situated  within  tjje  limits  of  this  patent." — Foltom, 
p.  29.  The  patentees  did  not  come  over,  but  sent  tlu-ir  associate,  John 
Winter;  to  whom  Mr  Vines,  the  attorney  to  the  Council  delivered  posses- 
jjion,  July  21,  1632.  Mr.  Winter  cstahlishod  himself  at  Richmond  Islaiiil, 
where  ho  resided  15  years  and  employed  soiuctimoa  60  men  in  the  business 
of  fishing. — To  Winter  was  comujiltad  the  fiiU  government  of  'ho  plants^ 
^ion." — Jotstlyn't  Voyugtt.  ^      .     :  >    'j.  .        ;.  .-  », 


C>Ay.  vf'l 


OP  MAINEL 


2ii 


CHAPTER  IV. 

jVopa  Scotia — Grants  to  la  Tour — His  commission — Treaty  of  St. 
Oermains — Acadia  resigned  to  France — Gotrrned  by  Razilla— 
Penobscot  truck-house  rifird — Machias  trading-house  set  up  by 
Neu}-Plymouth — Grants  to  Razilla  and  la  Tour — Maehicu  truck- 
house  rifled — The  natives  restkss — Piracy — Homicide  at  Kennt- 
heck — Gorges  and  Mason  purchase  out  the  interest  of  Proprie- 
tors—  The  Charter  of  the  Plymouth   Council  dissolved — Twelve 
Royal  Provinces  formed — Attack  upon  Massachusetts  Charter— i^.  > 
Lords  Commissiontrs  of  Plantations — 3Iason's   death — Gorges\        , 
discouragements.    ,^y^.  ,^^Y,Rtf  .«j  .y^^j^tsfc >?^^'>  gwaa  iwtl TSii 
Sir  William  Alexander,  after  the  royal  confirmation  of  his>  ^  "^ 
charter,  transported  Scotchmen  hither,  to  settle  at  Cape  Sable  ^"*"  Sw 
and  one  or  two  other  places,  and  undertook  to  govern  it  by  a 
palatinate  commission.'*^     But  this  was  visionary ; — and  his  efforts 
were  both  ill  concerted  and  feeble.    Tiie  energy  of  Gorges  and 
the  perseverance  of  Mason,  were  qualities  to  which  he  was  a  total 
stranger.     He  stood  trembling  in  the  late  war  through  fear,  that 
bis  province  would  be  seized  upon  by  the  French  ;  when  Claude 
St.  Estienne  de  la  Tour,  a  French  Protestant,  perceiving  his  dif- 
ficulties, procured  of  the  French  king,  in  1627,  a  grant  of  lands,  Tour, 
Qve  leagues  on  each  side  of  the  river  St.  John,  extending  back 
two  leagues  from  the  shore ;  and  then  by  the  arts  of  address,  and 
the  more  powerful  arts  of  religious  profession ;    by  proffering  his 
assistance  in  the  cause  of  colonial  settlements,  and  Slewing  a  high 
respect  for  the  Scottish  presbyterians ;  he  ingratiated  himself  into 
tiie  favour  of  Sir  William,  and  obtained  leave  to  build  and  im- 
prove within  his  patent.f 

La  Tour's  immediate  residence  seems  to  have  been,  either  at 
Port-Royal  or  "  the  fort  la  Tour  and  Alexander,"  on  tlic  river 
St.  John  ;  and  Sir  William,  who  had  the  right  of  ronferring  titles 
of  honour  upon  any  inhabitant  of  New-Scotland,  gave  him,  Nov. 
30,  1629,  the  hereditary  order  of  baronet  of  the  country,  in  ex- 


Orants  to  la 


^      ! 


•  Sullivan,  p.  278. 


1 1  Ilutcliinson't  Ilistorv,  p.  121  —  122. 


THE  HirrORY  [V«u  1. 

A.  D.  1630.  ftna  ratrflratHMi  for  his  worth  and  high  attachmenti  to  the  Britah 
interests.*  Indeed,  his  friendship  and  favour  appear  extniTaganf 
for  on  the  30th  of  April,  1 630,  a  few  days  after  peace,  he  gave 
la  Tour  and  his  son  Charles,  a  patent  of  territory,  from  Cape 
Sabie  to  la  Heve,  15  leagues  in  breadth  ;  embracing  at  least  a 
third  part  of  the  peninsula.  It  was  a  valuable  acquisition  ;  and 
in  return,  they  merely  engaged  to  hold  it,  erected  into  two  Baro- 
nies, equally  divided  between  them,  in  fief  as  an  inheritable  titu- 
lar dignity,  and  ever  after,  to  be  the  faithful  vassals  of  the  king 
of  Scotland.  Sir  William,  moreover,  told  them,  tliey  should 
have  a  charter,  when  requested,  under  the  great  seal  of  [that 
kingdom,  with  more  ample  immunities  ;  and,  May  12th,  he  extend- 
' '  ed  to  the  son,  the  same  title  of  honour,  he  had  conferred  upon 

the  father ;    all  which,  he  says,  was  in  consideration  of  their 
merit  and  services.f  -st^™.»,  , 

La  Tour  being  determined  to  have  a  good  portion  of  the 
country,  whether  it  was  under  the  dominion  of  England,  France, 
or  Scotland,  procured,  it  is  said,  from  king  Charles,  a  confirma- 
tion of  Sir  William's  grant  to  him, J  and  from  Louis,  the  French 
king,  a  commission,  Feb.  11,  1631,  to  begovernour  of  Acadia.§ 
But  the  settlements  were  far  from  enjoying  prosperity  and  con- 
tentment. Even  the  people  of  Port-Royal,  had,  the  preceding 
winter,  while  la  Tour  was  there,  suffered  to  such  a  degree, 
through  want  of  provisions  and  suitable  accommodations,  that, 
of  70  English,  French,  and  Scotch,  in  community,  30  died  be- 
fore spring.  The  Scottish  emigrants,  indisposed  to  be  under 
French  rule,  preferred  to  return  home,  and  subsequent  events 
shewed  the  wisdom  of  their  choice,  -shm-f  n-h  rrf-Zi  Mi!  ►  v  i-.- 
The  treaty  of  St.  Germains,  March  29,  1 632,  laid  open  to 
New-England  the  fate  of  this  Acadian  region.  By  the  3d  arti- 
cle, Charles  resigned  to  the  French  monarch,  "  all  the  places 
"  occupied  by  British  subjects,  in  New-France,  Acadia  and  Can- 
"  ada— tjspecially  the  command  of  Port-Royal,  Fort  Quebec 
"  and  Cape  Breton." 


#Ie  it  Mp- 

poiuted 

Governor, 


Feb.  II, 
)631. 


«l 


Marvh  29, 
1632. 
Treaty  o( 
j3l.  Ger- 
niaiui. 


*Tho  title—"  Sir  Claude  de  St.  Esticnne,  knigUt,  lord  de  la  Tour  ct  de 
"la  War,  baronet  of  New-Scotland."— His  son's—-'  Charles  St.  (do  Den- 
•«  niscourt  et  Baig^ueux)  lord,"  &c.  The  bad^e  of  office  was,—"  in  gold 
'*  enamelled,  from  an  orange  tawny  ribband  (pendant)  this  cirounascriptioo, 
"  jFVix  mentis  Honutae  Gloria.'"— I  Haz.  Coll.  p.  298. 
f  1  Haz.  Coll.  p.  307 — 9,  where  the  patent  is  entire.  * 

I  I  Hutch.  Hilt.  p.  121.  {  Letter  Book,  Sec.  office  Boston,  106. 


Cbat.  It.]  op  mains.  g%f 

From  thb  trmnctkia  may  be  traced  events  in  train  rooet  im-  a.  o.  lOss. 
portant  to  the  northern  colonies,  especially  Maine,  and  also  to  Ae*t\\»  r*. 
England  heraelf.*     It  was  an  exercise  of  royal  prerogative  io  |!vr!!^'° 
character.     For  it  originated  in  the  intrigues  of  a  marriage-bro- 
kerage, seven  years  before ;  and  was  finished  without  consulting 
tiie  nation's  feelings  or  the  rights  of  individuals.     It  is  true,  the 
ministry  promised  Sir  David  Kirk  £5000  in  consideration  of  his  '.'^ 

claim  to  Canada,  yet  it  was  never  paid.f  Sir  William  was  cre- 
ated earl  of  Sterling  ;  but  if  he  were  flattered  with  any  hopes  of 
further  rewards,  or  future  emolument  from  his  Province,  they 
vrere  biasted  by  disappoimment.  The  English  were  not,  how- 
erer,  to  be  wholly  excluded  from  Acadia  ;;{;  though  the  act  amount- 
ed to  a  downright  cession,  without  limits  or  condition.  Had  Nova 
Scotia,  which  has  boundaries,  been  mentioned  in  the  treaty,  the  ex- 
tent of  the  restitution  could  have  been  ascertained  ;  whereas,  by  the 
artful  draft  of  the  third  aiticle,  the  avenues  wore  opened  for  un- 
limited controversies  about  lines  and  limits,  which  are  among  the 
worst  of  national  evils.'^ 


♦  Chnlmcr.1,  p.  112,  supposes — to  this  transsctioii  may  be  traced  a  cause 
of  the  disputes  of  the  Colonies  with  tlie  mother  country. — Jirit.  Jim.  346. 
f  iColl.  Mass.  His.  Soc.  p.  233,  3d  scries.  JOg;ilby,  p.  134. 

{This  3d  Artkh  is  in  I  Ilaz.  Cull.  p.  319-320.  Also  19  Fo/.  liymer,  p. 
360—1,  in  French.  It  is  said  this  trcnty  was  long  in  nep^ociatton, — finished 
in  1631.     But  the  third  Article  was  nut  tucked  to  it  till  March  29, 1632. 

As  lliis  article  is  important,  it  may  be  proper  to  give  a  literal 

translation  in  this  place. — •'  His  Majesty  of  Great  Britain  promises  by  his 
"ambassador — to  give  up  and  restore  to  his  most  ('hristian  Majesty  all  the 
"places  occupied  in  Jifew-Frnncey  Acadia  and  Canada  by  his  subjects  of  his 
"Majesty  of  Great  Britain,  causing  the  latter  to  reiiro  from  the  said  pla- 
"  CCS— and  deliver  to  the  commissaries  of  the  most  Christina  king  in  good 
■'faith,  the  power  which  he  (the  ambassador)  has  from  his  Majesty  of  Great 
"Britain,  for  the  restitution  of  the  said  places,  together  with  the  orders 
'■of  his  said  Majcst}',  to  all  those  commanding  in  Port-Royal,  Fort'Qutbec, 
^^and  Cape-Breton,  in  order  that  the  said  places  be  given  up  and  re- 
"  stored  into  the  hands  of  those  to  whom  it  shall  please  his  most  Christian 
"Majesty  to  direct,  aight  days  after  said  orders  shall  be  notified  to  those 
"now  commanding  or  may  command  in  the  said  places.  The  said  term  of 
"eight  days  being  given  them  to  retire  from  said  places,  positions,  and 
"forts,  with  their  arms,  baggage,  goods,  gold,  silver,  furniture,  and  gencr- 
"  ally  all  that  may  belong  to  them— to  whom  and  to  all  those  who  are  in 
"  the  said  places  is  given  the  term  of  three  weeks  after  the  said  eight  days 
«'  are  expired,  during  which,  or  sooner,  if  may  be,  to  embark  ia  their  vea- 
"sels  with  their  arms— and  generally  nil  which  belongs  to  them,  to  remove 


tnkcii  nf 
Arflilio  nil- 
dor  Razilln, 


t48  THB  HISTORY  [Voi»  I. 

1^0.  J039.  Such  proceedings,  and  the  idea  of  a  residence  in  the  vicinity 
of  papists,  filled  the  English  colonists  with  the  deepest  anxieties 
and  regrets.*  Ahout  this  time  the  Plymouth  Council,  checked 
in  their  course  by  these  evenis  and  otliers  at  home,  suspended 
further  grants ;  holding  by  their  charter,  the  territory  between 
Penobscot  and  St.  Croix,  unassigned  and  unsold. 

Cardinal  Richelieu,  prime  minister  of  France,  appointed',^, 
de  Rmilla,  a  military  officer,  to  take  the  possession  and  com- 
mand of  the  Acadian  country  ;  and  the  keys  of  Port-Royal,  and 
of  the  fortress  in  the  Scottish  plantation  at  Cape  Sable,  were 
demanded  without  loss  of  time.  The  other  scattered  settlements 
were  ready  to  accept  of  any  patron  or  protector ;  and  the  Car- 
dinal made  speedy  preparations  to  ship  hither,  companies  of 
planters,  a  fresh  supply  of  Jesuit  missionaries,  and  tlie  necessary 
provisions.f 

The  same  year  Samuel  Champlain  returned  to  Quebec  and 
resumed  the  government  of  Canada ;  and  within  the  three  last 
years  of  his  life,  he  saw  his  colony,  aided  by  new  recruits,  by 
the  generosity  of  benefactors,  and  by  tlie  "  Company  of  New 
France,"  rising  to  a  flourishing  condition. J  .  "   v    t      1 

IlTo^'jlim''     Apprehensions,  entertained  by  the  English  Colonists  of  secret 
IVhoIiscoi.  j^|.jg  Qj.  sudden  violence  in  seizing  upon  the  country,  were  not  witli- 
out  foundation.    For  at  an  unguarded  hour  a  French  vessel,  pilot- 
ed by  a  treacherous  Scotchman,  visited  the  New-Plymouth  trad- 

«  from  thence  rnto  England  without  slaying'  longer  in  those  countries." 

The  Frenchified  Court  of  Oiarles  I.  might  as  well  have  given  up 

Massachusetts  as  Acadia ; — for  the  French  could  make  out  no  better  title 
toone  than  the  other.— 1  Hw/c/i.  jHw<.  p.  83,  34,  93.  ./i-    ..^' 

•Winlhrop's  Journal,  p.  47. 

t  Chalmers,  164.— Winthrop's  Jour.  37.  1 1  Belk.  Biog.  p.   344. 

{  Chnmplain  in  8lh  Chap,  of  hU  Voyages,  calls  the  south  shore  of  the 
Peninsula,  the  Acadia.  Mens.  Denys,  a  man  of  merit  and  a  correct  writer, 
compiled  a  Geojraphrcal  and  Historical  Description  of  ISf.  America,  A.  D. 
1672,  in  two  volumes.  The  first  gives  a  description  of  the  country  beltreen 
Penobscot  and  Cape  Rozicr,  and  the  2d  comprehends  the  Natural  History 
and  accoimt  of  the  natives.  He  was  Gov.  and  Lt.  Gen.  under  the  Frencb 
king  and  dwelt  a  long  time  in  the  country.  He  supposes  the  northern  and 
eastern  regions  of  the  French  were  Canada;  therefore  he  divides  the  conn. 
try  into  Provinces  ; — the  Ist  extcmling  from  Pentagoet  to  St.  John,  previ- 
ously as  he  says  '  Norimbagua ;''  2d,  from  St.  John  to  Cape  Sable,  ca!'ed 
Bay  Francois ;  Sd,  Acadia,  from  Cape  Sable  to  Cape  Canseau  ;  and  4th, 
from  Cape  Canseau,  to  Cape  Rozier,  called  Bay  of  St.  Lawrence  or 
Gospe.    Tbe  latter,  Denys  himself  claimed. 


C»A»'  >▼•]  or  MAINE. 

ing-house  at  Penobscot,  early  in  June  j  when  her  crew,  conduct- 
ing in  the  true  character  of  freebooters,— pretended  they  had 
put  into  harbour  in  distress,  and  would  esteem  a  permission  to 
repair  leaks  and  refresh  themselves,  as  a  great  favour.  Embol- 
dened by  generous  courtesies  received,  as  well  as  by  information 
of  the  master's  absence  with  most  of  his  men  on  a  tour  westward 
for  goods,  they  first  examined  the  fort-arms  to  ascertain  if  they  were 
charged ;  then  seizing  swords,  and  loaded  muskets,  ordered 
the  three  or  four  remaining  keepers  of  the  truck-house  to  surren- 
der upon  pain  of  instant  death,  and  to  deliver  their  goods  and 
immediately  help  put  them  on  board.  Having  in  this  shameful 
manner  rifled  the  fort  of  its  contents,  to  the  amount  of  £500, 
they  bade  the  men  this  taunting  and  insuhing  farewell, — Utllyour 
master  to  remember  the  Isle  ©/"Re.'*  »^- 

But  the  New-Plymouth  colonists,  undismayed  by  this  piratical 
attack,  kept  the  station  and  pursued  their  traffic,  thiee  years 
longer,  before  they  were  forced  to  abandon  the  p.  ice  en  icly. 
Moreover  {he  next  spring,  they  established  at  Machias  a  new  trad- 
ing-house, which  they  replenished  with  a  variety  of  valuable 
commodities,  and  put  it  under  a  guard  of  5  or  6  men  i  ust- 
worthy  and  well  armed. f  It  was  an  eligible  station,  abov  '  Cr;>s8 
Island  on  the  west  bank  of  the  river  ;  the  remains  of  an  ancient 
fort  being  yet  visible  tliere.  They  might  have  been  encouraged 
and  supported  in  this  enterprize,  by  colonial  proprietors,  and 
even  by  the  Plymouth  Council,  in  a  full  determination  to  keep 
possession  of  the  country. 

The  French  monarch  desirous  to  advance  the  settlement  of 
his  Acadian  colony,  made  several  grants.  One  of  the  first  was 
to  Razilla,^  which  embraced  the  river  and  bay  of  St.  Croix, 
and  the  Islands  in  the  vicinity,  *M2  leagues  on  the  sea  and  30 
leagues  into  the  land."  Its  eastern  boundary  ?•  obably  adjoined 
the  western  line  of  the  royal  patent,  made  three  years  before  to 
k  Tour.    The  new  grant  was  extensive ;  yet  it  is  not  ascertained, 


A.D.  ICtt. 


A.  D.  1631 


French 
(irnms  to 
Kazilla  and 
la  Tour. 


*  Huhbard't  JV.  E.  p.  161.— 1  Hutchinton.^t  Hit.  p.  34.— The  French  took 
"  300  lbs  of  Beaver."  1'he  taunt  alluded  to  the  brilliant  succcssci  of  the 
French  at  the  Isle  of  R^,  in  France,  A.  D.  1627.— 4  Humt  p.  370. 

\  Mr.  Vines,  of  Saco,  was  part  owner  of  the  goods ;  and  is  said  to  have 
been  the  principal  sufferer  when  they  were  taken  away.— rPtrUArop't 
J»ur.  p.  301. 

X  1  Hutchiruon't  Hiit.  p.  121  says,  it  was  to  la  Tour :   but  Chalmtr$t  p. 
166,  and  1  Charlevtix,  170,  say  it  was  made  to  Raailla. 
Vot.  I.  \9 


9Bv  THERiarroRY  (y«ui. 

A.  D.  1634.  whether  it  did  or  did  iiot  extend  southward  of  the  rirer  St. 
Croix.  Certain  it  is,  that  every  other  was  northward  of  it,  if  we 
except  the  dormant  one  to  de  Monts. 

The  next  year,  he  made  to  Claude  de  la  Tour  four  important 
grants.*  One  was  an  hundred  miles  eastward  upon  the  coast 
from  the  Isle  of  Sables,  and  as  many  miles  inland  ;  a  2d  was  that 
Island  itself ;  and  the  other  two  were  upon  the  north  shore  of  the 
Peninsula,  viz.  Port-Royal  and  a  territory  about  it  two  leagues 
square ;  and  Minims,  a  tract  of  like  extent  still  farther  eastward, 
on  the  bay  of  that  name.  His  command  was  subordinate  to 
Razilla,  and  his  principal  pursuit  was  i  traffic  with  the  natives. 

Avarice,  pride,  and  passion  were  la  Tour's  faults ;  and  such 
high  resentments  did  he  affect  to  feel,  when  he  heard  of  the  trad* 
ing  house  set  up  at  Macliias,  that  he  hastened  away  to  lay  it  in 
ruina.  Meeting  with  resistance,  he  killed  two  of  the  defendants ; 
and  after  rifling  the  house  of  all  the  valuable  articles  he  could  find, 
he  carried  his  booty  and  the  survivors  to  Port-Royal. — The 
amount  of  property  pillaged  was  4  or  JS500.  Afterwards 
in  reply  to  Mr.  Allerton,  of  New-Plymouth,  who  came  td  re- 
cover the  prisoners  and  goods,  and  to  inquire  if  he  had  au- 
thority for  this  transaction  ;  la  Tour,  declared  with  no  small 
degree  of  impudence  and  insult,  /  have  taken  them  at  lawful 
prize; — my  authority  is  from  the  king  of  France,  who  claims  the. 
coast  from  Cape  Sable  to  Cape  Cod; — /  wish  the  English  to 
understand,  if  they  trade  to  the  eastward  of  Pemaquid,  I  sh(dl 
seize  them ; — my  sword  is  all  the  commission  I  shall  show  ;— 
when  I  want  help,  I  mil  produce  my  authority.f  Take  your 
men  and  begone. 

Within  the  last  three  years,  some  restlessness  nnd  hostile  move- 
ments were  apparent  among  the  Indians.  A  barter  with  tliem 
had  been  extensive  ;  the  traders  were  diameters  whose  probity 
was  often  questionable;  all  the  civil  authority  of  the  cojntry 
was  in  name,  rather  than  in  vigorous  exercise  ;  and  when  or  where 
it  becomes  a  maxim,  *  to  cheat  an  Indian  in  the  dark  is  a  small  sin/ 
we  may  suppose  acts  of  injustice  will  be  muhiplied,  and  acts  of 
revenge  will  be  repeated    in  return.     Take   an  instance: — At 


La  Tour 

Mixn  upon 
MacliiM 
•Dd  claim* 
to  Pema- 


1  »"'*«. 


Conrfiict  of 
Um  uaiive*. 


*Tlictt>  were  ronririnalory  (iriiii  granlH  fiotn  Alcxatulcr. 

t //ut6ort/'»  JV.  E.y>.  163 — mnthrapU  Jour.  p.  57,— 7^.— Dut  in  pag* 
900,  it  would  loein  la  Tour  acQl  Iho  priaoncn  to  Fruuce. 


Of 


.*i  4»»i* 


Cbat.  rr.]  of  mainb.  ^%. 

Richiiioiid  Island,  liired  one  Wahar  Bagnall*  called  great  Watt,  A.  D.  MH. 
<  where  he  and  his  companion,  by  three  years'  trade  with  the  na* 
tires,  bad  amassed  property  to  the  amount  of  £400.  But 
wealth  acquired  by  fraud,  is  often  tnken  avray  by  force.  Squid- 
rayset,f  a  Sagamore,  and  a  few  of  his  tribe,  6lled  with  revenge 
for  wrongs  received,  went  to  the  Island  in  the  fail  of  1631,  killed 
the  men,  and  after  plundering  the  house,  reduced  it  to  ashes.} 
Neal,  immediately  dispatched  from  Piscataqua  a  party  in  search 
of  the  murderers.  The  pursuers  found  at  the  Island,  '*  Black 
Will,"  whom  though  as  probably  innocent  as  guilty,  they  in  ven- 
geance bung  up  by  the  neck  till  he  was  dead.§  In  return,  his  blood 
,783  avenged  the  winter  following,  upon  an  Erglish  traveller 
wandering  up  the  Saco  ;||^-deaths  to  be  far  mc:e  deeply  lament- 
ed, because  they  excited   enmity  between  the  parties.      .  '.   <^> 

The  Tarratines  or  Eastern  Indians,  as  their  intercourse  with 
the  French  became  familiar,  were  evidently  much  emboldened 
in  feats  of  courage  and  purposes  of  revenge.  The  Sagamores 
of  Agawam  [Ipswich,]  having  treacherously  slain  several 
"Tarratine  families,"  were  thought  to  be  sheltering  tl)emselves 
in  a  cowardly  manner,  under  the  protective  friendship  of  the 
English  planters  at  that  place.  This  awakened  feelings  of 
animosity  towards  both  ;  and  an  intended  massacre  was  fortun- 
ately prevented  by  Robin,  an  Indian  friend,  who  gave  to  an  Eng- 
lish youngster  the  information.  On  the  appointed  day,  four  sav- 
ages came  and  began  to  talk  with  him.  But  his  looks  and  lan- 
guage towards  them  were  rough  : — Begone  laid  he  or  Til  thoot 
you.  Believing  their  pk>t  discovered,  they  fled.  He  then  beat 
briskly  upon  n  drum,  and  fired  an  alarm-gun ;  and  presently  he 
saw  40  canoes  full  of  savages  push  out  to  sea.  This  was  in 
!632  ;  afterwards,  the  brave  Tarratines,  making  another  attack 
upon  the  Agawam  Indians,  slew  several ;  and  not  far  from  Bos- 
ton carried  off  a  Sagamore's  wife  in  triumph. IT 


*Biig[nall  was  a  wicked  ffllow  and  had  much  wronged  the  Indians. — 
Winthrep'i  Jitur.  p.  8'^.  f  Or  SciUeryguntt. 

I  In  1632  ono  Jenkins  went  with  an  Indian  from  Cape  Porpoise  up  into 
the  country,  with  gfoods  to  truck  or  trade,  where  he  was  killed  and  his 
foods  stolen,  while  he  wcs  sfcepingf  in  a  wig^wam.  But  a  chief  recovered 
the  ffoods  and  sent  them  h%ck.—  f yinthrop.         }  Wintbrop't  Jour.  p.  30. 

g  Hubbard's  N.  E.  p.  142,— MS,— 169. 

f  1  Hutchiusen's  Hist.  p.  as,— 33.  •  '  ( 


Piwjr  of 
Disy  UM 


THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  |. 

AiD^  1CS4.  These  expeditions  and  akirmiriies,  tbe  claims  and  menaces 
of  tbe  French,  and  some  acts  of  piracy  along  the  eastern  coast, 
necessarily  occasioned  no  small  anxiety  and  discouragements, 
among  the  settlers.*  A  crew  of  sixteen  renegadoes,  headed  by 
Dixy  Bull,  a  master-spirit  of  iniquity,  from  being  engaged  in 
the  Indian  trade,  turned  pirates;  and  in  1632,  were  bold  and 
desperate  enough  to  attack  the  fort  at  Pemaquid,  which  they  suc- 
ceeded in  rifling,  though  with  the  loss  of  a  ringleader  by  a  shot 
from  the  palisade.  They  continued  to  prowl  along  the  coast,  visit- 
ing the  Eastern  settlements,  taking  some  plunder  and  doing  other 
mischief,  till  the  succeeding  summer.  In  an  address  sent  by  them 
to  the  plantation  governors,  and  signed  "  Fortune  le  Garde," 
tliey  say, — we  next  proceed  southward — never  shall  hurt  any 
more  of  your  countrymen — rather  be  sunk  than  taken.  They 
were  pursued  three  weeks  by  a  little  squadron  of  four  vessels 
and  forty  armed  men,  from  Piscataqua,  joined  by  a  bark  from 
Boston,  without  falling  in  with  them.  They  proceeded  eastward, 
and  probably  hearing  of  the  bold  push  to  take  them,  left  the 
coaat.  Bull  went  to  England,  where  he  met  witli  his  deserts; 
and  we  hear  noiiiing  of  his  companions,  after  1634,  some  of 
whom  had  been  barbarously  detained  by  him  against  their  wills.f 

Another  difficulty  of  a  criminal  character  occurred  at  Kcnne- 
beck.  It  arose  from  the  question  of  exclusive  trade.  New  Ply- 
mouth in  the  exercise  of  that  right,  had  upon  the  river  two  tra- 
ding stations,  at  fort  Popham  and  at  Cushnoc,  and  two  resident 
magistrates,  who  were  vested  with  |>ower  to  try  every  case  not 
capital.  All  within  the  patent  were  obliged  to  take  the  oath  of 
allegiance  to  that  colony,  and  to  obey  its  laws  and  tlie  orders  of 
the  magistrates,  or  be  banished. 

In  May,  one  Hoskins  coming  hither  in  a  vessel  of  lords  Say 
and  Brooke,  from  Piscataqua,  was  expressly  forbidden  to  trade 
with  the  natives,  and  ordered  to  depart.  John  Alden,  one  of  the 
magistrates,  fmding  him  inexorable,  sent  three  men  to  cut  his  ca- 

*In  the  tprinfi^  of  lfl34,  danq;ers  being:  nppreh«?nded  from  different  q-iar- 
ton,  Gov.  Wiiisiotr,  from  Ncw-Plymoiilli,  vitiled  the  fort  of  Kenncl)pck; 
where  an  Indian  would  have  Icilled  iiim  had  he  not  ileppcd  down  li«furo 
tbe  aavago  could  take  aim.     HitUhfop't  Jour,  p.  64, 

f  Hublmrd't  ^r.  /J.  p.  160— 19G.— li  Prinvti  Ann.  \>,  73— 03.— Hull  .rid 
hi*  crew,  declared  ng^ainitt  excoitive  drinking;— but  when  olhcri  har« 
fnyn  •  we'll  havt  u  itor/  or  u  lonj.'— /rinWrop'*  Jour.  p.  46. 


DifficulllM 
«l  Kanm* 
beck. 


Chat.  «▼•]  "^ornAiriB.  258 

Ues.    They  parted  oit»—touck  the  Uher^  said  he,  sweariog  with  A.  D.  icsi> 
an  oaih,  and  seizing  a  gun,  and  ^eatk  it  your  porl'^n.     They  cut 
—^nd  be  shot  one  of  them  dead,  receiving  himself  at  the  same 
moment  a  fatal  wound.    Tlie  blood  of  these  two  men  closed  the 
scene  in  this  quarter.* 

At  Boston,  afterwards,  Mr.  Alden  was  arrested  on  a  warrant 
procured  by  a  kinsman  of  Hoskins,  and  recognized  to  answer 
before  the  next  Court  of  Colonial  Assistants.  In  the  mean  time, 
two  of  the  New-Plymouth  magistrates  and  their  minister,  held  a 
consultation  with  those  of  Boston  upon  the  subject; — royalists 
and  malcontents  exclaiming  loudly — when  men  cut  throats  for 
beaver,  it  is  high  time  to  have  a  general  government.  Wherefore, 
to  avoid  reproach  and  censure,  Massachusetts  encouraged  or  au- 
thorized a  prosecution,  though  it  was  an  affair  exclusively  within 
the  jurisdiction  of  New-Plymouth. 

The  advisatory  tribunal,  with  prayer  and  examination  of  scrip- 
ture, made  deep  research  into  the  principles  and  rights  of  the 
case,  and  at  length  decided — 1st.  Tlint  the  New-Plymouth  col- 
onists had  an  excbuive  right  to  the  trade  within  their  patent,  in 
virtue  of  the  privileges  granted  ;  that  besides  entering  upon  the 
territory,  vacuum  domicilium,  they  had  been  the  constant  posses- 
sors to  the  prese.  time,  undisturbed  even  by  the  natives ;  and 
that  they  had  originated  a  gainful  traffic  with  them,  especially  in 
wampum,  previously  unknown  to  Englishmen.  But,  2d.  the  act 
itseJfy  they  said,  must  be  considered  in  some  degree  a  violation 
of  the  sixth  commandment ;  and  consequently  it  drew  from  Mr. 
Alden,  a  confession  of  deep  regrets,  though  he  insisted  tliat  Hos- 
kins was  every  way  the  aggressor. — It  was,  on  the  whole,  adjudg- 
ed to  be  *'  excusable  homicide." 

In  reply  to  a  mediatorial  letter  addressed  to  lords  Say  and 
Brooke,  in  England,  they  said  to  the  Governor  of  New-Plym- 
outh,— *  we  could,  for  the  death  of  Hoskins,  have  despatched  a 
'  man-of-war  and  beat  down  your  houses  at  Kenncbeck  about  your 
'  ears ;  but  we  have  thought  another  course  preferable  ;  let  some 
'of  die  Massachusetts  magistrates,  and  Capt.  Wiggin,  our  agent  at 


'"ThiR  wai  probably  at  ruithnnc.  [A<i(ruita.]  >'  Hoon  aftr-  (he  patent  was 
*' £;ranti'<l,  the  patentec>i  inaile  n  M'ttlempnt  and  built  a  tradini;  houtc  at 
Cmhcnock." — Statfrnrnt  nfKennthrck  Clnimi,  p.  15. — Twenty  hofrihcadi  of 
btarcr  wcr*  takan  by  N.  Plymouth  at  Kennebcck  this  ytr—ffinthrtp, 

p.  sa 


1  ■vrr 


vll    -i 


254  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  U 

A.D.  itH.  <  Piscataqua,  review  the  whole  case  and  do  justice  in  the  pieini. 

<  ses:' — And  here  the  matter  terminated.* 
Emicration    ..  ^'  settlements  were  notv  filling  with  people.     Indeed,  such 
ciwcked     ^^'^  ^  numbers,  which  a  spirit  of  emigration  was  bringing  into 
this  country,  tliat  the  king,  in  1 633,  ordered,  for  a  short  time,  the 
stay  of  several  ships  in  the  Thames,f  though  full  of  passengers 
and  ready  to  sail.     The  measure  was  unwise,    for  most  of  the 
^         emigre-.' j  had  no  wealth;  and  ail  that  his  realm  lost  by  the  re- 
movals, hi.:  colonies  gained.     Even  English  merchants  and  ad- 
venturvTs  jiemselves,  especially  those  concerned  in  the  various 
sorts  of  business  at  Piscataqua  and  eastward,  had  in  view  of  their 
losses,  expenses,   and  prospects,  become  rreatly  discouraged. 
They  were  obliged  to  prepare  at  first  an  outfit  of  cattle,  swine, 
goats,  and  sundry  articles  for  building;  and  likewise  supply  the 
planters  afterwards,  from  year  to  year  with  provisions,  clothing, 
farming  utensils,  and  medicines,  besides  engaging  to  pay  them 
wages.      Even  the  bread-stuff  consumed,  must  necessarily  be 
trai;>-ported  from  England  in  meal,  or  brought  from  Virginia,  or 
ground  in  Boston,  there  being  no  mill  nearer.      '"•?''  '  ■"  '    «'     j* 
fiRif*  to  In  this  state  of  despondency,  they  sold  and  assigned  their  whole 

Mbmii!  '    interest  to  Gorges  and  Mason  ;  and,  in  1 634,  these  gentlemen 
made  partition  of  all  their  joint  property  and  concerns,  and  ap- 
pointed Francis  fVilUams,  their  deputy  governor  respectively ; 
confining  their  enterprizes,  the  one  to  the  northerly  and  the  other 
to  the  southerly  side  of  the  Piscataqua.;^ 
ThePiym-      At  the  present  trying  period  of  their  affairs,  the  old  charges 
«ii  BMHiied ;  against  the  Plymouth  Council  were  revived  with  renovated  vigour. 
byOorget.  The   merchants    believed  it  possessed  a   monopoly   of   trade, 
which  the  public  good  required  to  be  common  ;  and  the  Virginia 
company  in  England  boldly  threw  their  weight  into  the  same 
scale.     The  major  part  of  the  Commons  considered  the  members 
of  that  Council  under  royal  influence,  and  supremely  devoted  to 
the  claims   of  prerogative ;   all    high   churchmen   looked  upon 
them  as  the  foes  of  prelacy,  because  their  territory  had  been 


*  IFinthrnp^i  Journal,  p.  64,  «8. — Hubbard'i  JV,  E.  p.  168.— Ho  calli  the 
captain*!  uainv  "  Hockinpf." 

f  Dated  Feb.  21, 1633—1  Hat.  Coll.  31—8,  entire. 

1 1  BtUctwp'i  J\r.  H  2»6— 7.  Letter*  dated  Aug.  1633.  No  mention  it 
made  of  Walter  Neal,  after  1634 ;  Mr.  Willianit  arrired  lin.— Hubbard'i 
A*.  S.  a  19 


m^ 


Cba».  !▼•]  orMABOB.  255 

opened  as  an  asylum  to  Firitans ;  while  the  king  himself  suspected  A»Dk  MSi 
the  New-England  Colonists  were;  in  the  enjoyment  of  libertiea  r 

aod  privileges,  wholly  in  consistent  with  his  notions  of  regal  power 
and  government. 

Gorges,  being  chief  tlirector  in  the  Council's  concerns,  was 
again  summoned  before  iSe  Commons  to  shew  cause,  why  the 
charter  should  not  be  revoked.  He  appeared  in  person,  with 
his  counsel,  and  defended  *  the  Corporation  and  its  measures,' 
with  his  accustomed  ability ;  pressing  upon  their  recollection  the 
unanswerable  arguments  adduced  to  them  in  1624,  and  1626.  """ 

He  reminded  them  of  his  own  indefatigable,  untiring  exertions  to 
advance  the  nation's  interests  in  America  ; — '  Yes,  says  he,  I  have 
« spent  twenty  thousand  pounds  of  my  estate,  and  thirty  years, 
<  tlie  whole  flower  of  my  life,  in  new  discoveries  and  settlements, 
'  upon  a  remote  continent ;  in  the  enlargement  of  my  country's 
'  commerce  and  dominions ;  and  in  carrying  civilization  and 
'Christianity  into  regions  of  savages.'  The  members  of  the 
Company,  added  he,  are  entire  strangers  to  the  monopoly  imput- 
ed— and  to  allege  that  they  as  associates  have  grown  rich,  is  a 
most  cruel  aspersion  ;  for  they  could  abundantly  demonstrate, 
that  their  disbursements  have  very  far  exceeded  their  receipts. 
But  he  perceived  now,  that  all  farther  resistance  was  vain.  When 
decisions  are  only  sanctions  of  decrees  predetermined,  all  argu- 
ments, principles  and  rights,  are  nullities.  A  dissolution  of  the 
Plymouth  Council  must  be  its  immediate  fate. 

Never  probably  had  the  discouragements  of  Gorges  and  Mason  "i»c«ur 
bordered  mere  nearly  upon  despair.  The  charges  of  establishing  Oorgen  and 
a  plantation  in  a  wilderness,  they  found  to  be  three-fold  its  worth. 
The  planters,  being  hired  servants  or  tenants,  were  often  indolent 
and  wasteful ;  and  the  fruits  of  their  whole  labour  would  not  yield 
tliem  a  tolerable  support.  No  supcrintendant  could  control  their 
erratic  dispositions,  or  prevent  their  changes  of  abode  from  place 
to  place.  The  proprietors  themselves  had  never  visited  the 
country,  nor  established  a  regular  efficient  government  for  tho 
puDishment  of  oflenders,  or  tho  preservation  of  order.  The 
French  were  making  encroachments  and  comiuiuing  mischief ; 
the  Indians  wore  restless,  if  not  unfriendl\  ;  and  to  crown  all,  a 
violent  unnatural  warfare  had  conmienced  between  king  and  peo- 
ple at  home.  ••  ? 


ftlaion.  \ 


256 

A.  D.  my 

Twelve  Di- 
vision*  of 
tiK    P.  P4. 

«eiii. 
February  3. 


'Fhe  Divit- 
iom  ar.d 
Aieifin- 
jneiiU, 


*  THEBISTURy  CV«I«  I. 

1  he  riymoutb  Council  awaited  its  destiny  |— and  the  remainbe 
member  >  made  preparations  for  its  untimely  dissolution.  Hence 
they  couciuded  to  divide  the  whole  patent  into  twelve  Rojnl 
Provinces ;  to  draw  lots,  February  3d,  1 635,  in  presence  oi  his 
Majesty,  for  :ach  of  the  "  Grand  Divinom  ;**  an^i  then  to  make 
or  appropriate  tlie  assignments  to  s^-versJ  *•  iaoivjdua'"  accor. 
dingly.'  ft    M^ 

Tkejint  province  or  division,  emb'ace<i  the  countr}  !  veen 
St.  Croix  and  Pemaquiji,  ami  from  t;  ..  head  .i  thu  iattir  ..  ihe 
shortest  distance  to  Kr;tinebeck  ;  then*  upwards  to  its  source. 
This  was  called  "  the  *.ounty  of  Canada  ;"  and  was  assigned 
to  Sir  fVilHoii  AlexanHir,  Earl  of  Sterling.*  It  inclnd»  d  the 
Muscongus  Grant,  and  the  easterly  br.ives  of  the  PfTiaquia  and 
Kcnp.ebeck  patents;  exttnJini  north  to  the  48th  de^:ii«;e. 

The  iccont?  was  from  Perns '-ui(j  1 0  Sag  ^daho\. — a  sn:all  di- 
vision ;  including  the  western  Ktoiety  of  Pcuaaquid  patent.f 

The  third  embraced  the  territory  between  the  Kennebeck  and 
Androscoggin,  including  the  westerly  half  of  the  New-Plymouth 
or  Keinebeck  patent,  some  part  of  the  old  Laconian  patent  o 
Gorges  and  Mason,  and  also,  a  pari  of  tlie  first  grant  to  them. 

The ybur^A extended  from Sagad' hock  to  Piscataqua;  embrac- 
ing Lygonia,  Saco,  and  AgamenticuL";.  This  and  the  third,  or 
preceding  division,  were  assigned  lo  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorgu, 
and  named  JVcw  Somersetshire.'^ 

The  Jifth  included  the  territory  between  the  rivers  Piscataqua 
and  Naumkeag,  in  Massachusetts,  from  the  sea,  to  a  line  60 
miles  northerly  of  their  mouths  ;  also  "  the  south  half  of  the  Isle 
of  Shoals,"  and  10,000  acres  called  '*  Masonia"  on  the  easterly 
side  of  Sagadahock  at  its  mouth  ;  all  which  was  assigned  to  John 
Mason,  wlio  was  then  Vice-President  of  the  Council. 

The  sixth  division  extended  from  Naumkeag  river  around  the 


*  This  inig^lit  have  been  intended  to  remunerate  him  in  p^^ii  .'or  the  lost 
of  iVova  Scotia.  Sir  William  died,  1640;  his  g^raiidson  died  a  few  months 
nfter  liim ;  and  the  last  named  Earl  was  succeeded  by  his  uncle  Henry. 
The  Council  also  assig^ned  to  the  Earl  of  SIcrlini;,  "  Long  Itiand,''^  oppo- 
•ite  to  Connecticut.— 6  Coll.  Mats.  Hist.  Sue.  103,— 100.— The  Plymouth 
patent  cxtcnucd  to  the  48th  degree. 

•f  It  is  said  10,0U0  acres  of  this  wore  granted  to  the  Marquis  of  Hamil- 
ton, and  ill '  1037,  liis  heir  revived'  the  claim. — 1  Hutch.  Hiit.  54. 

\  Gorgpes  had  a  confirmation  of  two,  the  third  and  four'h.. — Chalmert,  p. 
.'n,—Hub.  ^'nr.  294. 


'At 


Cukt.  IT.]  OP  MAwe.     *  267 

seacoast  b/  Cape  Cod  to  Narnganset.    It  covered  the  residue  A.  D.  im. 
of  Massachusetts,  the  whole  of  the  New-Plymouth  Colony,  and 
the  patent  to  Robert  Gorges ;  and  was  allotted  to  the  Mar^%$  of 
Hamilton*  one  of  the  original  members  of  the  Council. 

The  seventh  was  the  territory  eastward  of  a  monumental  boun- 
dary, intended  to  be  set  up,  at  a  place  equidistant  from  Narragaa- 
set  and  Connecticut  river,  extending  50  miles  into  the  country ; 
which  was  allotted  to  Lord  Edward  Gorges,  a  kinsman  of  Sir 
Ferdinando,  who  was  then  President  of  the  Council. 

The  eighth  was  from  that  halfway  monument  to  Connecticut 
river,  extending  also  50  miles  into  the  country  }  and  was  assigned 
to  the  Earl  of  Carlisle. 

The  ninth  was  from  that  river  to  the  Hudson,  and  from  tlie 
shores  to  a  line  30  miles  back  ;  and  the  tenth  was  a  parallellogram 
between  these  rivers,  40  miles  deep,  immediately  above  the  pie- 
ceding.       These   two  divisions   were  allotted  to  the  Duke  of 
Lenox. 

The  eleventh  was  situated  along  the  west  side  of  the  HudsoUt 
and  extended  from  the  40th  parallel  of  latitude  [near  Raritan 
River]  "  whence  New-England  beginneth,"  30  miles  into  the  coun- 
try: and  the  twelfth  was  directly  above  the  latter,  30  miles  on 
the  river  by  40  the  other  way  ;  and  these  two  last  divisions  or 
Provinces  were  allotted  to  Lord  Mulgrave.f 

In  every  Province,  each  previous  proprietor  was  to  be  allowed  Tb^  tenure 
in  lieu  of  former  grants,  5,000  acres,  which  were  to  be  holden  prUu'^ST** 
of  the  new  proprietary  lord  J  and  4,000  acres  were  to  be  ap- 
propriated for  a  city  and  Governor  General's  seat.  Each 
provincial  lord  was  to  send  over  and  pay  ten  men,  to  be  em- 
ployed in  building  a  city,  which  they  were  to  own  in  shares ; 
and  10,000  ucres  were  devoted  to  the  foundation  of  a  church 
and  the  maintenance  of  clergymen. 

The  Council,  April  1st,  informed  his  Majesty,  they  had  sub- 
mitted to  his  pleasure,  and  prayed  him  to  give  new  patents  to 
the  several  assignees  mentioned,  with  the  powers  and  privileges 
granted  to  Lord  Baltimore  in  Maryland,  and  to  commission  a 

♦  lie  took  a  patent— Hubbard's  .Y.  E.  p.  232 — I  Hutchinion't  Hitt.  p. 
64_Sodid  Sir  Ferdinando.— 1  Doug.  Summ.  p.  387;  alio  John  Maion.— -1 
Haz.  Coll.  383,-7. 

t  See  these  divisions.— /i/uibarJ'«  .AT.  E.  p.  328,— £33 ;  and  1  Uom.  CoU. 
p.  S88. 

Vofc.  I.  M 


S58 

A.D.JfU, 


Aiuck  spM 

MaiMcwf 

MiuClwr- 


Thn  IMym- 
oulli  Coun- 
cil Rurreu- 
der  iheir 
Charter. 


THKHI8TOET  [y<M>«  I. 

Governor  General  over  the  whole  country.  Several  took  new 
patents,  particularly  Lord  Sterling,  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,  and 
John  Mason. 

The  rights  and  claims  of  the  Massachusetts  colonists  were  the 
greatest  obstacles,  apparently  in  the  way,  to  prevent  the  coraple- 
tion  of  the  arrangement.  Hence  the  council  petitioned  the  king  to 
revoke  their  charter,  alleging,  that  it  had  been  surreptitiously 
obtained,  and  was  holden  wrongfully ;  that  their  territory  in  fact 
belonged  to  Robert  Gorges,  who  when  governor  took  actual 
possession  of  it ;  that  the  present  claimants  were  downright  in- 
truders, who  after  ousting  his  tenants,  had  extravagantly  stretched 
their  pretended  grant  from  sea  to  sea,  an  extent  of  3000  miles,— 
"  riding  over  the  heads  of  proprietary  lords"  and  other  freehold- 
ers, "  whose  allotments,  to  the  extent  of  80  or  100  leagues  upon 
the  Atlantic  coast,  had  been  assigned  to  them  in  his  Majesty's 
presence:"  and  that  they. had  moreover  clandestinely  obtained 
a  charter  from  the  crown,  without  the  council's  approbation; 
thereby  cutting  in  pieces  the  original  fouudation  of  the  building, 
forming  a  new  superstructure,  with  novel  ecclesiastical  polity,  and 
strange  laws ;  whipping  and  banishing  offenders, — burning  tlie'r 
houses  over  their  heads ;  and  in  fact,  claiming  to  be  absolute 
masters  of  the  country.       j  ,-,  t  ,  s.    .i'     ■■:\_  ^      ,,i    ,,■     *. 

A  decree,  though  entered  against  the  charter  was  never 
carried  into  execution.*  The  Council  had  their  last  meeting, 
April  25,  1635,  when  only  IG  members  were  present.  Tliey 
entered  in  their  books,  the  causes  of  iheir  proceedings,  saying— 
"  we  have  been  bereaved  of  friends,  oppressed  with  losses,  expen- 
'  ses,  and  troubles ;  assailed  before  the  Privy  Council  again  and 

*  again,  with  groundless  charges  ;  and  wcrkcned  by  the  French 
'  and  other  foes  without  and  witliin  the  realm,  and  what  remains 

*  is  only  a  breathless  carcase,  we — therefore  now  resign  tlie  patent 
'  ta  the  kingtf  first  reserving  all  grants  by  us  made  and  all  vested 
'rights  ; — a  patent  we  have  holden  about  15  years.'  The  king, 
in  anticipation  of  this  event  had  on  the  28th  of  April,  appointed 


•  1  Huz.  Coll.  |),  391—423.  Itulbard't  K.  E.  p,  180,  327,  272.  Jnd^niicnt 
Wat  ffivcB  that  >'  tlie  francliiscs  should  be  seized  into  (he  kini^'s  hands."  But 
it  wai  after  this  overluokod  till  May  3d,  IG37  ;  Ilolmet'  .-],  .i.  says,  1G38,  in 
p.  302,  JSTote  4.— See  the  Pleadings.— 1  Hat.  Coll.  )\  23—3. 

f  See  this  instrument  of  surrender,  1  Uas.  Coll.  393 — 1,  dated  June  7, 
1635.    See  tito  Hukhitum'tColL  of  StaUPapen,  \01— 4. 


II  of  his  PriTy-  Councilors,   Lords  Comm$9Wnert  ef  t^  AwA.D.  ifas* 
Uytrican  PlantationM.  and  committed  to    diem   the    eeneral^'dtCMiH 

*  liiwaMn 

superintendance  and   direction  of  colonial  affairs.*    This  Boarck  of  ptanu* 

presented  Sir  Ferdinando  to  the  Crown,  and  procured  for  him  poiatwir 

a  commission  of  Governor    General  over  the  whole  of  New- 
Sir  F.  Gar* 
Englitnd.    Though  sixty  years  of  age,  he  was  in  full  possession  f,t*.  Gov 

of  iiis  energies,  both  of  intellect  and  body,  and   emulous  of  the  N^Engiand. 

appointment.     A  man-of-war,  was  in  preparation  to  bring  him 

hither,  which  was  to  remain  here  for  the  defence  of  the  country. 

But  in  launching,  she  turned  on  her  side  and  was  broken;  the     ^ 

enterprize  thereby  failed,  and  Sir  Ferdinando  never  taw  America. 

Immediately  in  train  followed  the  death  of  John  Mason,  one ,»    ^    , 
•^  '  Death  of 

of  his  ablest  coadjutors, — a  gentleman  whose  exertions,  merits  p/P*-  J"''" 

/  ,..  .•  •iBson. 

and  knowledge  of  American  affairs,  had  given  his  character  a 
well-earned  eminence,  in  the  general  estimation  of  English  mer- 
chants and  ad  venturers,  f     It  was  an  event  lamented  more  deep-  '  • 
ly  by  none  other,  than  by  Gorges  himself.     Mason  had  been 
governor  of  Newfoiuuiland    and    Vice-President   of  the    Ply- ' 
mouth  Council ;  and  had  rendered  himself  only  obnoxious  to  the  '. 
people  of  Massachusetts,  in  consequence  of  his  endeavours  with' 
others,  to  procure  a  revocation  of  their  charter. J     A  few  days 
before  his  death,  Nov.  26,  he  finished  his  will,  by  which  he  made 
a  bequest  of  Mnsonia  to  his  grandaughter,  Anne   Tufton,  and 
jirr  heirs ;  it  being  all  the  estate   he  claimed  northward  of  Pis-        !    ^.: 
catoqua. 

It  is  not  ascertained,  that  more  than  vwo  or  three  of  Royal  char- 
ters actually  passed  the  seals,  in  confirmation  of  the  twelve  pa- 
tents, though  four  of  them  fell  within  the  present  State  of  Maine, 
of  which  Gorges  always  exercised  a  provid:%it  care ;  nor  that  any 
farther  movements  were  made  towards  establishing  a  General 
Government,  the  event  in  which,  he  had  talen  so  much  interest.^ 

He  now  saw  his  mistakes  and  impolicy  and   endeavored  to 


*1  FI.iz.  Co  I.  p.  341— 7  — Hubbard's  N.  E.  p.    264—8. 

fl  Belli.  N.  [1.  p,  2))-:Ji. 

}"Cnpt  M.isim.  [mii/ii  JUnlfirnp^H  Jiiur.  p.  101)  was  tlic  chief  mover  in 
allaltiinpls  .iif.iinst  us"  [of  Massaclnisetls;]  "  but  the  Lord  in  Uiercy  tak- 
ing liiiii  uw.iy,  all  t!ic  business  A;ll  asleep." 

\  Gorges  became  quite  cold  after  this,  as  to  Ncw-Kng'und,  *'  mindinj 
only  kit  own  division,"  or  province.  He  told  George  Vaughan,  soon  after 
this,  that  he  intended  to  get  "  a  patent  of  the  king,  from  Piscataqna  to 
SagadahPck."— 1  Hom.  Coll.  p.  403. 


:,»:*■.!? 


A  *l«w  of 
N.  CBrland 
piaalauoM 


26^  TUB  HISTORY  [Vqiu.  L 

A.  p,  1635.  tooount  for  his  ill  sueeets.'— *  We  have  (he  up,)  been  endeavor, 
ing  to  found  plantations  in  a  wilderness  region,  where  men,  bred 
up  in  a  land  of  villages,  farms  and  plenty,  could  hardly  he  hired 
to  stay  ;  or  if  inducedao  become  residents,  they  must  be  fed  ia 
idleness,  from  their  roaster's  crib,  yet  with  few  or  no  returns. 
We  have  made  the  discoveries  and  opened  the  fields  for  others 
to  take  the  harvest.  Trade,  fishery,  lumber,  these  have  been 
the  phant  >ms  of  pursuit ;  v/hile  there  has  been  a  criminal  neglect 
of  husbano.y,  the  guido  to  good  habits,  the  true  source  of 


I4I-; 


.* 


wealth,  and  the  almoner  of  hiiraan  life.'* 
By  dear  experience,  he  found,  that  foreign  [  kntations,  control- 
ed  by  great  corporations,  three  thousand  miles  distant,  did  exhibit 
A  *f  a  very  unpromising  growth  ;  and  that  the  best  concerted  schemes 
<♦*«»  of  government,  formed  at  the  table  of  cold  calculation,  were  alto- 
gether uncongenial  to  the  genius  and  pursuits  of  a  people  in  a 
new  country.     Far  removed  from  the  pageantry  of  wealth,  titles 
and  luxury,  and  from  the  hostilities  of  rivals  and  persecutors, 
they  acquired  at  once  a  relish  for  a  rural  life  and  civil  independ- 
ence.   Among  men,  enterprizing  enough  to  leave  their  native 
homes,  all  notions  of  quit-rents  and  lordships,  necessarily  vanish- 
ed before  the  plain  maxims  of  fee-simple-estates,  and  the  plainer 
rights  of  conscience  and  equality.      As  Chalmers  says,  •  when 

*  the  restraints  wer.e  removed,  and  men  left  free  to  manage  their 
'  affairs,  in  the  way  most  agreeable  to  themselves  ;   the  colonists 

^(   i/^     «  engaged  in  every  laudable  pursuit,  and  acquired  an  extent  of 
>  population,  of  commerce,  of  wealth  and  of  power,  unexampled 

*  in  the  annals  of  the  world.'f 


*  Gorges'  Nar.  p.  48, 49. 


?«*!• 


;  V;!,ri'        !<i't     ;''/Y:-{f:j 
r,  ,i,!T.:»..f..  '.  .    *,: 

I  '>-r*fvf-'.. 


t  Cbalmer's  Aanals,  p.  96. 


CiA».^«] 


OPMAlMBi 


261 


w>  ^1  .» 


CHAPTER  V. 

fhe  French  in  Canada  and  Acadia — Razilla,  la  Tour  and  D'Aul- 
r,ey — Extent  of  their  Claim — D'Aulney  seizrs  upon  Penobscot — 
Attempts  to  remove  him — The  French  challenge  a  right  as  far  as 
Pemaquid — New-Somcrsctshire,  the  province  of  Sir  Firdinando — 
William  Gorges,  Governor— Administration  established  at  Saco—'^' 
Eight  Settlements  in  the  present  State  of  Maim — Population — 
Peqitods  destroyed — Emigration  cluclrd — Sir  Ferdinando  ap- 
pointed Gov.  Gen.  of  Ncic-England — His  View  of  Colonial  Af 
fairs — George  Burdct's  Character — He  removes  to  Agammtirus — 
Civil  Government  needed  in  the  Eastern  Country — An  Earth- 
quake, w^i. :?:>•!•,,-»;■*', '-v-    -ht   ;-:  'i'^tt^tf^ 

The  French  called  all  their  dominions  in  North-America,  by  A.l>-  IGCT 

'      "'  to 

the  general  name  of  JVew-France.*     This  immense  region,  of     'C^-^. 

,  ..^  .  .  .  o        '  American 

which  Canada,   Acadia,  and  Louisiana,  were  only  component  Kitiicii. 
parts,  \ras  granted  in  1627  to  "  the  Company  of  New-France  ;"Toiir,'niid 
—a  body  of  107  associates,  formed  that  year  by  Cardinal  Rich- 
elieu.f     By  transporting  labourers  from  time  to  time,  into  Can- 
ada, furnished  with  outfits  of  three  years'  necessaries,  and  by 
assigning  to  them  lands  and  seeds  enough  to  sow  them,  his  pro-      ';',!,",  i 
ject  was,  to  augment  the  population  of  that  province,  within  15-  ' 

years,  to  16,000  souls.     But  this  was  only  a  statesman's  dream ; 
for  a  war  with  England  soon  happening,  and  other  events  inter- 
posing, entirely  dissipated  the  vision. 
Acadia,  or  Nova  Scotia,J  was  still  under  the  military  command 


*  John  Verazzani,  a  Florentine  adventurer,  in  the  service  of  the  French 
king,  who  ranged  tlie  coast  from  Florida  to  Newfoundland,  A.  D.  1524,  first 
gave  it  the  name.  He  landed  and  took  possession  of  Acp'lia.  where  the 
Indians  killed  him,  and  some  say,  ate  him.— 40  Universal Hslcry,  p.  20. 

\Jeffry'»  IJut.  \<.  101 The  Company  of  New-Franct,  gn-it  d  to  la 

Tour,  in  1635,  the  lands  at  St.  John's  river,— being  the  lhi<\l  ,;•  rant,  or  title, 
he  had  of  the  same  territory.- 1st.  From  the  French  king;  and  2d,  from 
Sir  William  Alexander.  The  Company  had  been  restored  to  their  rights, 
A.  D,  1639.— Bc/A:.  Bing,  {,.  344. 

tNovaScotia,cnl!ed  Acadia,  is  commonly  accounted  a  part  of  New- 
Fraiicc,  which  lieth  on  the  wuth  side  of  the  river  Canada,— ./oAn  Ogilby't 
JWie  World,  p.  133. 


claim  eiani' 

iiied 


TUB  HyrroRT  [Vofi.  I. 

A,  D.  1635  of  General  Razilla,*  whose  residence  vnii>  principally  in  the  for- 
tress at  La  Heve,  though  his  own  pat«>i «  adjoined  St.  Croix. 
A  subordinate  command  of  tli6  country,    -anward  of  this  river 
;'  he  had  given  to  la  Tour  ;  and  of  that  westward,  as  far  as  the 
French  claimed,  he  had  appointed  M.  d'Aulney  commander. 

The  Frpnrb  Razilla  seemed  to  possess  a  nobleness  of  character ;  yet  the 
'manner  of  his  seizing  upon  the  Acadian  province,  or  rather  per- 
mitting some  places  occupied  by  the  English  to  be  plundered, 
gave  them  great  and  just  offence.  It  is  true,  the  third  article  in 
the  treaty  of  St.  Germains,  was  so  artfully  expressed,  as  to  pro- 
vide for  resigning  Acadia,  which  had  no  certain  Hmits,  instead 
of  Nova  Scotia,  whose  boundaries  were  well  defined.  It  was  an 
advantage,  however,  in  which,  it  seems,  the  French  themselves 
had  not  at  first  any  great  confidence.  For  surely^^they  must  have 
been  sensible,  that  Nova  Scotia,  by  name,  was  tlie  country  in- 
tended to  be  surrendered,^-or  why  had  they  delayed  to  extend 
their  claim  ? — ^Why  pillage  the  trading-house  at  Penobscot,  three 
years  past,  and  that  at  Machias  not  till  a  year  afterwards  ? — unless 
it  were  to  ascertain  if  such  flagrant  acts  would  be  resented  ? — 
No  doubt,  it  must  have  been  in  consequence  of  a  conviction  they 
had  done  wrong,  and  had  very  questionable  rights,  that  they  per- 
mitted the  New-Plymouth  colonists  to  resume  the  occupancy  of 
the  former  place,  and  quietly  to  hold  it  till  the  present  time. 

But  Razilla,  perceiving  no  public  resentments  expressed  at 
the  outrage,  and  probably  informed  of  the  late  territorial  assign- 
ment to  lord  Sterling,  despatched  d'  Aulney,  this  summer  (1635) 
in  a  man-of-war,  to  take  possession  of  the  country.  The  vehe- 
ment temper  and  base  cupidity  of  this  man,  prompted  him  at 
once,  to  rifle  the  trading-house  at  Biguyduce  (Penobscot),  of 
all  its  contents  in  a  piratical  manner ;  sending  away  the  traders 
and  their  servants  with  no  better  consolation,  than  a  mere  sched- 
ule of  the  goods  plundered,  accompanied  with  boastful  threats : 
— Go  now  *  said  he,'  and  tell  all  the  plantations  southward  to  the 
40th  degree,  that  a  fleet  of  eight  ships  will  be  sent  against  them, 
within  a  year,  to  displace  the  whole  of  them ;  and  know,  that 
"  my  commission  is  from  the  King  of  France." 

To  avenge  the  wrong  and  drive  the  French  from  Penobscot, 
Capt.  Girling,  master  of  the  Hope,  a  large  ship  hired  at  Ipswich, 


D'Aulney 
at  Penot)- 
scot. 


manners,  a 


•  Called  also  "  Rosillon,"  ««  Razilly."— 1  Hutch.  HitLp.  121. 


ClAr*V>]  OP  MAINE.  268 

^y  the  New-PJjmouth  cokmisto  for  the  purpose,  and  joined  by  a.  d.  ks^. 
their  own  barque,  was  employed  and  sent  thither,  to  whom  they 
agreed  to  give  jC200,  if  he  succeeded  in  regaining  possession.*  v   . 

The  enemy,  1 8  in  number,  having   heard  of  the  enterprize,  had    » , 
so  securely  fortified  themselves,  that  though  Girling  vigorously 
prosecuted  the  attack,  till  his  ammunition  failed,  he  was  unable    ^^,     > 
to  force  a  surrender. f    *7tet  K'vv  ^tJf;^sp.v/'5«v«Sr'3il^i^^  Oi 

All  the  English  colonists  deprecated  every  approaching  move-  e.  Coioni«i 
nientof  the  French.     Their  Romish  religion,  tlieir  love  of  arbi- Tr'noch. 
trary  principles,  tlieir  connexions  with  the  natives,  their  arrogant 
menaces,  and  predatory  excursions,  severally  made  tlieir  local 
nearness  both  dreaded  and  lamented.     Massachusetts  in  particu- 
lar, resolved   to  render  New-Plymouth    every  assistance,    and      '■-■' 
make  the  expulsion  of  the  French  from  Penobscot  a  common 
cause.      She  consulted  with  Capt.   Sellanova,  a  gentleman  of 
great  military  experience,!  and  immediately  made  preparations 
for  an  expedition  thither  :  but  it  was  entirely  defeated  by  au  un- 
common storm  and  hurricane,  which  did  such  immense  damage, 
in  the  fields  and  elsewhere,  that  provisions  for  one  hundred  men, 
could  not  be  procured  without  great  diiHculty. 

Afterwards  the  French  treated  the  colonists  with  more  forbear- 
ance and  kindness."^  A  crew  of  Connecticut  mariners,  for  in- 
stance, being  wrecked  on  the  Isle  of  Sables,  received  from  them 
many  testimonies  of  humanity,  and  were  even  transported  to 
La  Heve,  the  residence  of  Razilla ;  from  which  place,  he  gave 
four  of  them  a  passage  to  France,  and  furnished  the  others  with  a 
shallop  to  convey  themselves  home.  These  generoits  acts  were 
in  the  last  days  of  his  life — happily  monumental  of  his  worth 
and  clemency. II  '        ■  .'..if^.'.--M<' 

D'Aulney  was  very  much  annoyed  by  Girling's  vessels,  still 
moored  before  his  slender  fortress ;  and  as  soon  as  the  unfoitunate 
mariners,  arrived  there,  from  La  Heve,  he  told  them  he  should 
detain  them  till  Girling  departed.  The  stratagem  succeeded  ;ir 
and  when  he  dismissed  them,  he  addressed  a  letter  full  of  civil- 
ities to  the  Governor  of  New-Plymouth ;  and  subsequently,  both 
he  and  la  Tour,  solemnly  declared  that  they  should  never,  without 

•  VVinthrop's  Jonr.  p.  87.  f  Hubbard's  N.  E.  p  162. 

t  Massachusetts  Rcc.  p.  115.  5  niibbartl's  N.  E.  p.  164. 

II 1  Hutchinson's  Hist.  p.  122.—  Jf'inlhrnp  p.  C9  calls  him  "  Mons.  Com- 
mander of  Roselle."  IT  Winthrop's  Journal  p.  89. 


f^4  ''"'^  HISTORY  [Vot.  I. 

A.  D.  1635.  further  orders,  claim  any  lands  westward  of  Pemaqukl.*    It  is 
French       certain,  however,  that  the  French  had,  at  no  time,  any  territorial 

claim  m  ,  t      r  n         I  ■  J  L 

Peinaquid.  posscssions  westward  of  Penobscot  river  and  bay, — waters  which 
were  for  many  years  the  divisional  boundaries  between  them  and 
the  English. f 
Province  of  ^  ^'®^  "^  thesc  limits,  thus  prescribed  by  the  French  them- 
I^isfi"""  selves  to  their  claims,  might  well  give  encouragement  to  the 
w.  GorKos.  bold  and  persevering  spirit  of  Gorges.  J  By  his  first  patent  and 
the  late  assignment  received  of  the  Plymouth  Council,  April  22d, 
he  obtained  an  "  absolute  property"  in  the  territory,  between 
Piscataqua  and  Sagadahock,  or  the  two  divisions  in  conjunction, 
called  JVcto  Somersetshire  ;  and  supposed  he  acquired  also  all 
the  political  or  jurisdictional  powers  of  government,  which  that 
Company  possessed,  before  their  dissolution.  Hence,  to  organ- 
ize and  establisii  an  adminisi>ation  of  justice,  he  sent  over,  in  the 
year  1035  or  6,  his  nephew  William  Gorges,  in  the  capacity  of 
governor  ;  a  man  of  sense  and  intelligence,  equal  to  the  impor- 
tance of  the  trust.  It  would  seem,  he  entered  upon  the  duties  of 
his  ofhce  at  Saco.  This  was  the  most  flourishing,  and  probably 
the  oldest,  settlement  in  the  Province.  It  had  now  enjoyed  a 
form  of  government  several  years ;  which  might  originally  have 
been  a  social  compact  or  voluntary  combination,  for  mutual  safety 
and  convenience.  In  the  mean  time  Richard  Vines  had  ofhciat- 
ed  as  governor,  and  Richard  Bonython,  as  assistant.'^  Thirty 
pounds  were  raised,  the  present  year,  by  way  of  a  tax  for  the 
support  of  public  worship ;  and  the  inhabitants,  assessed  to  pay 
it,  were  tweniy-one.  From  these  circumstances  we  may  deduce 
by  an  usual  calculation,  that  the  whole  number  of  souls  in  the 
settlement  was  about  150  or  00.  II  •      r 


1636. 


*  Mr.  Winslow,  O  >v.  of  N.  P.  went  to  Eiig^Iand  to  complain  ngainst  the 
cnoroachiiicnts  of  the  Frcncli  nml  Dutch ;  wlicre  Up.  Land  imprisoned 
liiiti  4  tiioiiilis,  liccaiiso  lie  was  a  I'liritan. — Sullivan^  p.  204. — He  went 
ngAMX  in  KilO. 

t 'i'lie  rrciicli  coiitimicd  in  posscsbion  of  Penobscot  till  A.  D.  1664. 
1  llulv'i.   Ilitt.  p.  I!). 

I  Gorfjrs  trrniilitl  to  G.  Cioavcs  and  Ri.  Tiickor,  Jan.  27,  1637,  by  decJ 
a  lariro  (met  of  l.rjOO  acres  and  inoro,  on  the  northern  part  of  flfC  pen- 
insula from  Foro  river,  at  the  point  near  tiio  ferry,  to  Piirpoodiick,  cxtciidinf 
thrnco  to  tiio  Capisick  river,  S.  E.  of  the  rnoiitii  of  Stroudwatcr. 

^l  IJtlk.  N.  II.  p.  2)1. 

II  Si«//nn/n,  p.  2l!»,  :U)6,  gives  the  nnnncs  of  the  men  taxcJ,  Bonyllion 
Vinrs,  nnd  Thomas  liowii  wi»r«  taxed   £3  each  ;  Boad,  Waldrow  and  UM^ 


Ckat.  ▼.]  orifA»B. 

Gorges,  the  Governor,  oommenced  hb  tdmintstration  at  the  A.  D.  icm. 
dwellinghouse  of  fiir.  Bonython,  situated  not  far  from  the  shore,  on  Om.  c«m 
the  aast  side  of  the  river.  Here  he  opened  a  court,  Mardi  S8th, 
present,  Richard  Bonython,  Thomas  Commock,  Henry  Josceljra, 
Thomas  Purchas,  Edward  Godfrey  and  Thomas  Lewis,  coi»- 
missioners ;  who  arraigned,  tried  and  punished,  or  fined,  for  divers 
ofiences ;  and  if  Gorges  were  exercising  a  power  as  extensive 
as  his  jurisdiction,  every  wrongdoer  between  Piscataqua  and  Sag- 
adahock  was  amenable  to  this  tribunal  :• — It  being  the  firtt  or- 
ganixtd  government,  eatablithed  within  the  preaent  State  of 
Mttine.^    The  court  held  sessions  two  or  three  years. 

The  Governor,  in  the  discharge  of  his  official  duties,  found  hJ^'J^^"* 
it  necessary  to  look  into  the  concerns  and  conditions  of  the  sever-  '''j  y**i"' 
a!  settlements  in  the  Province  ;  which,  including  the  one  at  Saco,  Gwfo- 
consisted  of  Jive. — I.  ^gamentictu,  a  place  of  Sir  Ferdinando's 
particular  patronage,  originally  settled  by  husbandmen  and  arti- 
sans, 12  or  13  years  before,  had  assumed  the  appearance  of  pros- 
perity, with  a  slow  but  gradual  increase  of  inhabitants. — II.  The 
Piscataqua  aettlementSj  or  plantation,  consisting  of  families  scat- 
tered from  Kittery-point  to  Newichawannock,  and  the  northern 
Isles  of  Shoals,  were  variously  employed,  though  principally  in 
the  fisheries  and  the  lumber  business.     These  were  first  under 
the  superintendence  of  Walter  Neal,  then   Francis  Williams,  till 
die  arrival  of  William  Gorges. — III.  Black-point  settlement,  begun 

liami  £2  each,  the  other*  j^l  each.  Oldham,  one  of  the  original  paten, 
trei  never  dwelt  there.  Sullivan  layi,  "leveral  peraont  were  fined  for 
dninkennesf  and  others  punished  for  other  immoralitien." — If  a  "Court 
was  holden  under  i.uthority  of  the  Province  of  Lyfonia,"  at  York  Record* 
leem  to  indicate,  is  it  uot  probable,  that  William  Gor|;e*  wa«  entrusted 
with  that  patent  ?— — 

•  Chalmcrt,  p.  472—3.  John  Joicelyn'i  Voyaget,  200— At  the  head  of  the 
Pool,  or  Leighton's  point,  it  is  said  a  Court  kouit  stood  at  a  very  early 
period. 

fThc  Court  was  continued  for  several  days— T.  Williams  was  bound  it 
the  itim  of  £I00,  with  sureties  to  answer  to  the  suit  of  Mr.  T.  Lewis,  at  the 
nrrt  General  Court,  and  a  sufficient  jury  of  this  Province  returned  to  try 
the  same.  There  were  several  actions,— Mrs.  Joan  Vines  w.  Donyt 
hon  and  Lewis,  about  planting  com;— W.  deadlock  v.  M.  Howel,  debtj 
T.  Page  V.  J.  Richmond,  Trespass ;  and  there  were  order*  passet*  against 
drankennes*  ;  against  roischierou*  \iiiAn»,ifC.—  Foltm,^»Sa^:9tmdBidd*' 
ford.  p.  49—52. 


Vol.  I. 


.,  t 


^g^  THE  HirroRY  [VoIh  I. 

A  D.  16X.  tboot  6  or  7  feJtn  beforo,  bjr  Thomas  Commook,  Henry  Joie«lyn* 
_  tnd  Mr.  Gtines,  consisted  of  several  houses,  and  iocladed  S^. 

ton's  Islands. — IV.  The  Lygonian  plantation,  which  embraced 
Richmond's  Island  and  most  of  tlie  patent  to  Rdiert  Trelawoey 
and  Moses  Goodyeare,f  undertaken  here  six  years  previously 
and  deserted  the  succeeding  summer,  by  mott  or  all  of  the  plao- 
!ers  under  the  "  Plougii-patent,"  had  tmt  thriven.  The  inhabit- 
ants consisted  principally  of  fishermen,  hunters,  and  trader*, 
whose  dwelling-places  are  understood  to  have  been  at  Spurwinic, 
at  Purpooducic,  and  on  the  peninsula,  collectively  called  at  tiie 
time,  Catco.  Thomas  Bradbury  and  George  Cleaves  had  agen- 
cies under  Gorges,  in  1636-7  j  and  John  Winter,  as  early  as 
1631,  was  the  active  agent  here  for  Tielawney  and  Goodyeare.t 
ff—f V.  The  Pejepscot  settlements,  originating  in  the  enterprize  of 
Thomas  Purchas  and  George  Way,  who  efitablished  their  resi- 
dence at  the  head  of  Stevens'  river,  A.  D.  1 624-5,  consisted  at 
tliis  time  of  very  few  habitations.  They  claimed  on  both  sides 
of  the  Androscoggin,  to  the  falls  ;  southwardly  to  Maquoit ;  also 
the  Merryconeag  peninsula,  Sebascodegan,  and  other  Islands,^ 
upon  which  there  might  possibly  have  been  several  stages  f<>r  fish- 
ermen.— ^VI.  The  people  residing  within  the  Kennebeck  patent, 
were  under  the  jurisdiction  of  New-Plymouth.  (|  ;  ?iv(f  r  i! 
i  It  is  convenient  furthermore  to  mention  in  this  place,  some  par- 
ticulars of  the  settlements  eastward,  as  far  as  Penobscot.     1. 


I^sume-M 


.  * //«66or(i'#  ^V.  E.  p.  224.— Corntnock  was  here  early  in  1633.— //ar 
Ct//.  p.  318— His  grant,  as  it  appears  to  have  been  hiid  out  by  Walter 
Neal,  att'y,  to  tlie  P.  Council,  A.  D,  1624,  and  recorded  in  York  Re- 
cords, contained  1,500  acres, — confirmed  by  Sir.  F.  Gorges. — Book  of 
Claims,  f,  59.  a     »  .    > 

t  The  patent  to  Trelawncy  and  Ooodyearc,  dated  Dec.  1,  1C31,  embraced 
•  tract  botwjen  Spurvvink  and  Casco,  or  Presumpscot  rivers;  also,  Uich- 
inond*s  Island  ;  John  Winter,  their  agent,  being  put  in  possession  of  tlie 
patent  in  1632.  Gcorg:c  Cleaves  and  Richard  Tucker,  wiio  had  rcNidod  at 
Apurwink  two  years,  being  expelled  by  Winter,  removed  to  the  pcninmila. 
-  I  Sullivan,  p.  30ft-ll.— i/ub.  A*ar.  p.  204.— "  The  patentees  took  in  u 
a  partner,  Mr,  Richard  Dummer,  of  Newbury,  Ncw-I^ngland,  in  1638. 

}  The  deed  of  Warumbeo  and  Ave  other  Sagamores,  July  7,  1C84,  taya, 
** Thomas  Purchas  camo  into  this  country  near  sixty  y«ars  before,  and 
took  posMMion  of  lands  from  the  falls  to  Maquoit."— 5<a<rmrn(  of  Kinnt- 
i»ck  Claims,  p.  9.— It  would  •cam,  Purchas  at  length  became  sole  proprie- 
tor. 

H  The  people  being  few  and  spars*  on  this  patonl,  were  never  represent- 
ad  in  the  General  Coartf  at  Naw-riymouth.— Su//ivan,  p.  142.  ' 


WitiMBth>*5igttilaAoetlgmtery  wereil»teiipoi|th«liliiidii  A.9tUm. 
upon  tb*  rirar  Sheepscot — upon  Mawnw  und  about  Cap^Newa* 
gen.*  These  conuined  50  or  60  families.  2.  Tlie  Penu^^iiuf 
plantation  had  been  in  a  flourishing  condition,  ever  since  the  pi- 
teot  iras  granted,  A.  D.  1631.  Monhegan,  Damariscove  and  ,  .^  a 
Hippocra8,f  appear  to  be  appendages  of  it,  and  their  inhab- 
itants amenable  to  its  government.  About  the  year  1633,  and 
also  1659,  Thomas  Elbridge,  a  son  of  the  proprietor,  held  courts 
at  Pemaquid  fort ;  sitting  in  judgment  upon  wrongdoers  and  im- 
posing 6nes  and  penalties.;^  In  his  absence,  Abraham  Shurte 
officiated  as  agent  and  chief  magistrate  of  the  plantation  more 
than  thirty  years.<^  3.  There  were  a  few  settlers  at  the  river 
St  George,  and  upon  George's  Islands,  within  the  Mutcongtu 
patent ;  though  they  consisted  principally  of  fishermen. 

If  there  were,  in  1630,  as  one  author  has  stated,  "  84  families,  p— j,),,!,,. 
besides  fishermen,  about  Sheepscot,  Pemaquid,  and  St.  Georges,||         i  -w^ . 
the  whole  number  of  white  people  at  the  present  time,  between         ,1^1 
Pisoataqua  and  Penobscot,  must  have  exceeded  fourteen  hun- 
dred.lT 

The   continuance  of  William  Gorges  in  New-Somersetshire  \v.  Gor^' 
was  short, — probably  less  than  two  years ;    fo",  in  July,  A.  D.  bo'mliJ!     "" 
1637,  the  authorities  of  Massachusetts  were  presented  with  the 
transcript  of  a   commission   from  Sir  Ferdinando  to  them ;    by 
which  six  gentlemen  therein  named,  were  appointed  to  take  into 
ibeir  hands  the  government  of  the  Province  and  the  superinten- 


♦  Mason's  will  states  Maaonia  to  be  near  *»  Cnphan  of  VVaggan." — I  Hax. 
Coll.  p.  3S5,  393.— or  Ciip<;.Nc.wag;cn. 

t  Hui.  .Vrtr.  p.  280. — Monhejan  and  Daniarlscovr  re  probably  the  III- 
nndi  intended  in  the  Lygonia  patent,  [Sullivan,  p.  3<0,]  thouf^h  appendant 
to  Pemaquid  patent. 

I  In  1659,  Klbridge  brouq;bt  two  actions  in  Yorkshire  Court,  againat 
George  Clcavci,  of  Fahnoiith, 

5  Ante,  A.  D.  1031.  ||  Snllivi.r,  p.  167,  301. 

H  Tliatis,  allow  «  to  a  family,  or  to  a  freeliolder; 
Piicati.4  la  sottlementf.,  [tl  sig^nrd  the  compact  in  1640]  at  pratent, 
Acaincnticiis        "        [inrorporated,  A.  D.  1039,] 
Saco,  inchuling  Black-point, 
Ctico,  or  liyg^onia  patent,  and  Pcjepscot, 
Kenocbcck  patent, 

Sogadabock,  Siieep-tc  >(,  Pemaquid,  St.  Georget,  and  Itlanda 
Iilci  of  Sboals  aud  otber  places, 


PiNsibly  tb0  wbol*  aamb«r  minrht  b«  1 


14W 


A  (rant  to 

8irR. 

£afOCOiDb, 


The  Pe- 

3uot  iriho 
eiiroyedi 


rbeeked  hy 
the  crown  t 


THE  HBTORY  fVoU  I. 

d«nee  of  his  private  afikin.  This  was  an  extraordinary  tnist  • 
and  as  one  of  the  commissioners  had  removed  to  Connecticut, 
and  the  name  of  another  was  incorrect,  the  residue  declined  an 
acceptance  of  the  agency.^ 

Sir  Ferdinando,  whose  mind  was  ever  fruitful  in  expedients, 
strove  to  raise  his  Province  into  distinction  by  making  sundry 
grants  to  gentlemen  of  rank  and  influence.  One  was,  July  3<i 
to  Sir  Richard  Edgecomb,  of  8,000  icres,  near  the  lake  of  New- 
Sk)merset,  [probably  Merrymeetin8;-bay]  in  the  present  Bowd  )in- 
ham.  He  also  encouraged  gentlemen  of  enterprise  and  em- 
inence  to  visit  tlie  country.  Still  he  was  forcibly  convinced,  that 
the  growth  of  his  own  Province  was  surpassed  by  all  ite  colonial 
neighbors,  not  excepting  New-Hampshire.  For  in  the  present 
year,  Massachusetts,  New-Plymouth  and  Connecticut,  by  unity  of 
measures  and  a  conjunction  of  forces,  were  able  to  crush  entirely, 
one  of  the  most  numerous  and  powerful  tribes  of  Indians  in  New- 
England.  These  were  the  Pequots;  of  whom  700  warriors 
and  13  Sachems  were  slain.  One  cause  of  this  war  was  the 
murder  of  John  Oldham,  a  patentee  of  Saco. 

The  increase  and  prosperity  of  the  colonies,  and  the  qricom- 
mon  troubles  in  church  and  state  through  the  kingdom,  served 
to  fan  the  enkindled  ardor  of  emigration,  to  a  degree  of  en- 
thusiasm.f  The  subject  arrested  the  attention  of  the  king; 
and  he,  again  interposing,  ordained  that  none  of  his  subjects 
should  leave  the  realm,  till  they  had  taken  the  oaths  of  supremacy 
and  allegiance,  and  engaged  to  observe  the  rules  of  Episcopal 
discipline.  Nay,  he  gave  orders,  that  no  colonist  should  enter- 
tain a  stranger,  nor  admit  him  to  be  an  house-hold-tenant,  with- 
out license  from  the  crown  :J  and  it  was  only  thvough  the  im- 
portunate petitions  of  merchants,  passengers  and  owners  of  ships 
ready  for  sea,  that  he  and  the  Privy  Council  could  be  persuaded, 


I 'I 


*  flmthiop'*  Journal,  p.  132.— //utftnre/'*  JS".  E.  p.  261-2.— The  orig- 
inal, wifli  tlifi  sif  11  :nanual  and  privy  seal,  was  not  taken  from  llic  office, 
bccnuio  tise  fees  were  not  paid. 

fin  10  years  about  21,200  had  romeovcr.— 1  Jfolmei^  A.  Jinn.  p.  299.— 
Even  Oliver  Cromutll  had  rcBolvcd  to  retire  to  this  country. — 4  Hume,  p. 
425. 

I  Chalmert,  162—5.—  1  liclk:  Bio/:,  p.  385.— All  oflicers  and  miiiislrrf, 
were  required  to  return  to  the  F/ds.  Com.  of  Plnntalions  evrry  half  ytar, 
the  names  and  qualities  of  (he  ciiiiffranti.  —  l  llaz.  Co//.  421. --Tn  konie  uf 
tlM  vessols,  ofiint>  John  J»*ctlgn,  auttwr  of  Ibo  Vo^ug^vt,  ftc. 


Ogjy.  ¥.]  orMAiNB. 

90  ftr  to  mitigate  the  severity  of  the  prohibition,  as  to  allow  the  a.  d.  I63S. 

conteoif^ted  voyages  to  be  made. 

The  ears  of  the  ministry  were  ever  open  to  complaints  against  p''|'^J^ 
the  colonists.     They  being  puritans,  were  represented  to  be  a  J.^'Vewt"* 
people  of  factious  disposition,  unworthy  of  confidence,   and  par-  E^>>ciai>(i- 
tial  to  a  government  of  turbulent  rulers  :  and  therefore,  his  Ma- 
j£sty  issued  a  new  order  for  the  institution  of  a  general  Gov« 
eminent,  and  appointed  Sir  Ferdinando,  Governor.     But  as  the 
charter  of  Massachusetts  was  still  an  insurmountHble  obstacle  in 
the  way  of  its  establishment,   tlie  king  commanded  the  colony 
audiorities  to  surrender  it,  or  they  must  expect  a  total  dissolution 
of  the  corporation.* 


KV  iM  ^t.-,J-  .:.  .1  Hth.-Ut'se'-*W-' 


-h" 


His  view  of 


In  reply,  they  lamented  their  sufferings,  occasioned  as  they 
thought,  wholly  by  suspicions  which  always  paint  in  the  darkest 
colours,  and  prayed  his  Majesty  for  that  protection,  which  blesses 
him  that  gives,  and  them  that  receive ;  saying,  *  if  our  charter 
*  be  taken  away,  and  we  dissolved,  we  must  leave  our  habitations 

<  for  some  other  place,  and  the  whole  country  will  fall  into   the 

<  possession   of  the  French  on  the  one  hand,  or  the  Dutch  on 
•tlie  other.'f    ^  ■  .iti  ..  i!      ■>       ,  •-  ;  -        .-:       '  ,,/i'i.«i»'. 

No  other  argument,  or  agreement,  could  have  struck  Gorges 
with  equal  force.  He  knew  the  Massachusetts  government  was  coUiiiiM 
the  principal  barrier  against  the  encroachments  of  the  French. "'''"" 
To  weaken  it,  would  encourage  the  pretensions  of  d'  Aulney  ; 
and  Gorges  migiit  reasonably  entertain  apprehensions  of  a  seizure 
upon  his  own  Province.  A  large  number  had,  in  fact,  removed 
from  the  vicinity  of  Boston  to  Connecticut  river ;  and  others, 
tired  of  accusations  and  strife,  were  thinking  it  no  great  sacrifice 
to  make  a  lemoval  from  a  severu  climate,  to  a  more  southern 
temperature.  Hence  the  Governor-General  saw,  that  the  only 
revenues  to  be  derived  from  a  farther  prosecution  of  his  favour- 
ite s";heme,  must  necessarily  be  the  resentments  and  ill-will  of 
the  colonists,  towards  him  and  his  agents  ;  and  from  his  nephew, 
then  with  him,  he  had  siifTicient  knowledge,  that  the  bad  pos- 
ture of  his  own  Am«M-ican  affairs,  was  orrnsioned  partly,  if  not 
principally,  by  tlie  impolicy  and   tinpopuhirity  of   his  measures. 


•  1  Haz.  Coll.  422—5,  403—4,  852—8. 

tl  Ha/..  Cull.  p.   4d2— a — 43Q-6.— I    Iliitcliinion'*  Hiit.   p.  86.^App. 
Ji.  442—4. 


1#l" 


IJurdet. 


I 

If 


8T<^  THE  HUTOEY  [Vol..  «. 

A.  D.  ua^  At  home,  the  contest!*  of  the  royalists,  of  whom  he  wu  «  aei). 
ous  one,  and  the  revolutionists,  yrhn  were  daily  increaabg  ia 
strength  and  numbers,  were  assuming  a  magnitude,  great  enough 
to  divert  the  public  attention  from  all  remoter  interetts;  and 
when  Archbishop  Laud*  and  other  arbitrary  ministers  at  length 
lost  their  influence.  Gorges  confined  his  ambition  to  the  single 
object  of  procuring  a  royal  charter,  the  best  he  couid  obtab, 
for  the  government  of  his  Province. 

At  this  time,  appeared  in  his  plantation  at  Agamenticus,  one 
George  Burdet,  in  the  character  of  a  clergyman,  who  had  been 
a  preacher  at  Ifarmouth  in  England.  A  controversy  with  the 
bishops  about  ceremonies,  had,  as  he  pretended,  driven  him,  a  per- 
secuted man  to  this  country.  He  arrived  at  Salem,  in  1634, 
where  he  preached  a  year  or  more,  and  joined  the  church  ;  and 
upon  taking  the  oatii  of  fide)  it  \  was  admitted  a  freeman  of  the 
colony.  His  natural  abilities  were  good,  his  manners  specious, 
and  his  scholarship  much  above  mcdinority.  His  next  removal 
was  to  the  upper  plantation  in  Nevv-Hirupshire,  where,  by  artful 
management,  he  had  the  success,  in  1636,  to  supplant  Thomas 
Wiggin,  the  Governor,  and  rbtain  tho  office  himself.  To  ingra- 
tiate himself  into  the  favour  of  Laud,  who  was  a  foe  universally 
obnoxious  to  the  colonists,  tliough  at  that  time  a  most  influential 
member  of  the  Privy  Council ;  Burdet  addressed  to  him  a  secret 
letter,  a  copy  of  which  was  accidentally  found,  wherein  he  load- 
ed Massachusetts  with  the  most  illiberal  reproaches.     *  She  is  not 

*  merely,'  said  he,  '  aiming  at  new  discipUne,  but  sovereignty ; — 

*  foi ,  even  her  General  Court  account  it  perjury  and  treason  to 

*  speak  of  appeals  to  tlie  kinf;;.' — In  reward  for  this  he  had  the 
thanks  of  the  haughty  prelate,  who  also  assured  him,  as  soon  as  a 
press  of  other  matters  would  permit,  the  errors  and  disorders 
should  he  rectified. f 

The  traits  of  Burdet's  character,  were  now,  without  loss  of 
time,  exposed  in  just  but  odious  colors,  by  an  official  letter 
from  Boston  to  his  neigliborSjf  which  rendered  him  obnoxious  to 
the  severest  obloquj  ;  and  hence  ho  made  a  precipitate  retreat  to 
Agamenticus.     Such  was  the  destiny  of  this  happy  place,  which 


*  Laud  was  beheaded,  A.  D.  1616. — 5  Hume,  p.  169. 

f  WiDthrop'i  Journal,  p.  176-7. — t  Hutckinion's  Hist.  p.  85. 

I  I  Hubbard'i  N.  E.  p.  35 1.— I  Delk.  N.  H.  p.  33. 


It; 


c««^».] 


or  tikmt. 


£71 


htd  enjoyed  the  instructions  of  the  '*  pious  and  learned**  Mr.  a.  d.  ism. 
Thompson.*    Burdet,  finding  himself  unable  to  wipe  oflf  asper- 
sions, was  presently  guilty  of  lewdness,  falsehoods,  and  intrigues, 
which  not  only  debased  him  in  general  estimation,  but  exposed 
him  to  the  penalties  of  law. 

As  a  country  without  government  or  law,  becomes  the  open  civii  Gov 
receptacle  of  base  men,  the  emulation  of  the  virtuous  is  abated  ;  "^d^! 
for  their  rights  are  justly  considered  to  be  insecure.  Full  of 
these  discouragements,  New-Hampshire,  New-Somersetshire,  and 
the  people  "  farther  east,"f  had  now  formed  resolutions  of  ap- 
plying to  Massachusetts,  though  a  government  less  than  ten  years 
of  age,  to  receive  them  within  her  jurisdiction.  Nothing  was 
more  desired  or  needed  than  consistency,  strength  and  system  in 
the  administration  of  the  peoplc^s  civil  affairs. 

But  before  we  close  the  annals  ol'  this  year,  an  event  which  Ehrtiiqu«k« 
rendered  it  memorable  ought  not  to  be  passed  without  notice. 
This  was  the  "  Great  Earthquake,"  which  happened  June  1st, 
between  the  hours  of  3  and  4  in  the  afternoon.  At  the  time,  the 
weather  was  clear  and  warm,  and  the  wind  westward.  It  com- 
menced with  a  noise  like  continued  thunder,  or  the  rattling  of 
stage  coaches  upon  pavements,  and  with  a  motion  so  violent,  that 
people  in  some  places  found  difficulty  in  standing  on  their  feet  j 
and  some  chimneys,  and  many  light  moveables  in  dwellinghouses 
were  thrown  down.  The  sound  and  motion  continued  about  four 
minutes,  and  the  earth  was  unquiet  at  times,  for  20  days  after- 
wards. It  was  generally  felt  throughout  New-England,  and  the 
course  of  it  was  from  west  to  east.j; 


*  Wiathrop'i  Jour.  p.  195.— Hubbard's  N.  E.  p.  276. 
f  1  IIutcliinson'8  Hist.  p.  88. 

I  This  is  mentioned  by  all  the  older  wrUen.—  ff'inthrop^t  Jour.  p. 
nO.—l  Brit,  Emp.  in  A.  p.  276 Also  1  Hulch.  Hut.   p.  88. 


156, 


272 


THE  HUTOttT 


[VpUfc 


■^.hW-' 


^ ;. 


T 


»;> 


"  CHAPTER  VI. 

Gorges'  Charter  of  the  Province  of  Maine — Its  extent,  povfers  and 
privileges-i-hks  of  S^oe^s — Tlie  system  of  government  by  Gor- 
1     ges — His  officers   and  regitlatiQns-^Courts— -Offenders  punished 
i    — Bountietfor  wolves-r^Ttoo  Counties,  York  and  Somerset — Bap. 
tism  enfr'aed — Piscataqua  [leople  combiiie — Political  choMun— 
Agani' niicuSf  a,  borottgli — Raited  to  a  city — Oeorgeana — Its  cor- 
porate  poioers-^New'Hampskire    unites   with    Massachmetls— 
Pejepscot — Larkham  and  Gibson  disagree— 'Isles  of  Skoals  tujU 
—  Warwictc  and  Plantation  Commissiontrs-^UniiUi  of  four  CoUh 
j   ntes — Wells  settled — Wheelwright  restored  to  favor — Lygmia 
,  purchased  by    Sir  A.  Righy — Cleaves,  his    Governor  oppo/td 
by    Vines —  The   dispute — Referred  to  Massachusetts — Rigby's 
'     character — Commu  iioners  decide  in  his  favor — His   government 
'\  by   Cleaves — 'Civil   affairs    in    Maine — Kittery    established'" 


Death  and  charactti  tf  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges. 


\ 


A.D.  1639. 
A|iril  3, 
Charter 
OF  Maink 


At  length,  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges  obtained  of  king  Charles 
I.  a  Provincial  Charter,  possessing  uncomnaon  powers  and  privi- 
leges. It  bears  date,  April  3,  1639.  The  territory,  it  embraces, 
begins,  in  the  description  given,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Piscataqua, 
and  extends  up  that  river  and  through  Newichawannock  aod 
Salmon-Fall  river,  "  north-westwards  one  hundred  and  twenty 
miles ;"  from  Piscataqua  harbor  "  north-eastwards  along  the 
sea-coast  to  the  Sagadahock ;"  thenco  through  that  river  and  the 
Kennebeck,  "north-westward,  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles;" 
and  thence  over  land  to  the  utmost  northerly  end  of  the  line  first 
mentioned ;  including  the  north  half  of  the  Isles  of  Shoals  and 
the  Islands  **  Capawock  and  Nautican*  near  Cape  Cod ;"  also 
'*  all  the  Islands  and  inlets  within  five  leagues  of  the  main,  along 

■"  Perhaps  ^/ar</ia'*  Vineyard  and  JVantucket ;  But  neither  Sir  Ferdi- 
nando, Ills  heirs,  or  assijrns  ever  took  any  thing  by  this  part  of  the  charter. 
He  immediately  i^avc  public  notice,  "  that  if  any  would  undertake  by  him- 
self and  associates  to  transport  a  competent  number  of  inhabitants  to  plant 
in  any  of  his  limits,  he  would  assign  unto  him,  or  them,  such  a  proportion 
of  lands,  as  should  in  reason  satisfy  them,  reserving  only  to  himself  a  small 
quit.reol,  at  2«.  cr  2t.  dd.  for  lUO  acres  per  annum." — Oorgu''  J'/'ar. 
r-46. 


Chaf.  ri.] 


OP  MAINB. 


273 


the  coasts  beitween  the  said  rivers   Piscataqua  and   Sagada-  a.  d.  I639, 

hock." 

3y  the  charter,  this  territory  and  the  inhabitants  upon  it  were  ^^^  ^^ 
iocorporated  into  a  body  politic,  and  named  The  Province  oRi'c»ur«. 
Ccu'NTY   or   Maine.      Sir   Ferdinando,  his  heirs  and  assigns 
vrere[made  absolute  Lords  Proprietors  of  the  Province,  excepting 
the  suprerae  do ..  nioj,  faitli  and  akiegiance,  due  to  the  crown,        ^ 
and  a  right  to  exact  }  nrly  a  quarter  of  wheat,  and  a  fiftli  of  the 
profits  arising  from  '*  pearl  fisliings,"  and  from  gold  and  silver 
tulnes. 

The  articles  of  faitli,  and  forms  of  ecclesiastical  government, 
used  by  the  Church  of  England  were  established  ;  and  to  the 
proprietary  was  given  the  patronage  of  all  churches  and  chapels, 
and  the  right  of  dedicating  them  according  to  Episcopal  usages. 

In  concurrence  with  a  majority  of  the  freeholders,  or  their  Govern- 
representatives,  assembled  in  legislation,  the  proprietor  was  au- 
thorized to  establish  any  laws  or  orders  which  the  public'  good 
required — extending  for  sufficient  cause  to  life  or  member,  and 
conforming  as  far  as  practicable  to  those  of  England.  Likewise 
10  him  as  proprietary  Governor  belonged  the  power  to  erect 
Courts  of  justice,  civil  and  ecclesiastical,  for  determining  all 
manner  of  causes  by  sea  or  land  ;  to  appoint  judges,  justices, 
magistrates  and  their  officers,  and  .0  displace  them ;  to  prescribe 
iheir  respective  jurisdictions;  and  to  frame  the  oaths  to  be  taken 
by  officers  and  by  witnesses.  Also  to  him  or  his  deputy,  appeals 
were  generally  allowed  In  all  cases  whatsoever,  which  could,  in 
Eni^land,  be  carried  before  the  king. 

The  executive  powers  of  the  Lord  Proprietor,  or  Deputy-Gover- 
nor, were  plenary.  He  had  the  appointment  of  all  executive, 
military,  and  ministerial  officers,  "  lifetenants"  and  deputies  ;  the 
pardon  of  all  offiinders  and  offences,  and  the  execution  of  the 
laws.  To  provide  suitably  for  emergencies,  when  "  assemblies  of 
freeholders  for  making  laws"  could  not  be  convened,  he  had 
power  by  his  deputy  or  magistrates,  *o  establish  all  fit  and  whole- 
some resolutions  and  orders,  provided  tl':;y  did  not  extend  to  any 
person's  life,  freehold,  or  chatteL.  Whereas  the  Province,  in  the 
language  of  the  charter,  "  is  seated  nr  lOng  many  barbarous  na- 
tions," and  has  been  sometimes  invaded  by  them,  by  pirates,  and 
Vol.  I.  22 


A 


lairii 


Fiiberjr. 


274  THB^^fcTOET  [Vol.  I. 

A.  o.  MS9  Others ;  it  ordained  that  the  lord  proprietor  be  inretted  with  the 
Miiury  nf-  amplest  authority  to  nrm  all  his  provincials  in  deftiice,  and  to 
fortify,  resist,  conquer,  and  recapture  in  all  cases,  accenting lo  his 
pleasure  and  tlie  laws  of  war :  and  also  amidst  all  hostilities  or 
lunoults,  to  execute  martial  law,  as  fully  as  any  of  the  king's 
captain-generals  could  do  within  iiv:  realm.  He  hid  a  right  to 
build,  or  establish  as  many  cities,  boroughs,  and  towns  as  he  chose, 
—to  grant  them  charters  of  incorporation,  appoint  markets,  and 
prescribe  tolls.  He  likewise  of  right  designated  the  ports  of 
entry,  rated  and  took  to  himself  the  duties  on  imports,  and  yet 
bis  provincials  were  only  to.  pay  in  England,  on  their  exports 
thither,  the  same  customs  paid  by  natural  bom  citizens  of  the 
realm. 

All  English  subjects  had  free  privilege  to  take  fish  in  any 
waters  of  the  Province,  and  to  dry  them  and  the  nets  upon  the 
shores  of  woodlands  and  wastes,  provided  no  damage  be  done 
to  the  inhabitants. 

To  the  Lord  Proprietor  belonged  all  waifs,  wrecks,  escheats, 
and  the  estates  of  pirates  and  felons,  whenever  liable  to  seizure 
or  forfeiture ;  also  Admiralty  jurisdiction ;  so  that  all  maritime 
causes  arising  within  the  Province,  or  within  20  leagues  of  it, 
were  subject  to  his  adjudication,  under  the  paramount  authority 
of  the  English  Lord  High  Admiral.  An  exclusive  trade  was 
given  and  secured  to  him  and  the  inhabitants  within  the  Prov- 
ince ;  the  charter  making  every  transgressor,  or  intruder,  subject 
to  the  king's  indignation,  and  to  the  penalties  prescribed  by  the 
Provincial  laws. 

Moreover  he  had  a  right,  as  proprietor,  to  divide  his  Province 
into  counties,  cities,  towns,  parishes  and  hundreds ;  to  appro- 
priate lands  for  public  uses ;  and  to  erect  territorial  tracts  "  into 
several  and  distinct  manors,^^  with  appurtenant  demesne  lands, 
rents  and  services,  Court-leets,  and  Courts-baron,  according  to 
usage  will) in  the  realm. 

For  the  purpose  of  planting  and  fortifying  "  the  Province  of 
Maine,"  Sir  Ferdinando,  his  heirs  and  assigns  were  expressly 
allowed  to  transport  hither  any  "  men,  women  and  children" 
not  prohibited  by  proclamation  ;  any  vessels  and  munitions  of 
war;  provisions   and  victuals,   provided  none  should  have  the 


Admiralty 


Civil  Divis- 
ious. 


^»-■ 


Chap.  ▼!•]  OF  mainb.  276' 

rights  of  freehold,  trade  or  residence  there,  without  the  Lord  Pro-  A.  D  IW. 
prietor's  express,  or  tacit  permission.  v  in 

To  all  the  people  born  in  the   Provihce,  whether   of  English,  Pr;vii,j«.  ' 
Scotch  or  Irish  parentage,  were  secured  tlie  rights  of  citizen-        '   >.    . 
s>ip,  as  extensively  as  if  they  were  tlie  natural  born  subjects  of    »  ,'      ! 
the  realm.     But  all  the  provincials,   both  citizens  and  residents, 
were  required  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  crown,  as 
tliough  they  dwelt  in  England.     Every  freeholder  or  tenant  wa»  . 
to  hold  his  lands  of  Sir  Ferdinando.  his  heirs   or    assigns,   as  . 
paramount  lord  of  the  soil ;  thoiich   entitled  to   enjoy   all  pre- 
vious grants  with  the  appurtena      ri -'its  and  liberties,  upon  the 
relinquishment  of  his  jura  rega  "    and  the  payment  of 

some  small  pittance  as  an  ackn  of  the  tenure. 

All  the  admirals,  generals,  ji'  ifTs,  constables,  and 

other  officers  of  the  crown,  were  comniau,  d  to  aid  the  Proprie- 
tor, his  heirs  and  agents,  at  all  times,  when  requested,  upon  the 
peril  of  incurring  the  royal  displeasure.  Indeed,  his  proprietor- 
ship, thus  chartered,  was  little  less  than  an  absolute  sovereignty ;  he 
being  merely  subordinate  to  the  crown  and  to  the  Lords  Commis- 
sioners of  Foreign  Plantations,  as  a  subject  of  the  realm. 

\a  fine — it  was  ordained,  in  and  by  these  Letters  Patent,  that 
upon  their  enrolment  they  should  be  forever  effectual  in  law  Conciusio», 
tliroughout  the  British  Dominions ;  that  they  should  be  con- 
strued according  to  their  true  meaning  and  intent — "  most  be- 
nignly, favorably,  and  beneficially"  for  the  proprietor  and  his 
heirs ;  that  no  word  or  sentence  should  be  interpreted,  in  preju- 
dice, to  the  word  of  God,  the  true  christian  religion  taught, 
or  laws  established  in  the  kingdom ;  and  that  all  explications, 
when  needed,  should  be  made  by  the  king's  attorney-general. 

This  is  a  short  outline  of  Gorges'  memorable  charter  of  the 
Province  of  Maine  :* — a  charter  which  contains  more  extensive 
powers  and  privileges,  than  were  ever  granted  by  the  crown  to 
any  other  individual :  and  in  short,  if  we  except  the  establish- 
ment of  a  sectarian  religion,  we  may  pronounce  it  a  very  masterly 
chart,  as  drafted  for  a  colonial  government. 

The  extent  of  the  Province  northward,  was  to  the  mouth  of  Dead 

*  This  charter,  entire  and  at  great  length,  it  ia  1  Hag.  Coll.  p.  442— 
MS:  aln  io  SuUieaii't  App.  p.  397—408. 


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if/B  THiHiffroRT  pfmrnt, 

A.D.  >tt».rhr«r,  and  ti«rthW8Stwaird  to  Umbagog  Lake;  and  the'tatriioiy 
"—•^-~     might  be  equal  to  a  sixth  part  of  the  present  State  of  liabe.*^ 

The  charter  embraced  five  of  the  celebnrted  lilu  0f  SUob  • 
ji*iM  of  viz.  Hayley%  or  Smutty-no$e  ItlanA,  Hog^  Duck^  Cedar,  and 
or  Smiib't  Malaga  hlanat.  Clark's,  or  Navy  kland,  farther  north,  proper, 
ly  belonged  to  Maine,  but  not  to  the  ctuster.-->Tho8e  united  to 
^^ew-Hampshire  are  Star^  White,  and  Londontr*$  I$land$.  The 
whole  number  may  contain  600  acres.f  Though  rocky,  bleak, 
and  greatly  exposed  to  winter  severities,  they  have  a  cool  re- 
freshing  atmosphere  in  summer— always  healthful,  and  none 
upon  the  coast  were  oftener  noticed.  To  the  eye  of  curiosity,  they 
exhibit  in  some  places,  appearances  of  rock  broken  off  and  sept- 
rated  from  the  rest  of  the  Island  ;  in  others,  frightful  chasms, 
several  yards  wide  and  twenty,  or  even  thirty  feet  deep,|  evidently 
occasioned  by  some  violent  concussion  or  earthquake.  Through 
the  cracks,  or  channels,  the  water  at  flood-tides,  and  in  storms, 
rushes  in  great  torrents.  These  Islands,  after  the  visit  of  the 
famous  John  Smith,  in  1614,  were  called  "Smith's  Isles,"  till 
they  acquired  the  present  name.  The  peculiar  advantages  for 
fishery,  which  they  presented,  gave  them  celebrity  and  value, 
and  were  the  efficient  and  principal  causes  of  the  early  settle* 
ments  upon  them.  Tho  cl>'^racter  and  habits  of  the  originil 
Islanders,^  for  industry,  intelligence  and  pure  morals,  have 
acquired  for  them  great  respect  in  the  estimation  of  posterity. 
Among  the  early  residents,  were  Mr.  William  Pepperell,  and  Mr. 
Gibbons,  who  carried  on  the  fisheries  two  years,  very  extensively; 
bebg  men  of  great  enterprize  and  considerable  .distinction.  II    On 

*  EToncoutly  suppoieJ  afterwards  to  contain  0,600  iqiiare  tnilci.— Bn'<. 
/>om.  tn  .4.  p.  117.— it  embraced  (wo  of  llio  12  diviiiona  ;  the  horthtrlj 
boundary  of  ^tw-Sotnrrtttthire  being  tbo  ADdrobcoggin  river. 

t  Thry  (io  9  mile*  S.  E.  of  Portgmouth  light-houic,  N.  Lat.  4^o  50'.  Tbo 
bartxtr  ia  at  Haylcy**  Islaad,  which  opens  to  the  S.  W.— Sm  Introduclim, 
p.  S3,  alto,  poit,  1661. 

I  In  one  of  these,  viz.  Star  Island,  is  "  Betty  Moody*s  hole,'*  irliero  iho 
Mcretcd  herself,  at  a  time  when  (lie  Indians  carried  away  "  many  fem&lA 
captives,"— probably  in  kinfr  Philip's  war. 

}  The  Islands  wcro  settled  early.  "  Tlic  deed  |*ivcn  by  the  Indian  Sai;- 
ftmorcs  to  John  Whcclwrig^ht  and  others,  A.  I).  1629,  includos  the  Isltsof 
Uoals.' 

II  Pepperell  was  an  ancestor  of  Sir  William,  and  settled  in  Kittcry,  Gib* 
bons  was  from  Topsham,  in  £ng[land,  and  obtained  a  |;rant  out  of  the  Mu»- 
MDg;us  patent     Thry  left  (he  Island  at  tho  s.ime  time,  and    wont  (!>• 


*»  ^ 


HogUluMl «  meetbg-houw  wm  birik  tt  t  very  Mrty  period,  pes-  A.  A.  m. 
aMjrthe  fim  in  the  Province ;  and  about  A.  D.  1640,  we  find  die 
Minders  were  attendants  upon  the  ministry  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Hul!. 
There  were  originaUjr  '  between    30  and  30  fiunilies  on  that 
<  Icbnd.'    They  oace  **  bad  a  court-house  oil  Hayley's  Ishnd  ;**  . 
and  in  so  prosperous  a  state  were  these  Islands,  that  they  contain- 
ed "  from  four  to  six  hundred  souls."     Even  gentlemen  from  F«H*ii<». 
some  "  ot  the  principal  towns  on  the  seacoast,  sent  their  sons  here 
**  for  literary  instruction."* 

The  charter  might  well  afibrd  the  greatest  satisfaction  to  the 
mind  of  Gorges  ;  for  it  contained  all  the  territories,  all  the  pow- 
ers, and  all  the  provisions,  he  desired.    The  provincial  name  of  why  uii* 
MiiiRE,  though  one  by  which  this  section  of  country  was  at  that  Hl'^^^  ^ 
time  frequently  ea//e{/,f  was  chosen,  probably,  in  compliment  to  ^*'^' 
the  queen,  who  had  inherited  a  province  of  the  <ame  name  in 
France.;^     For  this  double  reason,  it  was  a  name  preferable  to 
the  old  one,  taken  from  the  county  of  Somerset,  in  which  the 
patentee  had  his  residence  and  perhaps  his  birtli. 

Gorges  now  consoled  himself  in  his  successes.    Being  "  seized,  0«*m'  , 

**  ,  .  o  » njiioin  of 

"  (says  he  to  his  provincial  coadjutors,)  of  what  I  have  travelled  AtiminU- 
"  for,  above  forty  years,  together  with  the  expenses  of  many  thovs- 
"  and  pounds,  and  the  best  time  of  my  age,  loaded  with  troubles 
*'  and  vexations  from  all  parts,  as  you  have  heard  ;  I  will  give  you 
"  some  account  in  what  order  I  have  settled  my  aflairs  in  the 
"  Province  of  Maine,  with  tlie  true  form  and  manner  of  govem- 
"  raent,  according  to  the  authority  granted  me  by  his  Majesty's 
"  royal  charter.^ 

coune  their  (tavci  directed,— which  (hey  let  Tall,  from  holding  thctn  up  in 
a  plumb,  or  perpendicular  suspenaion. 

*  See  Introduction ;  alao,  7  Coll.  of  Man.  Hist.Sor,  p.  242— 2S0. 

f  By  reaion  of  the  great  number  of  lalanda  in  this  quarter,  tho  ahorea, 
orcoaat,  were  frequently  called  «'(Ae  Main."  Smith  aays,  while  he  waaat 
the  lalanda,  in  1614,  the  Indiana  deaired  atrongly  one  of  hia  men  abovld  pi 
"  to  the  ^/«yne."— SmtiA'*  Hitt.  p.  18, 19.— I7u6barc/'t  JV.  E.  p.  12— aaya 
Weymouth  anchored  firat  at  an  Island,  thouj^h  it  appeared  to  be  "  aome 
hieh  land  of  the  Jtfayne."  In  1633,  April  22,  tho  patent  to  J.  Maaon  men- 
tiona  "  a  tract  of  land  upon  the  Jtfat/n."— 1  Hati.  Coll.  p.  3M.— Thia  ex> 
prcuion,  •  the  Main,*  ia  common  in  old  authora.  {  Hulliran. 

i  Otrgti*  ^Var.  p.  XI. — Between  16.34,  when  Gorg^ca  and  Maaoa  made 
partition,  and  1640,  F.  Cbampcmoon,  H.  Cbadbonrn,  N.  Froat,  Peter  Wy- 
*r,  J,  Trncworthy,  and  othcra,  rame  over.    For  the  firat  ten  ycara,  after 


fl8  •  THBiiarRMnr  C^«ki 

•i.        .1-  ■   ■% 

A.  D.  Rai.  The  ■jmem  lM*adoptiNl  was  tttit^-lo  rttain  the  au^prane  et* 
eeu^f  empower  m  bis  own  hands ;  to  tppoint,  of  his  own'sekctioB, 
e  Counctf  of  seven ;  and  to  provide  for  a  popuhr  branch,  con. 
sistinf  of  representatives  chosen  by  counties. 
'  in  the  prosecution  of  his  designs,  he  prepared  an  exact  tnns> 
.  ^  cript  of  the  charter,  a  commission  to  seven  select  counciUon, 
under  his  liand  and  seal,  Sept.  2,  1639,  and  a  code  of  ordix.ua- 
ces  and  instructions ;  all  which  he  transmitted  hither,  requesting 
the  Council  to  proceed  in  the  execution  of  their  trust  without  de- 
lay, and  at  their  opening  session,  to  read  the  whole  publicly-. 
,  that  the  people  of  his  Province  "  might  know,  how  they  were  u> 
be  governed."  Receiving  no  information,  for  six  months,  of  iu 
arrival,  he  carefully  executed  other  papers  and  documents  of  the 
*  same  description,  March  10,  1640,*  though  somewhat  enlarged 
and  improved;  and  these  formed  the  basis  and  structure  of  his 
government. 

The  permanent  councillors,  appointed  and  put  in  the  new 
"'commission,  were  Thomas  Gorges,  Deputy  Governor ;  Rich- 
ard Vintt  of  Saco ;  Henry  Jotctlyn  of  Black-Point ;  jfrancu 
CAanipemoon  of  Piscataqua  [Kittery]  ;  Richard  Bonytkon  of 
Saco;  ^»//tam fiooA;f  of  Agamenticus ;  and  Edward  Godfrey 
of  Piscataqua. 

In  the  place  of  "  Thomas  Joscelyn,  knight,"}  whose  name  ap- 
peared in  the  6rst  commission,  was  substituted  lliomas  Gorges, 
whom  Sir  Ferdinaudo  calls  "  his  trusty  and  well  beloved  cousin." 
He  also  calls  Vines  "  his  steward  general ;"  and  Champemoon^ 
"  his  loving  nephew." 


Itap.  0«v. 


Council' 


the  earliest  utUement  of  Agamentious,  A.  D.  1624,  the  population  increas- 
ed slowly.  William  Gorges  came  over  a  second  time  in  1635  ;  and  proba- 
bly Edward  Godfrey  and  William  Hook  came  some  years  earlier. 

*  The  date  was  A.  D.  1639,  but  this  must  hare  been  in  old  style.— Su/li- 
von,  p.  307. 

f  Hook  was  in  the  Province,  as  early  as  1638. — 1  Hat,  Coll.  p.  818.— Bnt 
removed  to  Salisbury  (Mass.)  some  years  before  he  died  in  1654. 

I  It  is  supposed  Thomas  Joscelyn  never  came  over;— the  others  were 
John  who  came  over  in  1688  and  has  published  "  Voyages,"  and  Henry, 
who  settled  at  Blaok-point. 

4  1  Hag.  Coll.  p.  388.— 1  Belk.  Biog,  p.  316.— Cbampernoon  died  A.  D. 
1687.  Two  of  his  daughters  married  into  the  Cutts  family.  A  third  mar- 
ried Humphrey  Elliot,  whose  son,  Cbampernoon  EUiot,  inherited  his f  rand- 
Ihttier'a  esUtc 


Tlw  bi|[^  or  state  affic|in  of  th6»Pim4nc«  wtn  «Mwii,A.n.  Milk 
^ilnie  titles  and  trusts  were  prescribed,  and  \rfao  were  a)^  deag*  Sim*  tm- 
gg^  or  commissioned  tirom  the  members  ot  the  **'Stan^&^ 
Coaao\"      1  •  The  Dqtutyf  or  Lieutenaiif-Ooeemor,  was  the 
preaideDt  of  the  Board  and  chief  magistrate,  under  the  LoniPhH 
prtetor,  and  held  his  office  for  three  years :  2.  The   ChanedUr 
ms  appointed  to  determine  all  differences  between  party  and 
party  in    matters  of  equity :    3.  The  Marshal  had  the    com<- 
msnd  and  management  of  the  militia,  who  was  invested  with 
power   to  hold  a  court  by  a  Judge-marshal,  where  all  military 
cases  of  honor  or  arms,  capital  as  well  as  tactical,  were  to  be 
tried :  4.  The  Treasurer  received  and  disbursed  the  public  reTe>  ^ 
nue :  5.  The  Admiral  had  charge  of  all  the  naval  forces ;  and 
either  by  himself,  his  lieutenant  or  a  subordinate  judge,  determined 
maritime    causes,  happening  within  the  Province  or  upon  the 
high  seas,  whether  they  concerned  trade,  maritime  contracts,  or 
tho  duties  of  factors :  6.  The  Matter  of  Ordnance  took  charge 
of  all  public  military  stores,  both  for  the  sea  and  land  service  : 
7.  And  lastly,  The  Secretary  was  the  Lord  Proprietor's  and  Coun-  oaiht  lo  bt 
cil's  official  correspondent  and  keeper  of  the  Province  seal,  which  '*''*''' 
be  was  to  impress  upon  all  the  precepts  and  processes  of  that 
body.    This  office  was  assigned  to  the  Deputy-Governor  himself. 

To  qualify  the  Councillors  for  the  exercise  of  the  trust,  they 
were  required  to  take  two  oaths,  before  some  two  of  their  num- 
ber; the  first  v.as  the  oath  of  allegiance,  according  to  the  form 

prescribed  in  England — ^the  other  was  in  these  words : "  I  do 

"  swear  to  be  a  faithful  servant  and  Councillor  unto  Sir  Ferdl- 
"nando  Gorges,  knight,  my  lord  of  the  Province  of  Maine,  to 
"his  hfeirs  and  assigns  ;  to  do  and  perform  all  dutiful  respects  to 
"him  or  them  belonging,  conceal  their  counsels,  and  without 
"  respect  of  persons  to  give  my  opinion  in  all  cases,  according  to 
"my  conscience  and  best  understanding,  both  as  I  am  a  judge 
"  for  bearing  causes  and  otherwise ;  freely  to  give  my  opinion  as 
"  I  am  a  Councillor  for  matters  of  the  State  or  Commonwealth  ; 
"  and  that  J  will  not  conceal  from  him  and  his  Council  any  matter 
"  of  conspiracy  or  mutinous  practice  against  my  said  lord,  his 
"  heirs  and  assigns  ;  but  will  instantly  after  my  knowledge  there- 
"of,  discover  the  same  unto  him  and  his  said  Council,  and  seek 
"  to  prevent  it,  and  by  all  means  prosecute  the  authors  thereof, 
"  with  all  severity  according  to  justice." 


Coiiru. 


A.D.  1640.  The  Council  mra  diraeted  to  ippmnt  a  CUrk  or,  B«gi$ler, 
oaMnaod  to  rocord  their  proceedings ;  and  a  Provost-Marskait  to  execute 
their  precepts,  judgments  and  sentences,  who  was  to  be  provided 
at  the  public  charge,  with  a  suitable  building  for  the  confinement 
of  prisoners.  It  was  also  enjoined  upon  them  to  hold  their  court 
regularly  on  a  stated  day  every  month  ;  and  in  a  plaee  the  mm 
centralf  and  convenient  for  the  population,  <xc  inhabited  puts 
of  the  Province. 

In  session,  ihe  Council's  jurisdiction  extended  to  all  cases, 
both  civil  and  criminal.  Piratical  depredations,  which  were  at  this 
period  uncommonly  alarming,  were  particularly  mentioned. 
To  seize  or  to  kill  pirates,  the  Council  might  commission 
any  individual,  and  likewise  command  the  Provost-Marshal  to 
raise  the  passe,  or  call  out  all  the  forces  of  the  Provmce.  But 
tho  Council  were  required  always  to  proceed  according  to  the  laws 
of  England ;  three  constituting  a  quorum  for  business — ^though 
Mr.  Gorges  or  Mr.  Vines,  in  ail  capital  trials,  was  to  be  one.* 

The  forms  preserved  may  bo  worth  a  recital.    For  instance, 
m  capital  cases  and  felonies,  the  warrant  was  in  these  words ; — 
To  the  Provost-Marshal,f  or  any  Constable  of  the  Peace, 
f        1    These  are  to  command  you  presently  to  take  toith  yoK 
a  sufficient  guard,  and  to  use  your  best  means  for  the 


Foniii. 


apprehending  of 


;  and  him  to  bring  before  us,  to  aniwer 


unto  such  matters  of  felony  as  shall  be   objected  against  him. 
Hereof  fail  not.     Given  under  the  seal  of  the  Province,  fyc. 
The  forms  of  Civil  Process  ran  thus : —  ^ 

To  [A.  B.  ]  0/  [  C.  ]  in  said  Province-^Cfreetit^. 

|.        1    These  are  to  will  and  command  you  to  come  and  ap- 

'         pear  before  us,  the  Council  established  for  the  Province 

of  Maine,  upon  the        day,  oj         to  answer  to  the  complaint 

Given  under  the  seal  of  the  Secretary  of  our  said  Conn- 
cU  the        day,  fye.  T.  GORGES. 

If  any  one  contemned  the  judgments  of  court,  or  resisted  pro- 
cess, he  was  to  be  arrested,  if  force  could  do  it,  and  in  case  he 
fortified  his  bouse,  or  fought  the  officer,  the  Provost-Marshal, 
armed  by  a  special  precept  from  the  Council,  was  required  to 

*  Goi^et*  Hikt.  p.  soffit. 

t  The  feet  of  the  Proroit'Manbal  wu  2i.  for  ecrrinf  a  warrant. 


tiktf  fdBeiant  iid»  aad  proc««d  against  hjjn  with  firt  and  sword  A.D.  IMI. 
il  n&eanuf,  as  against  a  dangerous  rebel.* 

Sir  Ferdinando  proposed  also  to  divide  this  Prorinee  into  fbdr  {}S'?'i|'S' 
(bounties,  or  Bailiwicks,  east,  west,  mHrth,  and  sputh;f  these  ^n**]. 
ioto  eight  hundreds ;  and  the  latter  mto  parishes  and  tythings,  ii«t. 
as  the  people  should  increase  or  convenience  rehire. 

Id  addition  to  the  seven  **  Standing  CounciUors,**  who  alsocon- 
stinited  the  Supreme  Court  of  judicature ;  there  were  to  be  elect- 
ed »ght  deputies  "  by  the  freeholders  of  the  several  counties, 
*  as  R^eteutativeM  'm  behalf  of  the  Country,  who  were  author- 

<  ised  in  virtue  of  their  places  to  set  in  the  General  Court,  as 
«as«stant  members  and  give  their  opinions  according  to  right  and 
'justice.     These  fifteen  formed  the  Legislative  branches  of  the  1;*)*^*^ 

<  government ;  and  without  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  whole 
duly  assembled,  "  no  judge  or  minister  of  state  w^s  to  be  allowed 
Of  approved  }" — no  alienation  of  lands  by  gift,  grant,  or  otherwise 
vras  to  be  made, — nor  any  other  matter  of  moment  transacted 
or  determined.  Once  in  every  year  and  at  other  times,  when- 
ever any  law  was  to  be  enacted  or  repealed,  any  money  or  taxes 
levied,  or  any  forces  for  the  public  defence  raised ;  two  of  th« 

most  worthy  citizens  in  each  county,  were  to  be  elected   as  I7ep-  i)enatiM,tr 
iiKei,  or  Representatives,  by  the  freeholders  thereof,  in  virtue  ofj^^*"* 
a  summons  issued  in  the  Lord  Proprietor's  name,  by  advice  of 
the  standing  council ;  and  when  returned  they  were  to  join  with 
the  other,  or  upper  branch,  m  the  exercise  of  the  legislative  pow- 
ers given  thera,  for  which  the  Assembly  was  convened.     But  noth-  j^„„„f,|j 
iog  is  said  of  their  voting  in  a  separate  house ;  yet  to  this  Assem- 
bly of  15  members,  all  appeals  were  made,  in  case  of  injustice 
or  wrong,  committed  by  any  civil  officer  or  other  person,  acting 
under  the  authority  of  government. 

For  the  administration  of  justice  in  each  County,  and  the  main-Co«m«r 
tenance  of  the  public  peace,  i  lieutenant  and  eight  justices  were 
to  be  appointed  by  the  Executive  ;  and  these,  when  in  session, 
were  authorized  to  choose  or  appoint  two  hcid-constables  for 


*  See  these  Documents  and  ordinances  entire — SW/mnm'*  Hist.  JWduim, 
App.  p.  413—421. 

iOorgui'  ItUt.  p.  50.— He  says,  each  was  ts  contain  a  Regiment  ofMi- 
litiv— 1  Hag.  Coll.  p.  S88— 9. — At  the  first  meetinf ,  it  would  aaeoi  that 
the  freeholders  in  the  several  sattleoMnta  were  allowed  to  attend  the  Oen> 
•nl  Asaenblj  in  penooi  afterwards  depatiM  were  oboaen  in  the  TowMk 
Vol.  I.  83 


288 

CoaimblM 


June  tii. 
Ut.  Hpii. 
Conn  at 
Saco. 


t*''*"** 


each  hundred,  afib  for  etch  partshr  obe  CoutiabK  ittd  ft« 
Tjrtfaing-inen.  In  imitatioti  of  king  j^d*s  policy,  the  ddntaii^ 
or  of  the  householders  and  their  families  was  to  be  made  known 
bjr  the  tything-men  to  the  parish  constable ;  bjr  him  in  writing  to 
the  head-coustables ;  and  by  tliem  to  the  lieutenant  and  justie«a 
at  their  next  session ;— and  if  the  misdetileanor  committed  wu 
within  their  jurisdiction,  they  were  to  hear  and  diecidti  tiponit; 
otherwise  it  was  their  duty  to  present  it  t6  the  Lord  Proprietor,  or 
His  deputy  in  Council. 

^lich  is  the  substance  of  the  constitution  and  poKticd  adiioin- 
fstration  under  the  charter  of  Gorges — a  system  "  much  more 
Easily  drawn  on  paper,  than  carried  into  execution."  The  gov- 
eriiment  was  proprietary,  and  the  religion  and  church-^lity 
episcopal ;  but  no  provision  was  made  for  public  institutions,  nor 
for  schools ;  judicial  proceedings  must  conform  to  the  laws  of 
England ;  the  lands  Were  subject  to  a  quit-rent,  payable  everjr 
year,  of  sixpence  per  acre ;  and  in  all  sales*  of  real  estate, 
licenses  were  first  to  be  obtained  from  the  justices,  else  the  trans- 
fers Would  not  be  valid.  No  provision  was  made  for  empanneK 
ling  jurieii,  yet  it  seems  they  were  early  in  use  as  a  part  of  tiie 
court. 

The  "  first  General  Court,"  under  the  charter,  was  opened  on 
the  25th  of  June,  at  Saco ;  and  holden  by  only  fourf  of  the 
Council,  ttichard  VineSy  Richard  Bonython^X  Henry  Jondyny 
and  EduHird  Godfrey.'  They  called  themselves  '  Councillors  of 
'  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,  for  the  preservation  of  justice  through 
'his  Province ;'"§  and  after  taking  the  qualifying  oaths,  they  pro- 
ceeded to  the  discharge  of  their  official  trust.  They  sippointed 
Higer  Oardf  of  Agamenticus,  Clerk  or  Register ;  Robert  Sankey, 
of  Saco,  Provost-Marshal,||  Ntckolas  Frost,  of  Piseataqua,  M- 
ch^d  Mitten,  [Mitton,'\  of  Casco,  and  John  Wilkhtson,  of  Black- 
point,  the  Constables  of  those  places.  At  the  first  session,  there 
^ere  entered  18  civil  actions  and  8  complaints.  Forihe  pur[Mse 
6(  exercising  a  jurisdictionlT  under  Gorges*  charter,  in  opposition 


*  I  Belk.  Biography,  p.  386. 

f  It  sticms  Thomas  Oorget  had  not  yet  arrived.    F.  Champertwi/n  moil 
have  come  over  before  this  time ; — Hook  had  btien  here  seven  years.  , 

I  Called  in  the  commission  "  Boniton."  {  Sullivan,  p.  308. 

'.'  J  I  Coll.  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  101. 

iT  At  this  court,  Georg^e  Cleaves,  who  took  up  $000  acres,  at  Spnrirink, 
on  the  ppomise,  as  he  said,  of  a  grant  from  Gorges,  sued  J.  \Vinter,  in  two 


He  ^^'  ^oV" 

arrivM. 


iot^fl|iiii|utiof  LyigQQW,  JDt  WM  a^^        IP  Md  the  coon  4*0.  |m». 

at  S«c»;  though  the  people  of  Agamenticus  and  Pupataqua  fek 

it  to  be  A  duappointmeut,  and  complaioed  of  the  distance  to  ^  t 

court,  M  a  grievance.     They  had  expected  that  Agamenticus 

irould  be  the  seat  of  gOYernment ;  and  the  court,  determining  to 

bold  sessions  there  likewise,  required  of  the  Piscataqua  settlerSf 

their  attendance  at  Saco,  only  on  the  annual  electbn  days  in 

June ;  and  allowed  them  to  attend  in  either  place  they  might 

choose,  at  any  other  times. 

Among  the  prosecutions  at  the  first  session,  only  one  can  be 
mentioned.*  This  was  the  indictment  of  John  Winter,  a  trader, 
of  Spurwink,  or  Richmond's  Island,  for  taking  a  premium  of  more 
than  5  per  cent,  upon  the  cost  of  the  articles  sold.  The  prohi- 
bition, though  uncouth  to  us  in  this  age  of  free  trade  and  com- 
merce, was,  in  those  times  of  scarcity  and  ignorance,  perhaps,  a 
fit  provision  of  law. 

hi  the  summer,  Thomas  Gorges  arrived,  commissioned  by  the  ^'"*' 
Lord  Proprietor,  his  Deputy-Governor  of  the  Province, 
was  a  young  gentleman  who  had  received  a  law  education  at  the 
Inns  of  court,  in  Westminster,  whose  abilities,  qualities  of  heart, 
sobrie^  of  manners,  and  liberal  education,  qualified  him  well  for 
the  office.  His  instructions  were,  to  consuk  and  counsel  with  the 
magistrates  of  Massachusetts,  as  to  the  general  course  of  adminis- 
tration most  expedient  to  be  pursued ;  and  such  were  his  own 
resolutions,  that  he  determined  to  discharge  the  duties  of  his  of- 
fice with  fideli^  and  promptitudti. 

At  Agamenticus  he  found  afi^irs,  both  private  and  public,  m 
lamentable  disorder.  The  Lord  Proprietor's  brHdings,  which 
bad  cost  him  large  sums  of  money,  were  in  a  statw  <<(  great  di- 
lapidation, and  his  personal  property  was  squandered  ;-Haothing 
of  his  household-stuff  remouing  hut  an  old  pot|  a  paur  of  tongs, 
and  a  couple  of  cob-irons. 

iclionB,  for  intniiion  and  trespan ;  on  takings  potsenion  tmder  the  patent , 
to  Trelawney  and  Goodyeare,  and  recmrered.— One  R.  Bnidahaw,  under 
Gorget  and  Mason,  was  sncoeeded  by  Richard  Tucker,  nlm  bad  joined 
CleaTcs  at  Spurwink.— There  were  several  civil  action*  brougbt  to  this 
coart,  viz.  A.  Browne  «.  Thomas  Purchas — slander— verdict  j£9.— R. 
Gibson  t.  J.  Bonython,— dander— verdict,  £fif  6s.  6d. 
*  The  first  volume  of  York  Coanty  Records  begins  in  IMO  t  aad  Iba  Yoi* 
ata  numbered  regwlariy,  dosm  to  tka  yressnt  tima. 


>»(M 


m 


riiEHMiTOT 


"T^'i. 


BwdM'a 
IrM. 


Wf^'^f 


A.  b.  IMO.  h  polhiieal  miittet«,  ifae  Deput^-Oovemor  (bond  O«0lrge  Bon 
OMr|«  det  to  be  the  chief  manager.  Pride  and  abflities  bad  given  him 
self-confidence  and  obttinacjr ;  and  he  regarded  no  law,  otherwiie 
than  to  wrest  it  and  make  it  sanction  or  excuse  his  iniquities.  He 
was  immediately  arrested  by  order  of  the  Deputy-Governor,  for 
breaches  of  the  seventh  commandment,  and  bound  over  to  u. 
swer  for  his  crimes  before  the  next  Councillors'  Court  at  Saeo. 
In  this  tribunal,  which  commenced  its  session  Sept.  7th,  Mr. 
Gorges  presided,  juries  were  empannelled,  and  justice  was  reg< 
ularly  administered.  At  this  session  there  were  pending  about 
40  cases,  13  being  indictments. 

Burdet  appeared,  and  such  were  his  arts  in  management,  and 
such  his  persuasive  address,  that  he  inclined  Mr.  Vines  and  two 
others  of  the  Court,  strongly  in  his  favor.  Nevertheless,  he  was 
indicted  and  convicted  of  adultery,  of  breaches  of  the  peace, 
and  of  "  slanderous  speeches."  For  the  first  of  these  offences, 
the  Court  sentenced  him  to  pay  £30,  and  for  the  others  £5.  He 
appealed,  and  claimed  the  right  of  a  rehearing  in  England.* 
But  Gorges,  deaf  to  the  demand,  ordered  his  property  to  be 
seized  and  sold  in  execution  of  his  sentence ;  and  in  retun, 
Burdet,  denouncing  vengeance  against  his  judges,  soon  departed 
for  England.  There,  all  his  expectations  of  redress  were  quickly 
extinguished  ;  for,  taking  sides  with  one  party  in  the  civil  wars,  he 
was  seized  and  ttu'own  into  prison  by  the  other ; — and  we  hear  of 
this  troublesome  man  no  more.f 

Some  other  trials  and  a  few  political  acts  of  the  Court,  may 
well  be  mentioned ;— both  to  gratify  curiosity,  and  reflect  some 
light  upon  the  history  of  those  times.{ 

At  the  same  session,  Ruth,  the  wife  of  John  Gouch,  being  in* 
dieted  by  the  grand  inquest,  was  convicted  of  aduhery  with  Bur- 
det, and  received  sentence, '  that  six  weeks  after  her  expected 

*  confinement,  she  should  stand  in  a  white  sheet,  publicly  in  the 
'  cong  egation  at  Agamenticus,  two  several  sabbath  days ;  and  like- 
'  wise  one  other  day  in  the  General  Court,  when  she  should  be 

*  diereunto  called  by  the  Councillors  of  the  Province,  according 

*  to  his  Majesty's  laws  in  that  case  provided.' 

*  Tbo  charter  did  not  allow  of  any  appeal  to  England. 
"f  JHubbafd'i  N.  E.  p.  361.— Wiothrop't  Jour.  p.  207. 

XFoUom'i  Saco  anet  Bidek/ord,  p.  »5— T—whero  montloB  it  madt  of 
Mveral  trialt  and  caMt. 


HegoMio 

Enfiaiid. 


fLGoock 

Iddic««d. 


A 


Tbrie  othar  prMtmimots  wera  thtw^.  que  ■gainst  Jolm  Lib- A.  A.  mm. 
4n  of  Pifcauqua,  for  tvearing  two  omthtf  who  was  fined  two4 
^liillings ;  one  against  Ivory  Puddiogton, /or  being  dnmk  at  Mn. ' 
^^nn's,  and  fined ;  and  one  against  John  Smith,  servant  of  John 
f^eOtffor  running  away  from  hit  matter  and  other  o&ium,  who, 
tfter  conviction,  was  sentenced  to  be  whipped  and  sent  to  his 
miitCT*    A  bill  of  indictment  was  drawn  against  George  Pud- 
diogton,  of  Agamenticus,  for  saying  on  the  8th  of  August  preced- 
iag,— -(M  hold  the  "power  of  our  combination"*  to  be  ttronger 
than  the  pouter  of  the  king.    This  the  jury  endorsed  ^oni- 


To  prevent  the  great  destruction,  made  by  wolves  among  do-  Boanty  ht 
mestic  animals,  the  Court  ordered  12  pence  to  be  paid  by  every 
ftmily  between  Piscataqua  and  Kennebunk,  for  each  wolf  killed 
within  those  limits ;  and  the  same  sum  by  every  family  between  ^  > 
Kennebunk  and  Sagadahock  for  each  one  killed,  within  that  di- 
vision : — ^the  hunter  receiving  an  order  from  the  nearest  Councillor 
to  demand  the  premium. 

A  division  of  the  Province  was  in  fact  made,  by  the  river  Divition  «r 
Kennebunk,  into  two  Dittricttf  or  Counties,  "  East  and  West."  lince. 
So  names  appear  to  have  been  assigned  to  either  by  the  Court,  ^^^^^ 
though  the  western  district,  or  county,  gradually  acquired  the  ^*^''^'*'- 
name  of  Yorkf  and  terms  of  an  Inferior  Court  were  appointed  to 
be  hotden  at  Agamenticus,  by  a  portion  of  the  Council,  three 
times  in  a  year;  and  the  other,  being  commonly  called  Somertetf 
or  JSTeuf-Sonuriet,  had  three  terms  of  a  like  Inferior  Court  holden  ?«f«  %:^t 
annually  in  the  same  maimer  within  it  at  Saco.    It  was  also  order-  "'^^  ^' 
ed  that  henceforth  there  should  be  one  General  Court  holden  at 
Saco,  for  the  whole  Province  of  Mame  every  year,  on  the  25th 
of  June,  or  on  the  next  day,  if  that  should  fall  on  the  sabbath ;  I  ;  >  !:^ 
and  the  Council  might  convoke  sessions  of  that  Court  at  other 
^mes.    But  tlie  "  Inferior  Courts  had  no  jurisdiction  in  capital 
felonies,  or  civil  actions  involving  titles  to  lands." 

Actuated,  no  doubt,  by  pious  motives,  though  by  peculiar  zeal, 

*  By  this  it  would  seem  that  Agamenticus  had  previously  combined. 

t  Ttie  Grand  Jury  presented  John  Winter,  of  Richmond's  Island,  •'  for 
that  Thomas  Wise  of  Casco,  hath  declared  upon  hii  oath,  that  he  paid  said 
John  Winter,  a  noble  (6s.  8d.]  for  a  gallon  of  brandy  or  aqua  ritae."  Mr. 
John  West »  declared  he  bought  of  John  Winter"  a  pair  of  gray  stocking* 
•t  t%,  and.shpt  at  4d.  tba  pound,  and  paid  in  beavar  at  6a.  the  poond. 


*•  i>.  iMO-Uhe  CoHft  f»d«BadvaB  ftBeDti  in  dw  wmam  Com^fOr  DivMon, 
A»«id««to  bring  their  im6qilW0rf^chiMr«i  to  the  ordinuM}  eadidioevir 
'"^  fllMidd  refute,  after  a  miniater  was  settled  in  his  plantation,  nd 
Jtfter  «<  the  worsbipful  Thomas  Gorges"  and  Edward  Godti^, 
—die  Deputy-Governor  and  senior  Councillor  of  the  Province,^ 
"  should  enjoin  upon  him  the  duty ;"   he  was  compellable,  qq 
being  summoned,  to  appear  and  answer  for  his  contempt  at  iIm 
next  Court. 
-.  But  nevertheless,  the  new  administration  in  its  enei^etic  meat- 

Mui«w«iiit  ures  gave  satisfaction  to  the  Province  in  general ;  though  the  set- 
tlements upon  the  northern  banks  of  Piscataqua  were  not  par- 
takers m  the  contentment.  Disinclined  to  acknowledge  the 
jurisdictional  authority  of  Gorges'  charter,  yet  complaiaing  of 
the  great  evils  they  had  suffered  through  want  of  civil  govero- 
ment,  they  entered  into  a  social  compact,  Oct.  22d ;  and  by  arti- 
cles to  which  Richard  and  William  Waldron,  Thomas  Larkhan 
and  38  others  were  subscribers,  combined  themselves  in  a  body 
politic,  for  the  free  exercise  and  preservation  of  their  political 
rights.  They  professed  to  be  the  king's  loyal  subjects,  and  said, 
they  should  observe  his  laws,  in  connexion  with  those  of  their 
own  making,  till  he  should  give  them  further  orders.*  But  as 
insubordination  and  anarchy  are  the  fruits  of  political  changes; 
these  pure  democracies,  it  was  found,  were  holden  together  bj 
ties  so  slender,  as  to  be  easily  burst  by  the  first  pc^ular  discon- 
tent ; — and'Buoh<  was  the  fate  of  this  compact. 

Exhilarated,  as  Gorges  had  been,  in  the  prospect  of  soon  filling 
lus  Province  wkh  inhabitants,  prosperity,  and  happiness ',  he  sub- 
mitted to  reverses  with  vexation  and  grief.     The  voice  of  the 
|>eople  at  home,  was  now  ata  high  pitch,  both  agabst  his  party 
r  ud  their  politics.    The  Commons  had  ahready  commenced  at- 
'taeks  upon  the  mmistry,  the  prelacy,  and  even  the  prerogatives  of 
'the  crown ;  in  consequence  of  which,  religbus  persecutions  bad 
ceased,  and  emigration  in  a  great  degree  also.    For  such  is  the 
(<love  of  coontry  and  the  satisfaction  flowing  from  the  enjoyment 
of  liberty,  in  matters  of  conscience  and  worship,   that  when  the 
s.  persecuting  sword  was  wrested  from  the  destroyer,  many  who 

*  I  Max.  Coll.  p.  482 HtAbard'aJV.  E.  p.  222.— The  soutb^rlj  parfof 

^  Piwataqua  plantation  was  called  Champemoon\  probably  from  the  name 
of  one  of  the  Council.  It  seema  Waldron  and  Larkham,  aAer  this,  lired 
in  Dover,  in  N.  H.— 1  B«ft.  JV.  H.  p.  48, 60.— 3  CM.  Mou.  HULSoe.  p.  7. 


Civil  war 
in  Enf  land, 


Qm9*  ti.]  «9rjiAiMi. 

««ltfiMpiniiglo«inignrt0,dMBig«dthev  mindi,  aod  ao«M  aloA.lKiMi. 
1^  here,  brake  up  their  eonnesioiui  •nd  raturaed  to  England. 

Tlw  multiplicMkm  of  rcnMivalt  hither,  in  preoediog  jeers,  hed  chiat«  or 
a  direet  tendency  to  enhance  the  demand  and  price  of  doraenie  ''^  ""^ 
Muntb  and  of  provisions.  Passengers  brought  money  with  them, 
and  irtioles  of  English  fabric.  Burwhen  emigration  decreased,* 
great  cattle,  which  had  been  selling  at  £25  a  head,  could  be 
purcbssed  for  one  half,  or  a  third  part  of  that  sum  ;  corn  and 
grain  were  considered  a  good  tender }  and  provision  by  law,  it  is 
said,  was  first  made  for  extending  executicms  on  real  estate. 
Tite  domestic  manufacture  of  wearing  apparel  and  bed-clothes, 
haviag  becoipie  more  necessary  than  at  any  former  period,  the 
farmers  ibtlnd  it  indispensably  necessary  to  raise  flax  and  breed 
sheep  ;f  and  raw  materials  were  wrought  by  females  into  needful 
clothing.  A  trade  was  opened  between  several  places  in  New- 
England  and  the  West  Indies,  in  which  lumber  was  exchanged 
for  the  products  of  those  Islands ; — a  trade  ever  of  great  advant? 
age  to  this  eastern  country.  / 

Sir  Ferdinando  in  his  special  patronage  of  Agamenticus,  gave  A;am«n(i- 
it  a  charter  of  incorporation,  April  10, 1641,}  by  which  he  erect-  Boraagh. 
ed  it  into  a  town  or  "  borough."  It  embraced  the  territory  three 
miles  every  way  "  from  the  church-chapel,"  <wr  "  oratory  of  the 
^antation ;"  and  invested  the  burgesses,  or  inhabitants,  with  pow- 
ers to  elect  annually  a  mayor  and  eight  aldermen  \%  and  to  hold 
estate  to  any  amount.  The  mayor  and  board  were  authorized 
to  make  by-laws,  to  erect  fortifications,  and  to  hold  courts  in  the 
"Town  Hall,"  once  in  three  weeks,  for  the  trial  of  misdemeanors 
and  all  civil  causes.  The  inhabitants  now  thought  they  had  ex- 
clusive privileges,  and  when  the  General  Assembly  or  Court  of 
elections  was  cbnvened  in  June,  at  Saco,  and  op^fted  by  the  Dep- 
uQr-Governor,  and  the  councillors.  Vines,  Bonython,  Josce^  and 

♦  Hulbard't  JV.  E.  p.  386,  393— 238-9— 246.— Tlie  New-England  colo- 
nies, the  next  twenty  yean,  lost  by  returns  home,  more  than  they  gained 
by  accessions  from  the  mother  country — 1  JiTeaft  JV".  E.  p.  218. 

t  At  this  time  there  were  in  New-England  about  12,000  neat  cattle  and 
3C0O  sheep. — 1  Hutdiinton't  HitU  p.  91 — Corn  4s. ;  rye  Ei.  and  wheat 
Cs.  per  bushel.    See  also  CAa/mer«,  p.  165-6. 

t  Charter  entire.— 1 /fu«.  CbJ/.  p.  4r0-4.        "   -'    "^  "^"  >'    '  --^^  ' 

5  Thomas  Gorges  was  mayor,  and  the  aldermen  were  Edward  Godfrey. 
Roger  Gard,  George  Puddington,  Bartholomew  Bamett,  Ed.  Johnion,  Ar* 
thur  Bragdon,  neory  SiinpsoQ  and  John  Eogers. 


THE  HMTCMIT  [Voii.  g. 

A.  O.  IMI.  Godfrej,  thrae  of  the  aldennen,  and  a  delegate  fimn  the  buriav. 
ses  or  inhabitants,  appeared  and  presented  a  special  memorial 
declaratory  both  of  their  corptHrate  rights  and  duties.  They  ac- 
knowledged, they  said,  the  authority  of  the  provincial  charter 
under  the  Lord  Proprietor,  and  cheerfully  rendered  full  subnuK 
sion  to  its  requirements  and  the  government  under  it,  so  far  as 
they  were  lawfully  bound ;  protesting  at  the  same  time,  that 
neither  their  present  appearance  at  court,  nor  any  other  act  of 
theirs  should  be  deemed  prejudicial  to  their  borough-privileges; 
and  subjoining  a  request,  that  their  protest  might  be  authen- 
ticated by  a  "  Notary,"  and  recorded. 
f  It  is  manifest,  that  the  corporate  privileges,  granted  to  Aga- 

menticus  were  peculiar,  and  might  create  some  uneasiness  in 
other  parts  of  the  Province  ;  yet  the  court  were  willing  to  give 
contentment,  and  ordered  the  immunities  and  powers  possessed 
by  the  borough  to  be  duly  respected,  till  the  farther  pleasure  of 
the  Lord  Proprietor  should  be  known.* 

Without  doubt  his  motives  were  wholly  beneficent,  and  his 
wishes  in  unison  with  theirs  :  For  I  have,  (said  he,)  <  by,  divine 
'assistance  settled  in  the  Province  a  hopeful  form  of  govem- 
'  ment ;  and  I  am  still  anxious  by  all  practicable  means,  to  pro- 
'  mote  the  best  interests  of  all  tlie  inhabitants.'f 

Actuated  by  these  generous  designs,  he  determined  now  to 

makei  Ag-  «rect   the   borough  into  a   "  City ;"   and  accordinsly  executed 

ciiy.  anotlicr  and  more  perfect  charter,  March  1,  1642,  by  which  he 

incorporated  a  territory  of  21  square  miles,  and  the  inhabitants 
upon  it,  into  a  body  politic,  which  he,  evidently  in  compliment 

Oeormani.  t°  '"'  °W"  name,  called  "  Georgeana."{    The  whole  lay  in  the 

form  of  a  parallelogram,  on  the  northern  side  of  the  river  Aga- 

menticus,  extending  up  seven  miles  from  its  moutli,  and  a  league 

upon  the  seashore.  ..vr  . 

The  police  consisted  of  a  mayor,   1 2  aldermen,  24  common 


Oorgei 


*  1  Coll.  Ma«».  Hilt.  Soc.  p.  101.  f  Gorges'  Nar.  p.  68. 

I  Charter  entire.— 1  //fl*.  CM.  p.  480— 6.— J?</«jarrf  OofZ/Vry  nffirmed 
that '  he  had  been  a  promoter  of  this  Colony  of  N.  England  from  A.  D. 
<1600,  and  above  .12  years,  an  adventurer  in  that  design,  an  inhabitant  of 
tAgamenticusin  1G29— 80,  and  the  first  thai  built  there;  that  ii  1634, 
'  he  for  himself,  Samuel  Maverick,  William  Hook  and  associates,  obtain* 
<edof  the  P.  Council,  a  grant  of  lt,000  acres  on  the  easterly  side  of  A^a- 
roentiou*  {  and  Gorget'  grandson  Ferdinando,  12000,  on  the  other  side.' 


24  common 


(^tf.  tl.]  or  MAINE.    ^ 

ggqiieil-in«»i  and  a  Recorder,~Hinnaally  elective  in  March,  by  the  A.  D.  iMt. 
fitixent  or  freeholders.  The  Mayor  and  Aldermen  were  tx  officio 
Justices,  and  had  the  appointment  of  four  sargents,  whose  badge 
,^  «<  a  white  rod,"  and  whose  duty  it  was,  to  serve  all  judicial 
precepts.  The  officers  took,  besides  the  oath  of  allegiance,  WS" 
otlier  for  the  faithful  performance  of  their  trust. 

Tlie  courts  were  two :— one  lidden  every  Monday  by  the  Cwww. 
Mayor,  Aldermen  and  Recorder,  for  the  trial  of  all  offences  noc 
exteoding  to  hfe,  and  all  civil  suits  not  exceeding  £10,  and  not 
concerning  the  title  to  lands.  The  town-clerk  was  the  register 
tad  keeper  of  the  records ;  and  the  proceedings  of  the  court 
were  to  be  according  to  those  in  chancery  at  Westminster ; 
appeals  to  the  Lord  Proprietor  or  his  Deputy-Governor  in  person 

being  allowed  in  all  cases. The  other  was  a  mere  "  Court- 

leet,"  holden  twice  a  year  by  the  Recorder,  for  preserving  the 
rights  of  the  corporation  itself,  and  for  punishing  such  as  wero 
abusers  of  the  public  trust.  V 

All  the  lands  witliin  the  Units  of  the  city  not  previously  con* 
reyed,  were  granted  to  the  corporation  in  fee-simple,  to  be 
holden  of  the  Lord  Proprietor,  as  he  held  the  Province  of  the 
crown,  by  paying  yearly  a  quarter  of  wheat.  "* 

The  Mayor,*  Aldermen,  Common  Council,  and  Commonalty, 
nere  empowered  to  make  any  by-laws  they  might  think  fit  and  ibe'cDriwr- 
wholesome,  for  the  better  order  and  government  of  the  corpora-  ""*' 
tioD,  not  repugnant  to  tlie  laws  of  England,  nor  those  of  the 
Province  ;  and  to  erect  any  fortifications,  which  might  be  approv- 
ed by  the  Provincial  Governor  and  Council ; — and  generally,  they 
ivere  to  enjoy  the  liberties  and  privileges  chartered  to  the  city  of 
Bristol  in  England.       i-'     -       '•  .4  <    /     •.'   •' '■ii't  " 

In  conclusion — Sir  Ferdinnndo  adds,  '  I  command  my  Deputy- 
'  Governor,  all  my  Council  and  freeholders  of  the  Province,  to 


•Witt! 


1 


Powm  cf 


'The  first  City-niayor  wai  Edvard  (ludfvty ; — the  aldermen  were 
probably  those  iin.lcr  tlie  former  cliarter. —  IFinthmpU  Jour.  A,  D.  IIMS, 
p.  276,— says,  they  have  "  lately  made  Ag^nmenliciis,  a  poor  villag;c,  a  Cor- 
[tinlioii— and  a  tailor  [II.  Cardr]  their  Mayor."  They  have  also  "enter* 
uincJ  one  Mr.  Hull,  an  excommunicated  prrsoti,  for  their  miniitcr." — TIm 
population  of  Gcorf^cana,  at  this  t^iinr,  was  probably  between  t30  and 
3J0iouls.  Mr.  Hull  was  also  a  preacher  on  the  IklcsofShoali.  Mr.  Tliomp* 
«on  trai  before  Burdct,  and  a  good  preacher ;  afterward  it*  wm  MttUd  at 
lloyntWalliston.— Win<Aro|)'«  Jour.  p.  J95,— 7.  .  »^' 

Vol.  I.  34 


SO0h  THCHIBTQKT  [Vq|h  L 

A.  o.  IMS.  ( tike  notice  of  this  charter*  and  to  aid  and  aasiat  the  Major  and 

*  CommonalQr,  their  successors  and  assigns,  in  all  things  touchii^ 

*  its  rights  and  authority.* 

More  than  ten  years  the  city  of  Gec:^eana  acted  in  a  corpo> 
rate  capacity,  making  some  grants  of  land,  and  managing  aflun 
in  a  manner  most  beneficial  to  the  interests  of  the  people. 
.itr  As  the  mother  country  was  in  a  revolutionary  state,  the  Prov- 
ince of  Maine  might  have  been  an  csylum  for  loyalists  and  epis- 
copalians ;  and  some  such  without  doubt  emigrated,  from  the 
flames  of  civil  war  enkindling  in  the  realm.  But  the  provincial 
government,  however,  was  not  sufliciently  settled,  energetic,  and 
methodical,  to  ensure  confidence  to  a  great  extent. 
jVpw-  All  parts  of  New -England  had  hitherto,  since  the  rage  of  par- 

Miiiies  wi[h  ty  in  the  kingdom,  happily  experienced  a  gradual  increase  of 
Mnssaciiu-  ^gjjiij,  g„{j  numbers.f     By  judicious  management  and  an  ener- 
getic administration,  Massachusetts  in  particular,  had  acquired  to 
herself  an  acknowledged  ascendency  or  elevation,  in  her  politic4i| 
character.     Indeed,  New-Hampshire,  taught,  since  Mason's  death 
,  by  bitter  experience,  the  futility  of  self-formed  combinations  for 

security,  had  sought  a  coalescence  with  that  colony  ;  and  in  1642, 
was  admitted  to  a  political  connexion  which  lasted  38  years. 
Pejcpitcoi  In  the  mean  time  the  transactions  of  Thomas  Purchas,  the 
original  settler  at  Pejepscot,  partook  of  the  same  wisdom.  He 
had  heard  of  the  Pequot  war ;  he  was  acquainted  with  the  In- 
dian character ;  he  knew  what  was  the  exitosure  of  his  situation, 
and  the  emulous  aspirations  of  Massachusetts.  To  effect  and 
establish  a  conjunction  with  her,  he  assigned  to  her  Governor, 
John  Wintlirop,  by  a  conveyance  executed  August  22,  1639, 
*-  all  tlio  tract  at  Pejepscot  on  both  sides  of  the  river  Androscog- 
"  gin, — four  miles  square  towards  the  sea  ;'*  and  conceded  to 
her  government  the  same  exercise  of  power  aud  jurisdiction, 


rPsiniiecl  to 
wlU. 


*Cliai  teroiilirc— 1  lias.  Coll,  y,  430,— fl  — RojorOarJc,  F.sq.  siiccecdi'l 
T.  Goi-j^es  in  tliu  boroii<;ti  inayoriilly.  In  1S4-I,  a  woman  wai  tried  in  the 
iMayoi'd  court  fur  tliu  tiuirdurul'  her  liiubuiiJ,  coiuiuiniicd  and  cxeciited. 

t  There  wcri!  niiw  si?ttlc  I  in  iS'ow-Kiif^^land  77  ii.itii!tler«,  wlm  Itad  birn 
driVL-a  inrny  4  roiii  Kng'land,  niid  r>(j  towns  and  villaffos  liad  liccn  pinnled.— 
1  CitH.  of  JVns*.  Hist.  Si)C.  p.  2i7,— 8.— In  ISInMachnnctls  1,232  wcroaill'd 
to  (ho  list  of  Crccincii. —  I  Ilolmru  A.  ,1nn.  p.  ;)24.— Kirtt  Cummtnam'nl  :! 
Harvard  Colle;je  wai  this  year — a  seminary  patronized  by  all  i\c\r-K:i;- 
land. 


Major  ind 
gs  touchini 

in  a  corpo> 
iging  affajp 
ople. 

!,  the  Prov- 
ts  and  epis- 
id,  from  the 
ie  provincial 
nergetic,  and 


Muened  within  her  charter  limits.  In  retam  it  waf  expected  a.D.  iMi? 
the  plantat'  ''i  would  be  soon  enlarged  and  made  to  flourish }— it 
being  cs.  ^ly  provided,  that  Purchas  himself,  his  heirs  and 
associates .  i:iould  ever  have  the  protection  of  the  government,—-  • 
nillght  which  they  claimed,  at  and  after  the  present  time ;  and 
that  they  be  allowed  to  enjoy  forever  the  lands,  they  might  clear 
and  improve  within  the  seven  ensuing  years.* 

The  acts  of  Massachusetts  colony,  at  least  some  of  them, 
ynre  viewed  by  malcontents,  and  also  by  jealous  patriots,  ai 
stretches  of  power.  Her  accusers  were  royalists  and  episcopa- 
lians ;  and  oftentimes,  in  repa^-ment  of  their  illiberal  strictures, 
some  of  them  experienced  retributive  treatment  but  too  severe. 
A  sermon  preached  by  Mr.  Larkham  of  Dover,  N.  H.  (now  i^rkbam 
under  Massachusetts)  against  hirelings,  was  an  evident  aim  at  ***•*» 
Richard  Gibson,  of  Maine,  and  gave  him  great  umbrage.  He 
was  an  episcopalian,  a  good  scholar,  a  popular  speaker,  and 
highly  esteemed  as  a  gospel  minister,  especially  hy  the  settlers 
and  fishermen,  at  Richmond's  Island  and  on  the  Isles  of  Shoals ; 
among  whom  he  had  been  for  some  time  preaching.f  He  in 
reply,  wrote  an  insulting  letter  to  Larkham ;  and  likewise  ac- 
cused Massachusetts  of  usurpation,  in  her  endeavors  to  rule  over 
the  Isles  of  Shoals.  In  this  state  of  irritation,  Gibson  provoked  h)**  of 
the  Islanders,  A.  D.  r642,  to  revolt,  and  probably  submit  to  Gor-  voii. 
ges'  government,  several  of  the  cluster  being  his  by  charter. 
But  he  was  glad  to'  escape  the  indignation  of  that  colony 
by  making  a  humble  acknowledgement,  and  perhaps  promising 
that  the  Islanders  should  be  urged  by  him  to  return  to  their  all»> 
giance.| 

As  the  New-England  freemen  were  generally  both  republican  Th*  rf«w- 
and  puritan,  they  on  the  one  hand  disliked  every  friend  and  ad-  -!i«puhii> 
vocate  of  episcopal  hierarchy  ;  and  on  the  other,  th?y  were  large  '^  ily 
partakers  with  the  republicans  in  the  struggle  between  the  crown ,    *^"'* 

*  .S>«  ante,  A.  D.  1G36, — also  tho  ii.itrument  itself.— 1  Hax.  Coll.  p.  457. 
-It  was  in  1642,  that  Gov.  Gorj^cs  and  Mr.  Vines  visited  the  Whito  Hills, 
paisin^on  their  way  through  Pcgwacket. —  Winthrop^t  Jour.  p.  260. — But 
lliGjr  found  none  of  the  ■'  prcrious  metalic  substances,"  as  they  had  expeot* 
(d. 

t  Mr.  Gibson  bad  been  in  the  Eastern  Country  about  5  or  6  years.  H« 
returned  to  Eof land  in  164S.  ^      ; 

t  Hubbard's  N.  E.  p.  381.  A    • 


THB  HWTOKY 


{V, 


>. 


A.D.  164S.  and  purlitnent.  In  sentiment  and  fact,  they  were  with  the  revo> 
hitionists ;  and  as  soon  as  the  Commons  had  obtained  sufficient 
power,  they  were  forward  to  extend  unto  the  New-England  colo* 
nists,  protection  and  favor.  They  considered  the  American  plan* 
Utions  as  a  country  well  affected  towards  the  propagation  of  (be 
true  gospel,  and  capable  of  great  political  benefit  to  the  nation. 
To  promote  more  extensively  a  commerce  with  them,  therefore, 
the  House  of  Commons  voted  (1642,)  that  ail  necessaries,  the 
growth  or  merchandize  of  either  country,  designed  for  consump. 
tion,  might  be  exchanged  free  of  duty.*  The  next  year,  the 
welfare  of  the  colonies  was  the  subject  of  special  concern. — 
Thousands,  said  that  body,  have  been  forced  abroad  through  tlie 
oppression  of  prelates  and  other  iil-afTected  ministers ;  and  need 
the  protection  to  which  they  have  long  been  entitled,  against  the 
malignity  of  royalists  and  papists.  Viewing  with  jealousy  the  kbg's 
patents,  more  recently  granted  to  his  favorites  and  the  establish- 
ment  of  proprietary  or  royal  provinces,!  they  appointed  the  Earl 
of  Warwick,  Governor-General  and  High  Admiral  of  all  the 
American  plantations,  and  placed  around  him  a  Board  of  16 
Commissioners  ;|  whose  duty  it  was  to  promote  among  the  people 
the  advancement  of  the  "  true  protestant  religion,"  and  to  exer* 
cise  a  provident  care  over  their  political  rights  and  liberties. 

At  this  favorable  era,  the  colonies  of  Massachusetts,  Plymouth, 
Connecticut  and  New-Haven,  completed  a  confederacy,  May  19, 
by  which  they  entered  into  a  solemn  compact,  to  afford  each  other 
mutual  advice  and  assistance  on  all  necessary  occasions,  whether 
offensive,  defensive,  or  prudential.  Among  the  reasons  assigned 
for  this  union,  were  the  dependent  condition  of  the  colonists ;  tlie 
vicinity  of  the  Dutch  and  French,  who  were  inclined  to  make 
encroachments ;  the  hostile  appearances  of  tlie  neighboring  In- 
dians ;  the  commencement  of  civil  contests  in  the  parent  country ; 
the  impracticability  of  obtaining  from  thence  suitable  aid  in  any 
emergency ;  and  the  union  already  formed  by  the  sacred  ties  of 
religion.'^ 


Ilia  naioa 
«r  fcur 
ColooiM. 


•  1  riu7,.  Coll.  p.  494,  "^ 

t  Thry  probably  alluded  to  tlio  12  royal  provinces  or  diviiiions ;  and  tho 
late  cbartcr  tu  Gorges. 

t  Jolin  Pym  and  Oliver  Cromwell  were  two  of  thorn. 

{  Sec  tho  articles  in  Winthrop'i  Jownal,  p.  27(i— 1^2.— HubbftnPt  .V.  K. 
p.  4B5-  i7l.    This  unioj  lastr.l  I)  year* 1  Ihlmtu' .]  Jnn.  p.  a?6-7. 


vcs   lo 

tells. 


\ 


ktons ;   and  the 


CmMT.  ▼!•]  OF  MAIIIC. 

The  Prarince  of  Maine  could  not  be  admitted  a  member  of  A.D.  1643. 
tint  confederacy }— being  subject  to  rulers  of  episcopal  tenets, 
ind  not  unfrequently  an  asylum  of  excoromunicants,  from  the 
other  colonies.      To  this  cause  we  trace  the  settlement  of  fVeb- 
hmnet  [fVdli]  by  Rev.  John  fVhedwright.  As  a  preacher  he  was  ^^y  j, 
pious  and  learned,  yet  extremely  pertinacious  of  his  own  opinions.  ^*'!"j'' 
He  believed,  the  Holy  Spirit  dtoella  personally  in  a  justified  "J?*« 
convert ;  and  sanetijication  can  in  no  Ufise  evince  to  believers  their 
mtification.     These  sentiments  were  pronounced  by  the  theo- 
logical refinements  of  the  age,  to  be  Antinomiany*  that  is,  against 
the  lata  spiritual ;  and  the  authorities  of  Massachusetts,  in  1 636, 
sentenced  him  to  banishment.f 

He  removed  from  Braintree  to  Squamscot  falls,  in  Exeter, 
New-Hampshire,  where  he  obtained  from  the  Indians  a  deed  of 
lands,  and  gathered  a  church ;  supposing  himself  sufficiently  re- 
mote from  the  jurisdiction  of  Massachusetts.  But  in  consequence 
of  her  late  union  with  New-Hampshire,  he  found  it  necessary  to 
make  another  removal.  Hence,  Mr.  Wheelwright  proceeded  to 
Maine,  and  purchasing  of  Gov.  Gorges,  a  part  of  the  lands  in 
this  section  given  to  him  by  his  uncle.  Sir  Fcrdinando,  took  a  Seiiiement 
deed,  dated  April  17,  1643,  which  conveyed  to  the  worthy  min- 
ister, in  fee-simple  a  tract  of  about  4  or  500  acres  lying  "  at  Wells, 
in  the  county  of  Somerset,"  that  is,  along  tlie  shore  eastward  of 
Negunket  river,  perhaps  to  Wells'  harbor.  Another  deed  was 
obtained  the  same  year,  and  from  the  same  source,  by  V/'ieel-  -^  '*' 
wright  to  himself,  Henry  Boad  and  others ;  granting  some  of  tlie  re- 
maining territory,  between  that  river  and  the  Kennebunk  ;  and  yet 
both  parcels  contained  probably  scarce  an  eighth  of  the  township, 
which  was  large,  being  equal  to  40,000  acres.];     Boad  and  £d- 

*  Prom  tbc  Greek,  Antinomoi\  ng^aintit  law. 

t  Wheelwrig;ht  watt  the  brothcr-ia-law  uf  the  celebrated  Annt  Huichin- 
•on,  who  with  her  husband  was  banished  for  the  same  cause,  and  removed 
to  Rhode-Island.  Mr.  Wheelwright  settled  at  Exeter,  1638;  at  Wells  1643, 
at  Hampton,  1647 ;  and  finally  in  Salisbury  (Mass.^  where  lie  died  A.  D. 
16*9,  aged  80  years.— See /7u(cAin«on*<  /ii«t.  p.  67,70. —  Winthtop'i  Jour. 
p.  329,— 3  Co//.  Man.  Iliit.  Soc.  p.  138.— V/Lcclwright  lived  "  near  Cape 
Porpoise."— //wfctard'f  A*.  E.  p.  .%5. 

\  Sec  the  deeds  in  Sullivan,  Appendix,  p.  108.  See  his  Indian  deed  of 
Exeter,  A.  D.  1620— 1  Haz.  Colt,  p.  271-2.     In  the  deed  rrom Gore^ei,  the 


fK|  THE  HiarORY  (Voft.  t. 

A.  D.  1643.  ward  Ririnrcvth  were  appointed  by  the  Goremor,  ta  lay  oat  dw 
land  into  lots,  suitable  for  settlers ;  and  then  they,  with  Messrs. 
Wheelwright,  Storer  and  Littlefield,  began  a  regular  plantation. 

At  Wells,  Mr.  Wheelwright  also  gathered  a  church,  of  which 
he  became  pastor;  being  well  beloved  and  highly  esteemed 
by  his  parishioners  and  all  his  immediate  acquaintance.  But  an 
exclusion  from  the  fellowship  of  ministers,  and  a  banishment  from 
the  society  of  many  pious  men,  who  had  been  his  early  friends, 
were  trials  of  extreme  severity  to  his  mind.  To  reconcile,  there- 
fore, the  Governor  and  Assistants  of  Massachusetts,  he  addressed 
to  them,  in  December,  (1643,)  a  very  humble  and  sensible  letter, 
in  which  he  confessed,  his  differences  with  them  upon  the  subject 
of  justification,  had  been  magnified  by  the  "  glass  of  satan's 
temptations,"  and  his  own  distempered  imagination  ;  and  had  as- 
sumed a  character  and  importance  not  warranted  by  the  nature  of 
the  matter  in  controversy.  *  I  am,'  said  he, '  unfeignedly  sorry,  I 
,    ^  took  so  great  a  part  in  those  sharp  and  vehement  contentions, 

*  by  which  the  churches  have  been  disturbed  ;  and  it  repents  me 
'  that  I  gave  encouragement  to  men  of  corrupt  sentiment^,  or  to 

*  their  errors,  and  I  humbly  crave  pardon.'* 
-^  The  address  made  a  favorable  impression  upon  the  Massachu- 
setts Court ; — ^they  knew  him  to  be  a  rigid  puritan  and  a  high- 
minded  republican ;  therefore,  they  first  sent  him  a  safe  conduct 
to  Boston,  and  subsequently  the  same  summer,  (A.  D.  1644,) 
they  annulled  or  reversed  the  sentence  of  banishment  without  his 
personal  appearance.  He  afterwards  embarked  for  England,  and 
lived  in  that  country  several  years  in  favor  with  Ohver  Cromwell, 

river  is  called  OgunquU;  and  (he  grant  is  upon  condition  of  Ss.  quit>rent 
yearly  for  each  lot  of  100  acres. 

John  Wadlow  or  Wadlcifrh,  removed  from  Saco  to  Wells,  before  1619; 
to  whom  an  Indian,  named  Tiioma^  Chabinoke,  devised  '  all  his  title  and  in- 
terest to  Namps-cas-cokc,  bein<j  the  greatest  part  of  Wells ;  upon  condition 
that  he  should  nlloiv  one  bushel  of  Indian  com  annually  to  the  *  Old  Webb,' 
his  mother,  as  long  as  she  lived.  This  tract  extended  from  the  sea  as  far 
up  as  the  great  falls  on  Cape  Porpoise  [Mousum]  river,  and  from  Negunket 
to  Kcnnebunk  river.  In  1639-60,  he  and  his  son  joined  in  a  conveyance 
of  the  lands  between  Cape  Porpoise  and  Kennebunk  with  several  reserva- 
tions, to  Eppes,  and  he  to  Symonds,  son  of  the  Deputy-Governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts, who  settled  ot  Wells  ;  and  ns  the  same  had  not  been  previously 
conveyed,  the  title  proved  valid.— Fo/«om,  p.  120. 

•  Wipthrop'*  Jour.  p.  320-331. 

f  ■     ' 


Cur*  ▼!•] 


OFMAIME4 


886 


ilie  Protector.    Ho  returned  aiid  died  in  Salisbury,  Mass.  A.  D.  ^-  "•  *•*»• 
1679 ;  and  his  will  was  proved  and  recorded  the  year  ff^ilowing  in 
the  Province  of  Maine,  where  the  greater  part  of  his  estate  stili 
remained.* 

Governor  Gorges  was  far  from  taking  pleasure  in  the  present  Ro«.  Goi- 
aspect  of  his  provincial  affairs.  The  difficulties  witli  the  n<«igh-  fiom!^"*'"* 
boriog  French  ;  the  restlessness  of  the  Indians ;  the  revival  of 
the  proprietary  claim  to  Lygonia;  and  the  measures  of  Parlia- 
ment, all  served  to  turn  his  thoughts  to  his  native  country  ;  and 
he  determined  at  the  expiration  of  three  years,  the  period  of  his 
commission,  to  leave  the  province. 

.  It  was  evidently  the    success  of  republicanism  in  England,  ';{f°"'?| 
vrhicb  at  this  time  brought  again  the  Lygonia,  or  Plough- patent,  it'sby. 
into  notice ;  and  induced  Alexander  Rigbyf  to  become  its  pur- 
chaser.   The  eastern  parts  of  the  territory  had  been  progres- 
sively settling  thirteen  years ;  and  hence  he  took  an  assignment  of 
the  fee,  and  of  the  charter  itself,  April  7,  1 643,  in  full  determin- 
ation to  assume  possession  of  the  country  and  of  the  reins  of  gov- 
ernment.    Rigby  had  been  bred  to  the  law,  was  a  high  repub-     ' 
lican,  and  a  gentleman  of  wealth,  of  piety  and  of  influence  ;  hav- 
ing been  a  member  of  die  long  parliament,  probably  from  Lan- 
cashire, the  county  of  his  residence,  and  at  some  time  Colonel-  .. 
commandant  of  a  regiment. 

He  commissioned  George  Cleavesj  then  in  England,  his  deputy-  He  appoint- 
president,  and  directed  him  immediately  to  take  upon  himself  the  rieave*^* 
administration  of  affairs.     Cleaves  having  lived  1 3 years  at  Spur-  B"**'"  "• 
wink,  and  on  the  Neck,  was  aware  of  tiic  resistance  he  might 
have  to  encounter  from  the  provincial  government  of  Sir  Ferdi- 
nando  Gorges,  who  had  been  by  his  agents,  William  and  Thomas 
Gorges,  exercising  jurisdiction  over  Lygonia  six  or  seven  years ; 
and  therefore  on  arriving  at  Boston  (in  1644,)  he   requested  tlie 
intercession  and  aid  of  the  Massachusetts'  magistrates ;  their  po- 
litical if  not  religious  sentiments  being  in   harmony  with  Rigby's 
and  his  own,  and  in  opposition  to  the  creed  of   his  opponents. 
But  Massachusetts  prudently  declined  any  farther  intor(>osition, 
than  to  give  him  advice.      He  then  wrote  to  Sir  Ferdinando's 


*  &'u//<>an,  p.  233- 1 — See  pott.  Wr.i.t.n  ,1.  D.  IGa'J. — Sco  uIeo  Kcuiu.- 
bu:)ii, 

t  Winihrop  and  Sullivan  spell  '*  Ktgbyy"— Hubbard  "  Rijbce."— KJ- 
wani  spelt  his  own  name  "F.ijhv  "  ;*      ^rv 


Call*  a 
Court  al 
Caaco. 


Contraveny 
bet  wren 
him  and 
ViiMt. 


206  THEBISTOHY  ^ '^{Vfi"  |i 

A.  u.  i6ii.  Council,  and  returned  to  Casco-peoinsuU  [Ppctlandj,  tod 
there  resumed  his  residence;  Governor  Thomas  Gorges  tboui 
this  time  returning  to  England.* 

Cleaves  proceeded  to  acquaint  himself  with  the  affairs  and 
interests  of  the  Province,  and  called  a  Court,  or  rather  Conven- 
tion at  Casco  ;  intending  to  organize  a  government.  To  innovate 
upon  usages  or  make  unnecessary  changes,  would  be  inconsistent 
with  the  dictates  of  policy  or  maxims  of  reason,  and  he  adjusted 
his  conduct  by  rules  of  strict  prudence  and  moderation. 

But  every  movement  of  his  was  encountered  by  the  unquali- 
fied opposition  of  Gorges'  government.  Vines  convened  the 
members  of  the  Council  at  Saco :  and  in  the  consideration  of  the 
subjecc,  he  and  they  supposed  the  grand  patent,  granted  to  the 
New-England  or  Plymouth  Council,  might  be  void  from  the  be- 
ginning, as  some  argued,  because  of  deception  practiced  in  obtain- 
ing it ;  that  though  it  were  otherwise,  and  though  the  council  bad 
given  a  patent  of  Lygonia,  they  had  long  since  surrendered  their 
charter  to  the  crown,  and  upon  their  dissolution,  twelve  royal 
Provinces  were  established,  of  which,  two  were  assigned  >  to  Sir 
Ferdinando ;  that  the  patent  of  Lygonia  could  possess  no  pow- 
ers of  government,  since  tliat  dissolution — whereas  Gorges  had 
obtained  a  royal  charter  from  his  Majesty,  and  had  by  his  agents 
and  officers  exercised  a  continued  jurisdiction  over  the  Province, 
many  years ;  and  that  even  if  the  legality  of  the  claim  rested 
upon  a  priority  of  grant.  Gorges  and  Mason  had  a  joint  patent  ot 
the  country,  A.  D.  1622,  and  tlie  former  had  ever  since  b>d 
possession. 

On  the  contrary,  Cleaves  could  shew  the  original  patent  to 
Dye  and  others,  executed  A.  D.  1630  ;  a  possession  taken  soon 
afterwards  under  it ;  a  deed  of  the  late  assignment ;  and  satisfactory 
evidence,  that  when  llie  Plymouth  Council  was  dissolved,  there 
was  a  reservation  of  all  prior  grants  and  existing  rights.  Still,  to 
avoid  a  rupture,  he  sent  his  friend  Tucker  to  Saco,  with  a  pro- 
posal of  submitting  the  controversy  to  the  magistrates  of  Massa- 
chusetts, and  abiding  their  determination  till  a  final  decision 
should  come  from  England.     In  return.  Vines,  not  only  treated 


•<  I- 


*  Gov.  Gorgfcs'  place  of  residence,  while  in  the  Province,  waa  "about  a 
mile  above  Traftoii's  ferry,  near  Gorges'  point," — the  cellar  of  his  dwelling- 
ho'iao  remains  to  this  day.  "  He  went  to  England  in  1643"  and  it  has 
been  said  he  returned  ar  1  died  at  York.— 1  Hutchintfm''t  Hiit.  p.  IM. 


Csifs  n.]  or  MAINE.  29^. 

the  meoenger  with  rough  language  but  threw  him  into  prison  ^-<  A.D.  i(M4«^ 
DOt  pennitting  him  to  depart,  till  he  had  laid  him  under  bonds,  to 
appear  at  the  next  court  at  Saco,  and  be  in  the  meantime  pC'; 
good  behavior.* 

This  outrage  upon  every  principle  of  good  faith,  exposed  Vines 
and  his  adherents  to  the  severest  reprehension,  which  Cleaves 
might  not  be  indisposed  to  aggravate.  He  made  representations 
of  these  facts  to  the  Massachusetts  authorities,  and  requested  them 
to  espouse  his  cause.  He  also,  and  the  chief  men  of  Rigby's  Pro- 
TJnce,  to  thenumber  of  tliirty,  sent  to  the  Commissioners  of  the 
United  Colonies  a  written  proposition,  which  they  had  signed,  and 
in  which  they  expressed  their  desires,  that  it  might  become  a 
neinber  of  the  confederacy. 

To  this,  several  objections  were  raised  by  the  Commissioners  of 
the  United  Colonies.  The  Province  of  Lygonia,  they  said,  had  no  '  ^ 
settled  and  well  organized  government.  She  had  not  complied  with 
an  important  article  of  the  confederation,  which  was  tliis ; — that  no 
Colony  while  adhering  to  the  Episcopal  Church-communion  of 
England  could  be  admitted  to  membership.  Rigby,  though  the 
best  republican  commoner  in  Parliament,  was  himself  an  episco> 
pal  professor,  and  a  friend  to  the  hierarchy ;  and  his  provincials 
were  of  the  same  sentiments.  However,  in  rejecting  the  pro- 
posal made,  Massachusetts  took  a  prudent  stand,  re^i^Ving  to 
abate  tlie  excitement,  and  avoid,  if  possible,  the  resentments 
both  of  Cleaves  and  his  opponents.f 

Acts  of  wisdom,  justice  and  impartiality  usually  give  to  antago-  "^''"y.  •*** 
nists  fresh  confidence,  and  to  mediators  additional  trouble.  '^ 
parties  insisted  upon  the  arbitrament  of  the  "  Bay-magistrates," 
as  the  Governor  and  Assistants  of  Massachusetts  were  called; 
and  were  hardly  restrained  from  immediate  hostilities ;  though 
it  was  repeated  to  them,  that  orders  by  the  first  arrivals  from  Lon- 
don would  most  assuredly  be  transmitted  by  the  commissioners 
of  foreign  plantations,  which  would  decide  and  settle  the  con- 
test. 

To  allay  or  extinguish  the  excitement,  a  part  of  the  magis- 
trates were  content  to  hear  the  litigants.   They  said,  umpirage]was 

*  Huhbard't  JV.  E.  p.  369. — Henry  Joscelyn  was  as  zealous  as  Vines. 

jThe  Prorince  of  Maine  [says  Winthrof'a  Jour.  p.  27S,]  was  not  admitted 
into  the  confederacy, — "  the  people  ran  a  different  course  from  us,  both  in 
"the  ministry  and  civil  administrations." 
Vol.  I.  U 


^T,i» 


Both  o  Mam- 

chUHtlS. 


-l-ii'V/ 


2^9  TRC  flWrOKT  (Voft^  I. 

A.  D.  1645.  common  dirotighoaf  Europe,  in  matteninfinitdymore  faqMirtamt 
and  a  decision  in  this  dase,  if  not  imnrernble  and  condusiTe, 
might  effect  a  temporary  reconciliation.  Others  said,  the  coMeadiag 
agents  had  no  adequate  power  to  bind  their  principals  in  the 
affiiir :  and  it  was  a  matter  wholly  foreign,  both  to  their  jurisdic- 
tion and  their  duties. 
JoM  3.  -^^  length,  however,  the  magistrates  app(nnted  a  special  conn 

Theresait.  ^  |,q  holden  at  Boston,  June  3d,  (1645,)  to  hear  the  case ;  where 
Cleaves  and  Tucker,  in  behalf  of  Rigby,  filed  their  declaratioD, 
which  had  been  seasonably  served  on  Joscelyn  and  Robinson,  who 
appeared  in  defence  of  Gorges'  Province.  In  the  trial,  which 
was  commenced  before  a  jury,  duly  empanneled.  Cleaves  was 
unable  to  show  a  sufficient  assignment  to  Rigby,  the  one  produc- 
ed being  executed  by  a  minority  of  the  original  patentees ;  nor 
could  he  make  it  appear  by  legal  proof,  that  the  territcny  m  con- 
troversy, fell  in  fact  within  Rigby's  patent.  The  defendants  were 
> '  in  a  similar  predicament,  for  they  could  only  produce  a  copy  of 
Gorges'  charter,  attested  by  witnesses,  without  any  verification 
upon  oath,  or  official  certificate. — ^The  court,  therefore,  ciismissed 
the  cause,  advising  the  disputants  to  live  in  peace,  till  a  deci^ 
ion  should  come  from  the  prefer  authori^ ; — and  the  contest  re- 
mained undecided  two  years.* 

Sir  Ferdinando,  after  his  nephew's  return,  appointed  no  suc- 
cessor ;  leaving  his  Province  to  the  management  of  his  Council. 
He  himself,  though  now  more  than  70  years  of  age,  had  joined 
the  army  of  the  crown,  in  the  civil  wars,  and  was  with  Prince 
Rupert  the  last  year  of  his  famous  siege  of  Bristol  ;f  and  when 
that  city  was  taken  by  the  Parliament-forces,  Gorges  was  phin- 
dered  and  thrown  into  confinement. 

Richard  Vines  was  elected  DeputyGovemor  in  1644 ;  and  a 
General  Court  being  met  at  Saco,  in  August,  1645,  he  pre- 
sided in  the  Council,  consisting  at  that  time  of  five  members,| 
viz.  Henry  Joscelyn,  Richard  Bonjrthon,  Nicholas  Shapleigh, 
Francis  Robinson,  and  Roger  Gard.  The  court  confirmed  the 
grant  to  Wheelwright  and  associates ;  otherwise,  they  only  trans- 
acted such  business  as  the  exigency  of  the  times  required.— 


SirF.  Gor 
get  Imprii* 

OIM«l. 


.I'll'.* 


ViDM  Dep. 
Gov.  of 

MaiiM. 


Wheel- 
wrifflit's 
deed  cou- 
firmed. 


•  Hubbard's  N.  E.  p.  370.— Sullivan,  p.  814. 
f  The  Bieg^e  was  in  July,  1648  ;  and  city  taken,  Sept.  II,  164$.- 
p.  121, 184.  I  3  Coll.  Maw.  Hist  See.  p.  185. 


Hume, 


1V:'t'_ims 


I 


ClAT*  ▼>•]  or  JIUINK. 

Ilr.  WbMlwrigfat,  in  a  few  yean,  raeigned  the  occupancy  of  Ids  A.  D.  iMf 
jioowstead  to  his  ion,  who  settled  in  Wells,  and  whose  deaceii- 
4iots  have  been  some  of  the  first  men  in  the  Province. 

The  anomalous  government  of  Cleaves  was  at  this  time  not  Lygcwia. 
much  more  than  a  general  conservation  of  the  peace,  and  a  super-  Kghy. 
inteodency  of  his  principal's  interests.    As  the  agent  of  Rigby, 
be,  as  early  as  1647,  conveyed  lands  in  Casco,  in  Purpooduck, 
io  Spurwink,  and  upon  the  Islands.*    Yet  bis  deed  of  Peak's 
Island,  in  1637,  to  Michael  Mitten,  his  son-in-law,  was  in  virtue 
of  an  agency  from  Gorges ;  as  Cleaves  had  a  commission  from 
Sir  Ferdinando,  Feb.  26,  of  the  latter  year, '  for  letting  and  settling 
'lands  and  islands  between  Cape  Elizabeth  and  Sagadahock.' 
Cleaves  also  conveyed  another  large  tract  to  Mitten,  the  title  to 
which  seems  not  to  have  passed  ;  for  he  afterwards  conveyed  ta 
George  Mountjoy,  the  great  surveyor,  and  others,— parts  of  the       \ 
same  tract ; — a  confusion  of  claims,  than  which,  nothing  is  more        '-'"'  ' 
repulsive  to  settlers. 

Rigby  was  the  patron  of  episcopal  ministers,  and  the  friend  of 
the  enterprizing,  ignorant,  poor.  His  early  and  generous  exer- 
tions to  send  religious  instruction  to  his  Province,  to  the  Islanders, 
and  the  fishermen  upon  the  coast,  give  his  character  the  traits  of 
memorable  excellence.  At  some  time  before  his  purchase  of 
Lygonia,  it  is  said,  he  encouraged  Richard  Gibson,  before  men- 
tioned, to  protract  his  mission  in  these  parts. — ^To  Robert  Tre-  j^'J*!^*^- 
lawney  and  Moses  Goodyeare,  members  or  friends  of  the  episco- 
pal communion,  the  Council  of  Plymouth  had  granted  Richmond's 
Island,  though  it  was  a  part  of  the  Lygonian  patent.  These 
men,  in  1632,  appointed  John  Winter  to  superintend  the  fishery 
at  that  place;  who  died,  A.  D.  1645,  leaving  a  daughter,  after- 
wards the  wife  of  Robert  Jordan,  an  episcopal  clergyman.  Jor-  r.  Jordw. 
dan  lived  upon  the  Island,  and  at  Spurwink,  till  the  first  Indian 
war,  and  was  an  itinerant  preacher  to  the  people,  f  To  finish  > 
the  story  of  Jordan,  he  administered  upon  Winter's  estate,  A.  D. 


ney**  gnat. 


«»f;j. 


*  Sullivan,  p.  114-115, 193,  213.— 1  Coll.  Mats.  HiiL  Soc.  p.  54.— Hti&- 
bucri  JVar,  p.  282.-«-Cleave8,  as  Rigby's  agent,  conveyed  lands,  in  1661,  at 
Cape  Porpoise.  Indeed,  in  1600,  Rigby  himself  confirmed  10,000  acres  of 
his  Proviuce  to  Cleaves. 

t  Jordan  died  at  Great  Island,  New>CastIe,  N.  H.  A.  D.  1679,  aged  78, 
devising  an  immense  real  estate  to  bis  (oni,  in  Scarborough  and  Cape-£liz- 
abeth. — FoUom,  Tp.  90.  ' '"  ■J*/^ 


A.  D.  foib.  i^4d ;  and  for  monies  due  Winter,  on  account  of  senrtees  he  htd 
rendered  Trelawney,  after  he  became  sole  proprietor,  Jordan  ob. 
tained  an  order  from  the  Lygonian  government  to  seize  upon  all 
the  estate  of  the  latter, — acquiring  in  this  manner  a  title  to  lands, 
particularly-  in  Cape-Elizabeth,  which  has  Tif  vei  been  shaken.* 
Oct.  SI.  At  the  court  of   elections  under  Gorges'  charier,  holden  at 

Saool^of  Saco,  Oct.  21,  1645,  there  were  only  three  of  the  charter  or 
***"         standing  Councillora  present,  viz.  Messrs.  Vineij  Deputy-GoT« 
emor,  Richard  Bonython  and  Henry  Joscelyn  ;  when  the  board, 
to  the  number  of  seven,  was  filled  by  election, — Francis  /io6tV 
son^  Arthur  Mackworth,  Edward  Small,  and  Abraham  P^f: 
being    chosen.      Mr.  Vines  was  re-elected   Deputy-G  i  en.u«  ; 
and  he  and  the  Councillors  were  always  Provincial  Ma<::^^tra:(- . 
William  Waldronf  was  chosen  Recorder,  and  a  liiiiiv^d  admini> 
tration  organized. '**'^^«V^^*^^'*T^«^'^f^if«»^*''''     •     /#*;«»-P*^ 
In  this  Court,  the  usual  and  some  peculiar  subjects  came    m 
Cburi.        der  consideration.     The  state  of  the  Province  was  one. — *  Hav- 

*  ing,'  said  the  Court,  '  had  no  communication  lately  from  pir  Fer- 

*  dinando  Gorges,  the  Lord  Proprietor,  by  which  any  authority  is 

*  given  for  the   complete  organization  and  establishment  of  the 

*  government,  proposed  by  him  to  be  formed  under  the  charter, 

*  nor  otherwise  for  some  time  heard  from  him,  we  have  come  to 
•a  resolution,  and  it  is  ordered,  that  until  directions  be  received 

*  from  the  proper  source,  a  Deputy-Governor  be  chosen  every 

*  year ;  and  should  Mr.  Vines,  according  to  his  present  expecta- 

*  tion,  depart  the  Province  before  his  term  expires,  we  have  pro- 

*  visionally  appointed  Henry  Joscelyn,  to  fill  the  vacancy.'        ^ 
The  Court  laid  upon  the  Province  a  tax  of  £4   11  s.,  in  the 

apportionment  of  which,  they  assigned  to  the  Piscataqua  planta- 


ATax. 


tiMAi"?. 


"*  Cleaves  styled  himself,  in  his  proccedinii^s,  the  "  agent,of  Col.  Alcxan- 
•«  der  Riffby,  PresiJcnt  aud  Prop)  ii  for  of  the  Province  of  Lygonia,— of 
"  Graj-'s  fnn,  London."  Trelawacy  u,-!  laoodyearo  did  not  tbcrrnelvcs 
come  over ; — they  had  an  exter  .  .  yr-  i  ..  •  i  ,n  the  PI  •  ■  jth  Council  and 
their  houses  were  at  Spurwink.  '.'.orTielawney's  death,  his  heirs  neg- 
lected his  afTairs,  and  joined  the  crown  party  in  the  civil  wars. —  Winth. 
Jour. — Jotcelyn"*  Voyages,  p.  50. — Sullivan,  p.  114.— Winter  took  the 
estate  for  services. 

f  It  seems  Waldron  was  a  man  of  food  learning',  but  had  been  for  soiric  in- 
1.9mpcntncc,  excommunicated  from  Dover  Church  and  removed  to  Maine. 
In  Sept.  1646,  he  was  drowned  in  crossings  Kennebunk  river. — HubbartTi 
„V.  £.  p.  520. 


CW^-  ^1*1  OP  MAIIIR. 

ijons  £2  10b.  ;  to  OeorgetM  £1 ;  to  Saco  1  It. ;  and  to  Citeo 
lOt.*  By  this  we  ar.  made  acquainted  with  the  relative  import- 
Mice  of  those  places,  and  with  the  fact  of  continued  claim  to  the 
jorisdictioa  of  Lygoni'  + 

John  Bonython,  of  Saco,  beine;  in  debt  and  guilty  of  some  of- 
fenceS}  had  offered  \  "lent  residunro  to  the  officer,  who  had  war- 
rants and  other  precepts  against  him  ;  contemn* d  the  authority 
that  issued  them ;  and  threatcjied  to  take  ihe  life  of  uny  one  who 
durst  touch  him.  To  the  process  by  which  he  was  summoned 
to  answer  for  his  contempts  and  menaces,  ho  paid  no  regard ; 
and  therefore  the  court,  after  the  usual  preliminary  proceedings, 
L^,  solemnly  adjudged  him  to  be  an  outlaw  and  rebel — no  longer 
tnder  his  Majesty* t  protection  ;  and  likewise  ordered,  that  if  he 
could  be  taken  alive,  he  should  be  transported  to  Boston,  to  un- 
dergo some  extraordinary  animadversion  or  punishment.']; 

Two  law-cases  occur  at  this  session  which  are  worthy  to  be 
mentioned,  only  because  they  involve  the  question  ot'  jurisdiction, 
then  claimed  and  exercised  from  Piscataqua  to  C  sco.  One 
was  an  action  of  account,  presented  by  John  Trelawnf^y,  of  Pis- 
eaiaqua,  for  services  in  the  fishery  at  Richmond's  Island,  against 
John  Winter,  resident  there ;  the  other  was  a  suit  by  Edward 
Godfrey  of  Agamenticus,  one  of  the  Council,  to  recover  £20 
awarded  him  by  the  High  Court  of  Star  Chamber  in  England, 
against  George  Cleaves,  the  Deputy-President  of  Lygonia,  resid- 
ing at  Casco  ;§  wherein  both  judgments  were  for  the  plaintifTs. 

But  the  paramount  power,  exercised  by  the  goveruinent  of 
Gorges  within  Rigby's  patent,  was  at  length  brought  to  a  final  con- 
clasion  by  the  proper  authority.  The  subject  having  been  re- 
ferred to  the  Governor-General  and  Commissioners  of  the 
American  Plantations>||  they  made  their  report  in  March,  A.  D. 
1646.     By  this,  they  decided,  *  that  Alexander  Rigby,  in  virtue 

*  la  Connecticut  and  New^-Havcn  Colonies,  there  were,  in  1645, 14  taxa- 
ble  towns.  ^    :.^    .  .        \  ■  ^  ■    j.    -^ 

t  See  1  Coll.  Jilast.  Ilitt.  Soc.  lOl,— ?. — A  fast  was  ordered  to  be  solemn- 
ly  kept,  Nov.  20,  through  the  Province. 

I  John  was  the  ion  of  Richard  Boynthon.  He  lived  1-2  mile  below  Saco 
falls,  on  the  east  side  of  the  river.  About  the  time  of  the  American  Rev- 
olution, the  remains  were  discovered  of  the  chimney  and  collar  of  hit 
honw,  which  was  destroyed  by  the  Indians,  A.  D.  1675.— St«//iean,  p.  224. — 
Query— what  had  Massachusetts  to  do  with  an  offender  in  Maine  ? 

5  bullivan.  p.  30«.  Q  Ante,  A.  D.  1642.        >.  %,, 


Ml 

A.D.  164t. 


John  Bwif- 


Two  juri»- 
dictiouml 


casM. 


Goranit* 

siooert'  de- 
cision, 
M8rch,1646 
in  i'avor  of 
Rigby. 


THE  HarroKT  tVtii^  i. 

A.0. 1641. « of  the  deeds,  and  documents  adduced,  is  the  rightful  ownw  md 
'  proprieUNT  in  fee-simple,  of  the  territory  or  Province  of  Lyco- 
'  nia ;  being  a  tract  of  land  40  miles  in  length  and  40  miles  io 

*  breadth,  lying  on  the  south  side  of  the  river  Sagaaahock,  and 
1  »4>i  .1  adjoining  unto  the  great  ocean,  or  sea,  called  Mare  del  JVort;* 

*  and  in  him  is  settled  the  right  of  planting,  ruling,  ordering  and 
'  governing  it.  The  Commissioners  furthermore  ordered  all  the 
<  inhabitants  of  the  Province  to  yield  due  obedience  unto  iu 

*  constitution  of  government ;  and  also  directed  the  Governor  of 
'  Massachusetts,  in  case  of  any  resistance,  to  afford  the  officers, 
'  appointed  by  said  Rigby,  all  suitable  assistance.' 

Divisional  According  to  this  decision,  tlie  river  Kennebunk  proved  to  be 
riverKen-  *^®  divisional  line  between  the  two  Provinces  j  and  the  only  re- 
nebuok.      maining  settlements  within  Gorges'  charter  were  those  of  Wells, 

Georgeana,  Piscataqua  and  the  northern  Isles  of  Shoals. 

'  No  decision  could  be  more  unwelcome  and  afironting  to  the  ad- 

herents of  Gorges.  If  the  land-titles  of  settlers  under  him  with- 
in the  patent  of  Lygonia  were  not  thereby  put  at  hazard,  three 
of  his  Councillors,  Vines,  Joscelyn,  and  Bonython,  and  several 
other  officers,  fell  within  Rigby's  jurisdiction,  and  must  either 
yield  allegiance  to  his  government  or  leave  their  estates  and 
homes.  To  resist,  would  only  expose  them  to  the  coercive 
power  of  Massachusetts,  which  they  had  reason  to  believe,  she 
would  be  by  no  means  displeased  to  exercise.  Hence,  Henry 
Joscelyn  prepared  to  remove  to  Pcmaquid ;  and  some  others  did 
actually  quit  the  Province. 
cukvm  Cleaves,  exulting  in  successes,  and  in  the   good  graces  of  re- 

cfmrt  at  Sa- publicans,  both  in  England  and  Massachusetts,  immediately 
opened  a  court  at  Saco,  under  tlie  authority  and  auspices  of  Rig- 
by,  his  principal ;  at  which  place,  at  Casco,  and  Black-point,  he 
held  sessions  at  appointed  intervals,  three  or  four  years.  The 
officers  commissioned  or  designated  by  the  proprietor  or  Cleaves 
to  govern  the  province,  it  seems,  were  a  Deputy-President  and 
5  or  6  A$$i$tant$,  who  were  probably  Magistrates  of  a  judicial 
character.  A  court  at  Black-point  was  holden  b)  Mr.  Cleaves, 
Henry  Joscelyn  and  R  ^bert  Jordan.     The  administration  possess- 


*  By  the  Tavorablfl  interprotation  of  Mr.  Rifi^by*!  patent  of  Ly^fooit, 
Mr.  flubltard't  A*.  E.  p.  ftlO,  says,  they  "  brought  it  to  the  seaaide  j  wber«- 
"  aa  the  worda  of  the  grant  laid  it  20  milea,  and  had  put  Sir  F.  Gorgei  out 
'•of  f  ■  aa  far  »«  Saco." 


CiaT.  VI.]  OP  MAOf E.    ^ 

ed  lOine  eae^ ;  and  in  tide  of  pc^ukritjr  was  pn^MMtionata  to  a.  Oi  iMf. 
tbtt  of  the  English  republicans  at  borne ;  so  *nuch  vraa  its  for- 
tune reflected  across  the  Atlantic     The  style  of  the  Court  was 
tjie  cGemkral  Assemblt  or  the  Province  or  Ltgonia;" 

consisting  of  Assistants  and  of  Deputies  chosen  by  tbs  people.* 

Br  the  commissioners'  determination,  the  territory  of  Gorges'  vinr* 
Province  was  reduced  to  a  remnant,    and   its  political   affiurs  |^'^*^|'* 
tlirown  into  a  miserable  dilemma.     Vines  had  sold  and  assigned 
bis  estate  to  Robert  Childs,  and  returned  to  England,f  from 
which  be  proceeded  to  Barbadoes  ;   Mr.  Godfrey  being  the  only 
Councillor  left,  of  Sir  Ferdinando's  appointment.    To  revive  and 
organize  a  new  administration,  lately  so  mutilated  and  crippled, 
a  court  was  convened  at  Wells,  which  elected  Godfrey,  Gover-  j, 
nor;  Richard  Leader,   JVtcholas  Shapleigh,   Thoma$   fTiVAers,  JJ^"»  — 
and  Edward  Riskxoorth,  Councillors  ; — the  latter  being  appointed 
also  Recorder.     Afterwards  other  courts  had  sessions  under 
Gorges*  charter  and  articles  of  combination,  and  held  terms  alter- 
nately in  Wells  and  Georgeana,  about  three  years.| 

At  the  court  of  elections,  Oct.  20,  1 647,  no  changes  in  the  offi-  **  ^'  "^^" 
cers  of  government  are  mentioned.     Great  and  provident  care 
was  taken  of  the  public  interests,  and  the  people  enjoyed  con- 
siderable prosperity.     One  act  of  tlie  court  was  memorable  ; — 
this  was  the  formation  of  the  Piscataqua  plantations  into  a  town  „. 
by  the  name  of  Kittert  ;"^  which  embraced  the  present  town  corporaied. 


*  It  appears,  the  Assistants  in  I64S  were,  \V.  Iloyall,  Hanry  Watts, 
John  CossoDS,  Peter  Hill,  and  Robert  Duotli : — aiiJ  Gourge  Clcavcn, 
Deputy -PresiJcnt." 

t  Vinci' assl)rnment  ta  Child  wan  in  Oct.  I64.y  His  hnnf.n  was  ntar 
Winter  Harbor  on  tliu  sca-sliorc.  He  first  cnmo  over  A.  1).  1609  and  had 
hrcn  constantly  in  the  country  30  ycara. — Iklk.  Iiii><^.  \i.  ItUt.— He  w*ii 
a  hifrh  royalitit.  I  Siiili\  an,  |i.  :i'20,  325. 

}  A'«<ffri/ is  the  first  and  oldest  town  in  the  Slutc  :— f.Vor^'Mna  bcinp;  a 
fi/y  corporate,  nol  n  <oM."n.  The  soil  iHcillier  rlay,  sand,  pravcl  or  lo.im  ; 
and  towards  the  sea  (he  land  is  hrokrn  and  rocky.  Navy-y  nrd,nad!»'er's 
Trtfctliern's,  ('larkV,  ("all's  and  (Jurrish's  Islands,  belong  loKiltcry.  The 
town  records  Itcgin  March  19,  10' IH.  Tho  town  was  divided,  and  lUrvtitk 
incorporiitcd  .liinc  0,  1713,  and  A7/io(,  March  1.  ItllO.  in  1820,  (he  inhabit- 
ants wcro  oinplnycd  in  •' husbandry,  fishing',  ini-rchanf-vovajfus  and  ship- 
l)iiildinj»."  The  town  product  Si  annually  lOOt)  barrels  of  cider;  but  no 
wlirat,— JI/m,  l.tlltr  o/"  the  Hoi\.  .V.  J>rnni7.— The  titles  to  the  lands  are 
rfnrircd  from  Sir  F.  Gorges,  ^ir  \V.  Pcppercll  was  born  at  Kit(ery>point, 
to  which  hit  father  reniurcd  from  Slar-Uland.    A  ti^iglo  lintal  dc»c«ndaDl| 


irt 


lilMof 

litaoaU. 


'!i   \ 


THE  HWrORY  [Vou  C 

A«0.i«47'Of  thatnameithetwo  Berwioks  and  Elliot.  It  was  so  called, 
from  r^ard  to  the  wishes  of  several  settlers,  who  emigrated  from 
a  town  of  that  name  in  England. 

A  curious  memorial,  presented  to  the  ccirt,  this  year,  reflects 
some  light  upon  the  faint  delineations  of  these  times : — Thus, 

*  The  humble  petition  of  Richard  Cutts  and  John  Cutting,  shew- 
« eth, — ^That,  contrary  to  an  order,  or  act  of  court,  which  says— 
'  no  woman  shall  live  on  the  Isles  of  Shoals,  John  Reynolds  has 

*  brought  his  wife  hither,  with  an  intention  to  live  here  and  abide. 
'  He  also  hath  brought  upon  Hog  Island  a  great  stock  of  goats 
'  and  swine,  which  by  destroying  much  fish,  do  great  damage  to 
'  your  petitioners  and  others  ;  and  also  spoil  the  spring  of  water 

*  upon  that  Island,  rendering  it  unfit  for  any  manner  of  use— 

*  which  affords  the  only  relief  and  supply  to  all  the  rest  of  the 
'  Islands. — ^Your  petitioners  therefore  pray,  that  the  act  of  court 
'  may  be  put  in  execution  for  the  removal  of  all  women  from  in- 
'  habiting  there ;  and  that  said  Reynolds  may  be  ordered  to  re- 
'  move  his  goats  and  swine  from  the  Islands  without  delay ; — and 

*  as  in  duty  bound  is  your  petitioners'  prayer.'  \ 
In  compliance  with  the  request,  the  court  ordered  Reynolds  to 

remove  liis  swine  and  goats  from  Hog  Island  withb  20  days,  and 
also  from  such  other  Islands  as  were  inhabited  by  fishermen.  But 
as  to  "  the  removal  of  his  wife,"  it  is  *  thought  fit  by  the  court,' 
that  "  if  no  further  complaint  come  against  her,  she  may  enjoy 
"  the  company  of  her  husband."*  Never,  truly,  was  there  a 
juster  decision,  but  why  an  order  of  court  so  uncouth  and  so 
hostile  to  woman's  rights  and  privileges,  should  ever  blemish  the 
page  of  a  statute  book,  neither  history,  nor  tradition,  informs  us. 
While  Sir  Ferdinando's  Province  was  deeply  involved  in  diffi- 
ciinrijcirr  of  p„],jgj,   j,g  jjjgj  j^  England,  about  two  vcars  before  the  excculion 

Sir  r.  iior-  o  > 

««••  of  Charles,  his  royal  master.     Seldom  is  a  subject  more  firmly 

attached  to  his  prince.  He  was  a  native  of  the  kingdom,  born, 
A.  D.  1 573,  at  Asliton  Phillips,  in  the  County  of  Somerset — of 
Spanish  extraction, f — a  descendant  of  an  ancient  family  more 

now  iiidipcnf,  is»filllivin(r,ol'(hc  Cutis  family.  Richanl  died  Sept,  1010.- 
S  '0  jvi^t.  .'/.  J).  ]n\2  and  17 \'^,—Sullivnn"s  Iliil.  p.  241—1.  Kilter)  w.\i 
■cttled  in  1C23;  and  Geor^cann,  or  .Ajjaincnticiis  in  1021. 

•  7  Coll.  Manv  \hM.  Soc.  p.  250.     Also  !  Coll.  il).  p.  103. 

t  Duke  rff  l(t  Uochrjountult  l.inncourt  inyi  "  Gorpcs  wai  a  Spaniai  J." 
It  i«  laid  hit  father  ratnc  over  from  Spain  in  the  rri^i  of  Philip  and  Mirj. 
%  TratiU,  p.  241. 


hivif  1' 


Denth  nnd 


ClAfr  ▼>•]  OF  MAOIE.  9|06 

jlgiiiguished  for  respectabili^  than  opulence.  Ambition,  sagacity  A.O.  imt. 
{ind  enterprize,  which  made  him.  delight  in  projects  of  advonture,  8*'  F* 
were  the  strong  features  of  his  character ;  and  what  his  mbd  de- 
vised, bis  firmness  of  constitution,  vigor  of  health  and  force  of 
purpose,  enabled  him  to  pursue  with  unremitting  perseverance. 
But  his  aims  were  too  much  elevated.  Fame  and  wealth,  lo 
oiten  the  idols  of  superior  intellect,  were  the  prominent  objects 
of  this  aspiring  man ;  and  though  he  attained  to  rank  and  honor, 
he  never  could  amass  riches.  Constant  and  sincere  in  his  friend- 
ships, he  might  have  had  extensivelj  the  estimation  of  others,  had 
not  selfishness  been  the  centre  of  all  his  efforts. 

In  early  life  he  was  privy  to  the  conspiracy  of  Essex  agamat 
the  administration  of  queen  Elizabeth,  and  afterwards  betrayed 
the  whole  secret.  But  if  this  transaction  brought  a  blush  upon 
his  reputation,  it  had  an  effect  to  gain  for  him,  subsequently, 
many  marks  of  royal  favor,  and  to  attach  him  more  closely  to 
the  interests  of  the  crown.  He  was  a  naval  commander  before 
the  close  of  the  queen's  last  war  with  Spain ;  and  in  considera- 
donof  his  services  and  merits  he  was  appointed,  A.  D.  1604, 
Goremor  of  Plymouth  in  the  County  Oi'  Devonshire.  He  was 
also  a  captain  in  the  navy,  A.  D.  1625.*        ,..  .< 

Ho  and  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  whose  acquaintance  was  familiar, 
possessing  minds  equally  elastic  and  adventurous,  turned  thefr 
thoughts  at  an  early  period  of  life,  towards  the  American  hemis- 
phere. Being  many  years  the  survivor,  he  had  a  proportionate 
advantage.  He  took  into  his  family  several  transported  natives^ 
and  by  listening  to  narrations  about  their  people  and  country,  he 
was  amused,  informed  and  animated.  Sanguine  in  the  belief, 
that  rich  and  powerful  states  would  arise  in  this  region,  his  mind 
and  his  tongue  dwelt  with  rapture  upon  the  theme.  The  facts 
he  collected,  he  reduced  to  the  form  of  a  succinct  History  of  this 
northern  country ;  which,  being  found  to  contain  many  curious 
and  rare  particulars,  was  printed  about  ten  years  after  his  death. 

In  the  grand  patent  of  New-England,  he  was  an  active  and 
able  member,  the  principal  advocate  of  their  rights,  and  the 
most  powerful  champion  in  their  defence.  None  did  more 
towards  planting  a  colony  at  Sagadahock,  and  subsequent  settle- 
ments in  the  vicinity.      He  sacrificed  his  time,   expended  his 


Vol.  I. 


«>  4  HuBM  p.  3S0. 
90 


fM. 


SM  THE  HVrORY  IW&.l. 

A.  D.  iscr.  taaujt  u>d  sent  over  his  own  son  and  kindr«»d,  fully  eonfid«)t 
Pir  p.  oor*  of  final  success. 

But  his  schemes  were  often  visionary,  and  his  seal  somedmes 
partook  of  obstinacy.  Determined  to  remove  all  obstacles  averse 
to  the  establishment  of  the  twelve  royal  Provinces,  or  a  New< 
England  empire,  of  which  he  was  to  be  the  Governor-General 
he  often  assailed  the  charter  of  Massachusetts,  as  the  chief  piq. 
barrassment,  and  thereby  brought  upon  himself  and  his  measures 
repeated  censures. 

In  religion,  a  prominent  article  of  his  charter,  he  is  not  knovm 
to  have  uttered  any  intemperate  or  even  conscientious  sentiments. 
It  is  certain,  though  he  was  an  episcopalian,  devoted  to  the  Eng- 
lish prelacy,  he  never  was  a  persecutor  of  puritans.  Secular  in 
his  projects  and  pursuits,  he  had  determined  upon  the  acquisitions 
of  dominion,  riches  and  honors  for  his  sons. 

His  death,  at  the  advanced  age  of  74,  in  arms,  on  the  side  of 
his  king,  from  whom  he  had  received  so  many  tokens  of  favor, 
gave  full  proof  of  his  fidelity ;  and  his  life  and  name,  though  by 
no  means  free  of  blemishes,  have  just  claims  to  the  gr^tefulre^ 
collections  of  the  eastern  Americans  and  their  posterity.* 


*  His  oldest  son,  John,  succeeded  to  his  estates  and  title,  a  man  of  w 
considerable  energy,  who  survived  his  father  only  a  few  years.  John 
left  a  son,  Ferdioando,  who  inherited  the  title  and  some  of  his  grand-fiiitli- 
•r's  energ^iei. 


Ill:-"*:  /.J...     '■ 


»-  -  1  '   -  Mil  .. •,'•  (      .'..t;' 


'  f.    •  i 


If'    •«  r 
rn    I 


Oi*f.  Til.] 


OPMAINt. 


Mi 


CHAPTER  Vn. 

fke  fVeHck  tn  Acadia— The  local  situation  and  rivedship  of  de  la 
Tour  and  tPAulney —  T!uir  religious  tenets —  The  warfare  between 
tkem — La  Tour  applies  to  Massachusitts — Qov.  Ganges'  letter- 
La  Tour  obtains  help — Drives  (FAulney  to  Penobscot — He  it 
affronted  with  the  Colonists — His  agent  visits  Boston — Madame 
la  Tour  proceeds  home  to  the  river  St.  John — Defeats  dAulney 
'-'He  treats  with  Massachusitts — Attacks  la  Tour's  fort,  cap- 
tures it  and  makes  his  wife  a  prisoner — Her  death — La  Tour's 
trading  voyage — His  piratical  conduct — Sufferings  of  the  Eng-  ,  .^j 
Ush  sailors — The  Indians — D'Aulney's  death — His  widow  mar-  ^ 

ries  la   Tour — The  English   Colonists  and  Missionaries — The 
French  Acadian  settlements  in  Maine  not  flourishing. 

To  finish  our  memoirs  of  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,  whose  life  a  d.  1635 
and  labors  were  so  intimately  connected  with  the  History  of*" 
this  State  ; — ^the  annals  of  Nova  Scotia,  as  identified  with  a  large  (ja.** 
part   of  the   Sagadahock  territory,  have   been   for  ten  years 
necessarily  suspended.      In  resuming  the   subject,  we  may  re- 
mark, that  not  only  were  the  Acadians  and  the  Provbcials  of 
Maine,  neighbors ;  but  a  trade  and  intercourse  were  kept  up  be- 
tween  them  with  some  profit  and  without  intermission ;   and  in 
particular,  the  French  commanders  claimed  and  occupied  the 
territory,   and    controled  the  tribes  of  Indians,  situated  about 
and  between   Passamaquoddy   and  Penobscot  ;^-circumstances 
which  contribute  interesting  materials  to  fill  our  own  historic  pages. 

After  Razilla's  death,  mentioned  in  1635,  the  command  ofR"*iii>><i« 
the  whole  Acadian  country  devolved  upon  two  of  his  subordinate  d'Aulncy. 
officers,  claiming  equal  rank  and  authority.  For  about  four 
years,  few  of  their  transactions  are  known,  except  their  muhi- 
plied  contentions  about  jurisdictional  rights,  personal  interests  and 
military  precedency.  At  length  their  rivalship  approached  to 
open  rupture,  and  disturbed  the  tranquillity  of  their  English 
neighbors. 

One  of  these  rivals  was  Charh$  St.  Ettienne  de  la   TouVt 
whose  father,  it  will  be  recollected,  had  purchased  Nova  Scotia 


A.D.  1630 
|o  1640. 


4.  '. 


of  Sir  Wniiam  Alexander,  A.  D.  1629  ;*  and  who  himself  clatoi. 
ed  the  country  from  the  triple  title  of  that  sale,  and  grants  from 
the  French  king  and  the  company  of  New-France.  He  selected 
and  established  his  residence  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  St  John  • 
and  raised  fortifications  on  the  east  side  of  the  harbor,  wiiere  the 
city  now  is.  Both  in  right  of  property,  and  of  commission  from 
Razilla,  during  his  lifetime,  which  had  neither  been  recalled,  nor 
superseded,  he  claimed  the  exclusive  command  from  the  eastern 
extremities  of  Chiegnecto  bay  and  the  basin  of  Minas,  westward 
to  the  Passamatjuoddy.f 

His  antagonist  was  d'Aulney  de  Charnisy,  who  had  seated  hiin- 
gelf  60  leagues  westward!;  of  la  Tour,  in  a  situation  equally  eli- 
gible. This  was  the  peninsula,  on  the  eastern  side  of  Penobscot 
bay,  at  Major-biguyduce%  point,  [in  Castine.]  Here  he  con- 
structed fortifications,  not  far  from  a  good  harbor,  which  was  well 
sheltered  by  Islands,  and  from  which  large  ships  might  ascend  tlie 
river  40  miles.  He  considered  himself  the  immediate  successor 
of  Razilla,  and  entitled  to  the  paramount  government  of  the  great 
peninsula,  from  Cape  Sable  to  Canseau,  especially  at  la  Heve, 
whore  Razilla  died  j — at  Port-Royal,  where  d'Aubey  himself 
sometimes  resided  )%  and  also  at  Passamaquoddy,  where  was  the 
location  of  Razilla's  own  patent ;  boldly  claiming,  moreover,  by 
express  commission  from  the  latter,  the  right  of  command  west- 
ward to  Penobscot,  and  as  much  farther  as  the  French  dominions 
extended.  ^l,^,. 

The  commodious  rivers,  St.  John  and  Penobscot,  were  also  the 
ranging  and  residing  places  of  two  powerful  Indian  tribes )  and 
between  them  was  another,  at  Passamaquoddy.  ||  These  three, 
or  sometimes,  possibly,  the  latter  only,  were  called  by  old  writers 

*Charle«  and  his  father  could  ihow  "  a  continued  possession  upwards  of 
80  years."— >rin/Aiup'«  Jow.  p.  341—2,  who  says,  »*  Port-Royal  was 
ibeirs  ulsu.— p.  S07. 

\  From  St,  John  to  Quako,  cast  on  the  north  shore,  is  S6  miles;  thcnco 
to  the  promontory  which  divides  Bay  Fundy,  33  miles ;  forming  Chicgnccio 
bay,  N.  E.  50  miles  in  extent ;  and  the  Basin  of  Minas,  80  miles  easterly. 

\  do  called  from  a  French  officer,  a  residsnt  there  at  a  period  not  ascer- 
tained.—JVf.  Let.  nf  Col.  JFardwell  and  Capl.  JIantell.—llerc  was  the 
N«w-Plymouth  trading  house,  in  162G.  North-eastwardly,  a  few  nii!cs 
d'Aulney  had  a  mill  and  buildings  }  Winthrop's  Jour.  p.  3*. 

II  These  three  placpi  wero  noted  f.>r  fishery  and  fur  trade.— 1  Hukli- 
nut.  p  122. 


C«AP.  ni.]  ^OPMAwir  M 

•<  Eteehmku  >**  and^ib'^ir  '*  countiy,"  tbwi^'altogether  iiMlef-  A.  O.  mb. 
inite,1the  king,  in  1638,  ordered  d*Auhey  to  confine  his  gorem> 
togatf  intending  thereby  co  settle  the  contests  of  these  ambitidus 
Generals  about  jurisdiction.* 

Nothing,  however,  had  the  tranquillizing  effect  desired.    Nor  Troubitt » 
could  these  rivals  have  reason  to  expect  that  their  invidious  con-  *''"•"'* 
tests,  a  thousand  leagues  from  France,  vrould  arrest  the  attention 
of  their  king ;  so  long  as  he  continued  involved  in  hostilities  with 
Spain ;  or  so  long  as  the  papists  and  the  protestants,  or  Hugue- 
nots, in  their  civil  wars,  were  drenching  the  kingdom  in  blood. 

If  d'AuIney,  a  catholic,  made  large  calculations  upon  the  coun- 
tenance and  assistance  of  partizans  at  home,  and  the  Jesuit  mis- 
sionaries in  his  Province ;  la  Tour,  a  protestant,  entertained  tlie 
most  confident  expectations  of  favor,  from  the  puritan  colonists  of 
New-England.    In  November,  1641,  he  despatched  Rochet  onx.D.  ifi4i. 
a  mission  to  Boston ;  who,  taking  on  the  way,  letters  of  introduc-pije,|^M,^ 
tion  from  Mr.  Shurte,  the  chief  magistrate  of  Pemaquid,  made*"i"j^"* 
proposals  to  Massachusetts, — 1st.  That  there  should  be  free  in- 
tercourse and  commerce  between  her  traders  and  Gen.  la  Tour  j 
—2d.  That  she  agree  to  render  him  the  assistance  needed  in 
prosecuting  a  war  against  d'Aulney,  or  in  removing  him  from 
Penobscot ; — 3d.  That  he  should  be  allowed  the  privilege  of  re- 
ceivbg  return  cargoes  of  goods  from  England,  through  the  colony 
merchants. 

To  the  first  she  readily  acceded  ;  but  declined  an  acceptantce 
of  the  others,  till  Rochet  could  show  some  authority  from  la  Tour 
to  negociate  such  a  treaty.f 

Visiting  Boston,  Oct.  6,  the  next  year,  a  Lieutenant  of  la  a.  d.  164S. 
Tour,  attended  by  a  small  retinue,  presented  the  Governor  with 
letters  from  his  General,  abounding  in  civilities  and  compliments, 
and  closing  with  a  renewal  of  his  former  requests.  {  A  free 
trade,  and  nothing  more,  was  now  settled  and  opened,  and 
several  merchant  vessels  made  profitable  voyages ;  the  first  one 
receiving  from  la  Tour  every  testimony  of  respect  which  the  arts  '  "I^ 
of  address  could  evince,  and  also  details  of  d'Aulney's  machina- ,, 

'  ■'  Uuarrf>l  b«- 

tions  and  measures.    These  representations,  the  master  was  de-  j*"*"  •» 
sired  to  put  into  the  hands  of  the  Governor.     On  his  return  d'Auiney. 


*  1  Hutchinson'*  Hist.  p.  122,  120. 
\  Wintbrop'i  Jour.  p.  263,  2S7. 


1 1  Haz.  Coll.  p.  199. 


810  TUGHVTORY  CYlK^  ■> 

A.0. 1649.  homeward,  he  accidentally  had  an  btenriew  with  d'Anbiay  ^ 
Pemaquid,  whom  he  found  in  a  6t  of  passion  and  resentmeaL 
Hare,  said  the  latter,  m  a  printed  arret  againei  la  Tour,  uttui 
by  the  crown  of  France  ;  take  it  to  your  Governor  and  tell  An^ 
tf  vessels  dare  persist  in  a  trade  bettoeen  the  colonies  and  the 
river  St.  John,  I  wUl  make  prize  of  them.* 

La  Tour  was  thundersu-uck  by  this  royal  edict,  which  pro- 
claimed him  an  outlaw  and  rebel ;  and  ere  he  could  obtain  any 
relaxation  of  its  penalties,  his  enraged  enemy,  early  in  the  spring 
following,  was  prepared  to  attack  bira  in  his  own  castle.  With 
an  armament  of  two  ships,  four  smaller  vessels  and  500  men 
d'Aulney  was  able  to  cut  off  all  communications  with  la  Tour, 
by  a  complete  blockade  of  his  harbor,  and  to  reduce  the  garrison 
to  the  depths  of  extremity. 

To  aggravate  the   distress  of  la  Tour,  he  was  eyewitness  to 
the  arrival  of  a  ship,  full  of  protestant  fugitives  from  Rochelle,f 
-'  and  laden  with  expected  succours,  for  which  he  was  sufierbg. 

As  he  perceived  she  could  not  pass  the  squadron,  he  resolved  to 
leave  the  ^rrison,  and  entrust  the  defence  of  it  to  his  compan- 
'  ions.     Accordingly  he  and  his  wife,  in  the  night  of  June  12tb, 

escaped  to  the  ship,  and  proceeded  to  Boston. 

He  was  now  enabled  to  show  the  Massachusetts  magistrates, 
some  official  articles  of  favor  from  the  French  cabinet ;  a  com- 
mission from  the  vice-admiral  and  grand  prior,  by  which  he  was 
appointed  "  the  king's  lieutenant-general  in  Acadia;"  a  per- 
mission to  send  the  ship  back  with  freight  and  despatches ;  and 
letters  from  the  company  of  New-France,  full  of  advices  against 
the  intrigues  of  d'Aulney.  These  were  all  invaluable  docu- 
ments to  him ;  which,  with  the  powers  of  his  persuasive  ad- 
dress, collectively  inspired  him  with  the  greatest  confidence  of 
success. 
The  request  ^^^  magistrates,  elders  and  merchants  of  Massachusetts,  were 
dficuiwd  by  Strongly  inclined  to  favor  the  subject  of  la  Tour's  requests.  But 
MasMchu-  opponents  raised  many  and  powerful  objections.  War,  said  they, 
is  an  extreme  remedy ;  and  the  exact  justice  of  the  case,  we 
cannot  expect  to  know,  since  the  French  cabinet  itself  has  va- 
cillated in  the  affair.    If  d'Aulney  has  done  us  injuries,  and  pro- 

•  Hubbard's  N.  E.  p.  479. 

t  The  number  was  140  fenon».—Winthrop*i  Jour.  p.  S82. 


CiAP.tn.]  OTJUINE.  311 

^tjlui  us  to  hostflities ;  it  were  more  for  our  honor  and  the  eredh  A.  0.  mk 
of  our  religicm  to  take  arms  upon  the  grounds  of  self-defence, 
aod  protection,  than  to  be  mere  *'  marginal  notes"  to  a  Frer   ^'man*s 
articles  of  warfare.    Only  a  permission  for  la  Tour  to  ^^ocure 
an  outfit  of  men  and  munitions  of  war  agamst  d'Aulney,  will 
arouse  his  resentments,  and  may  possibly  be  deemed,  by  his  king, 
an  hostile  act  of  the  colony : — end  who  can  divine,   but  that 
the  smaller  weapons,  forged  here,  may  not  be  swords  in  Chri»- 
tendom  ?  D'Aulney  is  powerful  by  land  and  by  sea,  in  men,  jn  ar- 
tillery, and  military  stores ;  our  vessels  and  cargoes  have  hitherto 
floated  securely ;  and  he  has   been  content  with  our  impartiality 
aod  forbearance.     Nor  had  tlie  objectors  any  great  confidence  in 
the  sanctity  of  la  Tour's  principles ;  much  less  could  they  be  melt- 
ed by  his  appeals  to  public  sympathy.     For,  ten  years  before,  he 
had  killed  two  English  colonists  at  Machias,  and  carried  away  <^ 

the  worth  of  £500  in  goods,  owned  by  New-England  people,* 
without  so  much  as  an  offer  of  reparation  or  even  an  apology. 
It  is  true,  his  wife  was  justly  esteemed  for  her  sound  protestant 
sentiments,  and  excellent  virtues ;  whereas  he  himself  was  sus- 
pected of  being  a  timeserving  character,  if  not  at  heart  a  catho- 
lic, and  in  fact  a  coward. f  .ji- 

La  Tour,  in  defence  of  himself,  was  able  to  prove,  that  (he 
men  killed  were  intoxicated,  and  began  the  afifray  by  firing  first 
upon  his  party,  without  provocation.  '  The  value  of  the  goods,* 
said  he, '  I  will  submit  to  a  reference,  and  pay  all  that  shall  be 
awarded,  nay,  make  amends  to  any  extent  determined.  He 
proceeded  farther,  and  with  a  kind  of  magic,  urged  his  claims  by 
pleas  of  merit.  He  found  men,  who  were  ready  to  depose,  that 
at  a  time  when  the  fates  of  the  seas  had  cast  them  upon  his  fort, 
be  had  not  only  fed  them  with  the  milk  and  meat  of  human  kind-. 
ness ;  he  had  also  provided  for  them  passages  to  their  homes. 

His  supporters,  or  friends,  were  a  respectable  class  of  men. 
Many  had  unwavering  faith  in  hi3  protestant  orthodoxy ;  more 
were  making  calculations  upon  the  greater  profits,  or  gains,  they 
could  acquire  in  a  trade  with  him  than  with  d'AuIney  ;  and  the 
disciples  of  religion  thought  it  their  conscientious  duty,  to  extend 
the  helping  hand  to  a  neighbor  in   distress.    The  outrageous 

'"Mr.  Vines  compUinod  of  la  Tour's  violence  and  rapacity  in  1633.— 
Winthri^U  Jtur.  p.  301.  f  1  Douglas*  Summ.  p.  806. 


l.-v.I 

■I  A 


leor 
aine. 


318  TUB  HISTORY  r      [^9^  >f 

A.0. 1643.  wrongs  of  d'Aulney  at  Penobscot,  and  elsewhere,  are  reci^ 
lected  by  us,  said  the  Colonists ;  and  '  all  history  teaches  that  tU 

*  greediness  of  spoilers  and  the  ambiuon  of  conquerors,  are  ia 

*  the  ratio  of  their  successes.    If  he  could  conquer  la  Tour 
,         *  would  the  acquests  of  200  soldiers,   and  booty  worth  4  or 

'£5,000  satisfy  his  insatiate  appetite  ? — ^A  free  intercourse  and 

*  conunerce  with  la  Tour  is  already  settled  ;  and  shall  he  be  for- 
<  bidden  to  hire  ships  and  men  at  his  own  expense  and  upon  his 

*  own  responsibility,  to  effect  a  safe  return  of  himself  and  family 
*,to  his  own  plantation  and  fortress  ? — If  there  be  fatalities,  blood> 

*  shed  is  one  of  the  destinies  of  mankind,  in  the  defence  of  righti 
/   ,           *  and  the  performance  of  duties.'* 

TheFreich  "^^^  ^^™®  important  and  novel  question  agitated  the  planta- 
t'rb'ihe'*  ^'on^j  between  Piscataqua  and  Penobscot,  within  the  government 
of  Maine.  La  Tour  was  owing  some  persons  considerable  debts, 
which  they  feared  might  be  lost,  if  he  was  driven  from  St. 
John's.f  D'Aulney  was  generally  dit^iked,  and  all  desired  his 
removal,  to  some  situation  more  renioie  than  Penobscot ;  lest 
future  successes  should  encourage  his  encroachments  and  despotic 
measures,  or  flush  and  inflate  his  arroganc3\  ^ 

A  letter  from  the  Deputy-Governor  of  Maine,|  written  from 
his  residence  at  Kittery-point,  to  Governor  Winthrop,  will  show 
us  bis  views  of  the  subject. 

"  Piscataqua,  2Bth  June,  1 643. 

"  Right  worthy  Sir I  understand  by  Mr.  Parker,  you 

have  written  me  by  Mr.  Shurt,  which  as  yet,  I  have  not  received. 
It  cannot  be  unknown  to  you,  the  fears  wc  are  in,  since  la  Tour's 
promise  of  aid  from  you.  For  my  part,  I  thought  fit  to  certiiy  so' 
much  unto  you,  for  I  suppose  not  only  theso  parts  which  are  naked, 
but  all  north-east,  will  find  d'Aulney  a  scourge.  He  hath  long 
waited,  with  the  expense  of  near  £800  per  mouth,  for  an  opportu- 
nity of  taking  supplies  from  his  foe  ;  and  should  all  his  hopes  be 
frustrated  through  your  aid,  you  may  conceive  where  he  will  seeic 
for  satisfaction.  If  a  thorough  work  could  be  made,  and  i.e  be 
utterly  extirpated,  I  should  like  it  well :  otherwise  it  cannot  be 
thought  but  that  a  soldier  and  a  gentleman  will  seek  to  revenge 


Letter  ot 
Gov.  Gor- 
fes. 


*  These  arg^uinents  were  reduced  to  writing  in  extenso,  in  1643,  entire  in 
I  H»z.  Coll.  p.  602,  616. 

t «'  St.  John  V  or  «*  St.  John's  rirer."— /fti6.  JV.  E.  p.  489.— WtntArop. 
p.  862.  \\  Haz.  Colt.  p.  498. 


CiAT*  Til.]  OF  MAINE.  fl^ 

iHoudf;  having  500  men,  2  ships,  a  galley,  and  pii     •  es  wdl     i.  ifA 
pitivided.    Besides,  you  may  please  conceive,  in  what  manner  be 
qoir  besieges  la  Tour.    His  ships  lie  on  the  south-west  part  of 
the  Island,  at  the  entrance  of  St.  John's  river,  within  which  i» 
only  an  entrance  for  ships,  and  on  the  north-east  lie  his  pinnaces. 

It  cannot  be  conceived  but  he  will  fortify  the  Island,  which  ' 

^U  debar  the  entrance  of  any  of  your  ships  and  force  them  back, 
shewing  the  will,  having  not  the  power,  to  hurt  hira. 

I  suppose  I  shall  sail  for  England  in  this  ship — ^I  am  not  as  yet 
certaiot  which  makes  me  forbear  to  enlarge  at  this  time,  or  to 
desire  your  commands  thither. 

Thus  in  haste  I  rest — ^your  honoring  friend  and  servant. 

*:,:  :  r      ,„  THOMAS  GORGES."      ^  *      rj 

At  lengtli,  Massachusetts  informed  la  Tour,  that  though  she 
could  not  as  a  colony,  consistent  with  the  articles  of  union,  takeouifliaad 
any  active  part  with  him  in  the  controversy ;  he  might  employ 
as  many  ships,  and  enlist  as  many  volunteers  into  his  service,  as 
he  could  hire  with  his  own  means  and  pay.  Full  of  acknowl- 
edgements for  this  favor,  he  chartered  of  Edward  Gibbons* 
and  Thomas  Hawkins,  June  30,  at  £520,  for  each  of  the  two 
succeeding  months,  the  ships  Seabridge,  Philip  and  Mary,  In- 
crease, and  Greyhound,  furnished  with  50  men  and  38  pieces  of 
ordnance.  He  also  enlisted  92  soldiers  at  the  charge  of  iC40  per 
month,  whom  he  put  on  board ;  the  whole  being  armed,  victualled, 
and  paid  at  his  own  expense. 

To  secure  the  owners  and  purveyors,  he  mortgaged  to  them 
ills  fort  at  St.  John's,  his  great  guns,  and  all  his  other  property, 
real  and  personal,  in  Acadia.  All  prepared,  the  squadron,  pre- 
ceded by  his  own  ship,  the  Clement,  sailed,  July  14,  and  com- 
menced the  attack  upon  d'AuIney,  immediately  on  their  arrivaL 
The  onset  was  so  unexpected  and  furious,  that  d'Aubiey  was 
compelled  to  quit  his  statici ;  when  his  enemies  gave  him  chase 
and  pursued  him  to  Penobscot.f  Here  he  ran  his  two  ships  and 
a  small  vessel  aground,  for  the  purpose  of  fortifying  himself  in 

'"Gibbons  was  gay,  young  and  wealthy,  also  a  magistrate,  A.  D.  1650.— 
1  Hubbard^ »  Hitt.  p.  150. 

t  WitUhrop  tayi,  p.  307,  it  was  PorURoyal ;  but  Hutchinton  and  Sullitan^ 
p.  277,  say  it  was  "  Pmobicot ;"  confirmed  by  subsequent  facts. — 1  Hvkh- 
imon'f  Hitt.  p.  m.—Winthrop't  J»ur.  p.  362. 
Vol.  I  27 


m  THE  HISTORY  [V«>l..  |. 

A.  D.  IMS.  the  most  expeditious  manner,  and  then  turned  upon  his  porsn* 

ers* 
'  The  commandant  of  the  Massachusetts*  forces'  declined  am 

'  farther  prosecution  of  the  enterprize ;  and  a  smart  engagement 
with  a  party  of  d'fulney*s  men,  at  his  mill,  not  a  great  distance 
from  the  fort,  closing  the  scene,  though  not  without  loss,  as  several 
tfn  each  side  were  killed  or  wounded  in  the  action.*  Within 
the  limited  time  of  the  charter-party,  the  ships  and  men  arrived 
safely  in  Boston  harbor,  without  having  lost  a  man;  bringiDg 
Vtrith  them  a  vessel  they  had  taken  from  d'Aulney,  laden  with 
moose  skins,  beavers  and  other  furs.  These  they  divided  in 
equal  proportions  to  la  Tour,  to  the  ships,  and  to  the  men. 
Dispnie*  of  ^  Communication  from  Boston  met  d'Aulney,  on  his  late  re- 
and  Aiatsa-  turn  to  his  foft,  unfortunately  while  in  a  most  unhappy  temper  of 
mind.f  It  was  in  part  an  answer  from  the  Governor,  to  a 
letter  received  by  him  in  the  preceding  autumn ;  and  further- 
more, it  was  an  explanation  of  the  manner  in  which  la  Tour 
had  obtained  ships  and  supplies.     *  Had  we,  said  the  address  to 

*  him,   been  molested  in  the  right  of  free  trade,  as  you  tbreaten- 

*  ed  us,  we  should  not  have  been  backward  to  do  ourselves  jus- 

*  tice.     But  the  colony  government  of  Massachusetts  has  in  fact 
'  taken  no  measures,  nor  granted  any  commission,  against  you. 

*  To  permit    la   Tour  to  enlist  and  hire   forces  with  his  own 

*  money,  violates  no  sound  political  rules,  it  is  a  mere  attribute 

*  of  our  independence,  while  the  laws  of  christian  duty  require 

*  us  to  relieve  all  distress.     Yet   surely  nothing  would  be  more 

*  grateful  to  our  wishes,  than  reconciliation  and  peace.'f 

D'Aulney  was  unprepared  for  a  rupture  with  that  colony,  and 
might  have  repressed  his  resentments,  had  there  been  no  fresh  or 
new  aggressions.  But  he  was  now  determined  to  subdue  his 
rival,  let  Massachusetts  act  what  part  she  pleased,  and  therefore 
applied  again  for  assistance  in  France  j  giving  out,  that  a  force 
was  soon  expected  sufficient  to  destroy  him. 

In  the  mean  time,  he  resolved  effectually  to  prevent  all  inter- 
course between  la  Tour  and  the  English  colonists.     Nevertheless, 


♦Thirty  of  the  N.  England  men  with  la  Tour's  men  were  engafcd  in 
this  last  skirmish,  and  3  Frenchmen  were  killed  on  each  side.— Hubbard'* 
JV.  E.  p.  483. 

-^Tbe  messenger  was  "  led  blindfold  into  the  house  and  so  returned,  6  or 
7  hours  after."  |  Hubbard's  N.  E.  p.  482. 


hit  affront. 


Cur*  TII.]  OF  MAINB.  81ft 

fat  tbc  purpose  of  coUoctiog  mooies,  due  from  la  Tour,  Vines  of  A.D.  isml 
gaoo,  Shurt  of  Pemaquid,  and  Wannerton*  of  New-Hampshire, 
all  men  of  eminence  in  their  respective  plantations,  took  passage  for  i 

the  river  St.  John's ;  yet  when  they  arrived  at  Penobscot,  d'AuIney 
detained  them  several  days  under  forcible  restraints — from  ^*— - » 
vrhich  Mr.  Shurt,  whom  he  owed  and  esteemed,  had  hardly  influ- 
ence enough  witli  him  to  obtain  a  release.  The  transaction  was 
felt  by  ihem  to  be  a  violation  of  all  social  and  sacred  usages ;  Cau<M  oi 
and  Wannerton  was  a  man,  whose  passions  and  intemperance 
rendered  him  a  fit  instrument  to  devise  acts  of  revenge.  Con- 
firmed in  his  belief,  by  reports  at  St.  John's,  that  the  garrison  at 
Penobscot  was  destitute,  both  of  effective  men  and  competent 
provisions,  he  collected  a  party  of  twenty  or  more  ;  and  on  his 
return,  led  them  onward,  armed  with  swords  and  pistols,  to  an 
attack  of  d'Aulney's  farm-house,  five  or  six  miles  from  his  fort. 
At  the  instant  Wannerton  knocked  at  the  door  it  was  opened, 
and  he  received  a  fatal  shot  and  fell,  one  of  his  companions  was 
wounded,  and  a  French  resident  was  slain.  The  others  in  the 
bouse  surrendered ;  and  the  assailants,  in  the  work  of  waste, 
killed  the  cattle  and  set  the  house  on  fire.f  They  then  proceed- 
ed to  Boston  without  booty,  or  any  other  reward,  than  censure.  . 

So  highly  incensed  was  the  injured  General  by  this  rash  and 
unprovoked  expedition,  that  at  first  no  excuses,  not  the  blood  of 
Wannerton  himself,  would  appease  his  rage.  He  determined  to 
remain  neutral  no  longer — and  uttering  the  sevt  rest  tlireats,  that 
be  would  make  prize  of  every  colony  vessel,  found  eastward  of 
Penobscot ;  and  accordingly  issued  commissions  for  tlie  purpose. 

But  repentance  is  the  consequence,  and  oftentimes  the  merit  of 
basty  vows.  The  Governor,  at  Boston,  required  of  him  an  ex- 
planation ;  reminding  him  of  the  violent  manner  in  which  he  had 
seized  upon  Penobscot,  and  upon  certain  English  colonists  and 
tlieir  goods,  at  the  Isle  of  Sables.  *  Yet,'  said  he,  *  I  inform 
'you,  that  no  hostile  act  against  either  French  or  Dutch  is  allow- 
'ed;  la  Tour,  cannot  expect  any  more  succours  from  this  place ; 
'  a  merchant's  trade  is  permitted  between  us  and  St.  John's ;  and 
*  rest  assured,  it  mil  be  protected.'     Afterwards  d'Aulney  ac- 

*  Winthrop  calls  him  «  Waverton,"  p.  341. 

t  Hubbard't  JV.  E.  p.  485.— This  was  at  Penobscot.— 1  Hutch.  Hut.  p. 
125. 


cImimui. 


M'd  ■,.'  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  |. 

A.D.  iM4.kiMmIeclged  he  had  been  hasty  ;  having  received  command  fioQ 
his  sovereign,  to  hold  a  friendly  intercourse  with  all  the  English.* 
OUmliwy't  To  show  the  civil  authorities  at  Boston  a  late  commission  from 
•viihMwM- the  French  cabinet,  which  denounced  la  Tour  and  his  wife  ai 
traitorous  deserters, — giving  command  to  arrest  them ;  and,  further* 
more,  to  negotiate  a  treaty  with  the  government  of  Massachusetts* 
tiie  Ruler  at  Penobscot  sent  thither  M.  Marie,  Oct.  4,  on  a  mis- 
sion, with  credentials  and  ten  attendants.  Unexpectedly,  he  wag 
there  informed,  tiiat  Madame  la  Tour  had,  after  a  passage  of  six 
montlis,  arrived  at  Boston  from  London,  three  weeks  before  him, 
and  only  eight  days  after  her  husband's  departure  for  St.  John's* 
and  that  she  had  hardly  escaped  capture  by  d'Aulney,  off  Cape 
Sable,  even  though  she  was  secreted  under  hatches. 

In  the  negotiation  commenced,  the  Governor  strove  for  provis. 
ional  terms,  by  which  the  belligerent  rivals  might  become  recon- 
ciled to  each  other. — No,  said  Marie,  nothing  but  submission  will 
save  la  Tour's  head,  if  he  be  taken ;  nor  will  his  wife  have  any 
passport  to  St.  John's,  for  she  is  known  to  be  die  cause  of  his 
contempts  and  rebellion.  Nay,  the  vessel  that  shall  admit  her  a 
passenger,  will  be  liable  to  seizure.  On  the  other  hand,  die  Gov- 
ernor refused  to  make  any  stipulation  for  assisting  d'Aulney,  or 
preventing  an  intercourse  with  la  Tour.  )     i  su;,y'«f*.  < 

Several  articles  of  treaty,  however,  received  the  signatures  of 
the  Gorernor  and  of  M.  Marie,f  October  8,  which  were  to  be 
ratified,  or  rejected,  as  it  might  be  deemed  politic,  either  by 
d'Aulney,  or  the  Commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies.  By 
these,  a  preliminary  peace  was  established  :  all  hostile  acts  in 
future  were  to  be  deferred,  till  after  amends  demanded  had 
been  refused  ;  and  both  parties  were  allowed  to  enjoy  the  rights 
of  trade  to  any  place,  without  Hmit  or  restraint.  J     •  <  ^ 

Never  had  a  capitulation  been  more  grateful  to  the  interests 
•nd  views  of  Maine  and  the  more  eastern  plantations.  They 
knew  their  defenceless  condition  ;  and  they  had  entertained  many 
fears,  that  d'Aulney,  in  a  fit  of  passion  and  haste  to  avenge  inju- 

*  WiHtl.rop's  Jour.  p.  350. 

f  Mario  signed  as  "  Commissioner  of  Monsieur  d'Aulney,  knicflif,  Gor- 
»•  ernor  and  Lientenant-Gcnoral  for  his  Majesty,  (ho  Kinf  of  France,  in 
••  Acadia,  a  Province  of  New-Franct."— Wti^iarrf'*  .V.  K.  p.  4S8, 

J  Wiutlirop'i  Journal,  p.  357,  361.  .     *♦ 


Trtaiy.-- 
Oci.  8. 


(^BAT*  ▼"•]  OF  MAINE.  317 

fies  or  a£Sront8,  might  take  their  ressels  or  plunder  the  inhib>A.D.  16U. 

ittuo* 
Misery  and  contempt,  folly  and  meanness,  mark  the  contro- j.^.^^||^|^ 

versy  of  these  two  ambitious  Frenchmen ;   for  civil  war  never  j'"*'  *•'■ 

reflects  a  baser  image  in  miniature,  than  when  it  is  reduced  to 

personal  quarrels,  or  tlie  punctilious  points  of  duelists.      Our 

regrets  are  deep  and  many,  that  the  English  colonists,  and  much 

more  the  government,  ever  had  any  concern  in  the  affair : — For  it 

was  impossible  to  live  in  amity  with  both.     At  one  time  d'Aulney 

pressed  an  English  colony-coaster  into  his  service,  and  compelled  <:  ' 

the  master  to  go  with  him  to  St.  John's,  in  order  to  communicate 

through  him  to  la  Tour  the  new  arret,  and  ensure  a  safe  return 

of  the  messenger.     He  was  otherwise  often  an  offender ;  and  by 

reason  of  his  threats,  the  fiequcnt  and  successful  applications  of 

his  foe  to  the  rulers  of  Massachusetts,  and  the  measures  adopted 

or  opposed  by  them ;  the  people  were  unhappily  divided  through 

the  whole  country  into  parties. 

Madame  la  Tour,  unable  to  visit  her  husband  or  home,  com-  „  ,  , 
menced  two  suits  at  law,  one  was  against  Baylcy,  the  master,  for Tour» 
transporting  her  to  Boston  and  nofto  St.  John's,  whither  she  was 
bound ;  the  other  was  against  Berkley  upon  the  charter-party, 
for  an  unnecessary  detention  of  six  months  on  board,  owing  to  a 
circuity  of  voyage  for  the  sake  of  a  gainful  trade.  The  trials 
before  the  Court  of  Assistants  lasted  four  days  ;  in  which  she 
labored  to  shew  her  damages,  to  be  equal  to  the  cost  of  a  force 
and  outfit,  sufficient  to  cope  with  her  enemy,  in  the  event  of  a 
rencounter ;  and  extravagant  as  the  verdicts  of  the  juries  may 
appear,  they  gave  her  £2,000.  With  this  money,  obtained  from 
the  proceeds  of  the  cargo,  she  chartered  three  London  ships  in 
Boston  harbor,  and  proceeded  to  St.  John's.*  ?   •♦■<   •  "*■■ 

When  d'Aulney  was  apprized  of  her  flight,  or  rather  departure,  p.^uin,- 
he  was  excessively  chagrined,  for  one  of  his  schemes  was  now 
frustrated ;  he  having  had  the  fullest  intentions  of  making  her  his 
illustrious  captive.     In  this  malignant  warfare,  chivalrous  gallan-         .    ' 
try,  once  the  pride  of  Frenchmen,  seems  to  have  lost  its  charac- 

*  Winlhrop'i  Jour.  p.  ;!fi3 — 4. —  Here  th<>  Journal  tlosci.  Altcrwardi  (ho 
rtcordpr  of  tlie  Court  ntid  one  of  ihc-  jurymen,  were  nrretted  in  Ix)ndon 
«nd  eotnpelird  to  find  bonds  for  £,4fi(iO,  to  antwer  in  o  Court  of  AdminJtjr 
—where  they  wer«  dischnn^ed.— //uMard't  JV*.  £.  p.  491.  '. 


318  THE  HISTORY  ^VtU  I. 

A.  D.  1645.  ter ;  and  the  married  wife  was  marked  for  triumphant  seizure. 
Jealous  now  of  Massachusetts  to  a  greater  degree  than  ever  he 
determined  to  consider  the  obligations  of  the  late  treaty  with  her 
government  as  broken  ties  ;  and  his  king's  directions  relative  to  the 
English,  as  nullities.  He  knew,  the  protestant  interest  in  France 
was  sinking ;  his  monarch  was  a  child ;  and  the  administration 
was  too  much  distracted  with  foreign  and  domestic  wars,  too  fee. 
ble  and  too  partial,  tu  arraign  him  for  his  conduct,  provided  he 
His  cxpedi-  acted  zealously  the  part  of  a  catholic.  From  the  friars  and  other 
ifeai.  treacherous  fellows,  dismissed  by  lady  la  Tour  after  her  arrival 

home,  he  had  information,  that  her  husband  was  on  a  cruise  in 
the  bay  of  Fundy  ;  and  his  garrison  being  supplied  with  only  50 
men  and  poor  provisions,  might  be  easily  captured.     Therefore 
the   Commander  of  Penobscot,  proceeded  thither  early  in  the 
spring  ;  and  meeting  with  a  New-England  vessel  off  tlie  coast  of 
the  peninsula,  laden  with  supplies  for  his  enemy,  he  made  prize 
of  her,  turning  the  crew  upon  a  desolate  island,  without  fireworks, 
,    gun  or  compass  ;  and  proceeded  on  with  his  prize.     A  miserable 
wigwam  was  their  only  shelterjjhe  snow  was  deep,  and  a  part  of 
their  clothing  was  withholdeiwKmi  them  by  tlieir  piratical  captor. 
Arriving   in  the  harbor  of  St.  Jolm's,  d'Aulney  moored  his 
ship  in  a  well-chosen  position,  near  the  fort ;  and  then  discharged 
his  ordnance  upon  it,  with  considerable  effect.     But  he  was  con- 
tending with  a  heroine  of  consummate  valor  : — She  returning  the 
fire  with  such  spirit,  that  20  of  his  men  were  killed — 13  were 
wounded  ;  and  his  ship  was  so  much  shattered  and  disabled,  that 
he  was  forced  to  warp  her  away  under  the  shelter  of  a  bluff  to 
prevent  her  from  going  to  the  bottom,      j.       ,  n,    j  .  .i,  ..;    ? 

On  his  return,  he  took  the  plundered  crew  from  the  Island 
after  ten  days'  suffering,  and  sent  them  homeward  in  an  old  shal- 
lop, without  tlie  necessary  comforts  of  life. 

Massachusetts,  justly  incensed  by  his  base  conduct,  accust;cl 
him  of  breaking  a  sacred  treaty,  and  demanded  immediate  satis- 
Hit  conduct  (action.  But  he  refused  to  admit  into  his  presence  the  inesscn- 
OBtonilu.""  8®*"*  ''"  ^®  ^">*^  explained  how  la  Tour's  wife  effected  her  return 
home ;  and  tlien  he  charged  the  colony  with  assisting  his  mortal 
enemy ;  killing  his  domestic  nnimals ;  and  burning  his  build- 
ings 'f  and  furtliermore,  added  he, — I  warn  you  to  beware  of 
my  $overeign*t  retentmenti. — It  is  true,  the  messenger  replied,  he 
is  a  mighty  prince,  and  also  one  of  too  much  honor  to  com- 


CbaF.  ▼"•]  OP  MAINE.  •'  ^fij* 

gence  a  rash  attack ;    et  should  he,  we  trust  in  a  God,  vsho  nl  a.D.  ims. 

tlie  in6nlte  arbiter  of  justice.     When  the  messenger  furthermore 

informed  d'Aulney,  that  the  treaty  negociated  by  Marie,   had 

]^een  rati6ed  by  the  Commissioners  of  the  United   Colonies, 

he  utterly  refused  to  give  it  the  sanction  of  his  own  signature, 

till  all  difficulties  were  settled.     Still,  said  he,  '  so  much  more  is 

<  honor  with  me  than  emolument,  that  I  will  wait  for  an  cxplan- 

i  atory  answer  till  next  spring  ;  and  in  the  mean  time,  there  shall 

'be  no  act  of  hostility  on  my  part.' 

Impossible  as  it  evidently  was  to  enjoy  peace  and  a  free  trade, 
ffith  botii  the  contending  Generals  at  the  same  time ;  the  Gover- 
nor and  magistrates  of  Massachusetts  resolved  upon  farther  ne-  '  '  ' 
jociajion  rather  than  war,  so  long  as  it  tfould  be  managed  upon 
honorable  grounds.  The  place  and  manner  were  questions  of  de- 
bate. Some  thought  it  would  nt.ther  be  wise  nor  consistent  with 
the  rules  of  etiquette,  to  go  and  tretit  witli  d'Aulney  in  his  own 
castle,  supposing  Pemaquid  would  be  a  fitter  place.  Others  saw 
an  expediency  in  such  approaches  to  one,  who  professed  to  stand 
so  much  upon  his  '  honor  ;'  when  he,  being  apprized  of  their  delib- 
erations, sent  them  a  note,  to  trouble  themselves  no  farther  upon 
the  subject,  for  he  should  commission  messengers  in  due  time,  to 
naitupon  them  and  settle  difficulties.  aijT  •!:=«•     »*»  \_ 

The  delay  was  long  and  unexpected,  extending  even  to  the  mis. 
20th  of  the  next  September,  (A.  D.  1646,)  when  three  commis- JJiXii!^ 
sioners  of  his,  Marie,  Ijouis,  and  his  Secretarj^,  arriving  in  Bos-  M^„"',*acru^ 
ton,  were  received  with  all  the  testimonies  of  respect  due  to  their  •""*• 
master.     After  a  review  of  mutual  grievances,  the  commission- 
ers, in  the  sequel,  demanded   £800  damages,  for  injuries  done 
d'Aulney  at  different  times.     But  the  Governor  and  magistrates 
thought  the  colonists  were  the  greater  sufferers : — nevertheless, 
to  evince  their  high  sense   of  justice    and  honor,  and  to  give 
d'Aulney  satisfaction,  on  a  re-estnblishment  of  the  former  treaty, 
they  made  him  a  i^attering  present.     This  was  an  elegant  sedan 
worth  40  or  JC50,  v  hich  being  sent  by  a  Mexican  Viceroy  to  his 
sister  in  the  West  Indies,  fell  into  the  hands  of  Cnpt.  Cromwell, 
and  waspicscnted  by  him  to  the  Governor.* 

By  protracting  the  negociiition,  d'Aulney  had  been  successful  ^.^  , 
in  deterring  the  English  colonists  from  trading  it  St.  John's,  or  •"'*'• '^«»"- 


•  Hubbard's  N.  E.  p.  490. 


380 

A.D.  1M6. 


A.D.  1647 


D'AuliMty 
captures  la 
Tour's  fori 


ti'i' 


THE  HlSTOttY  '    .£Vm«  i. 

•ffi>rding  his  enemy  succours.  His  vigilance  was  unremittbg  ^ 
he  being  often  made  acquainted,  probably  by  the  treacherous 
friars,  with  every  movement  and  the  true  condition  of  Is  Tour  • 
who  himself  appeared  to  be  destitute  both  of  prudence  acd 
sagacity.  Finding  his  provisions  short  in  the  close  of  the  winter 
he  ventured  to  cruise  from  place  to  place  in  search  of  supplies  • 
leaving  his  fort  and  his  estate  in  the  care  of  his  wife ;  who,  tliough 
a  wise  and  valiant  woman  and  a  discreet  manager,  well  worthy 
of  his  unlimited  confidence,  was  at  this  time  greatly  needing  and 
highly  deserving  the  experience  and  energetic  assistance  of  a  hus> 
band,  in  trials  so  severe  and  fatal. 

In  April,  General  d'Aulney,  at  a  favorable  moment,  agaia 
brought  all  bis  naval  force  into  the  harbor  of  St.  John's  ;  and 
commenced  with  great  spirit  a  cannonade  of  the  fort.  In  the 
assault  twelve  of  his  men  were  killed  and  several  were  wounded. 
But  against  all  opposition,  he  was  able  finally,  after  a  short  though 
severe  siege,  to  scale  the  walls,  when  he  made  la  Tour's  wife  a 
prisoner ;  putting,  it  is  said,  all  the  others,  both  English  and 
French  to  the  sword.  The  amount  of  plunder,  consisting  of 
ordnance,  plate,  jewels,  household-stuff,  and  other  personal  prop- 
erty, which  he  carried  away,  probably  exceeded  £10,000. 

This  catastrophe  taught  la  Tour  the  folly  of  presumption. 
Exposed  as  he  was  at  all  times  to  capture ;  duty  and  honesty  as 
well  as  prudence,  required  him  to  make  the  hands  of  friends  the 
depositories  of  hit  effects :  For,  in  this  event,  his  own  ruin  was 
not  all.  Many  New-England  merchants,  who  were  his  creditors^ 
were  compelled  to  place  tlieir  debts  on  the  leaf  of  total  loss. 
One  of  the  greatest  sufferers  was  Gibbons,  whom  he  was  owing 
more  than  £2,500,  for  monies  and  me|tns  furnished  him,  four 
years  before,  when  he  was  in  great  distress.  To  secure  himself 
more  amply.  Gibbons  had  taken.  May  13,  1G45,  a  revised  mort- 
gage of  all  his  debtor's  real  and  personal  estate  in  Acadia ;  ex- 
cepting his  frigate  and  a  territory,  about  72  miles  square,  upon 
the  westerly  end  of  the  great  peninsula.  Of  all  the  property  so 
pledged,  he  also  took  formal  possession,  the  same  year  ;  yet  he 
derived  thence  no  avails  towards  the  repayment  or  discharge  of 
his  demand.* 


*  La  Tour  i^ave  Gibbons  an  inventory  and  deed  of  hit  personal  citatf, 
vessels,  barques,  and  boats,  conditioned,  that  if  lie  paid  Gibbons  j^t,084,  and 


ChaF*  Til.]  OP  MAINE. 

The  end  of  la  Tour's  accomplished  wife  was  tragical.     Driven  *•  >>•  >«*'• 
from  her  native  country  by  the  sword  of  catholic  persecution,  and  D«>»h  •»<■. '• 
separated  from  her  husband  in  a  season  of  the  greatest  anxiety 
and  trouble,  she  soon  sunk  under  the  weig,ht  of  her  complicated    '" 
afflictions.     Her  home  and  her  estate  were  gone — she  was  bereft 
of  all  that  was  dear  or  desirable  in  life — her  lofty  spirit  could  not 
endure  the  ideal  dishonor  of  imprisonment,  in  the  castle  of  her 
most  inveterate  enemy — and,  within  three  weeks  after  she  was 
made  a  prisoner,  she  died  of  grief. 

Her  wretched  husband  visited  Newfoundland,  in  eager  hopes  l^  Toor'i 
of  assistance  from  Sir  David  Kirk,*  a  great  trader  of  the  age.  £n^."* 
Being  unable  in  that  way  to  obtain  encouragement,  he  took  pas- 
sage in  one  of  his  vessels  for  Boston ;  where  he  had  the 
courage  to  present  schemes  to  his  former  friends  for  reviving  his 
fortune,  and  to  urge  his  pleas  for  the  necessary  help.  He  found 
several  merchants,  who  still  had  confidence  in  his  integrity ;  and 
some  of  them,  at  length,  furnished  him  with  a  vessel,  manned  by 
Englishmen  and  Frenchmen,  under  a  master  who  was  neither, 
and  supplied  with  commodities  suitable  for  the  Indian  traffic, 
worth  £400.  • 

La  Tour  sailed  about  the  middle  of  winter  for  the  Nova  Scotia 
peninsula ;  and  when  he  had  arrived  opposite  Cape  Sable,  he  de- 
veloped the  baseness  of  his  soul.  Consummate  in  the  arts  of  in- 
trigue and  disguise,  he  conspired  with  the  master  and  five  of  his 
own  countrymen  to  drive  the  Englishmen  ashore,  and  run  away 
with  the  vessel  and  her  cargo.  In  executing  the  piratical  project, 
lie  was  violently  resisted ;  and  fought  in  person,  shooting  one  En- 
glish sailor  in  the  face  with  his  own  pistol. 

This  part  of  the  crew,  so  barbarously  turned  adrift  in  the  depth 
of  winter,  wandered  up  and  down  the  coast,  16  days,  in  extreme 
suffering ;  till  unexpectedly  they  were  met  by  a  party  of  Mick- 
mack  Indians,  who  treated  them  with  a  generosity  highly  credita- 
ble to  the  attributes  of  human  nature.  It  is  their  due,  further  to 
add,  that  they  manifested  great  noblenrss  in  their  conduct  ;f 
for  they  received  the  forlorn  mariners  into  their  wigwams,  re- 


Ihe  interest,  by  Feb,  20,  1632,  the  estate  was  to  be  again  laTourV— 1  //m. 
Coil,  p  641 — 1— where  llio  iudenture  it  entire  and  the  bond  ia  latin. 
•  See  Ante,  A.  D.  1G28.  t  Hubbard'i  N.  E.  p.  498. 

Vol.  !.  28 


322  THE  HISTORY  [Vot.  I. 

A.  D.  164S.  freshed  them  with  venison  and  the  best  food  they  had,  kindly 
..  loaned  them  a  shallop,  and  provided  an  Indian  pilot,  to  assist  them 
in  getting  home.  Yet  it  was  not  till  the  following  spring,  (1648,) 
tliree  roontlis  after  they  left  Boston,  that  these  unhappy  men 
with  all  their  exertions,  and  the  kind  assistance  of  the  natives 
were  enabled  to  effect  a  safe  return.  La  Tour  went  to  pans 
unknown ;  some  supposing  he  had  taken  a  trip  to  Hudson's 
bay  ;* — as  nothing  was  heard  of  him  for  more  than  two  years. 

NmivM  mill      But  though  the  Mickmacks  of  tiiat  Province  were  at  this  ceriod 

the  French.  °  rn-  it^i<-  r" 

friendly  to  the  whites  of  all  nations ;  the  French  found  in  the 
}>(»«  Mohawks  a  most  deadly  scourge.     That  ferocious  and  brave 

people,  no  force  had  been  formed  in  Canada  sufficient  to  sub- 
due. No  arts  could  tame  them — Massachusetts,  though  re- 
quested by  the  Canadian  Governor,  wholly  declined  any  inter- 
ference, for,  *  never,'  said  she,  '  have  the  Mohawks  done  uron? 

*  to  the  English,  and  they  may  always  be  a  barrier  in  cases  of  emer- 

*  gency  or  rupture.'  Even  Father  Dreuillettes,  the  great  apos- 
tle to  tlie  Indians  of  Nova  Scotia,  was  sent  to  Boston  from  Can- 
ada upon  the  same  errand,  without  success. — Consequently, 
after  the  Mohawks  had  succeeded  in  subduing  the  Hurons,  they 
determined  to  extirpate  t  itirely  the  Canadian  French,  by  a  gen- 
eral massacre. f  Alarmed  by  diis  news,  the  latter  endeavored 
to  shield  themselves  against  destruction,  by  redoubling  their  ef- 
forts to  secure  the  good-will  of  all  the  other  natives  within  their 
acquaintance  ;  displaying  much  apparent  friendship ;  applying  the 
arts  of  catholic  worship ;  and  inducing  the  sanctimonious  Jesuits, 
to  accommodate  their  zeal  and  instructions  to  the  same  desirable 
end :  and  thereby,  no  doubt,  a  much  greater  degree  of  French 
influence  was  attained  among  them, — especially  among  the  Al- 
gonquirs  and  the  Eastern  tribes.  On  the  other  hand  to  cherk 
the  current,  and  inculcate,  if  possible,  the  protestant  doctrines 
with  more  effect ;  a  "  Society  for  propagating  the  Gospel  in 
Kew-Englandy''  among  the  natives,  by  visits,  schools,  and  scr- 

A.  D.  1649.  ipons,  was  incorporated,  A.  D.  1(349,  by  act  of  Pailiament. 

No  other  place  in  this  eastern  region  was  so  much  the  resort 
of  catholic  missionaries,  as  the  fortress  of  d'Auliiey.  He  was  for 
several  years  sole  ruler  of  the  country,  and  a  religious  zealot. 
But  we  hear  little  of  him  during  the  last  four  years  of  his  life. 


♦SiiUiTOD,  p.  282.     +  T  Jrfnjt,  p.  100.-3-S.— I  lUlmtt'  A.  Ann.  p.  3ti 


Cba'-  ▼"•] 


OF  NAINB. 


>A.  Sl:..„ 


9S8 


He  died,  A.  D.  1651  ;  and  the  next  yewe,  la  Tour  returned  nd  a.  6.  itoo, 

.    ,  , .        .1  1641,  16M. 

mirned  his  widow. 

All  the  former  possessions  of  la  Tour  in  Nova  Scotia,  being .   _ 
now  resumed  by  him ;  very  strong  expectations  were  entertained  in  ««»rri«t  iiw 
Massachusetts  and  Maine,  that  he  would  do  his  creditors  justice.  d'Auioey. 
But  they  were  wholly  disappointed.     La  Tour  thought  more  of 
present  enjoyment,  than  of  old  friends.     During  his  second  con- 
nexion,  he  had  several  children, — he  was  seldom  absent  from  his 
Province ;  and  when  the  only  daughter  and  child  of  his  wife, 
by  her  former  husband,  became  a  canoness  of  St.  Omers,  she 
bequeathed  to  her  half  brothers  and  sisters  her  whole  inheritance. 

Twelve  years'  predatory  warfare  between  two  ambitious  rivals, 
—the  subjects  of  the  same  crown,  produced  effects  highly  inju- 
rious to  the  settlements  in  the  Province  of  Maine,  and  the  plan- 
tations farther  eastward.  Sometimes  they  committed  great  v 
wrongs  and  even  depredations ;  their  menaces  frequently  excited 
alarming  apprehensions ;  free  trade  was  interrupted  ;  and  it  wa« 
ahvays  difficult  for  the  people,  so  to  adjust  their  conduct  by  the 
maxims  and  rules  of  prudence,  as  to  keep  tliemselves  out  of  th« 
quarrel.  The  principles  of  d'Aulney's  great  and  boasted  honor 
were  uniformly  the  servants  of  passion  or  interest. 

He  furnished  the  natives  with  fircarnis  and  ammunition,  tiip  nmivM 
and  taught  them  the  great  power  and  use  of  the  gun.* 
priesiliood,  consisting  wholly  of  friars,  made  the  savages  be- 
lieve, that  catholic  rites  and  ceremonies  were  the  essentials  of 
religion ;  and  that  the  dictates  of  the  missionaries  were  equiva- 
lent to  the  precepts  of  Divine  authority.  Whereas  the  orthodox 
puritans  carefully  withheld  from  the  Indians  the  hunting  gun,  so 
necessiry  among  them  to  obtain  the  supports  of  savage  life ; 
while  their  pious  missionaries  very  honestly  instructed  them, 
tliat  real  religion  consisted  in  regenerating  the  nftections  of  the 
heart;  in  the  inunaculate  purhies  of  life;  and  in  the  practices 
and  dispositions  towards  others,  which  we  would  wish  them  to 
exiiibit  towards  us.  But  these  were  refinements,  which  the  un- 
tutored, unenlightened  savages  could  not  understand.  The  usages 
of  retaliation  had  acquired  a  kind  of  sanctity  among  thtm,  wLith 
they  believed  nature  herself  tolerated.  Indulgences,  and  super- 
stitious forms,   as  allowed  by  tlie  Jesuits,  were  altogether  more 


'3  "ii.|i  ii.i»- 


SKMlOrif*. 


M*  .4.  Ann.  p.  W- 


*  1  Hutchinioa'i  Hut.  p.  127— I M. 


824  TH£  HISTORY  [VoL.  |. 

A.U.  iS9i.tecordant  with  their  notions  and  habits,  than  the  self^enyint 
doctrines  of  restraint,  and  the  rigid  precepts  of  reform,  as  taught 
by  the  protestant  missionaries. 

TIm  Frtncb  Since  this  region  has  been  in  the  occupancy  of  the  French 
'  neither  the  settlements  at  Penobscot,  at  Mount  Desert,  at  Machias 
at  St.  Croix,  nor  the  places  eastward,*  had  flourished.  Most  of 
the  French  emigrants  were  ignorant,  poor  and  unenterprising ;  the 
government  was  of  a  despotic  military  character ;  and  the  com- 
manders, as  we  have  seen,  were  perpetually  contending.  The 
social  regulations  were  under  the  direction  of  the  ecclesiastics : 
rights  and  wrongs  were  not  treated  nor  regarded  in  a  proper 
manner ;  and  no  man  of  good  sense  and  intelligence  dwells  con- 
tentedly, where  life  and  property  are  insecure. 

*The8e  were  at  St.  Johns,  Quako,  Petudiav,  Gaspe,  Port-Royal, le  Here, 
Capo  Sable  and  other  places. 

N.  B.  Mr.  Vines  who  was  ill-treated  and  suffered  bj  these  Frenchmen, 
la  Tour  and  d'Aulnej,  removed  to  Barbadoes,  West  Indies ;— where  he 
retrieved  his  pecuniary  circumstances ;  and  in  1647 — S  wrote  letters  to 
Gov.  Winthrop,  who  appears  highly  to  esteem  him.— S«e  theti  htttri  in 
Foltom^t  Saco  and  Biddeford,  p.  1l-~-3.  ''''.i  .v  ^s..  ■.,"<*'  *,  i-v-i 
.'.■   i;,    --^     ''UVi  f-ilT    ■-!  i-.^^s> 


I      -! 


"J 


'i-S    ■! 

<i.i. 

1 

■ 

:•>  i.' 

•  !.■   -I:  i 

:».*> 

xu.tr 

'■•<   . 

- 

,Ki    ?!pi 


KV 


■•■[',     t;'';'"    *,^r '*;:*  Jsi'" 


-I'-i' 


,*r-,. 


CiAf .  Tin.] 


OF  MAINE. 


826 


«  i; 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

four  eivil  divisions  of  this  Eastern  Country — Province  of  Maine 
as  bisected — The  people  combine — Governor,  Councillors  and  ad- 
ministration— Lygonia  under  Righy — Cleaves  his  Deputy-Pres- 
ident—  The  Court  of  Assistants — Death  of  Righy — Sagadahock 
territory — Pemaquid  patent  and  the  Drotcne  right — 7%e  Brown 
and  Tappan  Rights — Parker's  Island,  Arrowsick  and  Jeremy- 
squam —  Wiscasset — Cowseagan  Claim — Evils  of  conflicting  titles 
^Penobscot  country —  The  four  different  characters  of  govern- 
nunt,  within  the  limits  of  the  present  Maine.  ,  t^^'•  ^ 

In  returning  to  the  civil  history  of  Maine,  we  are  necessarily  a.  D  1647. 
reminded  of  the  four  great  political  sections  into  which  we  find  it '"  '*^'" 
divided.     These  are,  1 ,  the  restricted  province  of  Gorges,  extend-  ^'„*''  **'*'** 
ing  to  Kennebunk  river ;  2,  Lygonia ;  3,  The  Sagadahock  terri- 
tory ;  and  4,  the  region  between  the  waters  of  Penobscot  and 
Passamaquoddy. 

The  Province  of  Maine,  bisected  in  the  manner  previously 
stated,  was  laboring  under  great  discouragements.  The  people  Provinci  of 
were  ti'oubled  and  disheartened.  Unable  satisfactorily  to  deter- 
mine what  courrd  of  measures  to  pursue,  the  Provincial  author- 
ities, in  June,  1 647,  addressed  a  letter  to  the  Lord  Proprietor ; 
stating  the  unhappy  condition  into  which  the  late  decision  in  favor 
of  Rigby  had  thrown  his  plantations,  and  requesting  him  to  give 
them  instructions  in  this  emergency. 

But  they  received  no  reply.  They  knew  he  was  a  man  of  Tht  Ad- 
advanced  age ;  and  a  crown  officer  in  the  civil  wars  then  raging  •»'"'»"•"*'■ 
in  England.  Furthermore,  a  rumor  of  his  death  was  in  circula- 
tion, the  origin  or  truth  of  which  could  not  be  satisfactorily  ascer- 
tained. In  tliis  state  of  doubt  and  suspense,  it  was  considered 
most  prudent,  to  act  under  the  charter ;  and  accordingly  a  Gen- 
eral Court  was  convoked  at  Wells,  October,  1 648,  when  Edward 
Godfrey  was  re-elected  Governor ;  and  Richard  Leader,  Nicholas 
Shapleigh,  Thomas  Withers,^  and  Edward  Rishworth,  who  had 


*  Stilliraa  writes  hU  Dam*  '•  Withers,"  p.  820— 843.— He  lived  in  Kit« 
tery. 


326 


THE  HISTORY 


'% 


.1!? 


[Voui. 

A.  I).  I  CIS.  been  Councillors  the  two  preceding  yen's,  were  again  chosen  to 
the  same  office.  As  soon  as  the  government  was  organized,  anoth> 
er  address  was  prepared  and  transmitted  to  England,  with  more 
earnest  solicitude  for  directions  in  their  political  affairs.  An 
anxious  year  elapsed  without  any  return,  and  witliout  any  further 
intelligence,  than  the  confirmation  of  Sir  Ferdinando's  death. 

The  certainty  of  this  evenV  induced  the  people  of  Wells,  Geor- 
geana,  Kittery,  and  perhaps  the  Isles  of  Shoals,  to  hold  a  poij.lar 

A  D  ic  19.  convention  at  Georgeana,  in  July  (1649)  for  the  purpose  of  a 
general  consultation  ;  when  a  discussion  was  had  upon  their  rights, 
duties,  and  difficulties.     '  To  promote  the  settlement  and  the 

♦  greatest  good  of  the  country,  has  been,'  said  they,  '  our  un- 

♦  changing  purpose  ;  in  which  we  have  endeavored  to  manage 

♦  and  regulate  its  affairs,  according  to  the  express  powers  given  in 

♦  the  charter  to  the  Lord  Proprietor ;  the  ordinances  established 
'  by  him  and  the  Provincial  General  Court ;  and  the  laws  and 
'  usages  of  England.     But  most  of  his  Charter  Councillors  have 

♦  departed  the  Province — the  Parliament  of  England  has  com- 
'  manded  us,  not  to  intermeddle  with  the  patent  to  Mr.  Rigby— 

♦  and  since  Sir  Ferdinando's  death,  no  instructions  have  been  re- 

♦  ceived,  nor  can  any  be  reasonably  expected  from  the  parent 
'  country,  so  long  as  it  is  filled  with  its  present  distractions,  and 

♦  involved  in  civil  war.'        ./' /     .ly  ■  /  .   ,  fiir.  utiii  i-- ii:   v     . 
Doubts  were  entertained  too,  whether  the  powers  of  the  charter, 

or  at  least  the  administration  of  government,  did  not  expire  with 
the  Lord  Proprietor ;  and  perhaps  the  inhabitants  were  fearful  of 
displeasing  Parliament,  if  they  acted  under  that  instrument.— 
Therefore,  after  premising  that  the  privileges  of  Agamenticus,  or 
Georgeana  should  be  preserved  entire,  they  formed  themselves 
into  a  '  Social  Compact,'  thus : — "  Wie,  vfith  our  free  and  vohn- 
"  tary  coiiseiit,  do  bind  ourselves  in  a  body  politic  and  combina- 
"  iion,  to  see  these  parts  of  the  Country  and  Province  regulated, 
"  according  to  such  laws  as  have  formerly  been  exercised,  and 
"  such  others  as  shall  be  thought  meet,  but  not  repugnant  to  the 
^*  fundamental  laws  of  our  native  Country^* 

It  was  further  ordained,  that  a  Governor  and  five  or  six  Coun- 
cillors, magistrates  or  assistants,  should  be  annually  chosen,  "  by 
most  voices,"  or  majorities  of  the  voters ;  and  in  proceeding  to 


Social  Com' 
pact  rorm- 


*  1  C'cill.  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  103. 


327 


ChaF*  VIII.]  OF  II A  INF., 

lui  iflunediate  election,  they  chose  the  same  Governor  and  Coun-  ad.  ims. 
cillors,  who  had   filled  the  offices  Uie    preceding    year  ; — Mr. 
Rishwortli  being  re-appointed  Secretary  or  Recorder.     Thus  or- 
gaaized  anew,  tlie  administration   was  continued   in   the   same 
bands,  the  two  following  years ;  during  which,  the  proceedings 
were  conformed  substantially,  to  the  provisions  of  Gorges'  char- 
ter, and  the  usages  already  prevailing.     Determined,  according 
to  the  dictates  of  wisdom  and  prudence,  to  be  obedient  subjects 
to  the  predominant  powers  of  the  realm,  they  professedly  approved 
of  their  measures  ;  and  when  they  heard,  that  Charles  their  sov- 
ereign was  no  more,  and  that  the  reins  of  government  were  in 
the  hands  of  the  Commons,  tliey  readily  took  directions  from 
that  Body.      :  „i,-^,,.;     ,..■-     -^u^-^  -,;^-.-t;  v/^-.r'  v;  Uut  i4;>r  J  m; 
The  Lvgonian  Province  embraced  a  far  greater  extent  of  2't.  The 

,  ,,  ,       ,  .,,.,,  I'roMiicc  of 

territory,  than  that  of  Mame  as  lately  restricted,  and  probably  as  i.jeoniB 
many  inhabitants  ;  but  in  neither  of  the  governments,  were  the  enimcnt. 
lines  distinctively  drawn  between  the  departments  of  legislation, 
of  judicature,  and  of  executive  authority.     The  same  tribunal 
made  laws — tried  causes — and  carried  their  sentences  into  exe- 
cution.    The  administration  under  Gorges  possessed  the  most  of 
system  and  energy ; — that  under  Rigby  was  the  most  popular;      >,^  >s, 
and  both  were  regularly  organized.      Rigby's  politics  and  the    "  ".''  4t 
sentiments  of  his  provincial  officers,  were  happily  in  unison  witli 
the  triumphant  republicans  in  England,  and  the  puritan  rulers  in 
Massachusetts.* 


*9a  much  only  of  the  records  of  tlic  General  Asserii!)ly  in  this  Province 
[Lyponia]  have,  on  diligent  inquiry,  been  found,  as  to  shew,  that  its  pro- 
ceedings were  conducted  with  regularity.  For  instance,  a  "  iictition  of 
Robert  Jordan  to  Alexander  Rip^by,  President,  Gcorjifo  Cleaves,  F^eputy- 
PrcsiJent,  tojctlicr  with  the  whole  body  of  tlio  General  Assembly  of 
Lvgonia,  assembled  lhis22d  day  of  September,  1G4!;."  &c.— was  "  referred 
by  this  Assembly,  September  24,  to  a  Committee  of  this  House,  viz.  to 
Mr.  George  Cleaves,  Mr.  William  Royal,  Mr.  Richard  Foxwcll,  and  Mr. 
Henry  Walts,  to  be  set  on  tlie  lOlli  of  October  next,  at  Richmond's  Island, 
tomulic  report  of  the  stale  of  things  petitioned  for,  to  tliis  Court  at  the  next 
Sessions;  under  the  hand  of  the  clerk  of  the  Assembly,  Peyton  Cook," 
Tlic  Committee  made  tiieir  report,  in  December  following,  and  the  decree 
of  the  Court  upon  it,  ^ras  afterwards  adjudged  legal  and  valid,  by   the  aii- 

tborilies  of  Massachiisett'.. So  '  at  a  Court  holden  at  Black-point, 

tlie  last  day  of  May,  10  «8,  touching  the  administration  of  P.  Cooke,  upon 
the  estate  of  R.  VViliiams,  this  entry  is  found:'— "We  the  judges  for  the 
Province  of  fiygonia,  do  by  our  authority,   ratify  and  confirm  unto  the 


'*■  '- 


A.  D.  1650. 

Sir  Alex.iii- 
d«r  Rigliy's 
deaili. 


328  THE  HISTORY  '^IVot.  |. 

A.  D.  1649.  George  Cleaves,  nnder  the  title  of  Deputy-President,  was  chief, 
magistrate  of  Lygonia,  from  the  time  of  purchase  to  the  death 
of  Col.  Rigby.  The  Court  of  Assistants,  in  1650 — 1,  so  far  as 
we  can  learn,  seem  to  have  been  Robert  Jordan,  an  episcopal 
minister  of  Casco;  Jlrthur  McfVorth  of  Presumpscot ',*  Henry 
Joscelyn  of  Black-point,  who  was  a  Councillor  under  Gorges,  and 
might  have  become  reconciled  to  Rigby  ;  Thomas  Willianu  and 
Robert  Booihe,  both  of  Saco,  and  Morgan  Howell  of  Cape- 
Porpoise  : — John  Wadleigh,  Jonas  Daily,  Thomas  Morris  and 
Hugh  Moseer,  were  men  of  some  distinction ;  yet,  if  they  were 
clothed  with  any  public  trust,  their  political  or  official  character  is 
not  ascertained.  Cleaves,  it  is  believed,  held  his  Court  principally 
at  Casco  and  at  Saco  ;f — tlic  latter  place  having  been  the  seat 
''  •  of  government  under  different  administrations,  since  A.  D.  1636. 
Sir  Alexander  Rigby  died  in  August,  1650,  both  esteemed  and 
lamented.  Besides  having  a  seat  in  Parliamert,  and  a  Colo- 
nel's commission — he  was  admitted  to  an  order  of  knighthood, 
and  thus  acquired  the  title  of  "  Right  honorable  Sir,"  appurte- 
nant to  the  honor  conferred.  .       •  \ 

The  Sagadahock  territory  included  several  parts  and  settle- 
ments, connected  by  no  particular  bond  of  union  or  governnnent. 
It  extended  from  Kennebeck  river  to  Penobscot.  The  principal 
plantation  within  its  limits  was  Pemaquid, — a  place  of  general 
resort  for  mariners  and  fishermen  in  the  contiguous  waters,  and 
often  visited  by  persons  passing  and  repassing  in  vessels,  between 
the  French  settlements  and  the  English  towns  and  harbors  west- 
ward. It  was  the  seat  of  government  within  the  patent,  to  El- 
bridge  and  Aldsworth,  and  had  been  settled  a  fourth  part  of  a 
century  or  more.  The  chief  magistracy  was  still  in  the  hands 
of  Abraham  Shurte,  Esq.  whose  administration,  with  a  few  select 

said  P.  Cooke,  tl.c  aforesaid  administration,  according  to  the  full  tenor 
tlicrcof.  Witness  our  hands,  under  our  Provincial  Seal,  the  day  and  year 
above  written.  (Signed)  G.  Cleaves, 

II.  Joscelyn, 
R.  Jordan." 
See  Folpjtn's  Saco,  S(c.  p.  61. 
•  Mc  Wortli's  house  erected  about    1C33,  was  on  the  main  land,  3  or  4 
miles  southwardly  of  Olapboard  Island.— 2  Mast.  Rec.  p  240. 

fOne  of  the  late  entries  of  this  Court  of  Lygonia  tvas  ia  1648 — Jordan 
ad'm.  of  Winter's  Estate  agfainst  Trelawney ;  and  execijtion  was  ex* 
tended  ou  lands  io  Casco,  Purpooduck  and  Spurwiak,  before  mcntioaed. 


3d.  Sajjii- 
rialiiick  tur- 
rilory. 


C«A»'  '^"•]  OF  MAINE.    ^  ^         399 

.\j8ist8nt9,  was  rather  an  advisatory-  cunsrrvation  of  the  peace,  A.  D.  ifiat^ 
than  that  of  distributive  justice  and  executive  coinniand. 

Tlio  Pemaijuid  patent  itself  was  uhiniately  resolved,  into  wiial  i«enm<iukl 
has  been  called  the  "  Drowne  Claim,'"     It  was  originally  a  joint-  \*l'^^^ 
tenancy  to  Robert  Aldsworth  and  Giles  Elbridge,  and  enured  *'*''"'• 
wholly  to  the  latter  by  survivorship.     When  his  son,  John   El- 
bridge,  who  inherited  it,  died,  ho  devised  it  Sept.  11,  1G4G,  to 
his  brother  Thomas,  afterwards  a  resident  for  a  period  at  Pema- 
,|uid.    In  1050,  the  latter  mortgaged  JNIonhegan  and  Daniaris- 
cove  to  Richard  Russell ;  and  at  the  same  time  sold  half  of  tlio 
patent,  half  of  the  houseliold  furniture,  and  half  of  the  catde  to 
Paul  White,   for   £200.     Immediate    })ossession   was  given  by 
Thomas  Elbridgc's  attorneys,  Henry  Joscelyn  and  Robert  Jor- 
dan, in  presence  of  Arthur  Mc  Worth,  and  Friend  Lister.     On 
the  27th  of  April,  1G53,  Elbridge  and  White,  conveyed  their  re-    .       v. 
spective  moieties  to  said  Russell  and  one  Nicholas  Davison  ;  and 
ilie  latter  taking  a  conveyance  from  Russell,  in   1657,  of  all  his 
right,  became  the  sole  proprietor  of  the  Pemaquid  patent.     One 
of  his  daughters  married  with  Shem  Drowne,  and  hence  the  origin 
of  tliis  claim.     It  embraced  "  all  the  town  of  Bristol,  and  part 
"of  the  towns  of  JVew- Castle  and  Kobleborough. 


"* 


tli^l}^. 


Brown 


"  The  Brown  Right"  is  another  important  claim.  It  has  its 
origin  in  a  deed  from  a  couple  of  Sagamores,  July  15,  1625,  torig'"- 
John  Brownf  of  New-Harbor.  Its  southerly  line  or  boundary,  ran 
from  Pemaquid  falls  td  Brown's  house,  on  the  eastern  shore  ;  and 
from  this  lint  ^  xtended  northerly  25  miles,  including  Muscongua 
Island,  and  covering  "  the  most  of  Bristol,  all  the  towns  of  JVo- 
'^hkboroii^h  and  Jefferson,  and  part  of  the  town  o(  JVew- Castle.^* 
Brown,  in  August,  1660,  conveyed  to  one  Gould  and  his  wife, 
eight  miles  square,  about  midway  of  the  original  grant ;  and  Wil- 
liam Stihon,  who  married  their  daughter,  lived  on  the  premises 
about  the  year  1 720.     John  Brown,  the  namesake  and  heir  of 


"See  the  rtfurlof  the  Cummisiioners,  in  ISll,  relative  to  the  difficulties  in 
the  County  of  Lincoln,  p.  7 — 12 — 23 — Documents  33 — 80. — Russell  and 
Davison  lived  in  Cliarlestown,  Mass.  Drowne  was  of  BostoD, — Sec  ante.  A. 
D.  1623—30—36,  and  post.  Chap.  14,  1604.  „;,.... 

tSee  CommUsionen^  Report  of  1811,  p.  16— 23.— Documents  p.  167—170. 
Brown's  deed  is  signed  by  "Captain  John  fc:omerset,"  and  »' Unnongoit,'* 
Indian  Sagamores. — Xhe  deed  to  Gould  and  wile,  was  supposed  to  be  about 
a  third  part  of  tha  whole  Indian  purchase.  .  -.  ,  ,,  .  ^.i,.- wf.i 

Vol,.  I.  3d 


Tappan 
right. 


380  THE  HISTORY  [Vol.  I. 

A.O.  iSM.his  father,  lived  at  New>Harbor,  probably  in  the  paternal  man. 
sioD.  A  srrvey  was  afterwards  made  of  the  different  claims* 
and  James  Noble  and  William  Vaughan,  in  the  right  of  Brown 
"  improved  all  the  lands  lying  on  both  sides  of  the  Damariscotta 
"  Fresh  Pond,  to  the  head  of  it ;  also  on  the  west  side  of  the 
"  river  half  way  to  Sheepscot,  and  on  the  easterly  side  nearly  to 
"  Pemaquid  Pond."  'i  i*^. 

Though  "  the  Tappan  Right"  was  of  later  date,  it  extensively 
interfered  with  the  others,  and  ought  to  be  mentioned  in  tliis  place. 
It  originated  in  three  Sagamore  deeds  to  Walter  Phillips,  dated 
A.  D.  1661 — 62 — 74;  and  embraced  "a  great  portion  of  the 
"  same  lands  with  the  Brown  Claim."  Phillips  conveyed  to 
Rev.  Christopher  Tappan,  Nov.  10,  1752,  a  greater  pail,  if  not 
all  his  Indian  purchases,  under  whom  surveys  were  made  and  pos- 
sessions taken.*  Though  the  colonies  of  Massachusetts  and 
New-Plymouth,  as  early  as  1 633,  passed  acts  which  forbade  such 
purchases  from  the  natives  without  the  license  or  approbation  of 
their  Legislatures ;  yet  they  were  multiplied  in  Maine. 

A  few  others  ought  to  be  subjects  of  remark,  before  we  leave 
this  territory.f  One  was  a  purchase  of  an  Indian,  in  1C49,  by 
John  Parker  of  the  Island  since  called  by  his  name,  on  which 
he  then  resided ;  and  of  all  land  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Kcnne- 
beck  from  Winnegance-creek  to  the  sea,  and  westward  to  tlie  wa- 
ters of  Casco-bay.  Another  sale  was  made  by  a  chief  the  iame 
year  to  Christopher  Lawson,  which  he  assigned,  in  1653,  to 
Thomas  Clark  and  Sir  Biby  Lake.|  This  was  finally  confined 
below  the  northerly  line  of  the  present  Woolwich,  and  embraced 
die  most  of  that  town.     The  same  Thomas  Clark  and  one  Roger 

Amwtick.  Spencer  bought,  in  1660,  Jlrrowsick  Island  of  a  Sagamore,— 
a  conveyance  in  which  Lake  was  afterwards  interested.     One 

Jeraml-  Robinhood,  a  Sagamore,  in  1649,  sold  Jeremisquam  Island  to 
John  Richards,  a  resident;  and  in  1654,  the  same  Indian  con- 
veyed all  the  easterly  part  of  Woolwich,  to  Edward  Bateman, 


Parker'g, 
alM  Clark 
and  Lake's 
claimi. 


aquam. 


•  The  first  ilccd  to  Phillip*,  was  sipnod  hy  Joslo  and  Agiliko  ;  tlio  2il  l»j 
Wittinoao  nnd  Erlrduirles  ;  and  the  3d  by  Erltdiipjos.— .S>e  Com.  Ileporlnf 
1811,  p.  12— 16.— iJocumen/*,  p.  82— IOC— I'hiliips'  two  first  deeds  embraced 
landa  on  the  west  aide  of  Damariscotta,  now  Nuw-Caitlo,  extcadinp  to 
Sheepacot  river. 

f  Ste  SullivanU  Hiil.  for  dates  of  several  Indian  deeds,  p.  141 — 149. 

\  "  Statcnaent  uf  KcnncbccU  Claitna,"  A.  D.  I78S,  p.  7—9. 


C«AP.  Till.]  OF  MAflVe.     *  881 

gid  John  Brown;*  under  whose  titles  the  lands  are  holden.  a.D.  IMO 
This  covered  a  part  of  Lawson*s  claim. — George  Davie,  who 
iras  an  early  settler  near  Wtscaatet-point^  purchased  in  1 663,  of 
the  Sagamores  in  that  quarter,  a  tract  one  mile  or  more  in  width 
oa  the  west  side  of  the  Sheepscot,  including  the  present  village 
gf  Wiaeasset;  also  another  large  tract  on  the  eastern  side  of  that 
fiver.  These  lands  came  by  inheritance  and  transfer  to  gentle- 
men of  wealth,  who  in  1 734,  associated  at  Boston,  under  the 
name  of  "  the  Boston  or  Wiscaatet  Company ;"  and  were  often  Wi»cM»i 
called  the  '  Jeremisquam  and  Wiscasset  Proprietors.'  In  1666 
lands  were  purchased  of  the  Sagamore,  Jack  Pudding,  which  lie 
on  Monseag  river  near  Cowsegan  Narrows,  southeasterly  of 
Woolwich,  called  the  "  Cowsegan  Claim  :"  and  indeed  all  the  CowMgan. 
lands  on  both  sides  of  the  Kennebcck,f  and  all  the  principal 
Islands  in  that  vicinity,  were  purchased  of  tlie  savage  chiefs, 
about  1649,  or  within  the  sixf^en  following  years. J  ^ 

In  these  conveyances,  different  deeds  often  embraced  the  same  Eviii  of 
lands,  or  otherwise  th^'r  lines  greatly  intersected  or  clashed  with  vryancM. 
each  other ;  so  that  they  multiplied  perplexities  in  all  the  grants 
made  here  eitlier  by  the  crown,  the  Council  of  Plymouth, 
or  the  Indians.  The  most  of  these  titles  and  claims  in  sub- 
sequent years  were  revived,  and  invited  to  their  aid  as  often 
the  complaining  pi  ^prictor,  as  the  distressed  or  suffering  settler. 
Confusion,  lawsuits  and  expenses  were  the  evils  naturally  flowing  ,* 

from  such  a  source  ;^-evils  which  retarded  the  settlement  of  the  ^ 
country,  and  rendered  the  inhabitants  indigent  and  discontented. 
In  no  other  portion  of  New-England,  were  legal  regulations  more 
needed,  or  the  want  of  tliem  more  manifest.  Without  them,  all 
intelligent  and  discreet  people  saw,  that  neither  life,  nor  property 
could  be  secure ;  titles  to  estates  were  not  sound  nor  permanent ; 
the  interests  of  piety  and  education  were  not  promoted  ;  nor  the 

*  Brown  and  Batcman  lived  there  in  Iti66. — Sullivan,  p.  169. — The  early 
settlement  wan  KiGO,  under  Clark  and  Lake,  wliu  built  tnilli  Ihorc  ;  [Sir 
B.  /<aA'e'«  petition  to  the  king,  in  1690  ;)  and  continued  tiieir  postcosinDi  till 
I07j.  Their  fort  wan  near  Cieorf^etown  inectini^-hoiiic.  Hammond's  fort 
vu  at  Stinson'i  point,  on  Arrowiick,  Inro  miles  from  tlio  other. — HuUivany 
p.  172—3. 

t  In  IG70,  there  were  20  families  on  the  west,  and  30  on  the  cast  bank  of 
tlio  Kcnnebcck. — Su//i«an,  p.  170.  • 

(Swan  Island  was  purcliaKed  of  Abbagadusset  in  1667,  by  Humphrey 
HsTie;  mnd  afterwards  claimed  by  Sir  John  Davie,  a  sergpcant  at  law. 


4th  Divis- 
ion, or  I'e- 
nolisrol. 


•,;*S"»«»' 


332  THE  HisTOKY  [Vol,  u 

A.  D.  KUl.benedts  of  society  in  any  wise  enlarged  or  established.  If  the 
lower  orders  of  people  lose  all  reverence  for  civil  authoritv 
and  arc  filled  with  distractions,  by  reason  of  numerous  political 
chanc;cs  which  are  needless ; — what  fond  expectations  of  prosper, 
ity  and  success  cotdd  be  entertained  by  a  people,  under  merely 

the  faintest  shadows  of  government  ? — Certainly  very   few  ; nor 

were  they  the  first  to  pant  even  for  despotic  power  which  (xsilj 
protect  them — rather  than  to  enjoy  amid  hazards  and  sufferings, 
the  freedom  of  their  own  wills. 

The  fourUi  political  division  of  our  present  State,  denominated 
Penobscot,  and  situated  between  the  river  and  bay  of  that  name 
and  Passaniaquoddy,  is  well  known  to  have  been  for  several 
years  in  the  possession  of  the  French.  They  called  it  a  part 
of  Acadia  ;  we,  a  part  of  New-England.  D'Aulnoy  lived  only 
about  a  year  after  his  victories  over  la  Tour,  in  unmolested 
command  of  this  territory  and  Nova  Scotia.  His  death,  A.  D. 
1G51,  has  been  mentioned;  and  it  is  remarkable,  that  Gorges, 
king  Charles,*  Governor  Winthrop,  Rigby  and  d'Aulney,  whose 
names  are  all  connected  with  our  History,  should  be  called  from 
the  stage  of  life,  within  the  short  period  of  four  years.  The  com- 
mand exercised  by  la  Tour,  the  successor  of  d'Aulney,  was 
mostly  of  a  military  character,  without  any  civil  department 
whatever.   ..":r'r    ;•   '>  v  ^   •5iv'-<  ki'j  ,;/ ;tu.''. "..'.■!,!*  :,s 

If  civil  authority  in  these  eastern  territories  of  ours,  had  pos- 
sessed the  attributes  of  system,  energy,  retributive  justice,  and 
provident  care,  to  the  degree  operative  in  the  other  colonies ; 
our  advancements  in  population,  weahh  and  improvement  might 
have  fully  equalled  theirs.  Our  atmosphere  was  as  salubrious 
and  healthful,  our  soil  nearly  as  productive,  our  water  privileges, 
our  conveniences  for  trade,  our  fisheries  and  navigation,  were  all 
superior ;  and  enjoying  the  friendship  of  the  natives  among  us, 
we  had  reason  to  rc|iose  equal  confidence  in  public  safety.  Bin 
our  political  rcgtdations  were  crude,  injudicious  and  extremely 
defective.  Though  the  several  governments  possessed  distin- 
guishing charact(!ristics,  neidier  was  attractive  to  emigrants.  At 
Penobscot,  the  ruling  power,  or  government,  was  Military, — ilcs- 
tituto  of  every  property  directly  promotive  of  settlement}  for 

•  rharloi  T.  wa*  bolnniloJ  .J.iminry  30,  intO  ;   nn<l  fSovernor  Wintlirop 
diril  the  tntno  vonr, 


Cliarnrter 
of  llin  rasl- 
prii  Rtivprn 
in«iti«. 


i  •  /  ■ 


■.  »i  .• 


CBAt.  Till']  OF  MAINE.  333 

utas  and  civil  liberties  are  regulated  by  difTerent  laws.  At  Pem*  A.  D.  lui. 
aquid,  it  was  mostly  cojuervativej  without  power  or  proportion, 
to  any  known  extent.  All  the  other  settlements  and  places  with- 
in the  Sagadahock  territory,  were  wholly  destitute  even  of  a  civil 
magistracy  ; — a  circumstance,  which,  though  it  may  be  urged  to 
prove  tlie  sobriety  and  peaceableness  of  those  places,  surely  did 
not  evince  very  strongly  the  wisdom  and  energy  of  tlie  people. 
Id  Lygonia,  it  was  proprietary,  and  of  some  force  and  regular- 
ity, though  without  the  constitutional  forms  and  executive  vigor, 
necessary  to  render  its  rulers  and  ordinances  respected.  The 
death  of  the  illustrious  Proprietor,  had  spread  a  shade  over  the 
whole  Province,  and  filled  the  people  with  doubts,  whether  all 
political  authority  and  power  had  not  expired  with  him.  In  the 
mutilated  Province  of  Gorges,  the  government  was  now  confed- 
(rative.  It  possessed,  it  is  true,  the  properties  of  system  and  union, 
yet  not  the  strength  and  ability  adequate  to  solf-protection  or  de-  \ 

fence. 

Many  of  the  Provincials  were  sufficiently  apprized  of  their        ,    ^ 
condition  ;  and,  perceiving  the  colonists  of  New-Hampshire  in  the 
full  enjoyment  of  privileges  and  prosperity,  since  tliey  had  be- 
ome  connected  with  Massachusetts,  were  strongly  inclined  to-  * 

wards  a  similar  coalescence.  Particularly,  the  inhabitants  of 
Kittery  were  desirous  of  the  event  ;*  and  the  government  of 
Massachusetts,  pleased  with  the  project,  saw,  that  by  a  new  and 
plausible  construction  of  its  charter,  the  object  might  be  attain- 
ed upon  the  grounds  of  right  and  justice. 


V(<     -Ur.  ♦  Hutcliinion's  Coll,  p.  314—17. 

Ill        ^^:!      I  ■  ;         ■    . 


1  ,* 


.'    i  . 


]r  t^>'*c'"-'i      ! 


1    ,i         ,  :'•' 

':  '.'-'1'  ■.'■f 
■    -  'l 


iv.rnor  Wm(lir>|' 


.4 


334 


THE  NiarroRY 


[Vol. 


'fitsi.  if    :rt  I-  ..'•i^-'-i'fniifi:-  ii\' 


;*i    ■?(?■■>'/. '(if  ■>'> 


CHAPTER  IX. 


'ifi,-^A.mm^ 


Mauacbu- 
•etu  ei- 
teadt  her 
claiini  eaX' 
ward. 


Massachusetts'  Claim  to  Maine — Controversy  between  the  General 
Court  and  the  Eastern  Provincials — Survey  of  the  eastern  bottn. 
dary—  The  dispute  continued-'Lygonia^Commissioners  appointtd 
to  admit  the  inhabitants  of  Maine  as  freemen — Kittery  and  York 
submit — Isles  of  Shoals — Yorkshire  established — Courts  constitut- 
ed and  privileges  guarantied — Officers — Deputies  from  Kittery 
and  York  to  the  General  Court — The  inhabitants  of  Wells,  Saco, 
and  Cnpe-Porpoise  admitted  freemen —  Those  places  made  towns— 
Ojicers — Regulations — Commissioners'  protest — Support  of  Min- 
isters required — Eastern  opposition  to  Massachusetts — Records  of 
Yorkshire  collected. 
Ai  D.  16M.  A.S  the  charter  of  Massachusetts  colony  embraced  all  the  lands 
"  within  the  space  of  three  English  miles,  to  the  northward  of  the 
"  river  Merrimack,  and  to  the  northward  of  any  and  every  part 
"thereof;" — her  government  contended,  that  by  obvious  con- 
struction, all  the  territory  south  of  a  line  stretching  eastward, 
across  the  country,  from  a  point  three  miles  north  of  that  river't 
source,  to  the  same  minute  of  latitude  on  the  seashore,  belonged 
to  her  jurisdiction. 

This  was  a  new  claim  ;  and  the  Genertl  Court  at  Boston,  in 
prosecuting  it  were  quickened  in  their  movements,  by  reason  of 
late  reports,  that  several  provincials  in  Maine,  had  petitioned 
Parliament  for  a  charter  of  government;  and  that  others,  proba- 
bly the  majority,  had  expressly  given  a  decided  preference  to  be 
connected  with  Massachusetts.*  There  was  no  time  to  be  lost. 
Even  the  commodiousness  of  the  river  Piscrtaqua,  and  the  irre- 
parable injuries  to  be  sustained,  if  it  were  in  the  possession  of  any 
other  tlian  her  friends,  were  urged  as  arguments  against  delays. 

The  two  branches  of  the  legislature,  being  determined  to  pro- 
ceed with  all  the  civilities,  which  the  delicacy  of  the  subject  re- 

*  //u66ar(i'«  A*.  E.  p.  642.— In  years  put  the  ProviDce  of  Maine  had 
pursued  a  co*  rse  disegfreeablo  to  Massachusetts,  Ijoth  "  in  their  miniitrj 
"and civil  administration." — fVinthrop^i  Journal,  p.  275. 


Praceed- 
inji  of  her 
Gm.  Court. 


Cbat.  n.]  OP  MAINE.  386 

quired,  directed,  at  their  Octf^er  session,  that  addresses  be  pre-  A.D.  16S1. 
pared  and  transmitted  to  Edward  Godfrey  and  his  Council,  and 
to  the  inhabitants  at  large  in  the  Province  of  Maine  ;  acquainting 
them  with  the  grounds  and  reasons  of  their  claim.  Tliey  also 
appointed  three  of  their  most  distinguished  citizens,  Commission- 
^^^ — tjiz.  Simon  Bradstreet,  a  venerable  Councillor,  Daniel  Den- 
nison,  Commander-in-chief  of  the  Militia,  and  William  Haw- 
thorne, Speaker  of  the  House ;  and  gave  them  instructions  to  re- 
pair to  the  Province  and  admit  the  inhabitants,  by  their  consent,  > 
into  the  jurisdiction  of  Massachusetts.  Should  they  meet  with 
opposition,  they  were  directed  to  protest  against  all  pretended 
combinations,  government  or  exercise  of  authority  therein ;  and 
in  general  to  proceed  according  to  the  dictates  ^f  their  dis- 
cretion.* ...  .:jf'    J.  •-.(../■■:,■     ,    -.,.ai'   • 

The  Commissioners  made  the  appointed  visit,  but  returned  with-  Gov.  God- 
out  success.     Meanwhile  Governor  Godfrey  convened  a  Provin-  [j'n  fjpw- 
cial  Court,  Dec.   1 ,  and  they  resolved  to  present  another  pe-  ''='"•»•• 
titioa  to  the  House  of  Commons,  which  was  addressed  thus  ; — 
« To  the  right  honorable  the  Council  of  State  appointed  by  Par- 
"liament;" — 'We  esteem  it  our  greatest  honor  and  safety  to  be 
'  under  tlie  present  government,  established  without  king  or  house 
'  of  lords ;    and  request  the  benefit  of  the  common  safety  and 
'protection  of  our  nation.    We  beg  leave  also  to  state,  that  divers 
'  inhabitants  of  this  Province,  by  virtue  of  sundry  patents,  and 
■  otherwise,  have  for  these  twenty  years  been  under  tlie  power 
'and  guidance  of  Su*  Ferdinando  Gorges,  who  had  these  parts 
'  assigned  to  him  for  a  Province.     But  he  being  dead,  and  his 
'son,  by  reason  of  heavy  losses  sustained,  taking  no  care  of  our 
'political  welfare  ;  and  most  of  the  charter  Councillors,  or  Com- 
'missioners,  having  died  or  departed  the  Province,  we  were  under 
'ihe  necessity  of  combining  together  for  the  purposes  of  govern- 
'  ment  and  self-protection,  according  to  the  laws  of  the  realm. 
'  h  IS  our  humble  prayer,  therefore,  that  our  confcderative  union 
'  may  be  confirmed ;  that  we  may  be  declared  members  of  the 
'  Commonwealth  of  England  ;  that  the  privileges  and  imrnuni- 
I '  ties  of  freeborn  Englishmen,  may  be  granted  ^nd  secured  to 
['ourselves  and  our  posterity,  as  established  rights  usually  enjoyed 

*  2  Jtfrut.  Rec.  p.  84.-— Flawthornc  is  ttic  firil  Speaker  mentioned  of  ro* 
[cord.— 1  JIutchituon'i  Hut.  p.  150.  [Note}.] 


330  THE  HIBTORV  [VoL.  i. 

A.D.  1601.  *  by  Other  Provincial  subjects  ;  and  that  the  same  favors  niay  b« 
'  bestowed  upon  us  as  upon  the  other  colonies.' 

«  Per  me  EDWARD  GODFREY,  Gov. 

"  in  behalf  of  the  General  Court." 
In  resisting  the  assumptions  of  Massachusetts,  Godfrey  and 
Cleaves,  with  llieir  respective  partizans,  who  had  been  till  now 
inveterate  foes,  were  naturally  drawn  into  the  same  lists,  as  joiia 
defendants  and  coadjutors.     For  tliere  were  apprehensions,  that 
if  the  claim  were  pursued  to  its  utmost  extent,  it  would  take  in  a 
large  part  of  Lygonia  ;  nnd  Cleaves,  about  to  visit  England,  was 
to  be  the  bearer  of  the  petition,  and  also  its  advocate  at  court. 
More  confident  hopes  of  his  success  were  entertained  through 
.    the  surviving  influence  of  Col.  Rigby,  whose  particular  patronage 
Cleaves  might  urge  with  the  greatest  truth  and  propriety.    He 
.>^,,>       was  also  furnished  with  one  argument,  thought  to  be  unanswera- 
ble ; — this  was  the  Commissioners'  late  decision  in  favor  of  Rig. 
by's  Province.     The  petition  itself  was  drawn  up  in  very  courtly 
>.,  '■     terms,  and  he  knew  the  Commons  v/ere  strongly  prepossessed  in 
favor  of  colonial  rights  and  privileges. 
A.  D.  1652.     ■But  Massachusetts,  aware  of  these  proceedings,  though  they 
Mamchu-^  Were  intended  to  be  kept  secret,  took  immediate  measures  to  de- 
feat the  petitioners ;  and  her  agents  at  court  with  no  inconsiderable 
ingenuity,  stripped  off  the  veil  and  exposed  the  disguise,  by  shew- 
ing the  project  to  have  originated  exclusively  among  American 
royalists.     These  circumstances  and  the  prevalence  of  tiie  sanie 
religious  and  political  sentiments  in  Massachusetts  as  in  Parlia- 
ment, threw  the  petition  into  oblivion. 

Massachusetts  now  determined  to  pursue  her  claim  to  its  far- 
thest extent,  and  with  renovated  vigor.  At  the  May  session,  the 
Legislature  resolved  that  the  charter-line  did  extend  eastward 
from  a  place,  three  miles  above  the  northernmost  head  of  Merri- 
mack river ; — to  discover  and  establish  which,  they  appointed 
Simon  Willard  and  Edward  Johnson  Commissioners  of  .survey. 
These  were  directed  to  procure  suitable  articles  and  assistants, 
and  with  all  convenient  despatch  take  '*  a  true  observation  of  the 
latitude,  at  the  place,"  with  their  utmost  skill  and  ability,  au4 
make  return  of  their  discoveries  and  services,  at  the  next  session 
of  the  General  Court.*  •    , 


neiu 


Nnrili  limit 
of  Mnm. 
patent  sur- 
vey eil. 


*2Jfl<Ui.  Rec.  p.  114—15.    Tliroo  other  CoininisBioaorii  were  also  aj- 
pointed  to  treat  with  tlic  pc«»|>lc'  of  Mnine  upon  the  siiTijcct  of  union. 


Canr.rt.]  of  Maine.  ^  337 

The  skilful  artists  selected,  were  John  Sherman  of  Watertown,  a.  o.  iSfli, 
ukI  Jonathan  Ince  of  Cambridge  College.  These  and  the  Com- 
missioners made  the  proper  examination,  and  afterwards  returned 
upon  their  oaths ; — "  that  at  Aquahatan,  the  head  of  the  Merri- 
"  mack,  where  it  issues  out  of  the  lake  called  Winnepuseakik,* 
"on  the  1st  day  of  August,  1652,  we  found  the  latitude  of  the 
*« place  43'  40'  12";  besides  those  minutes  allowed  for  the  three 
"miles  further  north  which  extend  into  the  lake."f 

Governor  Godfrey,  in  the  mean  time,  addressed  a  letter  to  the  2'*Godto*. 
Court,  stating  his  surprise  and  resentments  at  their  conduct.  An 
attempt  to  hold  the  Province  of  Maine  under  your  charter,  said 
he,  or  by  any  otlier  legal  title,  without  the  pretence  either  of  pur- 
chase, prior  possession  or  anterior  claim,  and  also  without  the 
peoples'  consent,  is  the  height  of  injustice.  Far  different  treat- 
ment have  you  received  from  your  eastern  neighbors.  Yes, 
added  he,  when  that  charter  of  yours  was  heretofore  threater.ed, 
with  a  quo  warranto^  at  the  Council  Board  in  England,  and 
your  agents  were  struck  with  the  muteness  of  statues  ;  it  was  I,  who 
answered  the  objections  and  obviated  the  cavils.  Hitherto  you 
have  declared  yourselves  satisfied,  with  your  own  possessions, 
as  bounded  on  a  i'-ne  parallel  with  the  Merrimack,  three  miles 
distant  from  its  sr  .e,  a  id  its  northerly  bank,  following  its  mean- 
ders to  its  mouth ;  whereas  you  are  now  bursting  your  bounds, 
and  stretching  your  claims  across  Provinces,  to  which,  till  lately, 
no  man  however  visionary  so  much  as  imagined  you  had  any 
right.  Your  commissioners,  it  is  true,  have  communed  with  us 
plausibly  about  equal  privileges  ;  yet  such  is  the  charity  you  have 
heretofore  manifested,  towards  our  religion,  and  other  interests, 
diat  we  trust  you  will  excuse  us,  if  we  are  the  more  wary  of 
your  proposals  and  promises. 

The  reply  of  the  General  Court,  signed  by  Edward  Rawson,  Repu  of 
their  Secretary,  was  of  the  following  tenor  : —  Coun*'* 

Worshipful  StV— Our  patent,  by  Divine  Providence,  continues 
to  be  firmly  established,  under  the  great  seal.  It  is  true,  it  was 
demanded,  yet  never  prosecuted  to  final  judgment ;  and  the 
Conimonwealth  of  England  has    by  express  recognition  since, 


the  next  session  ■  — 


*  Perhaps, '  Winnipiscogce.' 

t  That  ii,  the  point  will  be  at  43°,  43',  12",  adding  3  miles  to  the  aboT« 
latitiirle.— I  Haz.  Coll.  p.  671—2. 

Vol.  I.  30 


THE  HISTORt  [Vwu.  I. 

A.  D.  16SS.  given  it  fresh  and  full  validity.  Though  the  "  Grand  Patent  oi 
Plymouth"  has  been  dissolved,  ours,  sanctioned  by  a  Royal 
Charter,  has  successfully  encountered  every  attack.  Nor  do  we 
now  claim  an  acre  beyond  its  true  limits ;  and  had  you  attentively 
examined  its  articles,  you  must  be  satisfied  with  the  correcuiett 
of  our  construction.  For  several  years,  the  extent  of  our  juris> 
dictional  rights  were  not  fully  understood  ;  and  so  long  as  doubts 
remained, — so  long  as  the  people  of  Maine  were  contented  with 
the  regular  charter-government  established  among  them,  and  a 
friendly  intercourse  between  them  and  us,  was  continued  UQinter> 
rupted;  we  were  disposed  to  forbear,  though  we  have  never 
abandoned  the  pursuit  of  our  utmost  claim  and  right. 

In  your  resistance,  (continued  the  General  Court,)  probably  a 
majority  of  the  provincial  inhabitants  are  your  opponents ;  for 
they  are  greatly  desirous  of  being  united  witli  us,  and  they  rich- 
ly deserve  our  protection  and  assistance.  Most  heartily  we 
thank  you,  for  any  services  rendered  us  before  the  Lords  Com- 
missioners of  Plantations :  but  nevertheless,  we  are  bound  to  Id- 
form  you  that  the  inhabitants  and  lands,  over  which  you  claim  to 
exercise  authority,  are  within  the  jurisdiction  of  Massachusetts, 
and  that  we  demand  our  rights ;  assuring  you  at  tlie  same  time 
that  you  all  shall  share  equal  acts  of  favor  and  justice  with  our- 
selves, should  a  coalescence  be  amicably  formed.  If,  however, 
nehher  rights  nor  reasons  will  induce  you  to  hearken,  we  shall 
continually  j^rc^ca^  against  all  further  proceedings  of  yours,  under 
any  pretended  patent  or  combination  whatever  :  And  finally,  iliat 
our  conduct  and  accord  in  this  affair  may  be  such,  as  will  be  pro- 
motive of  God's  glory,  and  the  peace  of  yourselves  and  us,  are 
the  aim  and  prayer  of  your  cordial  friends. 

EDWARD  RAWSON,  Secretary."* 

Unhappily,  this  address  had  no  effect  towards  abating  the  op- 
position and  resentments  of  Godfrey  and  his  adherents.  He 
wrote  another  letter  full  of  complaint  and   retort,  in  language  of 

this  import ; — Sir, Our  rigiits  are  equally  invaluable  asyaurs. 

Thougli  you  may  boast  of  being  owned  by  the  Commons  in  Par- 
liament, and  expect  to  dwell  in  safety  under  the  covert  of.  their 
wings ;  we  also  are  under  the  same  protective  power,  and  are 
resolved  to  continue  in  the  possession  and  exercise  of  our  privi- 


Oadfiwy'i 
Sd  letter. 


«  1  Haz.  Coll.  p.  564— «. 


Ci*r«  IX.] 


OF  MAmc 


33t 


leges,  till  that  venerable  body  shall  otherwise  order.  The  disaolo-  a.  o.  16«. 
tjoQ  of  the  Grand  Patent,  had  no  more  effect  upon  ours  than  upon 
yours;  indeed,  you  have  in  various  ways,  for  more  than  20 years, 
icknowledged  the  authority  of  our  patent ;  and  we  marvel  great- 
ly, at  your  movements  and  discontent,  more  especially  since  we 
have  given  you  no  occasion ;  and  since  it  has  been  solemnly  set- 
tled long  ago,  that  your  patent  should  begin  on  the  seashore, 
three  miles  northwardly  of  tlie  Merrimack,  if  according  to  your 
intinaations,  there  be  a  party  of  malcontents  among  us ;  I  am 
acquainted  with  two  or  three  only  of  that  character,  and  tliese  are 
such  as  have  fallen  under  the  penalties  of  law.  Yet,  were  they 
tenfold  that  number,  it  were  neither  honorable  nor  just,  to  pro- 
ceed against  us,  on  such  grounds.     No, nor  yet,  for  the  un^     -  ^. '  iU 

certain  or  unknown  favors  which  you  proffer,  ought  we  to  barter  '  ;«n'^ 
away  our  rights  and  dear  bought  liberties :  It  would  be  trea- 
son.— ^To  talk  gravely  of  artists  to  settle  your  latitude,  to  run  ^ 
your  lines,  and  survey  your  limits,  in  tliese  parts,  is  preposterous. 
We  ourselves  know  something  of  "  geography  and  cosmograr 
phy"-^nd  our  eij^clusive  aim  is  ihe  peace  and  good  of  the  coun- 
try.                     .     "  EDWARD  GODFREY,  Gorernor."* 

To  bring  this  controversy  to  a  speedy  conclusion,  three  Com-  Ah«rc«tio« 
raissiouers  from  Boston  met,  by  appointment,   Godfrey  and  his  Mnss^Tom* 
Council,  at  Kiitery-point,  July  1 1^  where  they  had  a  spirited  con-  andTi'iTru- 
ference,  without  coming  to  any  terms  of  reconciliation.    The'^a'^i. 
Commissionsrs,  finding   their    adversaries    inexorable,    publicly ^"'>*'' 
proclaimed  to  the  people  of  Maine,  the  patent-right,  which  Mas- 
sachusetts had  to  govern  them  as  her  colonists ;  denouncing  all 
exercise  of  authority  by  the  professed  rulers  of  tlie  Province, 
and  promising  to  the  submissive  inhabitants,  Viie  full  protection  of 
their  estates  and  other  rights ;  also  the  same  political  privileges 
and  acts  of  favor,  as  if  they  had  always  been  under  the  goveni- 
meiu  of  Massachusetts.     In  concluding  their  mission,  they  virtu- 
ally absolved  the  Provincials  from  all  allegiance  to  Godfrey  and 
his  tssociates  in  authority,  after  the  1 0th  of  the  ensuing  Octo- 
ber. 

The  proclamation  and  protest  were  traversed  by  another,  signed 
by  Godfrey  and  each  of  the  Council.  In  this,  they  raised  their 
voice  to  a  high  note  of  remonstrance  against  the  minatory  and 


*  1  Haz.  Coll.  p.  t67->8— 9. 


840 

A.  D.  16M 


Bad  condi- 
tion of  Ly- 
(ouia. 


Hit  .Itv 


Edward 
H'lgby't  ad< 
dres*  to  the 
pie  of 


.)'gonm, 
and  end  of 
their  gov- 
ernment. 


THE  UIOTOKY  [Vol..  |. 

despotic  treatment  received ; — ^lamentlog  their  fate,  that  after 
living  20  years  in  contentment,  expending  £35,000  in  mooey, 
and  enduring  innumerable  hardships,  for  tl^ie  sake  of  rational  ci?ii 
liberty,  they  must  submit  to  the  dictation  and  control  of  others, 
against  the  principles  of  right  and  justice,  and  against  their  own 
consent. 

But  in  vain  were  the  pleas  of  reason  and  rights,  urged  against 
dominant  powers : — and  complaints  too  were  vain ;  still,  enlight- 
ened citizens,  could  nui  but  foresee  and  appreciate  the  ad- 
vantages of  living  under  the  government  of  a  well-organized 
Commonwealth,  instead  of  one  which  had  a  name  to  rule  with- 
out the  ability  to  protect. 

During  these  agitations  in  Maine,  Lygonia  was  in  a  still 
worse  condition.  It  is  not  ascertained,  that  her  Provincials  ever 
entered  into  an  organized  civil  combination  ;  nor  that  they  re- 
newed, or  revived  a  regular  administration,  after  Rigby's  death. 
Cleaves,  who  is  represented  to  have  been  a  rnan  of  more  ambi- 
tion and  activity,  than  of  wisdom  and  fidelity,  had  gone  to  Eng- 
land ;  leaving  the  Province  to  the  management  of  the  most 
influential  and  crafty.  Edward  Rigby,  the  heir,  in  this  crisis, 
addressed  a  letter  to  the  leaders  of  his  Province  ;  and  as  h  was  a 
death  warrant  to  their  authority,  it  is  in  substance  transcribed. 

"  To  Messrs.    Henry  Joscelyn,  Robert  Jordan,  Thomas  Wij- 

*  Hams,  Arthur  Mc Worth,  Robert  Boothe,  and  Morgan  Howell, 

*  and  to  John  Wadleigh,  Jonas  Baily,  Thomas  Morris,  Hugh  Mo- 

*  seer,  and  all  others  whom  this  may  concern  in  Lygonia." 

'  Gentlemen  : It  having  pleased  the  Great  Disposer  of  all 

'  things,  to  call  out  of  this  troublesome  world  my  dear  father, 
'  and  thus  to  entitle  me  to  the  proprietorship  of  his  Lygonian  pro- 
*vince,  I  have  to  state,  that  I  am  greatly  displeased  with  the 

*  movements  and  illegal  proceedings  among  you,  of  which  accord- 

*  ing  to  the  information  derived  from  his  late  deputy-president, 

*  you  are  the  instigators  or  advisers.  They  were  unexpected ; 
'  nor  shall  your  wrongs  and  abuses  offered  to  our  authority,  be 

*  overlooked,  without  due  and  timely  submission.     All  political 

*  power  derived  from  him,  you  must  be  aware  expired  at  his 

*  death ;  and  I  command  you  whom  I  am  addressing,  and  such 

*  otliers  as  have  been  commissioned  by  him  to  be  the  public  offi- 

*  cers  of  the  Province,  to  desist  and  abstain  wholly  from  further 


ClAF.  nO  OF  MAINE.  |f^ 

tnnsactioos,  virhite  effieii^  till  you  have  directions  from  me ;  A  D.  leaS. 
which  I  assure  you  will  be  communicated  without  delay. 

'  Heartily,  Gentlemen,  do  I  regret  to  learn,  that  my  father's 
kindness  and  generosity  towards  you,  and  his  con6dence  in  your 
probity,  should  be  repaid  in  a  manner  so  entirely  prejudicial  to 
his  interests  and  mine.     Again  let  me  tell  you,  that  if  after  re-  ' 

ceiving  this  notice,  you  do  not  lay  aside  your  private  and  secret 
combinations,*  and  abstain  from  unlawful  measures,  and  unani- 
mously join  with  me,  my  deputy  and  other  officers  in  the  plans 
devised  to  promote  the  peace  and  good  of  the  Province,  I  shall 
adopt  and  pursue  such  a  course  towards  you,  as  will  enforce  sub- 
mission, and  effectually  rectify  all  your  misdeeds  and  wrongs. 
At  present,  I  will  not  enumerate  them,  nor  dispute  with  you 
about  them.  Suffice  it  to  say,  that  I  conceive  all  the  official  actt, 
either  of  the  deputy-president,  the  six  assistants,  the  judges,  or 
any  other  officer  whatsoever,  in  the  commission  of  my  father, 
done  subsequently  to  his  decease,  which  was  in  August,  1650, 
are  utterly  void.f 

•  I  am  not  unacquainted  with  the  complaints  heretofore  made 
to  my  father  by  yourselves  and  others  ;  and  I  wish  you  to  feel 
confident,  that  equal  justice  to  all  men  and  in  every  particular,  will 
be  done,  so  far  as  it  shall  consist  with  my  office,  power,  or  duty. 
To  this  end,  1  shall,  as  soon  as  convenience  will  permit,  send 
back  Mr.  Cleaves,J  accompanied  by  a  kinsman  of  mine,  with 
commissions  to  those  whom  I  may  think  most  worthy  of  trust, 
and  also  with  instructions  ;  expecting  your  cordial  concurrence 
in  their  appointment,  and  support  in  the  course  of  measures 
which  may  be  prescribed. — What  remain  are  the  respects  of  him 
who  is  your  real  friend,  if  you  are  not  your  own  enemies.        ' 

«  EDW.  RIGBY."<§ 

'' London,  I9th  July,  1652."  =  ,..      , 

This  letter,  which  arrived  at  a  most  fortunate  moment  for  the 
claim  of  Massachusetts,  put  an  utter  end  to  the  expiring  govern- 
ment of  Lygonia,  and  left  Saco,  the  seat  of  it,  and  other  planta- 


•  Perliaps  the  people  had  infurinally  combined,  like  their  neighbors,  for 
the  purposes  of  civil  government. 

fThis  implies,  they  exercised  authority  after  Sir  Alexander's  death. 

\  Also  called  "  Cleve." — We  do  not  find  that  any  such  "  kinsman"  ever 
arrived,  or  that  such  commissions  were  ever  received.  '% 

5 1  Has.  Coll  p.  571.— See  York  Connty  Rtoords,  A.  D.  1652—3. 


342  THE  HISTORY  [Vot.  |. 

A.  D.  i6«.  nons  eastward,  to  act  according  to  the  dictates  of  discretion  sih) 
policy,  till  he,  who  could  shew  a  right  to  rule,  might  appear. 
Cleaves  returned  to  Casco  the  following  year ;  yet  it  is  not  ascer* 
taincd  that  he  brought  any  commissions  with  him,  or  was  attended 
on  his  voyage  by  any  kinsman  of  Mr.  Rigby's.  The  patent 
seems  to  have  slumbered  iu  oblivion,  till  one  Tumy,  the  agent  of 
Rigby's  heirs,  revived  the  claim  to  the  Province,  48  years  subse- 
quently, by  presenting  a  petition  to  the  General  Court,  praying  to 
have  it  restored  to  them.  But  Massachusetts  having  previously 
purchased  the  country  of  Sir  Ferdinando's  heir,  and  afterwards 
kept  possession  of  it ;  also  finding  it  embraced  in  her  Provincial 
Charter,  her  General  Court  considered  the  colonial  right  to  it 
paramount  to  all  others ;  and  his  petition  and  pursuit  of  the 
claim  availed  him  nothing.  This  was  the  termination  of  the 
Plough-patent,  or  Lygonian  government  j — a  title  so  sokmnly 
settled  in  favor  of  Sir  Alexander  Rigby,  in  1 646,  by  the  Com- 
missioners of  Foreign  Plantations. 

At  the  October  session,  the  General  Court  received  and  ac- 
cepted the  report  of  their  agents,  appointed  to  determine  the 
northernmost  boundary  or  limits  of  their  patent.  By  this,  the 
line  was  to  commence  at  a  place  three  miles  north  of  the  head  of 
Merrimack  river,  in  lat.  43"  43'  12'',  and  to  extend  directly  easton 
that  parallel,  passing  above  the  northern  sources  of  Piscataqua  or 
Salmon  Falls  river,  crossing  the  Saco  towards  the  mouth  of  Little 
Ossipee,  20  miles  from  the  sea,  touching  the  southernmost  bend 
of  the  river  Presumpscot,  and  terminating  at  "  Clapboard  Island, 
about  three  miles  eastward  of  Casco  peninsula."* 

To  assume  the  jurisdiction  and  settle  a  government  through  the 
country  south  of  this  line,  without  farther  debate  or  delay,f  the 
General  Court  appointed  six  distinguished  gentlemen  to  perform 
the  important  trust.     Their  commission  was  of  this  tenor : — 

'  To  our  trusty  and  well  beloved  friends,  Mr.  Simon  Bradstreet, 
'Mr.  Samuel  Simonds,  Major  Daniel  Dennison,  Capt.  Williaiq 
*  Hawthorn,  Capt.  Thomas  Wiggin  and  Mr.  Bryan  Pendleton. 

*  Whereas  you  are  chosen  Commissioners,  by  this  Court,  to 

*  Sec  post,  chap.  1!,  .i.  /).  105.5. — The  limit  was  "4  or  6  miles  to  the 
northward  of  Mr.  Mackworth's  house,  "  who  dwelt  many  years  near  th« 
mouth  of  Presumpscot  river,  on  the  eastern  side ;  where  he  obtained  a 
g^rant  of  500  acres,  A.  D.  1635,  from  Vines,  ai^ent  of  Gorges. 

t  1  Hutchinson's  Hist.  p.  150 — (Note  1.) 


Norlhern 
liiniisuf  (he 
Massachu- 
sells'  patent 
/xlended  (o 
^asco-bay. 


Oci.23. 
Commis- 
sioners 
chosen  to 
adopt 
Maine. 


CUf'  >^1  OP  MAINE 

I  settle  the  civil  gorernment  amongst  the  inhabitants  of  Kitteiy,  A.D. 
'the  Isles  of  Shoals,  and  so  to  the  most  northerly  extent  of  our 
'  pstcnt : — 

•  You,  or  any  three  or  more  of  you,  are  hereby  authorized  and 
'i«quired,  with  all  suitable  despatch,  to  repair  to  those  parts 
'  and  summon  together  the  inhabitants,  in  places,  which  you  shall 
•judge  most  convenient;  and  declare  unto  them  our  just  right 
<  ajid  jurisdiction  over  those  tracts  of  land  where  they  inhabit, 
'requiring  their  subjection,  and  granting  them  equal  protection 
•and  privileges  with  ourselves. 

•  We  further  give  to  any  three  or  more  of  you,  full  power  and 
'authority  to  summon  and  hold  Courts  there,  lor  hearing  and  de- 
'termining  all  causes  civil  and  criminal,  according  to  the  statute- 
' regulations  and  usages  of  our  County  Courts  ;  to  appoint  com- 
'missioners,  constables,  and  such  other  officers  as  you  shujl  judge 
'needful  for  preserving  the  peace,  and  establishing  ordt-  and  a' 
'civil  administration  of  justice  ;  to  invest  the  «.ommiss'-  aers  wil!; 
'such  powers,  as  a  major  part  of  you  shall  judge  meet,  and  admir. 
'ister  to  them  and  the  other  officers  the  proper  oaths  ;  to  con u mi 

'  and  settle  all  lawful  proprieties  ;  to  grant  the  peopl  ■  rotcctioi> 
'and  the  privileges  enjoyed  by  other  inhabitants  with'  i  our  juris-- 
'diction,  and  otherwise  to  act  in  the  premises,  as  this  Court  shall 
'  give  you  further  orders ;  doing  whatever  in  your  wisdom  and 
'  discretion,  will  be  most  conducive  to  the  glory  of  God,  the  peace 
'and  welfare  of  the  inhabitants,  and  the  maintenance  of  our  own 
'just  rights  and  interests. 

» And  we  do  hereby  command  all  magistrates,  commissioners,- 
'  captains  and  other  officers,  civil  and  military,  within  the  county 
'  of  Norfolk,*  and  all  the  inhabitants  upon  the  Isles  of  Shoals, 
'and  those  beyond  the  river  Piscataqua  within  the  limits  of  our 
'patent,  to  be  aiding  and  assisting  ther"  ■^•i- Commissioners,  as 

••they  shall  have  cause  to  crave  or  require. In  confirmation  of 

'  all  which,  we  have  caused  the  seal  of  our  colony  to  be  hereunto 
'affixed,  this  23d  day  of  October,  lo52.'f 

Only  four  of  the  six  undertook  the  duties  assigned  them,  viz.  They  rp^n 
Messrs.  Bradstreet  and  Simonds  of  Boston,  Wiggin  of  New-Hamp-  Kiiiery." 
sbire,  and  Pendleton  of  Maine.     They  opened  a  Court  at  Kit- 
Itcry,  November  15th,  and  sent  out  under  their  hands  a  summons 


•Ncw-Hainpshire  was  then  in  Norfolk  County.      f  2  Mass.  Rcc.  p.  128. 


34M[!  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  |. 

k.D,  1602. to  the  inhabitants,  requiring  tliem  in  the  name  of  Massachusetts 
to  assemble  at  the  house  of  William  Everett,  between  7  and  8 
the  next  morning,  for  the  purposes  of  having  an  administration  of 
justice  established  among  them.  Accordingly  most  of  the  towns. 
men  appeared.  A  long  parley  ensued ;  views  and  sentiments 
were  interchanged  and  compared  ;  and  rights,  claims  and  libertif» 
debated.  -      ■  t,*,  .;'^  c-j  s 

The  negociation  was  continued  four  days :  During  which  pe- 
riod, there  were  instances  of  excessive  warmth,  and  some  ebuili- 
tions  of  passion  and  abuse.  One  John  Bursley  uttered  violent 
threats  towards  the  Commissioners  as  well  as  towards  individuals 
submitting ;  for  which  he  was  arraigned  before  the  Court,  when 
he  was  glad  to  escape  upon  the  terms  imposed  of  a  submissive 
confession,  which  he  readily  made.  *  » j,i*«-ii  Li7«i  >;  .» 
The  inhabitants  at  length  proposed  to  subscribe  to  the  juris- 
diction of  Massachusetts,  provided  certain  articles  and  conditions, 
prepared  and  offered  by  them,  could  be  the  terms  of  union. — M 
— replied  the  Commissioners,  ybr  according  to  our  instructiont 
you  must  first  submit ;  and  then  you  shall  have  from  us  a  guar' 
anty  oj  your  rights  and  of  ample  privileges.  The  Court  being 
determined — all  farther  debate  was  evidently  useless ;  and,  there- 
fore, on  the  20th,  41  became  subscribers  to  this  concession;— 
Knury  tub- "  fVe  whose  names  are  underwritten  do  acknowledge  ourselvu 
""  ■  "  subject  to  the  government  of  Massachusetts  bay  in  A  e«?-JEng- 

"  land:'* 


*  A'i</cr^  was  incorporated  A.  D.  1617 — [See  antt,chnp,  VI.  1617.]— The 
names  of  tliuso  admittcil  in  Kittcry,  alphabetically  follow,  viz. — John  An- 
drews, Philip  Babb,  Mary  Baylic,  John  Bursley,  Hiim|)hrcy  Chadbournc, 
William  Clindbotirno,  Abraham  Ciinlcy,  Dfininl  Davis,  John  Diamond. 
Dennis  DuHning,  Thomas  DiirKton,  James  Einerie,  Anthony  Emcric, 
[Emory,]  William  Everett,  IVicliolas  Frost,  Charles  Frost,  John  (Vccd, 
Hugh  Giiiir'.son,  John  Iloonl,  IveynolJ  Jenkins,  Thomas  Jones,  Gcorjc 
Leader,  Nathaniel  Lord,  Antopas  INIanorricke,  Hobert  IMondcm,  Joseph 
Mill,  Ilup-hhort  Mattomc,  Bichard  Nason,  William  Palmer,  Daniel  Paul*, 
Christian  UtMnicli,  J/r.  Kicholas  Shapleigh,  Jemima  Shores,  Thomas  Spen- 
cer, Thomas  S|)iniiey,  Jonathan  Symonds,  Hiehard  Thotnas,  Robert  Weijli- 
mouth,  John  White,  Gowen  Wilson,  John  Wincoln,  J/v.  Thnmai  Withtri. 
—  The  l.ittcr  {rrnllf  man  and  Mr.  SlKiplciirh  were  two  of  Godfrey's  Coun- 
cil, WitTuin/ /.cat/rr,  another,  lived  at  Vewichawannock.  His  name  dofi 
not  appear  amon;;^  the  suhscribors — though  that  place  was  then  n  prt  of 
Kiltery.  The  preceding  names  may  be  n  majority  of  the  heads  of  familiei, 
but  not  all. 


•ost,  John   (^'TCCD, 
as  Jones,  George 

Monde m,  Joseph 
cr,  Daniel  Panle, 
re«,  TliorrinsSpen- 
as,  llobirt  Weifli- 

Thnmai  Wiihtri. 

Godfrey's  Conn- 

Hii  name  doei 

ai  then  a  part  of 

heiidi  of  familitt, 


CBkf.  n.]  or  MAiffB.  945 

The  Coromissionera  after  thit,  enuimrafeif  the  rights  of  tfie  a.D.  i«i. 
people  which  were  to  renMiin  untouched,  tnd  the  privileges  whidi 
liiey  were  to  enjoy,  and  then  solemnly  declared  all  the  subscri- 
bers, freemen  of  the  colony,  without  taking  the  usual  oath. 

Proceeding  to  Agamenticus,*  they  summoned  the  inhabitants  8obmW«i 
of  that  place  to  appear  the  next  Monday,  between  7  and  8  in  Ji^" 
the  morning,  at  the  dwellinghouse  of  Nicholas  Davis — to  receive 
(he  rights  and  immunities  of  colonists,  enjoyed  in  Massachusetts. 
The  day  of  meeting  was  November  22d ;  when  a  spirited  dis- 
cussion was  commenced  and  pursued  till  afternoon.  A  few  ap* 
peared  to  be  obstinate  ;  and  Governor  Grodfrey  in  particular,  who 
ms  at  the  head  of  the  opposition,  continued  ir^flexible,  till  upon 
a  formal  call  for  the  vote,  a  large  majority  v/as  found  to  be  against 
bim.  He  then  submitted  with  the  rest — himself  and  50  othersf 
taking  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  Massachusetts,  and  thus  becoming 
tree  citizens  of  that  colony.       •'     >    i^-v  v;   -/ 

The  terms  upon  which  the  poople,  both  of  Kittery  and  Aga-  Termiot 
menticus  acceded  to  the  submission  and  formed  a  coalescence  with  nnd  eMib. 
Massachusetts,  have  been  classified  and  arranged  under  the  fol-  Yorkabii*. 
loving  articles,  as  ordinances  of  the  Commissioners. 

1.  The  Isles  of  Shoals  and  all  the  territory  northward  of 
Piscataqua,  belonging  to  Massachusetts,  were  erected  into  a 
county  by  the  name  of  Yorkshire.     A  County  Court  was  es- 


♦ilUw 


*  The  Commiuiunera  call  this  "  Accomtnliau"  in  their  Report ;  nor  do 
thtj  my  where  mention  the  name  «'  Georg^eana."  Perhaps  thej  were  d«- 
tennined  not  to  recognize  the  city  charter. 

fThpir  namM  in  .4^amen(icu«  alphabetically  arranged  are  thcie;— «ir. 
Philip  Adams,  Sampson  Angier,  John  Alcokc,  Joseph  Alcokc,  SamncI  Al- 
coiie,— Richard  Banks,  Nicholas  Bond,  George  Beanton,  Arthur  Bragdon, 
-Richard  Codagon,  Tliomas  Crockett,  Thomas  Curtooncs, — John  Daris, 
Nicholas  Davis,  John  Davis  (2d],  William  Dickson,  Thomas  Donnell,  Henry 
Donncll,— Robert  Edge,  William  Ellingham,  Andrew  Everett,— William 
Frcathic,  Hugh  Gaile,  Mr.  Edward  GoDrncr,  William  Gomsey,  Mr.  Juhn 
Gougt,  John  Harker,   Fhilip  Hatch,  Robert  Hethersc,  Mr.  William  HiU 

ten,  Mr.  Edward  Jthruon,  Robert  Knight, Lewis,  William  Moore, 

Henry  Norton,  John  Parker,  George  Parker,  Mr.  Abraham  PrehU,  Fran- 
cii  Rayne,  William  Rogers,  Mr.  Edtcard  Riihworth,  Edward  Stiet,  Byl« 
Ttiter  Stover,  Mary  Tapp, «'  [acta  only],"  John  I'wisdalc,  son.,  John  Twli- 
We,  jim.,  Edward  Wento.ne,  Mr.  Thomat  Wlittluiright,  Peter  Wyer, 
Rowlsod  Younge.— .Vote.— ••  Rushworth"  and  •'  Rishworth"  are  the  pr»> 
miKuons  spelling.  .  Here  it  is  spelt  with  an  i  in  the  first  tylUblc.  Bat  in 
Ea|ltod  the  name  it  >•  Ruahworth." 
Vol    I.  31 


346  TUEUI9TORY  <.  ""^  [Vol.  i. 

A.  D.  IMS.  tabliflhed,  to  be  holden  alternately,  in  Kitteiy  and  AgaraentkuL 
at  appointed  times,  twice  a  year,  by  such  magistrat*  or  asnitaiK 
as  the  General  Court  might  from  time  to  time  designate,  asained 
by  three  or  6ve  resident  A»ioc%att$^  elected  for  the  purpoie 
within  the  county.  The  jurisdiction  and  authority  of  this  Court, 
in  matters  civil  and  criminal,  were  to  be  equal  with  those  of  tiie 
same  tribunal  in  Massachusetts  ;  and  the  Court  was  also  directed 
to  appoint,  (as  in  that  colony,)  three  commissioners  in  earfa 
township,  to  decide  petty  causes,  where  there  was  no  residem 
magistrate. 

YorrraX**     2.  Kittery,  incorporated  A.  D.   1647,  was  recognized  as  a 

towut.  municipal  township,  and  the  settlements  of  Agamenticus  were 
made  a  town  by  the  name  of  York  ;*    and  both  at  the  same 

Th-ir  rights  ^'i^^)  received  a  guaranty  of  equal  privileges  with  other  towns 
of  Massachusetts ;  having  severally  the  right  and  liberty  of  elect- 
ing, every  year,  to  the  General  Court,  one  deputy,  or  two,  as  the 
freemen  or  voters  might  prefer. 

3.  The  inhabitants,  having  taken  tlie  oath  of  freemen,  were 
eligible  to  any  place  of  trust  or  honor  within  the  government,  and 
invested  with  full  right  to  vote  for  governor,  assistants,  and  other 
general  officers  of  the  country.  They  were  also  to  enjoy  equal 
acts  of  favor  and  justice  with  the  people  on  the  southerly  side  of 


and  duties. 


♦  York  is  the  second  town  in  the  Staff.  Th,  name  was  probably  takeo 
from  York  in  En^rland,  wliicii  was  surrendered  by  the  Royalists,  to  the 
Parliamentary  forces,  A.  D.  K>4I,  after  the  most  bloody  battles  fong;ht  io 
the  civil  wars.  Ajamenticiis,  jr  Gcorpeana,  was  changed  to  the  nameol 
York,  to  avoid  the  city  charter  and  Gorges'  right.  The  place  was  char- 
tered by  Sir  F.  Gorges,  April  10,  1641,  a  borough,  and  March  1,  1612,  i 
city  by  the  said  name  of  Georgcana.  It  is  now  constituted  a  town,  and 
vested  with  municipal  privileges.  It  was  the  seat  of  gorernmcnt  under 
Gorges;  it  was  made  the  shiro  town  of  Yorkshire,  in  1*16,  and  hoi  viu 
since  continued  the  same.  It  ii  a  very  pleasant  township,  the  toil  is. bard 
and  rocky  in  many  places,  though  productive  in  grass  and  apples.  In  cacti 
of  the  three  first  wars  with  the  Indians,  the  Tribes  made  great  cxcrlioni 
to  destroy  (he  place  entirely,  though  without  luccCfs.  The  land-titlci  are 
derived  through  Gorges. — SuHivan'i  Ilitl.  p.  237 — 9. — "  In  1784,  the  inhab- 
itants, from  an  account  taken,  amounted  to  2,2!>8,  iuchiding^  21  f>enrlj 
neutrals,  nnd  56  binrks."  The  climate  is  very  healthy,  it  havinf;  been 
computed  for  30  <ir  \J  years,  that  One,  in  U  'c»r  7.  who  have  dinl,  was  70 
years  of  a^^c  or  upwards, — 3  Coll:  vVa»*.  tliil.  Soc.  p.  0—12.  Ste  poit.  -f 
D.  1713. — This  was  the  residence  of  Jolmson,  Muulton,  Hon.  Divid 
Bewail,  and  other  eminrnl  men  of  the  present'and  subsequent  ccntury.- 
n.„t.a>i!v  Georgeana  enjoyed  its  city  privileges  till  it  waa  made  a  town,  1W1. 


as  probably  taken 
Koyalists,  to  the 
battles  fought  in 
ed  to  tbo  nameol 
3  place  was  char- 
March  1,  1612,  i 
utcd   a  town,  and 
^oTermncnt  under 
716,  and  hat  rr« 
p,  the  soil  is. bard 
dapples.    Incacli 
c  pfreot  cxerlioni 
'ho  land-titlci  art 
|liil76l,  theinhab- 
jludinj  21  f  renrh 
it  Imvinii  been 
Lave  cli«'*l»  waa  lO 
2      See  pott,  -i 
Itoii,   Hon.   D*vid 
cqncnt  ccnlu^.- 
madc  i.  town,  t«5J- 


ClATi  fX.J  OP  MAIIfE.  34t 

f^ttaqua ;  and  no  person  ^as  ever  to  be  drawn  out  of  his  A.  D.  I8II. 
eountjr  to  anj  ordinary  or  general  trainings,  without  his  own  ex- 
MSI  consent. 

4.  Each  of  the  towns  and  every  inhabitant  were  forever  tc 
possess  and  enjoy,  respectively,  all  their  just  "  proprieties,"*  titles, 
ind  interests  in  the  lands  and  houses  which  they  held,  or  have 
occapied,  whether  by  grant  of  the  proprietor,  "  the  town,  the 
ttdiaru,  or  their  former  General  Courts." 

5.  The  boundaries  of  Kittery,  York  and  Wells,  were  to  be 
examined  and  set  out  anew,  within  the  ensuing  year,  by  their  re- 
spective townsmen  ;  otherwise  the  General  Court  were  to  appoint 
tcoraraittee  to  perform  that  service.  Till  they  were  so  peram- 
bulated and  settled,  they  were  to  continue  ps  originally  granted  j 
or  according  to  the  survey  and  return  of  agents  theretofore  appoint- 
ed by  the  Provincial  General  Court.  If,  when  tl\e  lines  were 
run,  they  should  cross  the  marshes  or  lands  in  Kittery  or  York  in 
new  places,  the  ownership  of  the  soil  was  not  to  be  thereby 
iffected. 

6.  To  all  who  were  admitted  freemen,  the  Commissioners 
awarded  an  indemnity,  and  pronounced  all  breaches  of  the  penal 
km,  and  all  the  acts  and  exercise  of  civil  power  and  government 
by  them,  prior  to  October,  mentioned  in  the  last  protest,  to  be 
forever  exempt  from  prosecution. 

7.  To  receive  the  "  imposts"  and  other   monies  due   to  the  f.„u„,y  j^f, 
corporations  of  Kittery  and  York,  and  pay  what  they  were  sev-  ^^^  »"«• 
erally  owing  for  public  services,  supplies  or  otherwise,  the  com- 
missioners appointed  Mr.  Nicholas  Shapleigh  collector,  and  di- 
rected him  to  make  a  report  of  his  proceedings  to  them  within  one 

month :  and  in  case  of  insufficiency  collected,  to  discharge  the 
people's  engagements,  it  was  to  be  supplied  by  an  assessment  or 
"rates.,  according  to  the  former  custom."f  The  Commissioners 
also  appointed  him  *'  Shire-Treasurer  ;"t — an  office  which  was 
ordered  subsequently  to  bo  filled  from  year  to  year  by  the  Coun- 
ty Court.      »•       • ;      .        I     > 

8.  In  organizing  on  adfntnfstration  of  justice,  several  men  of 
intelligence  and  distinction  in  each  town  were  appointed  town 
commissioners,  who  were  authorized  to  meet  in  their  respective 

•  "  Proprietief,"  or  grants  of  realtj  in  tracts. 

tl  Has.  CoU.  p.  Vra.  ,       t  BiilliTan,  p.  Ut. 


9^  THEHISTOKY  {V«k  I. 

A.D.  lfaitoirn«,  between  the  tensi  of  the  Counqr  Court,  tod  with  Uir  i». 
sociates,  hear  and  determine  without  a  jury,  att  civil  cauNi,  qi 
personal  actions  not  exceeding  ten  pounds.  Also  each  Comnui. 
•ioner,  like  a  Massachusetts'  assistant,  or  magistrate  in  his  owg 

>  town,  was    empowered    to  set  alone  in  judgment,  and  decide 

upon  misdemeanors  and  petty  offences,  and  likewise  in  pecuniin 
matters  or  trials  of  40  sbiUings ;  and  at  bis  discretion,  to  bind  ti^e 
offenders  to  keep  the  peace,  admit  them  to  bail,  or  commit  then 
to  prison : — in  the  exercise  of  which  powers,  he  was  fully  author- 
ized to  issue  in  his  official  capacity  any  needful  process,  whether 

<  warrant,  summons,  attachment  or  execution.     They  were  more, 

over,  severally  invested  with  authority  to  solemnise  marriages; 
and  to  administer  all  qualifying  oaths,  as  w^  to  those  who 
might  wish  tP  become  ireemeii,  as  to  tliose  elected  or  appoimed 

to  ofiice.  :;     ,-,::,   ■■,'     .,:,;   ")    t^  ,-»       '■   '^ri^fti*-*'?    •-'{ ->4' 

9.  Any  two  of  the  Commissioners  were  empowered  to  cos- 
firm  or  sanction  tlie  choice  of  all  military  officers,  of  and  under 
the  rank  of  Captain  ;  to  grant  licences  for  keeping  taverns  or 
*'  ordinaries,"  and  for  retailing  spiritous  liquors  and  wines ;  and 
it  was  enjoined  upon  them  to  provide  tlieir  respective  towns  with 
''  The  Books  of  the  Laws"  and  such  other  acts,  as  had  bees 
passed  "  since  tiie  last  hook  came  forth  in  print."      i         ^*k 

The  Legislative  or  Massachusetts'  Commissioners  next  proceed- 
ed to  select  and  constitute  the  officers  necessary  to  carry  these 
regulations  into  effect.  The  town  Commissioners,  they  appoint- 
ed in  York,  were  Edward  Godfrey,  Abraham  Preble,  Edmri 
Johnson,  and  Edtoard  Ri$hworth;  and  in  Kittery,  Bryan  Pt%- 
dleton,  and  Thomas  JVithert,  also  Hugh  Ounison,  associate. 
A  County  Court  formed  by  a  Massachusetts'  assistant,  magistrate, 
or  councillor,*  and  one  of  the  ebove  sets,  was  to  hold  a  tern  iD 
their  respective  towns  once  a  year,  having  power  to  try  all  csttt 
not  capital.  It  was  also  ordered,  that  grand  juries  and  juries  of 
trials,  at  each  term  of  the  Court,  should  be  selected  and  suay  j 
moned  from  the  towns  of  York  and  Kittery  proportionably. 

Edward   Risliuorth,   was  appointed  clerk  of  the  writs  and  I 
county  recorder;  and  Henry  Norton,  was  '^chosen"  maribil. 
The  constables  appointed  and  sworn  were  four ;  viz.  Thorcu 


fliituU 


I. 


•  Bv  all  fhCKp  litli  s  was  a  member  of  thn  upper  branch  of  tho  Geiifnl| 
i'ourt,  nt  that  tiino  calletl. 


Lir :  viz,  Thorcu 


rh  or  tho  Geiwnl  ■ 


ClAT*  »*1  OF  MAINE. 

Qgfisoo,  and  Robert  Mendun  of  Kittery ;  Nicholas  Davis  of  A.O.  ittSk 
Vork ;  and  Philip  Babb  of  Hogg  Island,  whose  jurisdiction  ex- 
tended to  all  the  ^sles  of  Shoals,  excepting  Star  Island.  The 
iniilioWers,  or  "  oi  dinaries"  licensed,  were  John  Davis  of  York, 
tad  Hugh  Guoiso.\  of  Kittery.  The  latter  was  required  to  pay 
(^y  "20«.  the  but ,"  probably  for  the  quantity  of  liquor  sold.* 

Never  was  a  revolitionary  or  political  change  managed  with  Me«<ur<>t of 
iBore  prudence,  success  or  acceptability.     Besides  rewarding  the  liuive'coin- 
Commissioners  amply  for  their  services,  the  General  Court,  when  '^cTepltd* 
ibe  report  was  made,  paid  them  a  commendable  compliment,  by 
role  of  public  thanks  ;  resolving  to  make  them  a  valuable  pres- 
ent in  wild  lands.     Notiiing  farther  was  done  the  current  year, 
(ovrards  reducing  the  people  of  Maine  to  obedience ;  and  only 
one  legislative  act,  relative  to  the  Province  appears ;  which  pro- 
vided, that  in  the  County  Courts  yearly  holden  in  Yorkshire,  on 
the  last  Thursday  of  June,  a  Massachusetts'  Assistant  was  al- 
ways to  preside,  as  in  other  counties  of  the  colony. 

The  General  Court  of  Elections,  at  Boston,  in  May,  i^^^t  Mtty.-Twn 
jdmitted  for  the  first  time,  two  Representatives  from  Maine ; — viz.  I^.^^York- 
John  Wincoln  of  Kittery  and  Edward  Rishworth  of  York.     At  »*'''*• 
the  same  session,  five  local  or  town  Commissioners  were  appoint- 
ed upon  the  Isles  of  Shoals,  to  determine  small  causes  of  £10;  hieaof 
and  in  other  respects  act  as  magistrates  :    Also  the  chief  military  '*'^''*-  ...u 
officer  there,  was  directed  to  take  command  of  the  militia  upon 
all  the  Islands. 

Richard  Btllineham.  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Massachusetts,  a  .  ^  . 
legislative  Commissioner  from  that  colony,  and  Thomas  Wiggin,  Wtiii. 
r '  vard  Godfrey,  Nicholas  Shapleigh  and  Edward  Rishworth, 
local  Commissioners  were  designated  to  hold  the  June  term  of 
the  County  Court  in  Yorkshire,  the  current  year  ;  and  being  con- 
vened there,  they  among  other  acts  commanded  the  inhabitants 
of  Kittery  and  York,  severally  to  elect  three  associates,  to  assist 
tt  future  sessions  of  tl)e  Court  according  to  established  law, — in- 
stead of  the  local  or  special  commissioners  mentioned.  When 
Mr.  Bellingham  had  iini*h«^d  the  business  of  the  Court,  he  was 
joined  by  Messrs.  Dennison,  Wiggin,  Ra.von,  and  Pendleton ; 
and  this  board  of  legislative  Commissioners,  repairing  to  \^  ells, 
immediately  summoned  the  inhabitants  of  that  town,  Saco,  and 


*Sue  1  Mac,  Coll  p,  673—6.-2  Mati.  Rer.  p.  U\  to  151. 


Ci^^* «' 


A.  C  ?'*«3£' 

Web  rab- 
mill. 
Jul;  4. 


a.'^r(7r 


8<co  rib- 

i7iiu. 


July  S. 


.ti ' 


THE  uvroEY  [Vol.  i. 

Hape  Porpoise,  to  convme  at  the  house  of  Mr.  Emenoo,  Jidy 
4th,  for  the  purpose  of  being  admitted  freemen  of  the  cokoy. 
At  the  time  and  place  appointed,  six  only  in  Wells  at  first  took 
die  oath.  William  Wardwell,  when  his  name  was  called,  refused 
to  an^<;v'er,  and  turning  with  contemptuous  airs,  left  the  houte. 
But  being  brought  into  court  in  the  aifernor;n  by  a  constable,  on 
a  warrant  to  answer  for  his  •.oi!teii'.'f>r,  ho  was  cfrnderate  enoueh 
to  gi\'e  an  ingenious  turn  to  tie  ai,  t:;,  by  sayi  i;  he  only  went 
to  persuade  his  town,' i) en  to  'iihiilt,  .'jd  ■.  v  i:  \  .esently  dis- 
charged. But  discussion  was  luund  to  be  vauij  and  opposition 
pcisisted  in  iiko.:ether  .Vuitless  j  therefore  the  next  day,  about 
20*  submitte.i  ;•>  termsj  and  took  the  freeman's  oath  of  alle- 
giance to  MassachusciiS.  This  cumpletfid  th»  subs  lission  of  the 
inhabit?  Its  withip  rror;:'es' icstricted  patent,  .nd  put  all  political 
declamation  to  rest. 

Saco,  the  most  consi'leinble  plat.i^tion  within  the  Lygonian  pa- 
tciit,  had  been  the  seat  of  different  governments,  and  was  a  place 
of  some  note  and  importan::e.  But  the  Provincials  were  now 
without  any  systematic  oi  tfhcicnt  regulations ;  they  were  tired 
of  revolutions  and  anarchy,  and  the  obstacles  were  found  to  be 
comparatively  few  and  sm;:!i,  which  lay  in  the  way  of  the  Com- 
missioners,— assembled  to  discharge  this  part  of  their  trust  and 
duty.  For  on  the  first  call,  July  5th,  16f  subscribed  the  sub- 
mission, and  took  the  oath.  I'o  this  list,  Mr.  John  Smith,  one 
of  the  original  patentees  of  Lygonia,  caused  his  name  to  be 
added  by  proxy. 


*  These  are  the  names  of  those  in  JVellt,  who  submitted  on  tlie  4th  and 
5th  of  July. — Samuel  Austin,  John  J.  Barrett.  .lohn  Barrett,  Henry  Boad, 
Joseph  Bowles,  John  Buck,  Nicholas  Cole,  WilIiatn,Colc,  .Joseph  Emenon, 
John  Gooch,  William  Homans,  Ezckicl  Knig;ht,  Arthur  Liltlefield,  Francii 
Littlcficld,  Thomas  Littleficld,  Edmund  Littleficld,  Fraocis  Littlcficld,  jiiD,, 
Thomas  Millet,  John  Smith,  John  Saunders,  John  Thinp,  John  VVadly. 
Robert  Wadly,  John  Wakefield,  John  White,  'Viliiam' Wardwell,  and 
Arthur  Warmstall. — Richard  Ball,  Edmund  Clark,  John  Elsnn,  and  Rich- 
ard Moore  were  admitted  afterwards. — See  fVellt,  post,  VoLll.  A.  D,  HIS. 
— But  query  if  John  Smith  was  the  same  as  the  patentee. 

t  The  names  of  the  subscribers,  in  Saco,  wt  re  Jhose  v — George  Barlow, 
Robert  Boolhe,  Richard  Cowman,  James  GiLbins,  Thomas  Hale,  Peter 
Hill,  Philip  Hinkson,  Richard  Hitchcock,  Christopher  Hobbs,  Thomii 
Readini^,  Thomas  Rogers,  William  Scadlock,  Ralph  Tristram,  Hunrj 
Waddock,  John  WcM.  Thomas  Williams. 


menoQ,  July 
f  the  cokny. 
I  at  first  took 
called,  refused 
eft  the  house, 
constable,  on 
derate  enough 
he  only  went 
;  .esently  dis- 
Hind  opposition 
xt  day,  about 
oath  of  alie* 
!  lission  of  the 
tut  all  political 
'.  .      :■■'  \if  ,  . 
e  Lygonian  p&- 
ind  was  a  place 
cials  were  now 
hey  wtre  tired 
ire  found  to  be 
y  of   the  Cora- 
their  trust  and 
;ribed  the  sub- 
)hn  Smith,  one 
lis  name  to  be 


d  on  the  4tli  and 
rctt,  Ilcnry  Boad, 
Joseph  Emenon, 
^iltlefield,  Francii 
is  Litllcficld,jiio., 
nf,  John  VVadly. 
Ti'  Ward  well,  and 
n  Elinn,  and  Rich- 
VoUI.  A.  D.  niJ. 

— Georpe  Barlow, 
omas  Hale,  Peter 
r  HobbB,  Thomii 
Triatram,  H«nrj 


CbaT*  IX.]  OP  MAINE. 

At  the  same  scasioD  in  Wells,  twelve  from  Cape  Porpoitt^ 
uneared  before  the  Commissioners  ;  and  by  subscribing  a  sub- 
igission,  and  taking  the  oath  as  others  had  done,  all  became  free- 
men  of  Massachusetts. 

The  Commissioners,  in  settling  the  political  and  prudential  af- 
giirs  of  this  section,  declared  the  several  plantations  of  WEU.s,f 


A.i>.  Hat. 

Cap*  Par- 

polMMlb- 

miu. 


«Thc  names  of  the  subscribers  in  Cape  Porpoite,  [Arundel,  or  Kennc> 
bunk-port,]  were  these,  viz.  John  Darker,  Stephen  Batons,  Andrew  Bnssey, 
John  Cole,  Gregory  Hoskcries,  Morgan  Howell,  Gcorn^c  Jeffreys,  Griffin 
Montag;ue,  Williann  Reynolds,  Christopher  Spurrcll,  Simon  Teoft,  Peter 
Teubatt,  and  Thomas  Warner. — 2  J^ass.  Rtc.  p.  190. 

f  U'fllt,  (the  3J  town  in  the  State,)  was  probably  so  called  from  an  En* 
rlish  city  of  that  name,  in  Somersetshire. — Wells  is  separated  from  Cape- 
Porpoise  [Arnndel]  by  Kcnncbunk  river,  from  which  it  extends,  south- 
westerly on  Wells-bay  and  the  ocean,  10  miles :  It  contains  about  40,000 
acres,  of  which,  1,000  is  salt  marsh.  Sir  F.  Gorg'cs,  in  1641,  gave  Thomas 
Gorg^es,  Deputy-Governor  of  Maine  and  Mayor  of  Georgcana,  6,000  acres 
of  land,  which  he  was  pcrn-.itted  to  select  for  a  barony,  with  full  power  to 
divide  the  same  into  manors  and  lordships,  and  to_  hold  Courts-baron  and 
Court-lects  within  said  Lordship ;  and  he  chose  the  tract  near  the 
small  river  Ogunquit,  in  the  southwesterly  part  of  the  present  Wells.  On 
the  19th  of  April,  1643,  Gorges  conveyed  a  part  to  Rev.  John  Wheelwright, 
irho  bad  been  ban'shed  from  Massachusetts,  on  account  of  his  anlinomian 
principles;  and  «inother  grant  was  made  by  Gorges  to  Wheelwright,  Henry 
Boad,  and  others,  of  a  tract  towards  Kenncbunk,  July  14, 1643.— Sullivan,  p. 

231,408.— Sec  ante.  A-  D- 1643 3  Coll.  Man.  Hiil.  Soc.  p.  138 Folioni't 

Saco  and  Bid.  p.  65. — These  grants  by  Gorges  were  confirmed  at  a  Court 
holdcD  at  Saco,  August  14,  1644.  From  the  family  of  Mr.  Wheelwright 
iprang  all  those  of  his  name  in  Massachusetts  and  New-Hampshire.  The 
population  in  1653,  when  it  was  made  a  town,  might  be  156  souls.  Its  In- 
dian name  was  Webhattntt.  Courts  were  holden  here  occasionally  for  half 
a  century.  In  King  Philip^s,  King  William's  and  Queen  Anne's  Indian 
wars,  Wells  suffered  severely,  especially  in  the  two  last;  yet  was  never 
entirely  overcome.  Wells  was  represented  in  the  General  Court  of  Mat- 
lachusetts,  1653  and  1676,  three  years,  by  H.  Gunnison,  F.  Littlefield  and 
Win.  Simonds.  There  were  settled  here  in  the  ministry,  Rev.  Samuel  Em- 
ery, A.  D.  1701,  and  Rev.  Samuel  Jcfferds,  A.  D.  1725.  In  1760  the  town 
wai divided  into  two  parishes;  and  the  next  year,  Rev.  Daniel  Little  wa* 
settled  in  the  2d  or  Kenncbunk  parish.  In  the  1st  parish  Rev.  Gideon 
Richardson,  settled  in  1754,  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  M.  Hammenway,  in  1759. 
— Kenntbunk,  or  the  northerly  parish  of  Wells,  was  incorporated  into  a 
town,  A.  D.  18'isC.  This  latter  place  was  first  settled,  about  1723,  by  emi- 
grants from  York  and  Wells.  The  piers  built  in  1790,  and  1822—3,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Kcnncbunk,  cost  $12,000.  The  village  of  Kennebunk 
IS  on  the  river  Moiisum,  3  1-2  miles  fr«m  the  sea.  Factories  have  been 
citablished  at  the  falls  by  a  company,  mostly  from  Philadelphia,  with  a  cap- 
ital of  one  and  half  million  of  dollars.     A  Post  Office  was  established  here 


Wells. 
!>Niro  and 
Cap«  Por- 
poiic  niwie 
towns. 


852  THB  HnroRY  t'  t^ot.  i. 

A.D.  Kn.  Saco,*  and  Capc  PoRPoi8C,f  to  be  townSf  and  para  of  York* 
■hire.— Though  neither  was  pemoitted  to  send  a  deputy  to  tbi 
Greneral  Court,  and  though  nothing  is  said  about  titlea  to  kuxij 
acquired  by  Indian  deeds  ;  the  towns  were  otherwise  assured  of 
the  same  protection,  privileges  and  administration  of  justice,  with 
the  other  towns  in  Massachusetts. 

In  Wells,  Henry  Boad,  Thomas  Wheelwright  and  Ezekiel 
Knight,  were  appointed  town  Commissioners ;  and  these,  witji 
John  Wardly  and  John  Gooch,  w<  ro  designated  selectmen  ;  Jo- 
seph  Bowles  was  clerk  of  the  writs,  and  Jonathan  Thing,  con- 
stable. In  Saco,  the  town  Commissioners  were  Thomas  Wil. 
liams, 'Robert  Boothe  and  John  West,  who  were  also  the  select- 
men ;  William  Scadlock  was  clerk  of  the  writs  and  Ralph  Tris- 
tram,  constable : — Also,  Griffin  Montague  was  constable  of 
Cape  Porpoise. 

'■ ;"  The  command  of  the  militia  was  given  to  officers  who  were 


in  1790,  and  a  custom  house  in  1797  — The  dtvclliaghouRe  of  J.  Kimball, 
near  Kcnnebunlc  river,  and  that  of  Dea.  Larribee,  on  the  Mousuin,  were 
garrisons  in  Ihe  Indian  wars.  A  large  one,  called  Fairfield's  garriion, 
stood  on  the  easterly  side  of  the  former  river  at  the  landing.Jtf— S.  Ltlltr 
of  B.  Palmer,  E*q. 

*  Saco,  (the  4lh  town,)  is  one  of  (he  oldest  •ettlements  of  the  State, 
Richard  Vujes  passed  the  winter  1617 — 13,  at  Winter-harbor ;  and  settle 
mcnts  were  effected  about  A.  D.  1623. — In  the  2d  and  8d  Indian  wars,  (k 
people  were  compelled  to  abandon  Iho  place.  But  the  settlement  revived 
in  1714,  and  the  inhabitants  on  both  sides  of  the  river  were  incorporated 
into  a  town  in  November,  1718,  by  the  name  of  BidiUford.  (See  fott,  A. 
D.  1714.)  The  town  was  divided  in  1772,  and  the  easterly  side  erected 
into  a  town,  called  Pepper elhorough,  which  name  was  changed  to  that  of 
Saco,  February  23,  1805.— (See  Sacj,jfO»t,  A.  D.  1772). 

f  Cape  Porpolne,  (the  6th  town,)  was  first  settled  probably  about  1630. 
In  king  Philip's  and  king  William's  Indian  wars,  the. settlers  suffered  the 
■ame  fate  as  those  in  Saco.  The  pljice  was  again  inhabited  about 
1714,  and  its  name  changed  that  year  to  Aruhdel. — ^^ee  poit,  A.  D, 
1714.)  It  lies  between  Kennebunk  and  Biddeford,  and  is  situated  about 
Cape  Porpoise  harbor.  This  place  was  first  settled  by  fishermen,  and 
traffickers.  One  Jenkins,  removed  from  Dorchester  to  Cape  Porpoiie; 
and  in  Sept,  1632,  he  took  a  quantity  of  goods,  and,  attended  by  a  native 
went  back  into  the  country  to  trade  with  the  Indians.  At  night  while 
asleep  in  a  wigwam  with  one  of  Passaconaway's  men,  he  was  killed  bj  a 
savage,  •'  dwelling  near  the  Mohawk  country,*'  who  took  the  goods ;  though 
they  were  returned  by  Passaconaway's  subjects. — Wintkrop't  Jour.  p.  43. 
Arundel  in  1790,  contained  l,4ft8  inhabitants.  Its  name  has  been  cbanged 
since  the  Separation— to  that  of  KenmbwUcpori. 


1/  [V«u  1. 

im  of  York- 
eputy  to  tht 
titles  to  knds 
ifie  assured  of 
if  justice,  with 

;  and  Ezekiel 
nd  these,  \vith 
electmen ;  Jo. 
1  Thing,  con- 
Thomas  Wil- 
ilso  the  seleci- 
d  Ralph  Tris- 
3  constable  of 

;ers  who  were 

3  of  J.  Kimball, 
ic  Mousuin,  were 
lirfielcfs  garriion, 
mg.M—S.  Litttr 

its  of  the  State, 
rhor ;   and  seltie 

Inilian  wars,  the 
eltlement  revived 
rere  incorporated 

d.    (See  pott,  A. 

riy  side  erected 
anged  to  that  of 

>ably  about  1630. 
tiers  suffered  the 

inhabited  about 
(^ee  poll,  A.  D. 

is  situated  about 

fishermen,  and 

)  Cape  PorpoM; 

nded  by  a  native 

At  night  while 

was  killed  by  a 
the  goods;  though 
np^tJour.  p.  43. 
has  been  changed 


CHAf.  «•]  OP  MAINE.  363 

vitb  great  mc'esty,  called  "  Sargeants.*^     Those  in  Wells  were  A.  D.  16M. 
John  Saunders   and    Jonathan   Thing,   and   in    Saco   Pi^hard'tiieirrighi* 
Hitch ;  who  were  required  "  to  exercise  the  soldiery  in  their  ""       "*' 
lespective  towns."     It  was  besides,  an  express  stipulation,  that  ■ 

the  inl)='bitants  of  all  the  towns  in  Maine,  should  be  forever  ex- 
empt from  public  or  colony  taxes  ;  beinp;  obliged  to  defray  only 
dieir  own  charges  including  those  of  their  courts, — and  to  dis- 
charge their  own  debts.     .fl\-ifi.V,,  ' 

Such  were  the  particulars  of  the  civil  and  judicial  regulations 
established  by  the  Massachusetts  Commissioners  ;  and  it  must  be 
acknowledged  they  were  liberal  and  judicious.     Though  they,  as  ,,.\ 

a  Board,  possessed  sovereign  power  and  authority,  they  used         '    " 
and  exercised  it  without  abuse;  and  yet  extended  their  acts  and 
measures  to  matters  prudential,  judiciary,  executive  and  ecclesi- 
astical. •  i:',      ;  .  '  -.:■'•,     ::.\':    ■'; 

To  mention  several  particulars — the  inhabitants  of  Wells,  Saco, 
and  Cape  Porpoise  were  reepiired  by  the  Commissioners,  within 
one  year,  to  lay  out  and  make  a  road  from  town  to  town,  suf- 
ficient for  footmen  and  horses  ;*  and  to  clear  and  fit  for  carts  the 
highways  from  house  to  iiouse,  within  their  respective  towns ; 
otherwise  their  delinquency,  as  they  were  told,  would  incur  a  fine 
of  £10. 

A  cause  of  peculiar  character  came  before  the  Board,  in  which  BarkerV 
Morgan  Howell  and  John  Barker,  both  of  Cape  Porpoise,  were  *^'"*' 
antagonists.  Howell  charged  Barker  with  uttering  opprobrious 
speeches  against  ministers  of  the  gospel,  upholding  strange  meet- 
ings and  pretending  to  have  a  spirit  of  prophesy ;— conduct,  which 
was  alleged  to  be  a  great  detriment  to  public  worshiping  assem- 
blies in  the  plantation.  The  Board  her.rd  the  evidence  and  or- 
dered him  under  a  rccognizancef  of  £20,  conditioned  to  appear 
aud  answer  farther,  at  the  next  County  Court  in  Yorkshire — ^to 
be  of  good  behavior  in  the  meantime,  and  never  more  preach 
public!)  in  any  part  of  thfe  colony.  ' 

A  case  of  jurisdiction  also  occurs,  which  ought  to  be  stated,  A  caw  of 

''  •»       jurisdiction. 

as  it  exhibits  to  some  extent  the  Massachusetts  claim.     Ann  Ma- 
son, executrix  of  John  Mason^s  will,  sued  Richard  Leader,  A.  D. 


*  Sullivan,  p.  3G5.  f  This  rccofifnizancc  run  to  Richard  Ilusscll, 

rnlony  T^reasurer  of  Mas^ii^husetts.     IIowcll  recognized  also  in  the  sun* 
(il  £50  to  prosecute  the  respondent  at  the  apiKjiued  time  and  place. 
Vol.  I.  JK 


-,^^^ 


Ecclesiasli- 
cal  aflfaira. 


354  THE  H0TORY  [Vol.  i. 

A.D.  1663. 1652,  into  Norfolk  county,  New-Hampshire,  in  "trespt»  and 
ejectment,"  for  wiUiholding  possession  of  houses  s^nd  lands  wliich 
he  then  occupied  at  ^ewichawannockf  belonging  to  her  late  bus- 
band.  In  an  issue  upon  u  plea  and  replication  in  abatement  to 
the  jurisdiction,  the  action  was  carried  by  appeal  before  the  Geiw 
eta^  Court  in  May,  1 653 ;  where  at  last,  judgment  was  rendered 
again/t  the  defendrjit,  and  costs,  £6.  iOt.  4d.  were  taxed  for  bis 
opponent.  By  this  decision  the  sincerity  and  determination  oi 
Massachusetts  in  iter  pretensions,  were  put  to  the  test — and  a  free 
course  of  justice  opened  tliroughout  her  jurisdiction. 

But  of  all  the  subjects  which  are  touched  by  the  hand  of  power, 
there  is  none  fraught  with  more  difficulty  and  danger,  than  tliose 
of  professional  belief  and  the  religious  tenets  of  men.  Never- 
theless, the  Commissioners  thought  there  were  few  others,  which 
called  more  loudly  for  their  interference.  Instead  of  tlie  chris- 
tian sympathies,  the  mutual  charities,  and  the  graces  of  for- 
bearance, which  are  the  soul  of  all  social  felicity  in  a  youthful 
community ;  the  churches  in  Wells,  in  Saco  and  in  Cape  Por- 
poise, were  disquieted  by  new-fangled  docti'ines,  or  rent  in  pieces 
by  turbulent  spirits,  self-willed  noisy  disputants,  or  disorderly 
communicants.  Particularly,  the  church  in  Wells,  was  greatly 
disturbed  by  Henry  Boade,  Edmund  Littlefield,  and  William 
Wardwell,  who  had  been  excommunicated  for  some  unsoundness 
in  sentiment,  or  irregular  walk,  and  still  boldly  claimed  all  the 
privileges  of  membership.  The  Commissioners  heard  the  facts 
in  this  controversy,  and  satiCtioned  the  excommunication;  ad- 
monishing them  to  desist  from  all  acts  of  obstinacy  and  dis- 
turbance, and  pursue  a  course  of  conduct  conducive  to  social 
happiness  and  christian  fellowship ;  lest  they,  who  bad  professed 
themselves  to  be  the  disciples  of  peace,  should  at  last  be  the  sub- 
jects of  penal  severity.* 

ii  The  difficulty  in  Cape  Porpoise  was  of  a .  different  natijre. 
There,  the  church  polity  was  so  framed,  that  the  members  could 
not,  without  an  infringement  of  its  rules  and  principles,  transfer 
their  allogiance  to  any  civil  power.  Therefore  to  relieve  them 
of  their  conscientious  scruples,  tlie  Commissioners  entirely  dis- 
solved then  professional  connexbn,  and  left  them  to  re-cmbody 
under  articles  consistent  with  their  allegiance  to. Massachusetts. 


•  't^i; ' 


♦3  Mass.  Kec.  p.  187. 


ur 


CaA».  W-]  "OP  MAINE.  z',  366 

The  inhabitants  of  Sao,  distinguished  for  tlie  purity  of  their  a.D.  icas. 
priaciples  and  habits  of  .  riety,  were  destitute,  though  desirous, 
of  a  learned  ministry.  Aware  of  their  solicitude,  the  Commis* 
sioners  in  the  plenitude  of  their  power,  and  in  aid  of  public 
worship,  as  expressly  desired  by  the  people,  licensed  Robert  *  • 
Boothe,  a  pious  layman,  to  take  the  lead  and  exhort  in  religious 
assemblies,  till  some  provision  should  be  made  by  law,  for  supplying 
this  and  other  destitute  places,  with  accredited  ministers.  Even 
here,  one  man  was  charged  with  extravagance  in  his  expressions, 
—tenets, — ^visionary  views, — and  other  eccentricities,  which  ren- 
dered him,  it  was  said,  a  disturber  of  the  peace.  This  was 
George  Barlow ; — and  the  Board,  to  tranquillize  the  public  mind, 
coramanded  him  never  more  to  "  preach  or  prophesy"  in  this 
place; — assuring  him,  his  disobedience  would  expose  him  to 
pay  a  tine  of  £10  and  costs.*     • 

Apprehending  opposition  and  difficulty  in  attempts  to  execute 
their  commission  farther  eastward,  the  Board  closed  their  official 
services  with  the  following  Protest,  which  the  Marshal  of  the 
cjimty  publicly  proclaimed  : — 

"  Whereas  we  have  declared  the  right  of  the  Massachusetts'  commis- 
**  government,  to  the  towns  of  Wells,  Saco  and  Cape  Porpoise  j  J^^*"  P"* 
"and  the  inhabitants  thereof  being  summoned,  did  appear  before  5 

"us  at  Wells,  on  the  5th  of  July,  1653,  and  acknowledge  them- 
"  selves  subject  thereunto,  and  took  the  oath  of  freemen  and 
"  fidelity  to  that  colony ;  and,  the  undersigned,  her  Commission- 

"  ers,  have  appointed  and  settled  a  government  over  them  : 

"We  do  now  therefore  protest  against  all  persons  whatever, 
"that  shall  challenge  jurisdiction,  or  that  shall  exercise  any  act 
"  of  authority  over  them,  or  over  any  other  persons  to  the  north- 
"ward,  inhabiting  within  the  limits  of  our  patent,  which  doth  ex- 
i'tend  to  the  latitude,  43"  43'  7"  northwardly,  ^ut  what  shall  be 
"  derived  from  us  as  Commissioners,  or  from  the  General  Co'irt 
"of  Massachusetts.        .    • 

"  Given  under  our  hands,  at  Wells,  in  the  County  of  York, 
"July  6th,  1653. 

"  Kichard  Bellingham, 
*       "  Daniel  Dennison, 
"  Thomas  Wiggin, 


Edward  Rawson, 
Bryan  Pendleton. "f 


'2  Mass.  Kec.  p.  190. 


t  2  Mass.  Rec.  p.  191. 


Tuaiion, 


356  THE  iiirrtRY  [Vot.  i. 

A.  D.  i«53.  The  thanks  of  the  Legislature  w  •<-i«  presented  lo  the  Commis- 
sioners, for  their  6delity  and  suco  - ;  &..d  the  charge  of  £28 
13«.  3d.,  ordered  to  be  paid  them  out  of  the  public  treasury. 
This,  in  effect,  introduced  a  system  of  taxation  into  Maine;  for 
the  county  of  York  was  required  to  reimburse  a  part  of  that 
sum,  proportionate  to  their  numbers  and  pecuniary  ability  :  and 
80  considerable  were  the  public  expenditures  of  the  present  year 
that  the  colony  treasurer,  by  order  of  the  General  Court,  direct- 
pd  the  selectmen  of  towns  to  make  "  a  double  assessment."* 

If  Massachusetts  were  actuated  by  motives  of  ambition  in  tliis 
enlargement  of  her  borders,  and  tlic  adoption  of  these  planta- 
tions ;  it  must  bo  acknowledged,  she  guided  her  measures  by 
maxims  of  prudence,  and  manifested  great  assiduity  and  zeal  for 
the  good  of  the  inhabitants  so  eagerly  adopted,  She  endeavored 
to  secure  their  contentment,  and  win  their  respect  by  acts  of 
kindness,  care  and  equal  favor.  Indeed,  they  enjoyed  some 
peculiar  privileges,  for  they  were  made  freemen,  on  taking  tlie 
oath,  without  the  prerequisite  of  church-membership  ;-r-contrar\- 
to  the  law  and  usage  in  Alassachusetts.  They  were  also  exempt 
from  all  public  or  general  assessments,  their  county  and  town 
taxes  being  all  they  were  required  to  pay. 

It  was  found,  as  we  have  observed,  that  the  settlements  in 
Maine  and  other  parts,  were  without  an  ordained  ministry,— 
open  to  the  doctrines  6f  every  itinerant,  who  called  himself  a 
preacher  of  the  gospel,  whether  properly  invested  or  not  with 
the  sacred  office,  or  whether  he  disseminated  errors,  or  taught 
jhe  religion  and  morals  of  the  scriptures.  Of  course,  the  people 
were  under  the  necessity  of  listening  to  these  preachers  of  doubt- 
ful character,  or  to  hear  none,  as  there  were  few  others.  To 
rectify  or  prevent  these  evils,  the  General  Court  made  it  penal 
for  any  one  publicly  to  preach  or  *'  prophesy,"  without  being  first 
ppprobated  by  four  neighboring  churches,  and  also  required  each 
town,  to  provide  means  for  supporting  a  pious  ministry. 

The  whole  number  of  men  in  the  five  towns  who  came  under 
submission,  or  as  some  more  'harshly  call  it,  "  subjugation"  to 
Massachusetts,  was  about  1 50  in  the  first  mstancc,f  others  taking 


Provigioii 
for  public 
)vorkhi]). 


*  Sullivan,  p.  341. 

■fSupjioeed  (o  be  a  inajorit}  of  the  riialcsof  and  over  21  years.  If  tlicrc 
were  250  families  in  the  5  towns,  and  50  families  on  the  Isles  of  Shoals,  at 
7  in  a  Aimily,  the  whole  number  of  persons  wo'ild  be  2,100. 


ChaF.  IX.]  OF  MAINE.  /   ■ 

the  oatii  afterwards.  Honce  the  public  mind  became  much  tran- 
quillized— still  the  minority  was  large  and  formidable,  and  in  its 
ranks  were  several  men  of  the  most  weahh  and  influence  of  any 
in  the  eastern  plantations. 

One  was  George  Cleaves  of  Casco,  late  deputy-president  of 
Lvgonia  ;  another  was  John  Bonython  of  Saco,  a  turbulent  per- 
verse spirit  and  an  outlaw  ;*  a  third  was  Henry  Joscelynf  of 
Black-point,  formerly  one  of  Gorges'  council ;  and  a  fourlli  was 
Robert  Jordan  of  Spurwiuk,  an  episcopal  clergyman  of  learning, 
and  the  proprietor  of  a  large  estate.  There  were  many  other 
malcontents,  though  of  less  boldness,  activity  and  influence. 

To  obviate  the  cavils  of  Cleaves,  who  was  in  England,  when 
the  first  measures  were  taken  towards  subjugating  Maine,  the  Gen- 
eral Court  in  a  respectful  letter,  stated  anew  to  him  the  grounds 
of  die  claim,  the  generous  course  pursued,  and  the  volun- 
tary submission  of  five  towns,  assuring  him  of  their  full  deter- 
mination to  prosecute  and  maintain  their  rights  by  patent,  still 
farther  eastward  ;J  and  if  the  obstinacy  of  opposcrs  could  not  be 
abated  by  force  of  reason,  justice  and  liberal  treatment,  they 
must  expect  rigor. 

The  change  already  effected  was  followed  by  a  legislative  or- 
der, to  collect  all  the  remaining  records  of  different  administra- 
tions in  Maine,  into  the  office  appointed  to  be  kept  by  the 
County  Recorder.  It  was  a  receptacle  of  documents  and  papers, 
never  well  arranged  by  the  hand  of  care  and  skill ;  and  exhibits 
an  intermixture  of  judicial,  legislative  and  executive  proceed- 
ings ; — many  curious  laws  and  ordinances ; — and  not  a  few  novel 
and  ludicrous  cases,  some  of  which  have  been  noticed.  Won- 
derfully preserved,  through  subsequent  wars,  and  numerous  other 
perils,  they  still  appear  in  the  offices  of  the  Clerk  of  the  Courts 
and  the  Register  of  Deeds,  in  the  county  of  York ;  some  of 
which  are  obliteratethhy  the  wastes  of  time,  and  others,  penned 
in  an  antiquated  hand-writing,  are  not  read  without  considerable 
difficulty. 


307 

A.  D.ICd3w 


OppotiiHin 
ol  Cleave*, 
Bonython, 
JoM'elyn, 
and  Jordan. 


,'  .r^^y 


The  re- 
cords of 
Yorkibirr. 


*  Ante,  A.  D.  1645. 

t  Joscelyn  lived  a  while  at  remaquid  ;  and  in  kinff  Tliilip's  war  rrmovod 
to  Plymoutli  Colony.  |  2  Mabs.  Rec.  p.  202. 


358 

TliC  ULSTOUY 

.....::  ,.  ^'^um--  ■ 

- -•■ 

-      .     ■    J 

'm^^ 

■     -         ..- 

''              'v;^  r?    t 

i„-  \^.';-J'' 

.-.v'V.,  vw.     -.    • 

*««'.«-  '^^--   ^-'••* 

CHAPTER  X 

..  ■^"  1.  -i- 

[Vol.,. 


«^.D.  1651. 


Thr  Dutch,  thr  IWd'ivn  ami  the  Eai^tmi  French — La   Tour's  con- 

''  duct — Peace  with  Holland — The  English  ships  scut  to  attarh 

'     Manhadoes,  turn   against  Nova  Scotia — They    reduce  it,  and 

Leverett  is  left  there  its  Governor — The  French  complain  ;  but  thr 

Province  is  conceded  to  England — C.  la  Tour's  death — Sir  T. 

Temple  commissioned  Governor — A  charter  to  him,  S.  la  Tour  and 

Croum — Temple  and  Crown  purchase  la  Tour's  right — TcmpU's 

-    character — The  limits  of  Cromwell's  charter  to  him,   Crown  and 

la  Tour — The  consequent  dijicidties. 

Though  the  people  of  New-England  were  now  in  Uie  enjov- 
ment  of  general  prosperity,  and  numbers  of  them  in  the  pos- 
session of  something  more,  than  a  mere  competent  livelihood; 
their  dome-stic  political  relations  were  assuming  a  posture,  evideotlv 
adverse  to  tlie  public  tranquillity.     For  hostilities  commencing  in 
Kngiith  and  October,  1C51 , ^between  the  Englisii  and  the  Dutch,  had  an  im- 
Duic  war.  ^jediatc  effect  upon  their  respective  colonies  on  this  side  of  the 
Atlantic.     Jealousies  and  suspicions  were  fomented  ;  a  profitable 
trade  between  the  Dutch  colonists  at  Manhadoes  and  the  people 
A.D.  ics2.of  New-England,  was  interrupted  ;  and,  the  next  year,  an  alarm- 
ing report  was  in  circulation,  that  tlie  Dutch  Governor  was  in- 
citing the  Indians  to  extirpate  the  English  planters  by  a  general 
massacre. 

At  this  time,  the  natives  in  Maine  and  through  the  countr) 
were  numerous.  Their  principal  employment,  and  even  pas- 
time, were  hunting.  In  ail  their  opportunities  for  becoming  ac- 
quainted with  the  gun,  they  had  proved  themselves  very  apt 
learners.  Already  many  were  expert  marksmen.  Hence  they 
grew  bold,  and  were  sometimes  insolent.  It  was  more  difiiciilt 
than  formerly,  to  keep  them  in  awe,  and  their  neighborhood  was 
greatly  deprecated.  Every  serious  hint  or  thought  of  a  ruptu'c 
with  them,  filled  the  country  with  alarm. 

The  excitements  and  fears  occasioned  by  the  rumors,  brouihi 
••.  n.  IBM.  .  ^  .    , 

April  I'J,     together  at  Hostoii,  April  19ih,  the  Commissioners  of  the  '^'Mtni 

Colonies.     They  investigated    the   reports,    examined  the  In- 
dians, and  wrote  to  the  Dutch  Governor  for  information.     Hf  n  • 


Th«  Nb- 
tivei. 


ry 


Chit.  »•]  OF  MAINE. 

plied  with  some  spirit,  *  that  there  was  not  a  word  of  truth  in  the  a.  D.  iw^ 
fcandalous  report  raised  about  his  conduct ;  and  mar\'elled  much 
at  the  novel  course  pursued,  of  placinfi;  any  confidence  in  Indian 
testimony  ;'  offering  to  make  explanations  to  any  extent  required, 
if  within  his  power.    *  .^     ■-  -     h    jc;  <     a^  , 

Influenced  by  a  spirit  of  deliberation  an«l  forbearance,  the 
Commissioners  adjourned  without  declaring  war.*  Still  the  jeal- 
ousies of  tlie  western  colonists  in  Ncw-Eni^land  had  not  in  the 
least  abated.  So  highly  was  he  suspected  of  inciting  the  Mo- 
hawks, and  otlier  tribes  to  acts  of  hostility,  that  tlic  government 
of  New-Haven  despatched  agents  to  England,  for  the  purjioso  of 
laying  open  unto  Cromwell,  the  Lord-Protector,  their  dangers  and 
grievances,  and  praying  for  assistance  or  jirotection.  <-  • 

In  the  same  spring,  rumors  spread  extensively  through  the 
country,  that  "  some  thousand  Indians"  had  collected  about  Pis- 
cataqua;  and  that  the  people  in  these  eastern  parts  were  greatly 
tcrri6ed.  To  quiet  the  public  mind,  therefore,  at  this  important 
season  of  seed-time,  when  the  report  had  diverted  many  from 
their  agricultural  employments,  Mfij.  Gen.  Dcnnison,  conmiander 
of  the  Massachusetts  militia,  ordered  thither  a  party— of  24  men 
to  make  discoveries,  andf  if  possible  allay  the  people's  fears. 

The  eastern  French  were  also  viewed  with  considerable  dis-Thaewtirn 
pleasure  and  distrust;  and  the  neighborhood  of  la  Tour,  since liktii. 
his  intermarriage  with  d'Aulney's  widow,  and  a  re-occupation  of 
his  Acadian  Province,  afforded  little  or  no  satisfaction.  For  ho 
manifested  not  the  least  disposition  to  do  jtislice  to  friends,  who 
had  lent  him  money  and  credit,  and  espoused  his  cause  against 
d'Aulncy,  in  seasons  of  extreme  hazard  and  anxiety  ;  nor  did 
he  labor  to  inspire  the  natives  with  cordial  feelings  towards  the 
English  colonists,  from  whom  he  had  in  fonnor  years  received 
so  many  testimonies  of  partiality  and  favor.  Possessed  of  d'Aul- 
ney's wife,  he  apprehended  no  evils  from  the  surviving  influence 
of  his  deceased  adversary  ;  and  in  his  returning  prosperity,  he 
proved  himself  to  have  no  genuine  principles  of  honor  or  moral 
honpstv. 

As  the  aspect  of  affairs  darkened,  the  (jcncrul  Court  prohibhed 


•  1  Iliitrli.  Ili^f.  p.  iCfi— 7. 
tUrVaM.  Jitc.  i>.  170—191.- 


Tlic  Sarst'iUilb'  psiy  via>  8«.  ond  n  |>ri»»to'ii 


360  THE  HISTORY  [Vot.  i. 

A.  u.  1655.  the  transportation  of  provisions,  either  to  the  French  or  Dutch 

Aiifiinbar-  under  penalty  of  forfeiting  both  vessel  and  cargo.  La  Tour 
complained  of  this  measure,  as  an  undeserved  severity  towards  him 
in  his  necessities  ;  and  the  General  Court  so  far  relaxed  their  order 
as  to  permit  a  small  vessel  to  be  freisrhted  thither  with  flour  and 
other  provisions  for  iiis  relief;  intendins:  proltably  to  make  a 
merit  of  the  favor  and  use  it  as  a  boon  to  secure  his  {rood-will 
and  gain  the  influence  of  the  French  missionaries,  whosj-  \sceiid- 
ancy  over  the  natives  was  a  cause  of  dread. 

Cromwell,  when  made  acquainted  with  facts  and  circumstan- 
ces by  the  aji^ents  from  New-Haven  and  other  informant.,  put  in 
requisition  three  cr  four  ships,  for  the  reduction  of  the  Dutch 
colony  at  iManhadoes ;  and  called  upon  Massachusetts  to  afford 
the  necessary  assistance  in  the  cnterprize.  But  so  great  and 
unavoidable  were  the  delays,  that  the  ships  did  not  arrive  in  Bos- 

AD  1051.^°"^'"  J"»t-'>  1G«''4.  However,  in  obedience  to  the  Protector'* 
directions,  the  Cencral  Court,  on  the  9th  of  that  month,  passed  rc- 
solves  for  encouragiiiii  liie  enlistuient  of  500  men,*  to  be  coni- 
mandcd  by  MaJ.  Robert  Sedgwick  of  Charlestown,  a  man  of  popu- 
lar manners  and  military  talents,  and  once  a  member  of  the  cele- 
brated artillery-company  in  London ;  and  Capt.  John  Lcvertit, 
of  Boston,  a  correct  tactician,  and  an  animated  patriot.f  The  ex- 
pedition was  not  un|)opular,  yet  ere  the  forces  were  ready  to 

Peace  Jiin«  embark,  news  arrived,  June  23(1,  that  articles  of  peace  had  been 
signed  on  the  Tith  of  Aj)ril,J  and  that  all  hostilities  must  conse- 
quently cease  between  the  Lnglish  and  Dutch  colonies. § 

If  this  were  a  disappointment,  it  was  followed  by  an  expedition 
far  more  interesting  to  the  eastern  colonists,  than  the  conquest 
of  Manliadoes  ; — that  was,  the  projected  capture  of  Nova  Scotia, 
Twcnty-t^vo  years  had  elapsed,  since  the  country  had  been  ceded 
or  resigned  by  the  treaty  of  St.  Gcrmnins  to  the  French  ;-^;in 
arbitrary  transaction  of  the  king,  which  the  repidilicans  in  Enc- 
land  and  in  the  colonies  of  Ahis.sachuselts,  !Vcw-Hampshire  ami 
Maine,  heartily  disrelished  and  secretly  censured.  Croinwdl 
had  a  thorough  knovvledgc*  of  British  rights,  and  the  precediiis: 
intrigues  of  the  crown ;  and  though   it  was  a  time  of  prulbanii 

*  2  Mass.  lUc.  p.  ■.':(;.  — I  Hnz.  Coll.  p.  .'iftT—'iM. 

t  r.lliot's  lli.ic.  IJic.  |..  ai)'.  )  I  Hal.  Coll.  \),  ft»5».     ' 

*2  Mn%\  Hoc.  y.  '^W. 


Ucdui-liiin 
of  Nova 
Hcniia. 


I.  La  Tour 
^  towards  him 
•d  their  order, 
ith  flour  and 
y  to  make  a 
his  f;ood-will, 
tvhosi'  'scend- 

d  circumstan- 
manl.,   put  in 
of  the  Dutcli 
setts  to  afford 
so  great  and 
,  arrive  in  Bos- 
he   Protector's 
onth,  passed  rc- 
I,*  to  be  loni- 
a  matt  of  popu- 
ber  of  the  cele- 
Johii  Lcvertit, 
riot.t    The  ex- 
were  ready  to 
|iea(  e  had  been 
es  iiuist  consc- 
onies.'^ 
y  an  expedition 
II   tho  conquest 
f  Nova  Scotia, 
lad  been  ceded 
w  French ;— an 
cans  in   Ens* 
lantpsliire  and 
red.     Croinwrll 
d  the   preccdiiii: 
ne  of  profountl 


CSAf.   X.]  OF  MAINB.  ffgf 

ueac?;  between  him  and  France,  he  determined  to  subject  the  A.  D.  16M. 
whole  region  of  Nova  Scotia  to  the  government  of  the  nation,  na 
an  act  of  justice. 

Accordingly  he  gave  secret,  informal  instructions  to  the  cap- 
tains of  the  ships,  before  they  left  England,  that  when  they  had 
reduced  tlic  Dutch'colony,* — to  turn  their  arms  against  Nova 
Srotia  and  make  conquest  of  it ;  and  consequently  the  expedi- 
lion  was  undertaken  without  loss  of  time. 

The  ships  met  with  no  resistance  at  Penobscot,  nor  yet  at 
the  river  St.  John,f  the  place  of  la  Tour's  principal  fortress  and 
immediate  residence.  J  He  was  wholly  unprepared  to  repel  such 
an  unexpected  invasion ;  and  neither  interest,  nor  ambition,  nor 
any  affection  for  his  sovereign  could  arouse  his  opposition.  In- 
deed, he  manifested  no  great  reluctance  to  undergo  n  change  of 
masters,  provided  he  could  be  protected  in  the  enjoyment  of  his 
ease  and  his  estate.  The  English  in  a  few  weeks  subjugated 
tiie  whole  Provincj,§  Port-Royal  capitulating  in  August, j|  when 
the  temporary  command  of  the  country  was  entrusted  to  Capt« 
l/everett.  < 

The  French  complained  of  this,  as  an  unprovoked  outrage  in 
time  of  peace,  and  laid  the  case  before  the   English  cabinet ; 
all°'in^,  that  they  owned  the  country  by  cession,  u.nl  also  by  a 
purchase  of  tiie  English  riglit,  at  the  dear  rate  of  JE(),000  sterl- 
inj.    But  the  court  of  the   F*rotector  refused  to   restore  it; — 
claiming  it  under  an  older  and   paramount  title,  and   supposing 
the  cession  was  never  fairly  made  and  completed,  nor  any  engage- 
ment to  pay  purchaso-moncy  porforired.  next  season,  the  A.  t).  I6ftfl, 
whole   Acadian  Province  was  conllrmed   tc  the  English,ir  who  vine*  con- 
held  it  lliirteen  years  ;  after  which   it  was  1  c-surrendcrcd  imder  the  Enginhi 
I  the  treaty  of  Breda.***     During  tho  French  occupnm y,  M.  Denys 
ami  le  Borgne  were  part  owners  of  tht  Province,  the  latter  being 


I    I' 


AhU. 


'  I  Dou|^.  Slim.  p.  .U)0.  f  I  Htitoh.  Hist,  p.  169. 

i  1  Doug.  Siiio.  |>,  .100 — 7.  {  Mbm.  IjTtter  Mook,  p.  loJ. 

i|  1  Chalintrs.  p.  1h7.  H  )ft>lmrt.'  A.  Aim,  p.  801. 

"  Huh.  X.  E.  p.'.K.O. — Tlir  namefi  of  tho  pluccK  cnptiirril,  ami  jmrticu- 
i;rlT  noliccil,  wore  I'mtagott,  St,  Johnt,  I'mt-Royal ;  l.n  //fir,  caHtwnrd 
'  f  LircrptHjl  cm  U»o  nouth  thoro  of  the  prnintitia  ;  Ctpf'Sablr,  the  south- 
Iwsiprn  pxtrciiiity  I'f  (lir   j)rniii>iiila  ;/(»r/  la    Four,  wett  of  (  .Tjve-Sal)!*) ; 
\ripf.Fourchn  tntdw.^y  between  the  N.  and  H.  shurc,  at  the  west  mid  of  tha 
Iffniniiila LnckrooJ. 

Vol..  I.  M 


Ln  Toui  •§ 
dealli  and 
characlpr. 


102*  THE  HISTORY  [Vou  f. 

A.D.  I6W.  a  Governor  of  the  country, — an  arbitrary  and  a  bigoted  caiholic. 
The  priests  bore  rule ;  and  the  soldiers,  engaged  in  reducing  the 
French  settlements,  reported,  that  they  occasionally  found  scripts 
of  the  friars,  and  sciiedules  of  their  rules  and  maxims,  or  modern 
"  phylacteries,"  by  which  they  resolved  to  govern  their  own  c(». 
duct,  guide  their  disciples,  and  direct  political  afiairs.''^ 

La  Tour,  who  was  in  immediate  possession  of  the  interior 
country,  upon  the  bay  Fundy,  had  "  the  Province  previously 
confirmed  to  him  by  the  court  of  France,  on  his  renouncing  the 
protestant  religion. "f  But  he  died  not  long  after  the  late  subju- 
gation : —  a  man  of  equivocal  character,  either  catliolic  or  pro- 
testant, as  was  most  concomitant  with  interest.  He  possessed 
specious  talents  without  honor,  punctuality,  or  principle.  He 
was  a  subject  of  great  vicissitudes.  D'Aulney  captured  and 
plundered  his  fortification,  and  kept  his  wife  a  prisoner  till  her 
death.  For  a  period,  ho  was  a  voluntary  exile.  After  a  second 
marriage,  he  lebuilt  his  fortress,  which  Donee  demolished,  be- 
cause it  encroached  upon  the  royal  prerogative.  Once  and  again 
was  he  wealthy,  and  as  often  poor,  and  sometimes  distressed, 
He  borrowed  money  in  Hoston,  and  afterwards  of  M.  Belleisle, 
a  rich  French  trader  to  North  America,  and  mortgaged  his  pro- 
vincial [KDssessions  several  tiries  for  security  ;  and  yet  he  never 
mnde  his  creditors  any  payments.  He  left  one  heir  and  a  lar^c 
territorial  estate. 

After  the  French  had  conceded  and  confirmed  the  country  to 
England,  Cromwell  erected  it  into  a  Province,  and  appointed 
Sir  Thomas  Temple,  Governor. |  It  was  a  territory  considered 
of  great  value  ;  and  Temple  and  one  William  Crown  aspired  to 
become  Proprietary  Lords  of  it,  or  at  least  the  owners  of  exten- 
sive tracts. 

In  the  meantime,  Stephen  de  la  Tour  produced  such  docu- 
inciital  evidence  of  his  rigiit  to  very  larg;^  territories,  as  an  inher- 
itance Worn  his  father,  tliat  Cromwell  was  induced  to  confirm  L15 
ancestral  claim  to  the  extent  proveil.  lint  neither  the  father  110. 
son  ever  exhibited  any  title  to  lands  southerly  of  the  Passaina- 
quoddy  waters,  and  a  moiety  of  their  northern  possessions  vva<  I 
embarrnsscd  by  Uelleisle's  ineumbrunce ;  yet  the  soil  of  the  gieaij 


Tttmplc, 

timv.  nl 
Neva  8r0' 

tia. 


«  I{t»bi>ttPd'»  N.  r..  p.  UO.  t  30  Univcrul  liml.  p.  2M. 

I  I  llutrhinion's  I  Hit.  p.  I  U.— Temple  waa  a  Uiiitnia.1.  ot  Lord  Say. 


CbAP.  X.]  **     OF  MAINE. 

peninsula,  an  immense  region,  principally  remained  ungninted. 
Some  parts  of  this  section  might  have  been  purchased  by  Temple 
and  Crown,  as  we  believe  it  was ;  for  we  find  that  the  lx)rd  Pro- 
tector gave  to  them  and  la  Tour  a  joint  charter*  in  1050,  by 
which  he  granted  to  them  and  their  heirs  forever,  '  the  territorj' 
•  sometimes  called  L'Accadia,  and  that  part  of  the  country  call- 
<ed  Nova  Scotia,  from  Merliquash  [Ijunenburgj  to  Penobscot, 
'  the  river  St.  George,  and  the  Muscongus — .situated  on  the  con- 
'fines  of  New-England.' 

It  is  stated  by  one  author,f  that  the  grantees  were  "  heredit- 
ary" or  proprietary  governors ;  and  yet  it  is  certain  that  on  the 
18th  and  20th  of  September,  the  same  year,  (1050,)  Cromwell 
directed  Capt.  Leverett,  the  commander  at  Penobscot  and  the 
river  St.  John,  to  deliver  up  the  country  to  Col.  Temple  only ; 
adding,  that  he  had  received  a  commission  to  govern  it,  from 
Merliquash  on  the  east,  to  St.  Georges,  near  Muscongus,  on  the 
west.J  In  this  way  a  large  part  of  Maine  fell  within  his  juris- 
diction. However,  before  Sir  Thomas  embarked  for  America, 
he  and  Crown  purchased  of  la  Tour  all  the  rigiit  and  title  of  his 
father  or  himself  to  Nova  Scotia,  or  Acadia,  and  took  from  him 
a  regular  legal  assignment. § 

Sir  Tliomas  first  came  to  New-England  in  1057. ||  In  enter- 
ing upon  the  duties  of  his  oftice,  he  opened  a  lucrative  trade  in 
his  proviiice,1[  and  continued  Proprietary  Governor  ten  years.  He 
was  a  gentleman  of  humane  and  generous  disposition,  remarka- 
bly free  from  the  bigotry  and  religious  prejudices  of  the  times. 
To  cite  an  instance  of  his  disinterestedness, — when  tlie  courts  of 
Massachusetts  u'ere  trying  Quakerism,  as  a  capital  crime,  in 
IG60;  he  went  and  told  (hem,  that  if  thoy,  uccortling  to  iheir 
own  declaration,  '  desired  the  Quakers'  lives  absent,  rather  than 
tlirir  deaths  present,'  he  would  carry  them  away  and  provide  for 
them  at  his  own  expense.  '  Yes,  and  should  any  of  tljem  return,' 
said  lie,  '  I  will  again  remove  tlicni.'**    Two  years  afterwards,  he 


A.  D.  16K. 

A  Joint 
rhiirierof 
Novn  Scotia 
lo  In  Tour, 
1'cinplc  and 
Crown. 


A.I).  1667. 

Col.  'I'cni- 
file's  char- 
acler. 


*  The  darter  runs  tu  Claiidi>,  tlio  Tullitr,  uml  enures  to  the  •on.— See 
l\.  tkarttr  in  Frtndi.—  X  Iltu,  Cull.  p.  610— 19.— t'/iH/mrrt,  p.  IS7. 

t  Pnhirel,  p.  14. — Gr  tlic  tliarter  iniglit  have  bern  (Inifteci  brforo  (lie 
lather's  (Ifftth.  }  Mass.  Letter  Hook,  p.  104. 

!  Palairet,  p.  10—13.         Ij  I  Mutch.  Hist.  p.    190.        H  Hiillivan,  p.  15«. 

**  He  (itH  not  Miccccti  to  his  mind,  and  the  qiukort,  at  least  some  of  tliein, 
wore  (>iccutc(*  -I  Hutch.  Ili$l.  p.  104  (Note  f.)— He  was  a  great  friead  to 
.MiMarimiett*.— 'A.  p.  194. 


^..fe^' 


Miitakrs  In 
lh«  chartrr 
of  Crvm- 
well. 


3fJ4  THE  in?TORY  [Vol.  I. 

A.D.  165T.  tvas  recomrnissioned  to  the  same  office  of  Provincial  Governor 
by  his  restored  sovereign  ;  and  at  some  period  he  seems  to  have 
been  considered  the  sole  proprietor  of  the  country. 

It  is  worthy  of  particular  notice  in  thia  place,  that  the  phrase- 
ology  and  terms  of  Cromwell's  patent  to  la  Tour,  Temple  and 
Crown,  have  proved  to  be  die  j^rounds  or  causes  of  endless  con- 
fusion,  and  severe  conflicts.  Both  Acadia  and  Nova  Scotia  are 
mentioned,  yet  the  limits  and  extent  of  them,  as  expressed,  have 
long  per))loxcd  the  ablest  statesmen  ;  or  in  other  words,  the  lan- 
guage of  Cromwell's  charier  lias  been  urged  by  opponents  to 
shew,  that  Nova  Scotia  must  have  embraced  another  and  greater 
region,  than  what  is  contained  in  the  charter  to  Sir  William  Alex- 
ander. 

It  was  beyond  doubt  the  design  of  Cromwell  to  confirm  the 
soil  and  freehold  to  the  i>  .tentecs,  as  vested  rights,  and  for  that 
purpose  to  express  himself  in  the  charter,  so  broadly  and  spe- 
cifically, that  all  French  claimt>  night  be  forever  barred — never 
again  to  be  revived  with  sii  cesb.  For,  in  the  language  of  ihe 
charter,  he  granted  tl;i5  '  terv'tory  called  Acadia,  a  part  of  tlie 
'country  called  Nova  Scotia,   extending  from  ^ferliquash  and  in- 

•  eluding  the  port  and  cape  la  Heve,  Cape  Sable,   port  la  Tour 

*  or  I'Esmeron,  Cape  Fourcha,  the  cape,  river  or  bay  of  St,  Ma- 

♦  ry's,  Port-Royal,  the  region  about  the  bay  of  Fundy,  and  the 
'  bay  and  fort  of  St.  John's,  the  region  of  Pentagoct  and  the  river 
^  St.  George,  near  Muscongus,  situate  about  the  covfincs  of  JVeu- 

*  England  :^~'— In  this,  it  was  a  great  mistake  and  misfortune  to 
have  called  Acadia  a  part  of  ?s'ova  Scotia,  extending  it  to  the 
river  St.  George  ;  or  to  have  considered  diem  "  as  two  different 
countries,  which  were  in  trudi  the  same."^  For  Acadia  never 
had  any  other  southern  limit,  than  that  of  latitude  in  the  40tli  de- 
gree, mentioned  in  King  Henry's  chart(;r  to  de  Monts,  A.  D, 
1603^  whereas  the  southern  extent  of  Nova  Scotiu,  was  weli 
understood  to  be  limited  and  bounded  by  the  river  St.  Croix,  as 


described,    v.  D.  1021,  in  the  ^'barter  of  king  James  to  Alex 


un- 


der ;  and  both  extended  over  the  same  territory  eastwardly,  tot'i. 
shores  below  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  A  general  recession 
afterwards,  without  limitation,  iujd  open  all  tlie  difficultiuB, 

*  I  Clmlincr*,  p.  18tt.— 1  Flolmis'  A.  Ann.  \>.  3(W,  Note  4 


CHif.  »«-l 


OP  MAINE. 


in. 


■/':->: 


■  'a 


CHAPTER  XI. 


7,i«  XeW'Ph/mouth  patent  of  Kcnnchcck — Difficulties  there — A 
meeting  of  the  people  callrd — A  code  of  rides  and  regulations  • 
adopted — A  local  Court  eslaldished — The  trade  of  the  patent 
leased  several  i/ceers —  The  trade  declines  and  becomes  extinct — 
The  patent  sold — The  period  and  value  of  the  trade — The  pap- 
ula lion — Rem  arks. 

The  trade  and  interests  of  the  New-Plymouth  colony  at  Ken- Al^i  1649 


tu  I6d2. 
KetiMbaclt 


uebeck,  were  at  this  period,  in  a  state  of  decHne.  The  judicious 
and  rigid  rules  and  regulations  of  the  colonial  government  pre-  pawnT 
scribed,  for  cultivating  an  honest  and  honorable  intercourse  with 
the  natives,  were  not  strictly  observed.  There  was  a  diminution 
of  game  and  furs;  an  increasing  number  of  traders;  and  an 
avaricious  disposition  manifested,  by  temporary  residents,  to  ac- 
quire gains  in  any  event.  The  parent  colony  was  too  remote  to 
enforce  her  laws  with  uncompromising  energy  ;  and  the  local 
administration  of  justice  was  a  mere  conservation  of  the  peace. 
Tiierc  was  another  fact  of  some  importance.  The  territorial  Uifficuiik* 
ri^lit  and  title  of  the  colony,  especially  her  claim  from  Merry- 
inecting-bay  to  the  sea,  was  called  in  question.  Therefore,  about 
this  time,  Jereniisquam,  Sebascodegan,  and  other  islands  in  the 
vicinity,  were  purchased  of  the  natives ;  when  the  practice  of 
obtaining  '  Indian  Deeds'  became  fa.shionjible,  till  nearly  the 
whole  patent  was  covered  by  them.  The  execution  of  one  was 
proved  before  the  Ciovcrnor  of  Ma.ssachusetts  ;* — a  circum- 
stance connected  with  others,  which  served  to  recognize  tlie  na- 
tives' rights  to  .some  extent,  without  regard  to  prohibitory  laws. 
BciPt  by  discourafi^ements  on  all  sides,  the  Plymouth  colony, 
in  consideration  of  ii50f  yearly  rent,  leased  the  trade  three 
years,  landing  Jime  8,  1652,  to  a  committee  of  five  distinguished 

*  111  A.  I).  1()4S,  n  f^an-ainorp  convi-yeil  to  Governor  Brndford,  all  tlio 
lam!-  on  botli  siilrs  of  the  rivrr  to  \Vc'8s.Triin«f>f.  Stjiiajn  TsUnd  and  otlicra 
vfcre  purchased  in  1(549. 

tSiillivan,  p.  144— 5— 2!)«:  Rti.l  Honk  of  Ciaiiiis. 


THf:  HISTORY 


A.D.  IC52 


A.  D.  1G53 
March  7. 
A  conven- 
tiun  called 
(there, 


a.  D.  16M. 


[Vol.  I. 

colonists,*  viz.  Gov.  Bradford,  and  Messrs.  Winslow,  Prince 
Millet  and  Paddy.  Still  the  difficulties  and  embarrassments  were 
not  diminished ;  and  tlic  colony  spread  iier  complaints  before 
Parliaincnt.  To  prevent  cncroachnir  s  and  promrjte  trajiquil- 
lity,  the  Council  of  State  "  granted  iers  under  the  great  .,eal, 
confirming  and  enlarging  her  trade  wiunn  the  patent ;  and  reuuired 
all  the  English  residents  upon  the  river  Kennebeck,  to  render  im- 
plicit submission  to  the  colonial  government,  in  all  their  civil  ?  .1 
social  concerns."  An  attempt  v.'as  then  made  tore\ive  the?'  j- 
and  New-riymouth,  at  the  expiration  of  the  first  lease,  extLidj ! 
It  1.1  rcc  years  longer  ;  requiring  the  lessees  themselves,  or  soriio 
of  them,  to  reside  continually  within  the  patent,  under  a  penaltv 
of  forfeiting  the  trade. 

The  next  year,  March  7,  1053,  the  General  Court  of  that 
colony,  appointed  Thomas  Prince,  who  was  one  of  the  Council, 
a  cOiumissioner  to  summon  tlio  inhabitants  together  at  some  con- 
venient place  ipon  the  river,  for  these  purposes,  t'lsr.  1,  to  take 
the  oath  of  I'-uelity  to  the  governments  of  England  and  New- 
Plymouth,  or  .■•'in.rwise  leave  the  patent  territory  :  2,  to  be  made 
acquainted  with  iLe  colony  laws,  applicable  to  them,  and  establish 
suitable  rules  and  regulations  to  guide  and  govern  them  in  their 
civil  affairs  :  and  3,  to  choose  assistants,  who  were  to  aid  the 
commissioner,  in  framing  and  executing  the  orders  to  be  adopt- 
ed and  settled. 

In  pursuance  cf  a  warrant  issued  by  the  commissioner  to  the 
marshal  of  New-Plymouth,  May  15th,  1G54,  the  inhabitants  upon 
the  river  Kennebeck  were  summoned  to  convene  on  the  23d,  at 
the  house  of  Thomas  Ashly,  near  the  margin  of  Merrymeeting- 
bay.  Accordingly  Prince,  tlie  commissioner,  was  met  by  IG  men 
of  that  Immediate  neighborhood, f  to  whom,  after  he  had  pub- 
lished his  commission,  he  administered  the  oath,  prescribed  in 
the  following  words  : 


*  Morton's  Mi-morial,  p.  135 — 147. 

+  Their  names  were  (licsc ;  Tlwmas  Ashley;  Thomas  Atkins;  John 
Brown,  [of  Woolwicli ;]  Jainc's  Cole;  William  Davis;  Emanuel  IIcvcs 
William  James;  Thomas  Parker;  John  i'arker,  [of  Parker's  Island;  Tho- 
mas PwRCiiAs,  Gi.NTi.r.MAN,  of  Pc^vpscot ;  John  Richards  of  Jcrcniis- 
quam  ;  James  Smith  ;  Jolm  Stone  ;  Alexander  Tiiawvt;  Thomas  Webber, 

and  John  White. It  is  supposed  .i</i<n*  lived  on  a  bay  above  Small  Point, 

wQCC  called  by  his  name. 


CHAf'  *>•]  OF  MAINE.  3tf7 

«'  You  shrJl  be  true  and  faithful  to  the  State  of  England  as  It  a.  D.  i«5i. 
>is  new  established  ;  and,  whereas,  you  choose  to  reside  within  R«ku>«i>oi>> 
•the  government  of  New-PlymouU>,  you  shall  not  do,  nor  cause 

•  otedone,  any  act  or  acts,  directly  or  indirectly,  by  land  or 
"  (cater,  that  shall,  or  may  tend  to  the  destruction  or  overthrow 

•  of  the  wiiule  or  part  of  this  govemineiii,  orderly  erected  or  es- 
"tablishcd;  buMhal?  contrariwise  'linder,  and  oppose  such  in- 
"U'litsand  purpose*  as  lend  thereunto,  and  discover  them  to 
"tliosevvho  are  in  place,  lor  the  time  b'^ing  ;  that  tlie  government 
"may  be  informed  thereof  with  all  convenient  S|)eed  : — You  shall 
•'also  submit  to  and  observe  all  such  good  and  wholesome  laws, 
-ordinances  and  officers,  as  are  or  shall  be  established,  within 
•the  several  limits  thereof. — Sc  lielp  you  God,  who  is  vhe  God 
"of  truth  and  punisher  of  falsehood."*       ^,  ,:,^:;y-h  •  .r  :  fr/,  n;-  . 

This  little  convention  of  sworn  freemen,  imder  the  Commts- 
sioper,  as  presiding  officer,  elected  Thomas  Purchas,  Assistant,       •  ■   V 
and  John  Ashly,  Constable  ;  and  established  a  code  of  succinct 

orders,  or  ordinances,  classed  in  this  manner. Firstly — All 

capital  crimes,  such  as  treason  against  England  or  these  colo- 
.!ies ;  wilful  murder ;  solemn  converse  or  compact  with  the  devil, 
by  way  of  conjuration  or  witchcraft ;  the  wilful  burning  of 
liouses ;  sodomy  ;  rape ;  and  adultery,  were  to  be  tried  by  the 
General  Court  at  New-Plymouth - 

Secondly — The  trials  of  other  crimes  were  within  the  juris-  ^  '■ 

diction  of  the  Commissioner's  and  Assistants'  Court. — Theft  wm 
punishable  by  restitution  of  three  or  four  fold,  according  to  the  na- 
ture of  the  otfence  and  the  discretion  of  the  local  Court.  The 
convicted  drunkard  was  finable  6s  for  the  first  oflence — 10«.  for 
the  second — and  for  the  third,  he  was  to  set  in  the  stocks.  Pro- 
faning wilfully  the  hard's  day  was  punishable  according  to  the 
assistants'  discretion.  As  the  Indians  when  intoxicated  were 
often  guilty  of  "much  horrid  wickedness,"  even  "the  murder  of 
ilieir  nearest  relations  ;"  it  was  urdcred,  that  every  inhabitant 
sdJing  them  any  strong  liquor,  shor.ld  for  the  first  oftence  forfeit 
(loi;l)Ie,  and  for  the  second,  four  told  the  value  sold  :  and  for 
t!io  third,  he  should  forever  bj  debarred  the  privilege  of  trading 
with-them.     If  the  wrongdoer   were  a  stranger,  his   fine  for  the 

*Scc  llio  Jieards  of  Pli^.iuulL  (.'ohnv,  U"/\h\y  copied  by  onlcr  of  the 
(icntral  Court,  iinJ  <li'pouUul  in  !!.r  olllc:'  u''  f'ocrtlary  of  Hlatc— Boston. 


TraJe. 


fP 


368  •'  *E  HISTORY  [Vot.  (. 

A.u.  16M  first  transgression  was  £10,  and  for  the  second  £20;  one  half 
Reflations  to  thc  infoi  iner  and  the  other  half  to  public  use^ 

Thirdltf — In  the  prudential  regulations  establi  -hm  : — All  fijj). 
ing  and  fowling  were  expressly  continued  free  to  every  inhabit- 
ant. If  "  beavor  or  moose"  were  presented  to  any  one,  for  bar- 
ter  by  the  Indians  upon  the  ri-,;  r,  a  trade  with  them  was  to  be 
free,  provided  no  prohibited  aj  licle  was  sold  to  thera.  All  ac- 
tions between  party  and  party  were  to  be  tried  before  a  jurv  of 
twelve  men  ;  but  no  civil  cause  above  £20  sterling  was  tria- 
ble in  die  local  Courts,  without  the  consent  of  both  parties- 
such  belonging  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Courts  at  New-PK. 
mouth. — The  next  term  of  the  commissioner's  or  local  Court  was 
appointed  to  be  holden  at  the  same  place,*  die  Tuesd.nv  after  ilie 
20th  of  the  ensuing  May  ;  and  probably  from  year  to  year  in  that 
month. 

An  exclusive  right  to  the  fur  and  peltry  trade,  and  the  fishe- 
ries within  the  patent,  had  exalted  the  expectations  of  the  peo- 
ple at  New-Plymouth,  to  a  height  altogether  unreasonable. 
They  would  not  believe  those  interests  and  enterprizes  were  un- 
dergoing a  decline,  which  must  assuredly  disappoint  their  hopes. 
The  public  mind  was  full  of  conjecture  ;  till  a  strange  jealousy 
called  in  question  the  wisdom,  and  carefulness  of  the  lessees, 
though  they  were  the  first  men  in  the  colony. 

In  February,  1655,  all  the  towns  in  tlie  government  were  re- 
quired to  express  their  opinions  upon  the  course  which  had  been 
pursued,  or  ought  to  be  adopted,  and  especially  upon  tlie  expedi- 
ency of  leasing  the  patent  any  longer.  This  educed  a  spirited 
though  temperate  legislative  discussion,  resuldng  in  a  farther 
lease  for  seven  years,  at  £35  annual  rent,  to  be  paid  half-yearly, 
in  money,  moose  or  beaver  at  the  current  prices.  By  tlie 
leasehold-indenture,  Bradford,  Prince,  and  Willet,  the  lessees, 
engaged  to  improve  the  trade  in  a  manner  most  beneficial  as  well 
to  th3  country  as  themselves ;  and  to  resign  the  lease,  if  any 
town  should  be  dissatisfied  wiUi  the  terms. 

But  nothing  had  the  effect  to  abate  the  popular  discontent  and 
jealousy  ;  and  the  General  Court,  at  the  July  session,  appointed 
a  committee  of  four,  to  confer  with  the  Council,  or  magistrates 
upon  the  subject ;  to  inquire  into  all  the  affairs  of  the  patent,— 


Hcven 
.■ears' lease 


*  1  Haz.  Col.  I).  30G. — Ncw-Plymoutii  Colony  records. 


>f  n  A. 


'■.nn'^fl 


(^Btf.  XI.]  OF  MAINE.  ^69 

die  regulations  and  goremment  within  ib~-4lie  ageoey  of  Mt,  a.d.  mti. 
^^iy — and  the  accounts  of  the  treasurer;  and  to  take  meas-' 
ar2S  for  securing  the  public  powder  and  property,  and  repairing^ 

pirticularly,  Jones'  river  bridge. 

Thi>  investigation  bad  a  beneficial  influence  upon  public  opin- 
ion. It  was  at  length  perceived,  that  the  discouragements  were 
io  consequence  of  events  and  incidents,  which  it  was  impossible 
to  control.  The  facilities  in  taking  game,  gradually  diminislied. 
Tbe  deeds  of  the  Indians  conveyed  rights,  which  they  could  not 
understand.  Their  hunting  ground  were  sometimes  occupied  or 
claimed  by  English  hunters  or  ^  ,)ortsmen.  For  it  was  necessary, 
that  the  lessees  should  often  iv  o  applicants,  though  they 

were  equivocal  characters.     T  of  hunting  and  trad- 

ing, was  less  profitable  than  foi  value  of  commodities 

exchanged  for  furs  being  better  .ijuwist'  d.  The  Indians  were 
ill-natured  and  jealous, — the  proselytes,  if  not  the  dupes,  of  the 
catholic  missionaries,  who  were  without  intermission  among  the 
tribes.* 

Amidst  these  increasing  evils,  the  trade  was  let,  in  1656-7-8,  A.  D.  leae 

to  1649. 

at  the  same  annual  rent  of  £35  ;  a  sum  which,  though  small,  the 
lessees  found  they  could  not  afford  to  pay  a  fourth  year.  A  man- 
ifesto was  therefore  issued,  July  7,  1659,  by  the  New-Plymouth 
executive,  which  publicly  stated,  that  there  were  unhappily 
"troubles  among  the  Indians"  themselves  upon  the  river,  some 
having  been  killed  or  carried  away,  and  all  of  them  too  much 
discouraged  to  pursue  their  hunting  with  any  ambition ;  that  seri- 
ous losses  were  already  apjM'ehended  from  the  cessation  of  trade  ; 
and  that  the  towns  were  in  duty  bound  to  instruct  their  dep- 
uties, what  measures  should  be  adopted  to  prevent  its  becoming 
utterly  extinct.        '  «'"^'n   ftrvn-^   .  /  ..    ■-       -  ,      '  .  :'r'vr    :■,' - 

At  the  October  session,  the  trade  was  leased  a  year  for  the  The  irad« 
paltry  pittance  of  only  £10,  free  of   embarrassments  and  out- Jirt 
standing  dues,  upon  condition  of  permitting  the  Indians  never  to 
owe  at  one  time,  more  than  500  skins.     This  lease  was  the  last. 


§■:: 


*  Father  Gabriel  Drcuilletts,  the  first  catholic  miisionary,  to  the  Cani- 
Uslndians,  commenced  a  residence  in  the  nrildemess  of  Kennebeck,  in 
1646.— 1  Charlevoixy  JV.  F.  p.  48A. — This  author  also  says,  <  the  Capuchin 
prieats  had  a  trading  bouse  and  religious  hospital  at  Pentagoet,  in  the  same 
Tear,  1646.*  Preuilletts  was  succeeded  bj  James  Bigot  and  Vincent  Big- 
ot, father  and  son,  and  by  Father  Ralii. 
Vol.  I.  34 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1.1 


I 


y  "tf   ■  2.2 

Sf  Itt   12.0 


I J5  i  1.4 


1.6 


^Sciences 
Corporation 


7i  wht  main 

WttSTH.N.V. 


STRHT 

I4SM 
4S03 


> 


%^ 


o^ 


lUniarki. 


870  THE  HurroRY  f-  [Vou  i. 

A.  D.  M60.  The  next  year,  the  lessees  took  home  their  agents,  laborers  and 

estates ;  and  the  General  Court  grauted  to  any  volunteers  the 

liborty  of  trade  upon  the  river,  without  lease  or  price,  proposiot 

to  sell  the  whole  patent  for  £500.       ird  'i»m  ' 

A  sale  at  last  was  negotiated  by  a  Committee  of  three,  appoint- 

A. D.  1661.^  for  the  purpose;   and  on  the  27th  of  October,   1661,*  the 

ThS^JSiS*  ?•*«»*  wr   conveyed  to  Artepas  Bois,  Edward  Tyng,  Tbomit 

Brattle  and  John  Winslow,  for  £400  sterling ;   the  deed  of  u. 

signment  being  executed  by  eleven  gemlemen  who  call  themsehret 

a  committee,  f 

In  no  other  part  of  New-England,  had  the  people  devoted 
themselves  so  entirely  tu  the  peltry  and  fur  trade,  as  they  had 
within  the  precincts  of  this  patent.  Thirty-four  years,  it  had 
been  well  improved  by  the  parent  colony ;  within  which  period, 
her  emoluments  and  net  gains  must  have  exceeded  considerably 
in  the  aggregate,  £1,600  sterling  :|  to  which  is  to  be  added,  the 
price  of  sale.  There  was  no  effort  nor  intent  to  establish  a 
plantation  upon  the  river.  The  government  here  was  of  a  noo* 
descript  character,  under  which  neither  the  laws  nor  the  rulers 
were  respected ;  and  many  of  the  residents  were  transient  people 
and  hunters.  The  colony  at  New-Plymouth  had  no  surplus 
population  to  transplant  into  these  parts  i  and  though  the  territory 
of  the  patent  embraced  700  square  miles,  tliere  were  at  this 
period  found  within  it  of  white  people,  not  more,  probably  than 
300  souls.  Surely  it  is  to  be  lamented,  that  the  laudable  en- 
deavors,  made  more  than  half  a  century  before,  to  plant  a  colony 
witliin  the  limits  of  this  territory,  should  never  have  been  effectu- 
ally revived ;  and  tdat  the  patent  itself,  after  the  sale,  was  in  fact 
permitted  to  sink  so  deep  in  oblivion,  as  to  exhibit  only  a  few 
settlements,  fewer  surveys,^  and  a  small  number  of  the  owners' 
names,  for  the  greater  part  of  an  hundred  years. 


*  I  Man.  Rtp.  p.  H14  —Prop,  of  Kenntbtck  v.  Call — This  Indenture  wii 
recorded  in  the  county  of  York,  A.  D.  1719. 

t  SuUixan^  p.  117,  304.  The  auigncei  erected  a  fort  in  1602,  at  "  Mut- 
quequoite."— [Maqiioit.] 

I  Joseph  nanc,  laya,  he  wns  taken  captive  by  the  Indians,  A.  D.  1692, 
was  with  Iheni  M  years;  learned  their  iangfiiag^e ;  they  called  tlio  mouth  of 
the  Kennebeck-river, '^Uiinkadarunk  ;"  and  the  Piymoui':  trading  houK 
was  at  "  Ciislienock."— Ifenn(6(cfc  C/ai'nM. 

}  Some  surveys  by  Heath  io  1719 ;  and  by  Jones  in  1731.        .  "**' 


CSAT'  III.] 


'fm*  orMAme. 


871 


ifi. 


--;*     -/f .  ^ 


^   v' 


J;  'f   V,, ;,; 


•V..t    J.^;,. 

^:;    vi   /^" 

"  >' 

L---4T 

•  -  t*~:Vrti 

>':-i-    tMtt^ 

-^CHAPTER  XII. 

The  ttatute-lmo  trnd  government  of  Massachusetts  transfered  to 
Maine — Elections  of  public  officers — Courts — County  officers — 
Towns,  their  duties  and  powers — The  Militia  system — General 
Uhtrties — Particular  laws — Marriage — Sabbath — Ecclesiastical 
affairs — Cambridge  platform — Support  of  the  ministry — Heresy, 
—especially  of  the  Baptists,  Jesuits  and  Quakers — Crimes 
and  punishments — Employments— Humane  laws— Education—  '   '" 

Debtors — Taverns — Torture — TaxeUion  and  assessments. 

The  adoption  or  subjugation  of  the  western  parts  of  Maine,  ^^  q  ,g^ 
was  followed  by  a  train  of  events,  as  well  as  attended  by  a  mul-  '**  '•*°- 


tiplicity  of  circumstances,  unusually  important  to  the  Province.  Maina  • 
A  political  connexion  was  formed,  which,  with  some  interruption  MatMcbu- 
lasted  about  an  hundred  and  sixty-seven  years.  The  territorial 
jurisdiction,  though  at  first  limited,  was  from  time  to  time,  ex- 
tended ;  till  it  embraced  the  whole  seaboard  eastward,  even  to 
Passamaquoddy.  The  laws,  regulations  and  politics  of  Massa- 
chusetts were  immediately  received  by  the  adopted  people ;  and 
they  all  became  partakers  in  the  administration  of  civil  affairs. 

The  code  of  statute-law  in  that  government,  formed  since  the  StmuM- 
first  settlement  of  the  colony  and  of  late  considerably  improved, 
was,  in  a  few  subsequent  years,  thought  to  bo  quite  complete  in 
itself,  and  in  its  adaptation  to  the  people's  interests,  habits  and 
wants.*  To  become  acquainted  with  this  system  of  political  and 
legal  regulations,  by  which  the  new  subjects  of  them  were  to  be 
ruled,  was  indispensable.     For  according  to  an   adage  of  the 

•  times,  no  one  might  be  endamaged  under  color  of  law  or  coun- 
'  tenance  of  authority,  unless  in  virtue  of  some  legislative  enact- 

•  ment  sufficiently  pubUshed ;'  and  when  the  law  was  defective, 
resort  was  directed  «•  to  the  word  of  God."t  They  also  deserve 
the  more  consideration  and  particularity,  because,  to  them  are 

•  Between  1640  and  1660,  the  General  Court  completed  a  Rj»t«m  of 
Itiri  and  ifovernment,  which  had  become  quite  perfect.— //ii<cAiiuon'« 
Hill.  p.  10,  11.  t  Colony  Lawa,  A.  D.  1041,  p.  44. 


STt 


THE  HnroKY 


(V«t. 


Free  nifrt- 
(ei. 


k.  D.  1640  traced  the  origio  and  foundation  of  successive  laws  and  measures, 
even  to  the  present  period. 

At  the  May  session  of  the  General  Court,  in  1 654,  next  after 
the  siiljmission  of  the  western  parts  of  Maine — a  committee  of 
three  was  appointed  to  examine  and  arrange  all  the  Legislative 
laws  and  ordinances,  boiii  written  and  printed  ;  and  prepare  "fit 
titles  and  tahles  for  ready  recourse  to  any  particular."  A  vol- 
ume was  afterwards  published  ;*  and  the  General  Court  ordered, 
that  all  new  laws  enacted,  should,  within  ten  days  after  the  ses- 
sion closed,  be  printed,  and  a  copy  distributed  to  every  magis- 
trate, court,  and  town,  within  the  colony. 
8nii«m  nr  According  to  the  articles  and  provisions  of  the  colony  char- 
gvveraaeat.  ter,  the  government  was  administered  by  a  Governor,  Deputy- 
Governor — council  of  eighteen  assistants,  and  house  of  deputies; 
all  of  whom  were  chosen  by  a  free  suffrage  of  tl>e  people.f 
Freemen  only  were  voters;  and  as  early  as  May  1631, it 
was  ordaiiied,  that  none  other  than  church-members  should  be 
freemen  ;  and  that  they  only,  after  IG36,  might  be  elected  to  any 
office  civil  or  military.  Yet  the  severity  of  the  law  Was  miti- 
gated towards  the  eastern  people  upon  their  submission;  and 
church-membership  was  never  a  prerequisite  in  Maine,  to  qualify 
and  entitle  a  man  to  the  privilege  of  free  suffrage.  All  who 
were  admitted  freemen  took  the  oath  of  allegiance,  either  at  the 
annual  Court  of  Elections  in  Boston,  or  in  the  County  Courts, 
where  their  names  were  recorded  by  the  clerk,  and  transmitted 
to  the  Secretary  of  the  colony ;  who  iists  of  all  the  free- 

men, in  the  registry  of  the  General  Coui\  .j." 

The  Governor,  Deputy-Governor,  Major-General  of  all  the 
inilitia,  the  Country-Treasurer,  the  Secretary,  Admiral,  and  two 
Commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies'^  were  called  "  General 
Officers,"  and  were  annually  elected  by  the  freemen  at  large,  on 
the  last  Wednesday  of  >^iy.|| 

On  election  days,  the  Governor,  Deputy-Governor  and  Assis- 


Pttblic  oin 
cen. 


*  I  Mass.  Rcc.  p.  209. 

fTliey  alt  Kat  tofTL'tlicr  till  A.  I).  104t;  ulion  tlio  Council  ami  Home 
■eparatcd;  and  cacli  liad  at'tcrivards  a  negative  upon  thu  oUit-r. — Winlk. 
Jour.  p.  n2S.— C/i(i/mer«,  p.  1G6.  . 

I  In  May,  1060,  lliu  nainc«  of  tlio  freemen  wore  Ly  lanr  BCMtt  to  the 
clrrki  of  llic  6lurer>,  and  the  County  Courts  Lutlioii/cd  to  admit  frceinrn. 
3_  Ma$».  Rtc.  p.  224 

(  Thrte  wcrp  chowin  by  the  (ionoral  Court,  till  A.  I).  1616.        ||  Paicot. 


}rnor  and  Assis- 


'  ImA,   in\  i 


■■tx'~ 


CgiF.  III.]  or  MAINE.  ,  37f 

tflMieboseo  the  preceding  year,  and  the  Deputies  newly  elect- a.  D.  mm 

ed,  held  a  seision  together,  usually  in  a  meedng-house  of  Boston,  ^ 
irherR  they  received  from  each  freeman  of  the  colony  present,  a  E^viiM. 
bitten  ballot  for  the  candidates,  only  one  being  voted  for  at  the 
june  time.  In  the  exercise  of  this  franchise,  the  voters  advanced 
mrou^  one  aisle  or  avenue,  and  laid  their  ballots  upon  the  table, 
departing  through  anotlter.*  Such  freemen  as  did  not  choose 
to  aneod,  were  permitted  to  give  their  votes  in  their  respective 
to\rns,  to  their  deputy  in  the  constable's  presence ;  which,  being 
sealed,  were  transmitted  to  the  election-table,  with  a  list  of  the 
freemen's  names  who  had  so  voted. f  Generally,  the  person's 
name  voted  for  was  upon  the  ballot ;  sometimes,  however,  a  candi- 
date was  put  in  nomination,  when  a  ballot  marked  was  counted 
for  him,  and  a  blank  ballot  agaitut  him.       >i   ivn.  _;^  -    ^•;,  Vt-;tn 

In  the  choice  of  Assistants,  there  were  some  peculiarities.  Anitiuu. 
The  freemen  of  every  town  were  convened,  the  first  week  in 
every  April,  by  the  constable ;  when  they  voted  for  any  num- 
ber of  Assistants,  they  chose  to  have,  never  exceeding  eighteen. 
The  whole  were  examined  by  the  Governor  and  Council  early 
in  May  and  published  ;  and  tliose  who  had  the  greatest  number  of 
votes  were  declared  to  be  in  nomination.  On  the  day  of  election, 
tJie  name  of  tach  candidate  on  the  list  was  severally  announced, 
and  the  freemen  voted  by  wpv  of  corns  and  beans ;  tlie  former 
being  counted  for  him  and  the  latter  against  him.  The  freemen 
who  exercised  the  right  of  suffrage  at  home,  voted  in  the  same 
manner  for  Assistants,  transmitting  their  votes,  sealed  and  labelled, 
10  the  election-table.     For  tliirty  yenrs,  only  fourteen  were  annu- 

I  ally  chosen ;  the  numbe'  was  then  mcreased  to  eighteen  ;J  and 
ihey,  the  Governor,  and  Deputy-Governor,  were  collectively  de- 

I nominated  "Magistrates."  '       '•, 

The  Deputies  or  Representatives  to  the  General  Court  were  ii,-^,^^,. 

I  elected  by  towns.     No  town  could  send  more  than  two.     If  it  •''*«» 
contained  not  above  20  freemen,  it  could  elect  one  only  ;  if  less 
than  ten,  it  was  allowed  none,  though  it  might  join  in  voting  for 
Deputies  with  the  freemen  of  tliu  next  town.     Great  latitude  was 

given  in  the  selection  of  candidates ;  for  a  town  might  elect  any 

freeman  within  the  colony,  its  representative  ;  and  these  choices 

♦0»ilby,  p.  163.  t  Col.  Lnw8,  A.  1).  isa6,  p.  42. 

t  After  Anguwt,  1661,  eighteen  were  annually  choicn. 


374 

A.  D.  IMO 
to  IMO. 


THE  HISTORY 


1. 


The  Judici 
vy. 


Superior 
Court. 


OHinty 
Court. 


[Voi. 

of  non-residents  were  frequent.  But  no  one  could  be  a  Depaiy 
who  was  **  unsound  in  the  main  points  of  the  christian  religjoa 
"  as  held  forth  and  acknowledged  by  the  generaliQr  of  the  pn>. 
"  testant  orthodox  wfiters."* 

Under  the  colonial  charter,  the  whole  number  of  deputies  Id 
any  one  year,  never  exceeded  52,  nor  were  less  than  25  ;-|-  ud 
Maine  at  no  time  after  the  connexion,  returned  more  than  four 
or  possibly  five,  though  a  greater  number  of  towns  were  at  dif. 
ferent  times  represented. 

The  Judiciary  power  was  vested  in  three  tribunals,  1.  the 
Court  of  Magistrates,  or  Assistants;  2.  the  County  Courts;  3. 
the  single  magistrate's  or  three  Commissioners*  Court. 

The  Court  of  Magistrates,  constituted  of  the  Governor,  Dep- 
uty-Governor and  Assistants,  was  the  highest  judicial  tribunal  in 
the  colony ;  having  jurisdiction  of  all  capital  crimes,  cases  of 
divorce,  and  appeals  from  inferior  courts.  Their  sessions  were 
semi-annual,  in  the  spring  and  autumn,  and  always  in  Boston. 
A  jury  was  empanneled  as  early  as  May,  1631  ;  and  after  1634, 
the  freemen  in  their  respective  towns  and  plantations  chose  their 
jurymen,^  as  they  did  their  municipal  officers. 

The  County  Court  was  holden  by  the  resident  magistrate 
within  the  shire,  or  such  other,  as  the  General  Court  might  d^ 
signate ;  assisted  by  four  such  freemen  of  worth  and  intelligence 
within  tlie  several  counties,  as  the  towns  in  their  annual  meetings 
might  select  or  nominate,  and  the  legislature  approve  and  put 
into  the  commission,  called  "Associates"  Of  the  five,  three 
formed  a  quorum,  provided  one  at  least  was  a  magistrate.  The 
sessions  of  tliis  court  in  Maine,  were  twice  every  year.  They 
appointed  their  own  clerks  or  recorders,  summoned  juries  of  in- 
quest and  of  trials,  and  had  jurisdiction  of  probate  matters,  of  all 
causes  civil  above  40s,  all  criminal  cases  not  capita],  and  others 
not  reserved  to  the  Court  of  "  Assistants."'^ 

The  third  and  lowest  judicial  court  in  the  colony,  had  jurisdic- 
tion of  all  civil  controversies  within  the  county,  wherein  the  sum 

*  Cul.  LatBt,  p.  42-92-98-1 17.— 2  Mats.  Rtc.  p.  238.— A  day'a  absence  of 
a  deputy,  was  fined  208. 

t  In  1654,  there  were  40  ;  in  16C2,  only  27.  In  1666-7-8,  there  were 
none  from  Maine,  thougli  in  1668,  there  were  60  members.  In  the  DCit 
10  years  there  were  never  so  many  as  SO,  except  A.  D.  1671-2,  then 
were  51.  {1  Mass.  Reo.  p.  76. 

\  Col.  IjtWB,  p.  07-86. 


CllF.  XU.] 


OF  MAINE. 


876 


igo^ndei  did  not  exceed  40  f  hillings,  and  it  migbt  fine  in  crim-  A«o  MM 
ioil  cases  to  that  amount.  It  was  holden  by  a  single  uu^^utrmte 
vithout  a  jury,  in  the  town  where  he  resided.—- Three  commis-  mie't 
jjoners  also,  if  it  were  required,  were  appointed*  by  the  Court  of 
Assistants,  or  County  Court,  in  towns  where  no  magistrate  resid- 
ed, to  determine  those  small  causes ;  and  if  any  Commissioner 
^  interested,  a  selectman  took  his  place.  Appeals  lay  from 
(Jecisions  in  these  petty  tribunals,  to  the  County  Court. 

The  County-officers  were,  1.  a  marslial,  who  was  the  execu- CMtmy  or- 
tive  officer  of  the  county ;  2.  the  County-treasurer, — both  of'""" 
whom  were  elected  annually  by  the  freemen  in  towns,  and  3. 
the  clerk,  or  recorder  of  the  shire,t  appointed  by  the  County 
Court,  who  was  by  an  ordinance  of  1642,  made  ex  officio  the 
register  of  deeds,  which  had  previously  been  recorded  since 
1634,  in  town  books. 

Next  to  the  regulations  of  counties,  we  ought  to  mention  those  Town  and 
of  towns ;  for  the  original  of  almost  all  political  measures  and  ccn. 
movements,  might  at  this  early  period,  be  traced  to  the  primary 
assemblies  in  these  municipal  corporations.      Here  the  public 
monies  were  raised  and  collected  ;   officers  of  trust  and  honor 
were  voted  for ;  and  the  various  interests  of  society   promoted 
and  guarded.     The   town   officers  in  these  early  times,   were, 
I.  the  selectmen,   who   had  in   trust,   the  prudentials   of  the 
tovni  and   assessed   the   taxes;    2.    constables,   whose    official 
eDsigu  was  "  a  black  staff,"  and  whose  business  it  was  to  warn 
toffD  meetings,  collect  taxes,  serve  the  smaller   legal  processes, 
raise "  hue  and   cry,"   and   take   inquests  on   dead   bodies ;  3. 
clerk  of  the  writs,  who  kept  the  town  records,    signed  legal  pre- 
cepts, returnable  before  single  magistrates  or  town  commission- 
ers, and  recorded  births  and  deaths  ;  4.  surveyors  of  highways  ; 
5.  sealers  of  weights  and  measures  ;J  and  6,  tything-men — all 
chosen  by  their  townsmen.      Among  the  duties  enjoined  upon 
towns,  they  were  required  to  make  and  amend  their  highways 
and  Sridges  ;  and  after  1659,  to  support  their  poor  :  also  to  per- 


*  This  was  repealed  in  1637,  excepl'as  tu  Doston  and  Yorl<»hire.— 2  JUtut, 
Rtc.  p.  332.  As  to  the  choice  of  Associates— /i  p.  33.  Tltey  were  put 
inio  the  "  Cornniission." — 4  Matt.  JRec.  p.  iI-3.— 2  Hutch,  lliil.  p.  31. 

t  Ilif  reconls  were  made  by  law,  1G50,  concliisivo  evidence. — 2  JV<ui. 
Ru.  p.  25. 

t  In  1674,  F.  Littlefield  was  indiclcd  at  York,  for  want  of  »calcs  and 
•fights  in  his  mill  as  the  Un-  Hircrts, 


Militia. 


876  THE  HISTORY  [Vei.  i. 

A.  D^JMt  uabulate  the  tonm  lines  ooeo  in  three  years  j   and  as  early  ^ 
*"  IftSl'ft,  to  procure  a  standard  of  weights  and  measures.* 

The  military  was  a  rery  important  department  in  the  gorem. 

ment  All  able  bodied  freemen  and  others,  who  had  taken  « the 
oath  of  residents,"  belonged  to  the  trainbands.  Those,  in  a  iowb 
formed  a  company ;  and  if  their  number  were  64,  they  were  en- 
titled  to  a  captain,  subalterns  and  non-commissioned  officers* 
otherwise  they  were  exercised  by  sergeants,  or  perhaps  by  a  sob. 
altern.  Till  1 658,  the  captain,  lieutenant  and  ensign,  were  elected 
by  the  freemen  in  town  meeting ;  afterwards,  they  were  elected 
by  their  respective  companies ;  and  in  both  cases,  the  choice 
was  presented  to  the  County  Court,  which  either  confirmed  it, 
or  rejected  it  and  ordered  another  election. f 

The  soldiery  of  each  county  formed  a  regiment,t  which  was 
commanded  by  a  sergeant-major,  chosen  by  the  freemen  of  the 
iame  county  in  town  meetings.  Each  regiment  was  mustered 
once  in  three  years  :  and  at  the  head  of  all  the  militia  in  the 
colony,  was  a  Major-General,<^  elected,  as  previoudy  stated,  like 
the  Governor,  by  tlie  freemen  at  large.  Ensigns  and  ^11  superior 
officers,  were  at  a  subsequent  period,  commissioned  by  the  Gen- 
eral Court.       J«  ;-".'■(•.■»•-'       i''    I'Jiii;     Tj!;u!it;-V     •■.-.'S    wui     ,  i;.  i  i.'t;*"v  ;/ 

The  militia  were  required  to  train  by  companies,  six  times  u 
ii  year ;  and  at  least  two  thirds  of  the  soldiers  were  required 
to  have  muskets,  and  be  furnished  with  bandoleers ;  the  resi- 
due might  serve  with  pikes,||  provided  they  had  "corselets  and 
headpieces." 

But  all  these  were  only  the  more  prominent  features  of  the 
system,  devised  and  embraced  by  the  early  colonists.  They,  as 
emigrants,  felt  no  veneration, — ^they  cherished  no  love  for  the 


*  They  were  first  sealed  by  those  of  the  Governor's,  brougfht  from  Eng- 
land  ;  and  in  1G35,  each  town  was  required  to  have  a  bushel,  peck,  and  the 
aliquot-weights  from  1  lb.  to  14;  also  a  "  rnete  yard," — to  be  sealed  bjtiie 
standard  in  Boston,  kept  by  James  Pen,  the  marshal.—  1  Mass.  Ret.  p,  46- 
103.  i  Col.  Laws,  p.  42-128  —2  Mass.  Rec.  p.  3T1. 

t  In  1639,  there  were  in  Massachusetts,  2  RejjriincntB,  and  1,000  men.- 
fVinth.  Jour.  p.  176.— In  1671,  there  were  6  Regfimcnts  including;  one  \a 
Yorkshire. 

}  I'he  military,  till  1635-6,  wore  under  the  Governor,  Deputy  Governor, 
and  nine  Commissioners,  who  could  try  oflenders  by  Court-martial  and 
put  to  death.— 1  Mass.  Rec.  p.  93-142. 

II  There  were  no  pikemen  in  King  Philip's  war. — Huteh.  Coll.  p.  435. 


Lawiaad 


CbAT'  XII.]  OF  MAINE.  "^ '    977 

(jtabltsbments  in  the  country  they  had  left.  Their  General  A.  ^IM^ 
Qfuxt  legislated  upon  almost  every  subject,  which  could  anywiM 
concern  the  people  in  the  various  conditions  of  life.  In  1641,  i 
vben  so  many  sound  and  liberal  provisions  received  the  sanction 
of  the  legislature,  it  was  ordained,  that  21  years  should  be  the 
litrful  age  of  all  persons  for  transacting  business :  and  with  one 
reneral  sweep,  all  impediments  to  the  alienation  of  property — 
all  feudal  or  servile  burdens,  so  common  in  England,  were  wholly 
disallowed  ;  and  full  liberty  given  for  the  conveyance  of  estates, 
by  deed,  will,  or  otherwise,  without  forfeiture  upon  the  convic- 
tion of  any  crime,  or  offence  whatever.* 

Equal  rights  and  rational  liberty  were  the  arteries  of  their 
whole  civil  system.  Every  one  was  free  to  hunt  in  the  forests, 
to  fish  in  the  tide-waters  and  the  great  interior  ponds,  and  to 
fowl  in  either ;  and  also  at  his  pleasure  to  remove  with  his  family 
to  any  other  place.  No  soldier  was  obliged  to  go  out  of  his 
county  to  do  military  duty,  nor  out  of  the  jurisdiction  in  actual 
service.  Slavery  and  bondage  were  prohibited  ;  and  if  any  one 
ins  holden  by  purchase,  he  was  to  be  treated  with  all  the  kind- 
ness prescribed  in  the  Divine  law. 

Our  ancestors,  for  the  sake  of  freedom  in  matters  of  religion, 
are  well  known  to  have  emigrated  to  this  country  ;  and  it  is  not 
surprising,  therefore,  that  such  institutions  as  marriage  and  the 
sabbath, — the  subjects  of  church-establishments,  and  orthodox 
faith,  should  have  engaged  their  early  and  perpetual  attention. 
New  provisions,  and  those  differing  from  the  laws  and  usages  of  the 
mother  country,  were  intended  to  be  drawn  from  the  scriptures. 
All  christian  fugitives  from  famine  and  persecution  were  by  If  v^ 
to  be  succored,  and  have  the  charities  extended  to  them,  as  enjoiu 
ed  in  the  Gospel, — also  strangers  were  to  have  the  same  measure 
of  justice  as  freemen. 

Marriage,f  every  where  a  divine  and  sacred  ordinance,  was 
never  to  be  contracted  by  maidens,  without  the  parents'  or  guar- 
dians* approbation.  Till  that  was  obtained,  all  the  arts  of  ad- 
dress employed  in  a  secret  manner,  to  win  a  female's  affection, 
were  declared  by  the  legislature  to  be  subversive  of  parental 


Hteh.  Coll.  p.  435. 


*  Colony  Laws,  p.  44. 

t  Beforo  there  was  any  Colony  law,  marriat^e  was  solemnized  by  the 
Governor  and  a  rntaister  of  the  gospel. — WinthropU  Jour.  p.  20. 
Vol.  I.  36 


m 

Lawi  umI 


Pi^lMiasti' 
fi%l  afairi. 


THrHtetCRV  [Vot.,. 

tathotiiy  and  the  divine  honor,  and  were  actually  made  a  fim, 
ble  offence.  The  disposal  of  children  in  marriage  was  declared 
to  be  committed  to  the  care  and  discretion  of  parents  by  God 
himself.  Magistrates,  and  none  other,  were  authorized  to  solenin- 
Ize  marriages,  till  1656,  when  the  power  was  given  also  to 
town  commissioners,  where  no  magistrate  resided ;  yet  there  was 
A  law  as  early  as  1639,  forbidding  parties  to  marry,  before  their 
Intentions  had  been  published  in  three  public  meetings,  or  posted 
fourteen  days. 

The  Sabbath,  instituted  likewise  by  Divine  authority,  was 
esteemed  a  day  of  holy  rest ;  and  several  strict  legislative  provis- 
ions were  made  for  the  sacred  observance  of  it.  The  time 
limited  was  from  midnight  preceding,  to  that  following  the  day; 
attendance  upon  public  worship  was  enjoined  ;  absences  punisha- 
ble ;  and  servile  labor,  recreation  and  travelling  strictly  forbidden. 

The  Church  relations,  deemed  by  the  primary  colonists  so  high- 
ly important,  were  evidently  intended  to  be  formed  and  established 
upon  free  and  scriptural  principles.  For  it  was  resolved  by  the 
legislature,  that  **  no  injunction  might  be  put  either  upon  any 
church,  or  its  officers  or  members  in  point  of  doctrine,  worship 
or  discipline,  whether  for  substance  or  circumstance,  besides  the 
institution  of  the  Lord."*     In  accordance  with  this  freedom,  'ail 

*  the  people  of  God,  who  were  orthodox  in  tlieir  sentiments  and 

*  not  scandalous  in  their  lives,  were  encouraged  by  a  law,  A.  D. 

*  1641,  solemnly  to  congregate  and  embody  themselves  into  a 

*  church  estate ;  and  authorized  to  elect  and  ordain  their  officers, 
'  provided  they  were  able,  pious  and  orthodox  ;  and  to  admit,  j 

*  discipline,  or  excommunicate  their  members ;   yet  no  church 

'  censure  was  ever  to  affect  any  man's  property,  civil  dignity,  oi^  | 

*  fice,  or  authority.'    In  this  way  the  churches  were  purely  con- 
gregationali  formed  upon  principles  of  equality,  and  independent^  I 
of  each  other. 

But  enured  ad  the  colonists  were  in  their  native  country  to  the  I 
connexion  of  cb  irch  and  state,  they  knew  not  how  to  keep  theni| 
entirely  separate.     They  said,  *  it  was  the  duty  of  the  civil  authoi- 

*  ity,  to  see  the  rules  and  ordinances  of  the  gospel  observed  nc- 

*  cording  to  the  scriptures  ;'  and  they  permitted  no  church  to  be 
fornjed  without  the  approbation  of  three  magistrates. 


♦  Co).  I-aws,  p.  101-2.        t  H(;nc<;  sometimes  called  "  Independents "' 


CBAf.  X"] 


OF  MAINE. 


$70 


Plaiferai. 


.««'.p 


Through  this  avenue  once  opened,  a  current  of  legislation  wu  A.IM<» 
cootinually  flowing  into  the  pale  of  the  church  ;  many  ultimately  •* 

{ufiiiring  death  from  its  violence.  A  synod,  convened  in  1 646, 
at  Cambridge,  by  direction  of  the  legislature,  and  protracted  by 
adjournments  about  two  years,  agreed  at  lengtli  upon  a  code  of 
ecclesiastical  rules,  or  articles  of  discipline,  among  the  churches, 
{(bicb  were  submitted  to  them  and  to  tlie  General  Court.  They 
consisted  of  17  chapters,  and  have  been  denominated  "TAecanbridn 
Cambridge  Platform  f^ — being  subsequently  the  ecclesiastical 
constitutions  through  the  New-England  churches,  inasmuch  as 
ibey  generally  adopted  them.* 

In  connexion  with  this  subject,  we  may  take  notice  of  the  pre 
risions  made  by  law  for  the  maintenance  of  an  orthodox  min- 
istry. By  an  ordinance  of  1654,  after  tlie  admission  of  Maine, 
in  which  less  attention  had  been  paid  to  religious  instruction  than 
io  some  other  parts— ^very  County  Court  was  ordered  to  appoint 
what  support  a  town  or  congregation  should  render  their  minister ; 
and  if  it  were  not  voluntarily  provided  and  paid,  it  was  to  be 
assessed  and  collected  like  other  taxes  ;f  and  all  towns  were 
especially  required  by  law,  to  furnish  their  respective  ministers 
with  '  convenient  habitations.' 

But  to  affirm  that  man  is  justified  by  his  own  works,  and  not  H«ra>y« 
by  Christ's  righteousness,  or  to  deny  the  immortality  of  the  soul} 
—the  resurrection  of  the  body, — ^the  morality  of  the  fourth 
comraandment,-^or  the  ordinance  or  authority  of  magistracy— 
was  harshly  denominated,  in  a  law  of  1644,  to  be  "damnable 
htresiea"  tending  to  subvert  the  Christian  faith,  and  to  destroy 
the  souls  of  men.  So  early  was  intolerance  only  another  term 
for  what  they  erroneously  considered  a  part  of  orthodoxy ;  and  it 
is  the  more  remarkable,  that  the  churchmen  and  legislators  of 
those  times  should  undertake  to  check,  control  or  condemn  the 
religious  opinions  of  others,  since  they  themselves  had  so  lately 
come  hither  for  the  sake  of  enjoying  freedom  in  matters  of  faith, 
worship  and  duty. 

The  heretical  sect  first  assailed  by  the  General  Court  were  the  _ 
Baptists. — ^They  were  found  to  have  originated  about  a  century 

*  2  Mauler's  Magnal.  h.  v.  Ed.  1820— p.  103-203,  where  the  chapten 
are  entire.— 1  BeUe.  Jf,  H.  p.  70-1. -^Iti  wmc  of  the  articles,  "  there  is  an 
"appearance  of  liberty  and  tenderneM,  but  none  In  reality." 

t  A.  D.  165f.-2  Mass.  Rec.  p.  230. 


lolMO. 


fJliii-t-'txi 


J«niu. 


860  THB  HISTORY  [Vot.  i. 

A.J^^IMO  befiire,  and  were  declared  to  be  incendiaries  in  chnrch  and  Mate- 
denying  the  lawfulness  of  wars,  and  the  baptism  of  infants.*  In 
1646,  it  was  made  highly  penal  for  men  to  withhold  their  children 
firom  that  ordinance,  or  to  leave  the  congregation  when  dwy 
were  baptised.  One  Painter  was  the  first  who  suffered.  Con. 
victed  of  a  refusal  to  permit  the  baptism  of  his  child,  he  wu 
publicly  whipped ;  and  within  twenty  years,  before  the  persecution 
ceased,  about  thirty  were  either  fined,  whipped  or  banished,  and 
a  few  were  executed. 

Next,  the  General  Court,  believing,  as  they  said,  the  wars  in 
Europe  to  be  chiefly  fomented  by  the  Jetuttt,  devoted  to  the 
religion  and  court  of  Rome,  ordered  in  1647,  every  ecclesiastic 
of  that  order,  coming  within  the  colony,  to  be  banished,  unless  he 
was  a  public  messenger,  and  even  then,  if  he  behaved  offen- 
sively, f  No  one  is  known  to  have  suffered  under  this  law 
though  frequent  attempts  were  made  to  seize  such  of  them,  as 
were  missionaries  among  the  Indians. 

But  no  religious  order  was  so  violently  attacked  as  the  Qm. 
kers.X  The  legislature  called  them  "  a  cursed  sect  of  heretics," 
pretending  "to  be  immediately  sent  from  God,  and  infallibly 
"  assisted  by  the  spirit,  to  speak  and  write  blasphemous  opinions; 
"  despising  government,  and  the  order  of  God  in  church  and 
"  state,  reviling  magistrates  and  ministers,  speaking  evil  of  dig- 
"  nities,  and  seeking  to  turn  away  the  people  from  the  faith. "^ 
To  exterminate  them,  ordinances  were  passed,  in  1656,  only 
four  years  after  their  first  appearance  in  England,  by  which  their 
books  were  to  be  burnt  by  the  common  hangman,  and  them- 
selves to  be  banished,  and  if  they  returned,  to  be  executed. 


Quakan. 


•  Col.  Laws,  p.  102-120.— 1  Haz.  Col.  p.  538 — Hub.  N.  E.  chap.  U. 

f  Col.  Laws. 

\  1  Hutch.  Hut.  p.  180-1 — ^208. — The  persecution  of  quakers  extended 
htto  the  Province  of  Maine,  and  an  order  of  court  was  passed  in  I66t, 
that  "  whatsoever  quakers  shall  act  in  town  afTairs  as  officers  within  the 
county  of  York,  shall  pay  £5."  Major  Nicholas  Shapleigh  of  Kitterji 
seems  to  liave  favored  that  sect,  for  the  constable  of  that  town,  had  been 
ordered,  in  1663, "  to  repair  to  his  house  on  two  sabbath  days,  taking  suffi- 
cient witnesses  with  him,  and  to  forbid  him  and  all  persons  assembled,  fir- 
ing countenance  to  any  such  persons  or  their  meetings  contrary  to  the 
laws  of  this  jurisdiction."— FoJ»om,  p.  141. 

}  Col.  Laws,  p.  121-126. 


[VOUL 

chuidittte; 
infants.*  In 
their  children 
I  when  d»ev 
Fered.  Con- 
hild,  he  was 
ie  persecution 
banished,  and 

,  the  wars  In 
evoted  to  the 
ry  ecclesiastic 
ihed,  unless  he 
»ehaved  offen- 
ider  this  law, 
h  of  them,  as 


CfAP.  Ill-]  OPMAlIfB.''  381 

(jMrards  of  thiitjr  suffered  in  Massachusetts  under  these  laws,  A.  u.  M40 
nd  some  were  put  to  death.*  ot. 

Nor  was  this  all.  It  was  made  heresy,  in  1653,  to  deny  that 
the  books  of  the  CHd  and  New  Testament  were  the  written  in- 
yible  word  of  God — punishable  for  the  first  offence,  by  fine  or 
iHiipping,  and  for  the  second,  by  banishment,  or  even  death. 

The  whole  criminal  code  was  severe,  and  in  some  instances  ^tT»!^ 
sanguinary.  The  colonists,  in  framing  their  statutes,  prefer- pII,"^'^"  ^ 
red  to  adopt  or  imitate  the  laws  of  Moses,  rather  titan 
those  of  England ;  and  of  consequence  have  been  thought  by 
modem  lawgivers,  to  have  prescribed  penalties  disproportionate 
to  crimes.  Not  only  murder,  robbery,  burglary,  treason,  arson 
and  the  crimes  against  nature,  but  blasphemy,  heresy,  idolatry, 
witchcraft,!  perjury,  manstealing,  adultery,  and  the  striking  of  a 
parent  by  a  child  of  16  years  old  and  upwards,  were  capital. 
Violence  to  female  chastity  was  also  a  high  crime  ;  but  it  is  re- 
markable, that  while  the  adulterer  or  idolater  suffered  death  for 
the  first  transgression,  the  burglar  or  robber  did  not,  till  the  third 
conviction. 

Punishments  were  numerous.  Besides  that  of  death,  which 
was  always  to  be^y  hanging ;  and  of  imprisonment,  banishment, 
fines  and  the  pillory  ;J  convicts  often  suffered  corporeally  by 
branding,  cropping  the  ears,  and  whipping ;  yet  the  latter  was 
to  be  imposed  only  where  the  crime  was  shameful,  and  when 
the  offender's  course  of  life  was  vicious  and  profligate ;  nor  were 
more  than  40  stripes  ever  to  be  inflicted  under  one  conviction. 

Forgery  was  punished  by  double  damages  and  the  pillory ; 
theft  by  treble  damages ;  profanity  and  spreading  false  news,  by 
fine,  or  the  stocks ;  fornication  by  fine  or  enjoining  marriage ; 
gambling,  assaults  and  batteries,  and  drunkenness,  by  fine  or  im- 
prisonment.    Idleness  was  viewed  with  marked  reproach,  as  well 


*  Sept.  9, 1661,  the  king  ordered  all  capital  and  corporeal  punishments 
of  the  Quakers  to  cease.     Still  they  were  pursued. — 1  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  188. 

t  Hugh  Parsons  of  Springfield,  Mass.  was,  in  1652,  the  first  one  tried  for 
witchc^ft;  and  Ann  Hibbins  of  Boston,  in  1655,  was  the  first  one  execut- 
ed.-l  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  165-173. 

J  Every  town  was  required  to  be  furnished  with  stocks,  under  a  penalty 
of  £5.  It  was  a  frame,  fitted  to  a  post  with  holes  half-formed  in  a  lower 
and  half  in  a  folding  plank,  through  which  the  head,  hands  and  ancles  were 
put,  of  one  in  a  sitting  posture. 


,jeM<i^ 

■1  Tmi:. 


'.-.m 


382 

A.  U.  ISM 


Employ- 


Finlwrie* 
nnH  Fur 
IratI*. 


MmMjr. 


THE  HMTORY  [VoL.  I. 

as  an  inlet  of  every  evil  ;*  and  all  strolling  travellers,  vagrant 
hunters,  and  "  tobacco  takers,*'  were  obnoxious  to  the  law,  whow 
offensive  manner  of  life  it  was  the  duty  of  constables  particularly 
to  notice.  To  demand  an  exorbitant  price  for  labor  was  made  a 
6nable  offence  in  1635;  and  afterwards  the  freemen  of  every 
town  were  authorized  by  law,  to  agree  among  themselves  what 
should  be  the  rates  of  workmen's  wages,     r^  n  pftr  ;.;»);». 

Almost  all  employments  were  manual  or  laborious,  and  often- 
times of  the  hardest  kind.  To  convert  forest  trees  into  market- 
able lumber,  woodlands  into  fields  of  cultivation,  and  logs  into 
habitations,  were  tlie  prominent  features  of  industry  at  this  period. 
House  and  ship  carpentry,  and  the  handicraft  of  the  coarser 
artisans,  were  in  general  demand.  The  breeding  of  domestic 
animals  was  much  encouraged ;  and  so  needful  was  wool  found 
to  be,  for  winter  clothing,  that  in  1 654,  the  people  were  express- 
ly forbidden  to  transport  any  sheep  out  of  the  colony,  and  no 
butcher  might  kill  one  undur  two  years  old.f 

But  the  fisheries  and  the  fur  trade,  afibrding  tlie  greatest  at- 
tractions to  foreigners,  were  so  frequently  abused,  as  tp  require 
the  special  interposition  of  the  legislature.  Fishermen  often  de- 
stroyed timber — perhaps  set  forests  on  fire,  and  were  guilty  of 
frauds  or  carelessness  in  packing  and  curing  their  fish.  To  pre- 
vent tliese  evils,  the  County  Court  were  directed,  A.  D.  1C52, 
to  appoint  fish-viewers  for  every  fishing  place  or  station,  within 
the  county.  The  fur  trade  led  immediately  to  an  intercourse 
with  the  natives ;  and  rendered  legislative  acts  necessary  to  pre- 
vent frauds  and  disaffection.  Foreigners,  particularly  the  French 
and  Dutch,  furnishing  tlie  Indians  with  firearms  and  ammunition, 
were  prohibited  in  1650,  all  traffic  with  them  in  the  colony,  upon 
the  penalty  of  confiscation. ;( 

All  denominations  of  money,  current  in  the  early  periods  of 
settlement,  were  quite  inadequate  to  the  purposes  of  the  people's 
convenience  or  wants.  Emigrants  brought  small  amounts  with 
them ;  and  after  the  removals  to  this  country  received  a  check. 
about  the  year   1640,  and  many  returned  back,  the  legislature, 


*  Ckarle*  Ptitiiin  was  presented  by  tlic  grand  jury  at  York,  1C74,  for 
livinpr  iin  idle  lur.v  life,  fullowinfr  no  settled  cniploynicnt. 

f  Col.  lMt\ri.  IS^.— In  king  Philip's  wnr,  n  soldier  liodonly  '•  one  sliiilm; 
(wr  day,  hrsidr*  virtunln. — HiUch.  Coll.  p.  105. 

tr«.i.  f,nw«.  A.  D.  nm— ftO.  p.  V.\2—\. 


CiiAr-  «"•] 


fm  OF  MAINE. 


383 


io  consequence  of  the  extreme  scarcity  of  a  circulating  medium,  A.  i>.  leM 
Qiade  com,  fish,  and  other  products,  a  tender  at  the  rates  pre- 
scribed by  law;  also  provided  for  extending  executions  upon  real 
estate;  made   wampum*  current  in  payment  of  all  debts,  not  '    >* 

exceeding  40s. ;  and  established  tlie  rate  of  annual  interest,  at 
eight  per  ctniutn. 

Many  humane  provisions  were  establislied  by  legislative  au-  huiii«»# 
tbority,  truly  creditable  to  the  early  colonists.  A  record  was'***- 
kept  in  towns  of  all  emigrants  and  their  business ;  charitable  re- 
lief was  to  be  extended  to  necessitous  strangers  ;  a  support  for 
the  poor  was  to  be  provided,  under  the  direction  of  the  County 
Court  ;f  and  all  cruelty  to  brute  creatures,  kept  for  the  use  of  man, 
was  strictly  forbidden.  The  Indians  were  not  allowedly  to  be 
dispossessed  of  their  planting  grounds  and  fishing  births ;  though 
all  territorial  purchases  of  them,  followed  by  5  years  quiet  pos- 
session, acquired  to  the  occupants,  especially  in  Maine,  an  indis- 
putable title.  :  '  ' 

So  high  and  correct  an  estimate  was  set  upon  pure  morals,  „ . 
good  habits,  and  enlightened  prmciples,  that  our  ancestors  be- 
lieved these  could  never  be  well  established,  without  an  early  and 
tborough  education|  of  youth.     To  keep  from  men  a  knowledge 
of  the  scriptures,  and  of  the  languages  in  which  they  were  writ- 
(ea,  and  to  impose  upon  them  false  glosses  of  their  meaning, 
was,  in  the  judgment  of  the  legislature,  a  project  of  the  prince  of 
darkness.     Actuated  therefore  by  a  strong  sense  of  duty,  and  by 
motives  of  ambition  and  true  policy,  the  General  Court  in   1647, 
required  every  town  of  fifty  householders  to  employ  a   teacher, 
a  sufficient  time  for  the  instruction  of  their  children  to  read  and 
write ;  and  in  every  town,  containing   1 00  families,  a  grammar 
school  was  to  be  kept,  where  youth  might  be  fitted  for  college. 
Heads  of  families  were  directed  by  law  to  catechise  their  chil- 
dren and  servants  every  week,  in  the  principles  of  religion ;   and 


*  Originally  "  wampampcaj." — The  value  of  wampum  was  4  black  and 
8  white  beads,  for  a  penny.— 2  J»/oM.  i?fc  -11,  A.  D.  1651;  not  rcpealod 
till  A.  D.  1661.— 3  Jlnti.  Rcc.  5.— Corn  was  sul  at  4s.  rye  Ss.  wheat  «». 
flixioed  128.  p«r  bushel.  f  By  towns  aftor  IC50. 

t  In  1075,  the  Sckctiiitii  of  Kiltcry,  Capo  PorpoiHe,  Scarborough  and 
Kahnouth,  were  prcEcntcd  by  Ihc  Grand  .Jury  iii  kcvcral  indictment*, 
lur  not  taking  caro,  that  the  children  and  youth  of  thtir  towni  be 
i^n^lit  their  catochiNm,  and  educated  according  to  law. 


384 


THE  HISTORY 


IVou 


1. 


Imprifoii- 
nwot  for 
«lebl. 


A.  D.  1640  the  selectmen  were  required  to  see,  that  the  youth  of  dieir  tows 
were  properly  educated,  and  trained  to  some  gainful  or  uaeful 
calling.* 

The  law  was  particularly  tender  of  personal  liberty,  and  for. 
bade  the  arrest  of  any  debtor,  who  had  sufficient  visible  property 
to  pay  what  he  was  owing.  If  he,  being  poor,  was  imprisoned, 
he  might  under  a  law,  as  early  as  1641,  be  liberated,  by  uy 
court  or  authorized  commissioner,  provided  his  poverty  wis 
sufficiently  manifest  in  his  disclosure  upon  oath ;  being  still  hold- 
en  if  required  to  '*  satisfy  by  service"  his  creditor,  though  be 
might  be  "  sold"  only  to  one  '*  of  tlie  English  nation."f 

To  promote  order  and  prevent  the  dissipation  of  morals,  tav- 
erns were  under  strict  regulations,  in  which  all  dancing  and 
games  at  shuffleboard  and  bowling,  were  expressly  prohibited. 
Some  habits  were  treated  with  detestation  ; — ^particularly  that  of 
wearing  long  hair,  like  the  Russians  and  Indians,  was  reprobated 
by  public  authority. 

In  tlie  general  view,  we  have  taken  of  the  fundamental  regu- 
lations and  legal  provisions,^  which  characterize  the  colonial 
government,  we  find  much  to  admire,  and  something  to  censure. 
If  we  regret  to  see  heresy  made  by  our  ancestors  a  subject  of 
severe  legislation,  and  to  observe  punishments  sometimes  exces- 
sive and  cruel ;  we  must  yet  acknowledge  our  surprize,  that  a 
page  of  their  statute-book,  should  be  tarnished  by  an  allowance  of 
torture,  however  palliated.  It  is  true,  the  law  permitted  no  one 
to  suffer  what  was  barbarous  or  inhuman,  nor  be  forced  to  con- 
fess his  own  crimes ;  but  after  conviction,  he  might  be  tortured, 
in  order  to  compel  a  disclosure  of  his  confederates.'^  No  in- 
stance of  torture  however  is  found  on  record  ;  and  we  may  boldly 
enquire  of  that  piotu  age,  where  is  the  scriptural  authority  for  its 
use  or  exercise  on  any  occasion  ? 

As  the  people  of  Maine  were  only  the  subjects,  not  the  pro- 
jectors of  these  legal  regulations,  they  feh  no  passion  for  their 
enforcement,  beyond  what  appeared  conducive  to  their  prosperity 
and  happiness.  They  made  no  calculations  upon  the  honors 
and  emoluments  of  office ;  and  being  strangers  to  tlie  modem 


Torture. 


Kcmirkt. 


•  Col.  Laws.  p.  7 «.  f  lb.  p.  43-9. 

tSee"ab»trncf«<>f  llio  [..aw*."  &c.  Hutch.  Coll.  101—187.— "Fnndamcn 
tuN  "  of  the  MatiKaclniHcttH."— /6.  p.  201  -SI8.        J  Col.  Laws,  p.  180. 


Chat,  ml] 


OF  MAINE. 


385 


Jeirish  theocracy  attempted  in  Massachusetts  to  be  new-modeled  A.  U 
by  ibe  gospel,  and  estabJinhed  there ;  they  might  prudently  en- 
quire, •  what  have  w  f  o  with  projects  of  political  ambition, 
•  or witli  the  weapoas  ,  j^cd  against  heresy?'  They  never  be- 
Ijeved,  that  the  keys  of  church  and  state  were  rightfully  com- 
mitted to  the  hands  of  the  clergyman  and  the  magistrate.  In- 
fluenced by  a  spirit  ol  independence,  anxious  for  an  equality  of  ''-■" 
rights,  and  remote  from  the  seat  and  scenes  of  anti-christian 
warfare,  they  were  generally  friends  to  religious  toleration ;  and 
Maine  became  in  some  degree  an  asylum  for  persecuted  fugitives, 
bdeed,  a  single  instance  of  persecution,  wiiich  was  expulsion 
merely,  is  all  that  can  be  found  to  stain  her  records.  If  men  of 
letters  and  of  tlie  learned  professions  were  not  her  boast,  educa- 
tion was  free  from  the  ingredients  of  superstition  ;  and  if  notions 
of  liberty  were  less  reBned  and  more  rural  in  the  Province,  than 
in  Massachusetts,  they  were  more  rational  and  pure. 

Before  we  close  this  chapter,  it  is  necessary  to  consider  the  Tasaiion. 
subject  of  taxation.  For  although  the  provincials  were  exempt 
from  the  public  burthens,  there  were  several  charges  which  they 
were  under  obligation  to  defray.  These  were  an  annual  stipend 
of  £17,  10«.  due  the  magistrate,  who  presided  yearly  in  the 
County  Court  of  Yorkshire,  and  the  expenses  otherwise  inci- 
dental to  the  administration  of  public  justice,  and  the  manage- 
ment of  town  affairs. 

To  meet  these  charges,  and  to  provide  for  the  erection  of  a 
county  prison,  a  tax  was  laid  upon  the  provincials,  in  1654,  of 
£91,  159.  This  necessarily  required  a  system  of  taxation,  and 
that  of  Massachusetts  was  adopted.  At  first,  taxes  were  paid 
in  that  colony  by  towns  and  plantations,  according  to  their  popu- 
lation;  afterwards  in  1634,  the  manner  was  changed,  and  they 
were  taxed  in  proportion  to  the  value  of  their  property  real  and 
personal,  and  the  number  of  their  inhabitants.  At  length,  in 
1646,  the  system  was  amended  and  improved  ;  a  single  tax  was 
set  at  £1,500,  of  which  every  poll,  or  mile  16  years  of  age 
or  upwards  paid  12  pence,  and  20*.  worth  of  property  paid  a 
penny.  In  this  way,  apportionments  were  assigned  to  the  several 
towns  and  plantations.* 


*  1  Mass.  Rcc.  p.  64,  68,  78,  139.-2  lb.  p.  218-233.— 1  Dong.  bum.  p. 
533.-Sce  post  A.  D.  167.'*. 

Vol  t.  aa 


888 

A.  D. 1640 
to  1660. 

CeiMuaaitd 
vaiualioo. 


BMDU. 


THE  HUTORY  t     [Vot.  |. 

This  method  rendered  it  necessary  to  take  a  census  of  the  tax- 
able polls,  and  an  inventory  of  the  rateable  estate;  a  business 
performed  in  each  town  by  the  selectmen  and  a  commissioner 
chosen  for  the  purpose.  When  completed,  a  session  was  holden 
by  them  in  the  shire  town  of  the  county,  and  tlie  whole  were  re- 
vised, equalized  and  settled.* 

The  commissioners,  appointed  in  the  first  instance  by  the  Gen- 
eral Court  in  1654  for  the  towns  in  Maine,  were  Richard  Nason 
of  Kittery,  Abraham  Preble  of  York,  Jonathan  Thing  of  Wells, 
Robert  Boothe  of  Saco,  and  Griffin  Montague  of  Cape  Por- 
poise ;  who  were  required,  with  the  assistance  of  the  selectmen, 
and  the  advice  of  their  deputies  in  the  legislature,  to  take  and 
equalize  the  census  and  inventory,  "  and  assign  to  each  town  of 
their  county  its  just  proportion  to  pay,  according  to  the  custom  of 
the  country  rates."f  The  sum  of  £91,  ISs.  mentioned,  was  ap- 
portioned in  the  spring  of  1655,  to  the  several  towns  according 
to  property  and  taxable  polls.;]; 

'*  In  1646  ,cows  were  valued  J^5,  and  cattle  between  3  and  4  years  old  at 
£,4, — I  Matt.  Itec.  p.  461.  But  A.  D.  1651-7,  the  valuation  was  ti  us,  cowi, 
j£3;  cattle  between  Sand  4  years  old  £,2  lOi ;  between  2  and  3,  £2,- 
between  1  and  2,  j^l ;  every  ox  4  years  old  j^5 ;  every  horse-kind  3  yean 
old  j^6 ;  an  ass,  £^  ;  a  sheep  10s ;  a  ^oat  8s ;  and  a  yearling  swine  SOs. 
All  cattle  under  a  year  old  were  exempt  from  taxation. — Col,  Latrf,  p.  70. 
3  Matt.  Rec.  p.  16.  f  2  Mass.  Rec.  p.  247. 

£« 

I  Thus,— to  Kittery  and  the  Isles  of  Shoals  [belonging  to  Maine]  45, 15. 

York 17,17. 

Wells 13,10. 

Saco        -  -  •  -  -  •  10,  OS. 

Cape  Porpoise         -  .  -  •  -         4, 08. 

£91, 15. 
Of  this  sum,  the  polls  in  each  town  would  pay  in  the  same  proportion,  as  the 
aggregate  of  the  taxable  polls  in  Massachusetts  would  pay  towards  a  tin- 
gle public  tax  of  j^l,900.  In  1662,  the  proportions  were,  to  Kittery  £10; 
York  £7;  WelU  £7;  Cape  Porpoise  £3;  Saco  £6;  Scarborough  £T  ; 
nnd  Falmouth  £6. 


Ciir.  »ii.] 


OPHAOIK. 


'I 


887 


■dJWBS/i^SkS*  ;;rt   ■^J:»f;^«    ..*lta«|f    ^r<-.^i*<    ^s:i,;  »;:  . -s^ijiMJ 


y5£KsJ 


'Wt 


CHAPTER  XIII. 


}fiusachusett$  patent  (itended  to  Clapboard  Island — 7^  peopU  of 
tygonia  refuse  to  submit — The  opposition — Militia  of  Maine 
organized — Shapleigh,  Sergeant-major  commandant — The  natives 
^Intercourse  with  them  revised — The  Lygonians  submit  to  Mau  ^  r.  i 
tachusetts — Articles  of  submission  and  union — Scarborough  and 
falmouth  estabHshed  as  towns— Their  powers  and  privikgu—' 
Pejepscot  without  the  limits  of  Massachusetts'  patent—Address 
of  the  eastern  inhabitants  to  Lord  Cromwell — Rev.  M.  Wheel- 
might's  agency — Deputies  from  Maine —  Yorkshire  court. 

After  the  report  of  Sherman  and  Ince,  by  which  the  northern  a.  d.  i«s9. 
limit  of  Massachusetts  patent  was  determined  to  be  in  latitude  MaiMchn> 
43'  43'  12"  J*    the  General  Court  despatched  to  the  eastern  JJ'iJJ„5^ 
coast,  in  the  summer  of   1653,  two  experienced  shipmasters, 
Jonas  Clark  and  Samuel  Andrews,  who  found  the  same  degrees, 
minutes  and  seconds  on  the  northern  point  of  an  Island  in  Casco 
hij,  called  the  Upper  Clapboard  Island.     Here  they  marked 
several  trees,  one  with  the  letters  M.  B. ;  also  a  grey  rock  on  the 
main  shore,  distant  l-4th  of  a  mile.f     An  east  and  west  Ime 
dravrn  through  these  points  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  South  sea, 
was  therefore  supposed  to  be  the  northern  boundary  of  that  patent, 
within  which  the  whole  claim  of  Mason,  the  southwesterly  section 
of  Maine,  and  a  part  of  Lygonia,  were  comprehended. 

With  great  perseverance  and  unchanging  purpose,  Massachu-  People  or 
sens  labored  more  than  three  years,  before  the  residue  of  th'>  luMiowb! 
eastern  people  within  the  extended  limits  of  the  patent,  could  be  *""' 

I  induced  to  acknowledge  her  jurisdiction  over  them.  Neither 
acts  of  favor,  arguments  nor  complaints  could  overcome  their 
obstinacy.  In  vain  did  the  General  Court  assure  them,  that  the 
decision  of  their  own  tribunals  should  remain  unimpeached  ;  that 

I  justice  and  right  should  be  fully  administered  to  them  in  the  Courts 

*Seo  ante,  chap.  9,  A.  D.  1652. 

t  It  was "  4  or  6  miles  norlliward  of  Mr.  Mackworth^i  house."— S  Mats, 
l/Sre.  p.  240.— In  1653,  Thomas  Wiggin  was  magistrate,  Edward  Godfrey, 
Nidiolas  Shapleigh,  Edward  Risbworth,  associates.— lo  1654,  Abraham 
Pr«ble  was  county  treasurer  for  Yorkshire. 


AD.  1655. 


$88  ,     *  TllEHIOTORY  (       [VoImL 

k.  D.  i65i.of  Yorkshire  ;  and  that  appeals  from  any  judgment,  after  six  days' 
notice  to  the  adverse  party,  would  be  received  by  the  propcf 
Courts  having  appellant  jurisdiction,  upon  the  application  of  a 
parly  and  the  assignment  of  his  reasons.  They  paid  no  regard 
to  these  proposals,  nor  to  the  authority  of  the  County  Court  io 
Yorkshire,  nor  to  tlie  proclamations  issued  in  1655-6,  by 
the  Lieutenant-Governor  and  two  Assistants,  acting  as  Commis- 
sioners in  those  years,  and  requiring  their  submission.* 

The  greatest  opposition  was  from  Cleaves,  in  which  his  ad- 
herents were  Joscclyn,  Jordan,  Bonython,  and  most  of  the  prJQ. 
cipal  men  in  their  vicinity.  Assisted  by  them,  he  endeavored  to 
shew  by  maps  and  indubitable  evidence,  that  their  estates  and 
habitations  were  within  the  province  of  Lygonia,  independent  of 
Massachusetts.  To  surrender  these  their  inborn  rights,  would  be 
pusillanimity  and  treason.  '      — 

In  return,  the  General  Court  undertook  to  convince  them  of 
their  mistakes,  by  the  depositions  of  mathematicians  and  surveyors, 
the  words  of  the  patent,  and  other  authentic  documents ;  and  to 
remove  tlicir  fears  and  prejudices,  by  tlie  strongest  asseverations  of 
justice,  protection,  and  favor.     '  Recollect  the  civilities  and  re- 

*  spect,  (said  the  court)  which  the  people  of  these  parts  have  re- 

*  ceived,  since  our  rights  have  been  shown  and  established.   Who 

*  has  been  thrcr.tened  or  injured  ?     Nay,  it  is  time,  all  combina- 
'  tions,  and  all  resistance  to  our  claims  should   cease.     Our  title 

*  does  not  rest  under  a  shadow  of  doubt.     So  far  are  our  thoughts 

*  from  any  infrin.ement  of  the  planters'  rights  and  liberties,  that 

*  we  offer  them  the  same  we  ourselves  enjoy.     Neither  do  we 

*  expect  any  assibiance  or  relief  from  taxing  your  estates ;  for  we 
'  request  nothing  more  than  what  you  have  always  done,  vix,  « to 

*  bear  your  own  charges."f     In  becoming  fellow-citizens,  you 

*  have  no  better  grounds  for  objecting  to  our  laws,  because  you 
'  have  not  participated  in  making  them,  than  emigrants  have, 

*  when  they  become  subjects  of  the  commonwealth.     If  men 
'  will  in  violation  of  rights  and  duty,  presume  any  longer  to  resist 

*  us,  we  shall  protest  most  solemnly  against  all  their  proceedings, 


Thadis. 


♦  In  1G55  the  YorliBliire  County  Court  was  holdcn  by  tlie  "  worsliipful 
Samuel  SvinonJs,  Capt.  Thomas  Wijrg-in,  magistrates;  Mr.  Edward  Jolir.- 
€oti,  auJ  Ed'.rard  Uishwortl),  Ucoordcr,  nssociales. 

t  i  Mast.  Roc.  p.  290,  ZWi.—\  Muz.  Coll.  p.  503.^9. 


{      iyoi.1.    I  Chap.  »">•] 


OP  MAINE. 


tlic  "  worsliipful 
Mr.  Ed^v.^rd  Jolin- 


I  tod  advise  what  course  will  be  most  consistent  with  the  prmci-  A.  D.  Mfto. 
•  pies  of  honor  and  justice,  in  the  sight  of  God  and  man.* 

Massachusetts  was  also  opposed  by  Gorges  and  Rigby,  who 
trere  receiving  intelligence  from  Godfrey,  and  accusing  her  gov- 
ernment of  usurpation  and  avarice,  before  Lord  Cromwell.  To 
counteract  the  charges,  she  furnished  Mr.  John  Leverett,*  her 
isent  at  the  English  court,  with  facts  and  instructions,  which  in 
couaexion  with  other  considerations,  were  urged  in  her  favor 
iritb  so  much  success,  before  tlic  Lord  Protector,  as  to  strength- 
en the  favorable  opinion  he  had  long  entertained  of  the  New- 
Eneland  puritans  and  to  render  abortive  all  assaults  upon  her 
measures  and  interests. 

The  noted  John  Bonython  of  Saco,  was  another  of  her  foes,  a.  d.  iGfi6. 
both  violent  and  abusive.  Sworn  never  to  submit  to  the  govem- 
inent  of  Massachusetts,  he  defied  the  authority  of  the  County 
Ccjrt,  which  had  undertaken  to  impose  a  tax  upon  him  and  his 
townsmen  ;  and  besides  refusing  to  pay  his  part  of  it,  wrote  an 
insuhing  letter  to  the  legislature.  For  his  contempts  and  rebel- 
lious conduct,  that  body  sent  a  warrant  after  him,  requiring  the 
officer  to  arrest  him  and  carry  him  to  Boston.  But  being  always 
on  the  alert,  he  could  not  be  apprehended. f 

Hitherto  Massachusetts   had  courted  obedience  in  Maine,  by  The  MiiiUa 

•'  of  Maine 

arguments  and  persuasives ; — it  was  now  time  to  think  of  assert-  orgauixed.  - 
in;  her  authority.  The  militia  was  considered  at  this  early  age, 
the  safeguard  of  the  public ;  and  the  General  Court  caused  mili- 
lary  companies  to  be  formed  and  established  in  Kittery,  York, 
Wells  and  Cape  Porpoise,  erected  the  whole  into  a  regiment, 
and  appointed  Nicholas  Shapleigh,  Sergeant-major  and  command- 
ant. He  was  also  required  to  meet  with  the  company  officers 
for  improvement  in  military  tactics,  and  to  see  that  the  soldiers 
were  well  armed,  equipped  and  disciplined.^ 

Among  other  circumstances,  which  made  it  necessary  at  this  Ttie  En- 
period  to  render  the  militia  effective,  we  may  perhaps  mention  uaTivm. 

*  He  was  tlic  same  who  led  the  troops  into  Nova  Scdtia.     "  Godfrey  ivai 
idive  about  liis  complairits."— //u/cA.  Co//,  p.  274— 317.— 1  Has.  Coll.  608. 
f2Mnss.  Rcc.  p.  SOT. 

li  ^Vats.  Rec.  p.  316.— In  Anjr.  iGjG,  70  of  the  inhabitants  in  Saco,  Cape 
Ir-rpoiic,  Wells,  Ivittory  and  York,  addressed  a  pttilion  to  Lord  Cromwell, 
I  *!atiniT  tiiat  they  were  "  a  people  few  in  number  not  competent  to  man- 
fe  weighty  affairs,"  and  praying^  to  bo  continnej  under  the  •rovernment  ^ 

I  MassarhuBOtts— I  Hnz.  Coll.  p.  109, 


390  THE  HISTORY  £.      (Voi.  |. 

A.i>.  tciG.  the  restiveness  of  the  Indians.  Not  only  in  the  late  Dutch  war 
but  in  a  recent  difficulty  with  Ninigrate,  Sachem  of  Narraganset, 
Massachusetts  was  apprehensive  of  an  open  rupture  with  them.* 
It  had  been  enjoined  upon  the  colonists  by  the  charter  itself 
to  win  the  natives  if  possible  to  the  knowledge  and  obedience  of 
the  only  true  God  and  Saviour,  and  of  the  Christian  faith,  <'by 
force  of  moral  example  and  religious  effort  and  instruction' 
and  hence  among  otiier  measures,  the  laws  about  this  time  were 
revised  and  improved,  as  well  for  their  benefit  as  for  perpetuatine 
peace  with  them.  No  strong  liquors,  not  even  cider  nor  beer 
might  be  sold  to  them;  every  trading  house  erected  without 
legislative  license  was  ordered  to  be  demolished  ;f  and  if  the 

.OgC'i  cornfields  and  crops  of  the  Indians  were,  even  through  insufficient 
fencing,  wasted  by  the  cattle  of  the  planters,  the  town  was  obliged 
to  repair  the  damage,  and  pocket  the  loss,  unless  it  chose  to 
pursue  tlie  owner  for  a  remuneration.  All  trade  with  them,  b 
furs,  peltry,  boats,  or  other  water-craft,^  was  taken  into  the  hands 
of  the  government ;  and  Indian  commissioners  were  designated 
by  legal  authority  for  a  determination  of  all  matters  among  thero> 
selves,  which  a  single  magistrate  might  decide  among  the 
English.*^ 

TiiPLvKo?*  J"  1657,  the  inhabitants  within  the  patent  eastward  of  Saco, 
who  had  not  taken  the  oath  of  allegiance,  were  summoned  to  ap- 
pear for  tliat  purpose,  before  the  County  Court,  at  the  June  tenn 
in  Yorkshire  ;  to  which,  however,  they  paid  no  regard.  They 
were  then  commanded  to  answer  for  their  defaults,  in  October, 
before  the  General  Court.  To  this  requirement,  they,  through 
the  agency  of  Cleaves,  replied  by  way  of  a  protest,  against  tlie 
legality  of  the  legislative  proceedings ;  complaining  of  them  also 
as  a  grievance,  and  repeating  their  unchanging  resolution,  neverto 
become  the  volunteers  of  subjugation.  Met  by  an  independence, 
or  rather  an  obstinacy  so  persevering  and  unusual,  the  General 
Court  told  tliem,  that  nothing  but  equal  justice  and  their  own  par- 
ticular good  were  requested — objects  which  forbade  violent  meas- 
ures, and  if  they  should  suffer  through  want  of  government  or 
protection,  the  occasion  and  blame  were  imputable  solely  to  their 
own  indiscretion. 


msnt. 


•  Hutch.  Coll.  p.  270.  t  Col,  Laws,  p.  134.  J  Act  A.  D.   1656. 

}  2  Matt.  Jtee.  p.  381. — It  ■•  said  one  magistrate  with  such  Indian  comnis- 
sioDcrs  had  the  jurisdiction  of  Countj  Courts — causes  among  the  Indiani. 


CiUF.  XIII-l 


OP  MAINE. 


391 


lliis  I^,;..' Satire  mildness  and  forbearance  fortunately  achieved  a  D.  I6ff7. 
what  was  altogether  unattainable  by  menaces,  or  acts  of  compul* 
sioo.  Whfen  their  resentments  and  prejudices  were  overcome, 
ffbich  had  rendered  them  blind  to  their  own  interests ;  they  be- 
came sensible  of  their  defenceless  condition,  and  of  the  evi- 
dent  advantages  '  resulting  from  a  well-organized  administration 
under  a  free  and  equal  government ;  and  consequently  entered 
upon  the  consideration  of  terms  best  calculated,  to  form  and 
eiitablish  the  anticipated  union. 

Jordan,  Joscelyn  and  Bonython  becoming  at  last  outraceous  in  T'i«  oppo- 

....  ^jlion. 

their  opposition,  the  two  former  were  arrested  by  order  of  the  Gen- 
eral Court  and  carried  before  that  body  ;  where  they,  for  the  sake 
of  regaining  their  liberty,  and  avoiding  fines,  thought  it  most  pru- 
dent to  subscribe  a  humble  submission  ;  and  after  taking  the  oath 
of  allegiance,  were  discharged.* 

But  Bonython,  who  was  not  only  guilty  of  the  boldest  con- 
tempts and  defiance  of  government,  but  of  the  most  flagrant  abu- 
ses to  several  individuals,  escaping,  was  able  to  elude  the  arm  of 
justice ;  and  tlie  General  Court  pronounced  him  an  out  law  and 
rebel — to  be  pursued  and  treated  as  a  common  enemy  of  man- 
kind ;  yet  respiting  the  penalties  of  out  lawry  to  the  first  day  of 
August  ensuing,  and  offering  a  reward  of  £20  to  any  one,  who 
would  in  the  mean  time  bring  him  before  that  body.  The  next 
year  he  voluntarily  appeared  before  the  legislative  Commission- 
ers ia  Casco ;  ofTering  a  "  full  and  satisfactory"  confession  of  his 
offences,  and  making  a  solemn  avowal  of  his  allegiance  to  Massa- 
chusetts ;  and  therefore  the  out  lawry  was  rescinded, 

Samuel  Symonds,  Thomas  Wiggin,  Nicholas  Shapleigh  and  i>pJ^'\J^f^ 
Edward  Rishworth,  who  filled  this  commission,  opened  a  session  '  .yB""'" 
hLygonia,  July  13th,  1658,  under  legislative  instructions  to  ad-  ^'n^sachu- 
niit  the  remaining  eastern  inhabitants  of  the  patent,  to  settle  a 
government  among  them,  and  to  give  them  a  guaranty  of  rights 
I  enjoyed  by  other  freemen  of  the  colony.     The  place  of  meeting 
!  and  holding  their  court  was  at  the  dwellinghouse  of  Robert  Jor- 
I  dan  in  Spurwink.     Here  the  male  inhabitants  of  the  plantations 
and  islands  appeared,  among  whom  were  Joscelyn,  Cleaves  and 
Jordan  ;  and  after  a  mutual  agreement  upon  the  terms  of  union. 


•Sullivan,  p  371. 


Searboro'. 


392  THE  HISTORY  *        [VoL.  I. 

A.D.  16M.  they  and  nearly  thirty  others  took  and  subscribed*  the  freeman's 
oath. 

In  the  articles  of  submission,  and  union  it  was  stipulated  and 
agreed  ; — 1 ,  that  all  tlie  people  in  these  parts  should  be  exoner- 
ated from  their  allegiance  to  Massachusetts,  whenever  a  supreme 
or  general  Governor  arrived  from  England  : — ^2,  that  all  their  op. 
position  and  other  past  wrongs  be  pardoned  and  buried  in  obliv. 
ion  : — 3,  that  the  same  privileges  be  secured  to  them  as  were  en- 
joyed by  other  towns,  particularly  Kittery  and  York  :— 4,  that 
-  'H  appeals  be  in  all  cases  allowed  to  the  General  Court,  when  suffi- 
cient  indemnity  is  offered  for  the  payment  of  costs  : — 5,  that  none 
of  the  privileges  hereby  granted  and  secured,  ever  be  forfeited 
by  reason  of  any  "  differences  in  matters  of  religion,"  nor  be  af- 
fected otherwise  than  by  known  and  established  ordinances  and 
penal  laws,  formally  enacted  by  the  General  Court :  and  6,  that 
a  transcript  of  the  rights  and  privileges,  generally  possessed  by 
other  towns,  be  sent  to  these  plantations  and  inhabitants. 

It  was  likewise  ordained  by  the  Court  of  Commissioners,  that 
the  places  hitherto  called  Black-point  and  Blue-point  with  the 
adjacent  islands  from  the  Saco  to  the  river  Spurwink,  be  erected 
into  a  town  by  the  name  of  Scarborough, f  extending  back 
from  the  seaboard  eight  miles  into  the  country. 

Also  Spurwink  and  Casco  bay,  from  the  harbor  side  of  Spur- 

•  Of  the  whole  number  twelve  made  their  marks  in  hicrojlypliical  char- 
acters, after  the  manner  of  the  natives,  each  mark  being  peculiarly  bit 
own,  in  contradistinction  of  all  the  others. — Mass.  Files. 

t  Scarborough^  (the  6th  town,)  has  a  large  tract  of  salt  marsh  adjoining  (he 
sea ;  the  interior  is  sand ;  and  other  places,  clay  or  loam.   Upon  the  rivers, 
is  good  intervale.     From  the  eminence  at  Blue-point  the  prospect  is  elevat- 
ed.     The  charter  of  the  lanils  by  Gorges  was  confirmed  in  1684,  to  Joshua 
Scotlow  and  Walter  GendcU  and  others,  by  President  Danforth.    The 
records  arc  continued  from  1681  to  1688.     In  the  former  year  there  were  | 
56  rateable  polls.  Henry  Joscclyn  was  an  early  settler  and  an  eminent  man, 
He  married  tiie  Widow  Cammock  whose  husband  was  Patentee  of  tlic  place, 
and  left  a  hirge  estate  at  Bliick-point.    Scottow  was  a  very  generous  anl  I 
valuable  man.     lie  gave  100  acresof  land  towards  building  a  fort  near  the 
first  meeting-house.     He  was  amagistrate  under  Danforth.     In  1682  there 
was  a  vote  of  the  town  "  to  raise  2s  Id  ou  each   person  for  the  Lord,"  and 
in  16S5  another  voto  to  build  a  meeting-house  on  the  plains  near  the  fori, 
which  after  a  dispute  was  erected  there  agreeably  to  the  determination  of  I 
Edward  Tyng  and  Francis  Hook,  two  of  the   Provincial  Council.— .''''.  j 
LM.  Her.  Xnthan  TUhn.—See  post,  Fof.  II.  .1.  D.  1714. 


Falmoath. 


CbaP>  XIII.]  OP  MAINE.  80S 

viok  river  to  the  Clapboard  Islands  in  that  bay,  extending  baclc  A.  tl.  iCMk 
Irom  the  water  eight  miles,  were  formed  into  a  town  by  th« 
name  of  Falmouth.* 

»fahnfnUh,  the  7tl)  town  established  in  the  State,  was  so  called  for  onef 
of  that  name  in  Enp^Iand.     It  cxtende  J  from  SpiirHink  river  to  North  Yar- 
Boiitlii  about  three  miles  eastward  from  the  river  Prcsiim|iscot;  and  aboal 
fM  miles  back  from  the  sea-board,  mean  distance  ;    embracing  an  area 
of  jO  square  miles ;  also  Richmond's  island,  and  all  the  others  opposite  to  the 
tovnuj)on  the  coast.    Tlie  Grst  resident   within  the  limits  of  the  town,  wai 
Walter  Bng^nall,  who  set  op  a  trading;  house  on  that  island  in  1638,  and  wat 
killed  by  Scitter^gusset  and  an  Indian  party,  three  years  afterwards.    The 
Province  of  Lygonia,  or  Plou;;;h-patent,  granted  to  Dye  and  others,  by  the 
Plrmouth  Council  in  1630,  was  described  as  lying;  between  the  hcad-iandt 
of  Cape  Elizabeth  and  Cape  Porpoise;  and  between  the  coast  and  a  back 
line  40  miles  distant.     The  next  summer  a  company  of  emigrants  in  the 
ihip  Plough  visited  it,  but  etTtcted  no  settlement.     Richard  Tucker  and 
George  Cleaves  had  then  been  residing  on  the  easterly  side  of  the  Spuf'' 
wink,  near  its  mouth,  about  a  year.    But  they  were  interrupted  by  John 
Winter,  agent  of  Robert  Trelawney  and  Moses  Goodyearcj  who  obtained  a 
patent  from  tiie  Plymouth  Council,  Dec.  1,  1631,  of  the  land  from  Spiirwink 
rifcrtoCasco  or  Fore  river — possibly  to  Prcsiimpscot ;  therefore  Tuck- 
er and  Cleaves,  in  1632,  removed  and  settled  on  the  soutli«westerly  tide  of 
tlie  peninsula,  called  by  the  English  Casco  neck'i  and  by  the  IndtanSy  Mach- 
i'tmc.    Five  years  after,  they  obtained   from  Sir  Ferdrnando  Gorges,  a 
deed  of  15U0  acres  between  Fore   river  and  Back  Cove,  or  Presumpscot; 
and  Cleaves,  moreover,  received  from  Gorges  an  agency  for  "  letting  and 
•ettlins:  any  of  the  lands  or  islands  between  Cape  Elizabeth  and  Sagadahock, 
and  back  CO  miles. ^'    The  same  year,  1632,  Arthur  Mackworth  settled  east 
of  Presumpscot,  near  its  mouth ;    and  afterwards    obtained  a  deed  of  500 
acres  ilicre,  executed  by  Richard  Vines,   the  agent  of  Sir  Ferdinando.    In 
1640  there  were   nine  families  in  ancient  Falmouth,  viz  :   at  Spurwink  ot 
Richmond's  Island,  John  Winter,  and  his  subsequent  son-in-law,  Robert  Jor- 
Idan;  upon  the  Neck,  Tucker,  Cleaves  and  Michael  Mitten,  the  husband 
of  Cleaves'  only  daughter ;  at  Back  cove,  four ;  and  one,  at  Presumpscot. 
The  administration  of  William  Gorges,  which  was  commenced  at  Saco,- 
I  March  21, 1680,  embraced  not  only  Falmouth,  but  North  Yarmouth  and 
Pejepscot.    So  also  did  that  established  by  Sir  Ferdinando,  nnder  his  char- 
ter of  Maine,  granted  A.  D.  1639.    But  in  1643,  April  7,  Lygonia  being  a»- 
jigncdtoSir  Alexander  Rigby— Cleaves  was  appointed  his  deputy-presi- 
dent ;  and  four  years  afterwards,  the  validity  of  the  title  was  confirmed  la 
the  assignee.     The  seat  of  the  Lygonian  government  was  Casco  neck ;  its 
jariidiction  extended  from  Kennebunk  to  Wcstecustcgo  [North  Yarmouth} 
linclusivc;  and  its  form  was  probably   imitative  of  that  in  Massachusetts, 
JTbe  Provincial  «4Mt«(an<<  to  the  depoty-president  in  1648,  were  Robert 
iBoothe  and  Peter  Hill  of  Saco,  Henry  Watts  of  Scarboro',  William  Royall 
lind  John  Cossons  of  the  plantation,  now  North  Yarmouth.    In  July,  1658^ 
I  Falmouth  submitted  to  become  a  part  of  the  MattacbuBetts  jurisdictio»ir 
Vol.  I  37 


THE  HISTORY 


[Vot. 


Their 
rigbii. 


394 

A.D.  1633.  ThesA  ttro  (owns  had  the  privilege  of  sending  one,  or  if  tber 
pleased,  two  deputies  to  the  General  Court ;  and  of  having  Com. 
missioners'  Courts  vested  with  power  to  try  all  causes  without  a 
jury,  where  the  damages  or  sums  demanded,  did  not  cj^cced 

The  first  representative  to  the  General  Court  froin  Falmouth,  ;yas  Cccrre 
Cleaves  in  1663  and  -1. 

But  during  tlic  latter  yenr,  the  Kind's  Commissioner*,  June  23.  aMnnitd 
the  government  of  the  Province,  and  appointed  George  Mountjoy  of  Caico 
one  of  the  Provincial  Justices.  The  Province  of  Maine  was  now  bitected 
by  Kcnnebunk  river  into  two  Divisions,  the  cniUm  and  wtHern,  and  Coorli 
tubscqaently  holdco  at  Fahnouth  and  York,  by  the  Justices  appointed  for 
tho  whole  Province.  In  1666,  if  not  before.  Juries  wore empannclled,  an^i 
justice  regularly  administered.  The  last  General  Court,  under  the  author!. 
ty  of  the  King*s  Commissioners,  was  holdcn  in  May,  1668  ;  when  Massachu. 
letts  resumed  the  government  of  Maine,  and  Francis  Neale  was  chosca  ono 
oi  the  Associates. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  first  Indian  war,  1675,  there  were  '  ,  r 
mouth  46  families,  viz  :  on  the  east  side  of  Prosumpscnt,  9  ;  on  the  ivvst 
side  of  the  river,  7 ;  aroinid  Back  cove.  10 ;  at  Capissic,  towards  StrouJ- 
water,  5 ;  on  the  Neck,  4  ;  in  Purpoodic,  9 ;  and  at  Spurwink,  2,  viz:  Rob- 
ert Jordan  and  Walter  Gcndell ;  40  houses,  80  militia,  and  400  inhabitants. 
In  August  (11th)  of  that  year  the  town  was  assailed  by  the  Indians,  nlica 
34  of  the  inhabitants  were  slain  and  17  taken  prisoners.  The  s^urvivon 
upon  the  neck  retired  to  Jewel's  Island,  and  other  places,  and  did  not  re- 
turn to  their  desolate  habitations  till  the  peace  of  Casco  was  concluded 
April  12,  1678. 

After  the  purchase  i  ■  Maine  by  Massacliusetts,  a  provincial  government 
was  established  under  the  presidency  of  Thomas  Danforth,  in  1630— I ;  and 
Fort  Loyal,  hicated  on  the  south-westerly  shore  of  the  Peninsula,  [at  the 
end  of  King's  street,]  was  rendered  defensible,  and  a  garrison  manned  with 
13  men,  and  furnished  with  munitions  of  war.    A  General  Assembly  was 
first  holden  at  York,  March  30,  1680,  by  the   President,  Council  and  depu- 
ties from  all  the  towns,  except  from  Cape  Porpoise,  Scarboro'  and  Fal- 
mouth ;  Walter  Gendell  appearing  from  the  latter  town  was  disalloweda 
seat  because  he  had  no  certificate  of  his  election.    Anthony  Bracket  vai 
appointed  Lieutenant  and  Thaddeus  Clark,  Ensign  of  Falmouth  companr, 
and  the  next  year  the  former  was  the  deputy  to  the  General  Assembly.  In  I 
1688,  at  the  beginning  of  the  second  Indiar>  \ .  r,  ti.erc  were  in  town,  6  or 
700  inhabitants.    Ij>   May,  1690,  the  town  w m  i  vriously  assailed  by  M  I 
French  and  Indians,  and  on  the  20th  t' ..  ;:  r:,;^.        pitulated       -ill- 
fated  Falmouth  lay  waste  and  desolate  till  ii^e  close  uf  the  war.    Seej)o<l 
Vol   II.  A.  D.  1714.— JV.  B.  While  thi$  history  was  in  prist,  the  Itt  toi.  A 
Coll.  nf  JUaine  Hist,  Soc.  teas  given  to  the  public ;  in  vhich  is  thefinl  jmri  \ 
of  the  History  of  Portland,  **  compiled  by  William  Willis,  Esq.''''— exmn\ 
of  tliorough   research,  and  icritten  in  a   perspicuous  and  energetic  ilyk  I 
r  Vom  thii   :h-e  preceding  topographical  notice  of  Falmouth  is  principally  «' 
kcttd. 


♦The  first  two 

I  Rn.  Richard  Oib 

Portsmouth  and 

I  tmed.—Rev.  Roi 

I  lired  in  the  counti 

and  administering 

I  except  when  silen 

1 16:9,  aped  60  ;  le 

J  Cape  Elizabeth, 

ifriduated  at  Harv 

j  His  bouse  was  sot 

J  driven  by   the  Ini 

j  loirn  was  sacked  h 

JtoDanvers;"  and 

(Seepost,  A.  D.  lb! 

fTbc  laws  were 

|ni(Dt.-2J|fa«f.  R 


ClAT*  »"•]  OF  MAINE.  395 

£50.    Those  appointed  to  tliis  trust  for  the  ensuing  yeur  were  A.  0.  16Ml 
Messrs.  Joscelyn,  Jordan,  Cleaves,  Watts  and  Neal ;  and  each  of 
them  was  moreover  invested  with  the    ime  power  as  single  mag«      ?  *-«  a 
istntes,  to  determine  small  causes  of  40s.  and  to  solemnize  mar"  ^ 

nages  according  to  law. 

In  session  they  were  authorized  to  approve  nnd  sanction  the 
nomination  or  choice  of  all  military  officers  under  the  rank  of  ' 

captain ;  to  grant  administrations  and  periorin  all  other  probate 
business  cognizable  by  the  County  Courts  in  other  shires  ;  and  in 
conjunction  with  four  Associates  chosen  annually  by  the  freemen, 
to  hold  1  County  Court  with  juries,  every  year,  in  the  montli  of 
•I  :  .ii  T,  pither  in  Saco  or  Scarborough,  the  day  and  place  to 
bedrJgUiiicd  by  the  associates,  and  promulgated  by  the  re- 
R-  ;^.'.  six  weeks  before  the  term.  All  other  inhabitants  who 
had  not  appeared,  were  upon  their  request,  to  be  admitted  to  the 
righu  of  freemen  before  any  three  of  the  commissioners,  upon 
lak iiig  the  oath  of  allegiance.^ 

Falmouth  and  Scarborough  were  declared  to  be  a  part  of  York-  Th^  lowm 
shire;  and  were  severally  required  forthwith  to  mark  and  estab- yo"Ubfr«? 
lisb  their  boundaries,  and  to  furnish  themselves  with  "  the  Book 
of  the  Laws."f 

The  legislative  commissioners  made  a  report  of  their  proceed- 
ings, under  date,  July  14,  1658,  to  the  General  Court ;  when 
that  body  tendered  them  an  expression  of  public  thanks  for  their 


*  The  first  two  ministers  of  Casco,  were  of  the  episcopal  communion. 
Kn.  Richard  Oibton  came  over  early  in  1637,  and  preached  at  this  place, 
Portsmouth  and  Isles  of  Shoals,  about  five  or  six  years  before  he  re> 

I  turned.— Kev.  Robert  Jordan,  arrived  here  A.  D.  1640,  at  the  age  of  28, 
lived  in  the  country  39  years,  mostly  at  Spurnrink,  occasionally  preaching 
and  administering  the  ordinances  under  the  episcopal  form,  for  36  yean, 
except  when  silenced  by  Massachusetts.    lie  died  at  Portsmouth  A.  O. 

1 1679,  a^cd  68;  leaving  his  widow  and  six  sons  a  large  landed  estate  at 

[Cape  Elizabeth,  Spurwink  and  Scarborough. — Rev.  George  Burtovght 
gnditated  at  Harvard  University,  1670,  began  to  preach  at  Falmouth  1674. 
His  bouse  was  south  of  the  stone  meeting-house; — from  which  he  was 
driven  by  the  Indians,  in  1676.  He  returned  in  1683;  and  "when  the 
totrn  was  sacked  by  the  Indians,  in  1690,  Mr.  Burroughs  made  his  retreat 

[to  Oanrers ;"  and  two  years  afterwards  he  suffered  at  Salem  for  witchcraft. 

I  See  post,  A.  D.  li>92. 
tTbc  laws  were  printed  in  1660,  and  sent  to  every  town  in  the  gorero* 

iDtDt.— 3^(u«.  Rtc.f,462. 


S96 

A.D.  1658 


A  car*  of 

jiuritdiciioo. 


A  peiiiicn 
fnim  Mnine 

wall. 


Wrighi't 

a|{«ui'>. 


THE  HISTOEY  f        [V«i.  |, 

lervices,  and  ordered  the  charges  of  the  commission,  being  £44 
lOs.  S<f.  to  be  paid  out  of  the  colony-treasury.* 

It  being  supposed  that  the  jurisdiction  of  a  large  tract  at  Pe> 
Jepscot  belonged  to  Massachusetts,  in  virtue  of  a  convevinre 
made,  A.  D.  1C39,  by  Thomas  I'urchas,  the  original  proprietor 
and  settler,f  the  question  was  virtually  determined  in  a  suit  at 
law. — One  Elizabeth  WayJ  impleaded  him,  before  the  County 
Court  of  Yorkshire,  in  an  action  which  was  tried  by  the  jnrv, 
on  an  issue  in  abatement  to  their  jurisdiction,  as  a  matter  of  fact. 
The  verdict  being  in  his  favor,  the  Court  refused  to  have  it  re- 
corded, and  he  appealed  to  the  General  Court.  Here  it  was 
decided,  that  inasmuch  as  the  plantation  of  Pejepscot,  where 
Purchas  lived,  was  not  really  within  the  patent  of  Massachusetts, 
though  hers  by  deed,  the  cause  was  not  cognizable  by  her  courts; 
and  ;t  was  dismissed. 

Strengthened  by  the  accession  of  the  eastern  Lygonia  to 
Yorkshire,  the  inhabitants  of  York,  Kittery,  Wells,  Saco,  and 
Cape  Porpoise,  presented  their  memorial  to  Lord  Cronnvell, 
Oct.  27th,  expressive  of  the  satisfaction  they  felt  in  the  govern- 
ment as  adniinisteretl  by  Massachusetts,  with  a  request  for  its 
uninterrupted  continuance.     '  Our  numbers,   said  they,  are  few 

•  and  our  dissensions,  which  have  been  many,  owing  principally  to 

•  malcontent  royalists,  arc  happily  quieted  by  wholesome  laws 
'  and  watchful  rulers.     Through  their  provident  care,  godly  per- 

•  sons  have  been  encouraged  to  settle  among  us,  our  affaiis  have 
'  become  prosperous,  and  a  barrier  is  opposed  to  an  influx  upon  ns, 

•  of  "  delinquents  and  other  ill-affected  persons,"— 'the  fugitives  of 
•punishment.  Our  pious  and  reverend  friend,  Mr.  John  Wheel- 
'  wright,  sometime  with  us,  is  now  in  England,  whose  tliorcueh 
'  knowledge  of  our  affairs,  he  will,  at  your  Highness'  command, 

•  be  happy  to  communicate. '§ 

Wlieclwrighf,  while  there,  lived  in  the  neighborhood  ol  Sj 
Henry  Vaqe,  who  had  been  his  patron  in  this  country,  and  now 
took  great  notice  of  him.  Tiirough  his  instrumentality,  tlij  for- 
mer being  introduced  to  the  Protector,  says,  "  all  his  specclies 


♦2  Mass.  Rcc.  p.  410— n2. 

f  I  Ilaz.  Coll.  p    157.— Ante,  A.  D.  Ifil2. 

jProtj.biy  tho  widow  of  tJcorgo  Way,  copalenlce  originally  with  Puf' 
shu.  £laazer,  Oeorgo'i  sod,  in  \Qif3,  mado  n  conveyance  to  HicbarJ  ^V1  ir 
tsa.  (  Hutoii.  Cu:!.  f .  au«»ic. 


CbU>.  XIII-1  OP  MAINE.    "":  $97 

« teemed  to  me,  very  orthodox  and  gracious.  He  ipake  very  ad  iwi. 
••experimentally,  to  my  apprehension,  of  the  work  of  God'a 
"  erace ;  and  knowing  what  opposition  I  met  withal  from  some 
Mffhom  I  shall  not  name,  exhorted  me  to  perseverance. 
"  Stand  fast  (said  he)  in  the  Lord,  and  you  shall  see  that  these  ~ 
"afflictions  will  vanisli  into  nothing."* — Mr.Wheelwii.;lit,  was  a 
ffell-clinsen  agent  for  the  memorialists,  to  appear  before  the 
ruler  of  England, — ahle  and  cheerful  to  represent  their  condhion 
to  the  best  advantage. 

In  1C59,   Falmouth  and   Scarborough,  joining,  elected    Ed- A.  n.  1639. 
trard  Rishworth,  an  inhabitant  of  York,  their  first  deputy  to  the    *'""'*'*' 
General  Court ;  and  Saco  about  the  same  time,  being  admitted 
to  the  same  privilege,  elected   Robert  Boothe.     Tho  delegation 
from  Yorkshire  now  consisted  of  five  members,  and  might  be 
ten.    The    assistants  designated,  this   year,  to  preside    in   the 
County  Court  of  Yorkshire,  were  Thomas  Danforth,  and  Thomas  J"uJ''"'* 
Wizgin  ;t  and  the  people  of  Maine  and  Lygonia,  in  their  con- 
nexion with  Massachusetts,  enjoyed  peace  and  prosperity  several 
years.     In  the  County  Court  holden  at  Scarborough   in  Sept.  of 
tiiis  year,  Henry  Joscelyn,   Nicholas  Shapleigh,  Robert  Jordan, 
Edward  Rishworth  and  Abraham  Preble  were  Associates.    It  bad 
been  so  arranged,  that  one  term  should  be  holden,  annually,  in 
the  western,   and   the   other   in   tlie  eastern,  division  or  part  of 
Yorkshire.  J 

♦VVIieelwrifflits'  letter.— 1  Iluldt.  Hint.  p.  170. 

tCapt.  Wiugin  regidcd  at  Dover  .N.  11.— an  assi&tant  from  ICuO  to  IC04, 
ia  the  government  of  Massacliiisetls,  N.  Hampshire  and  Miine  unittJ. 

JTli3  associates  in  1660  and  1061,  were  tlic  s.itno  as  in  16j9,— >' choicn 
"by  the  vote*  of  tho  major  part  of  the  freemen  of  this  county  fur  tho 
"eniuinp  year." 


ghborhood  ol  Sir 
country,  and  non 


39B 


THE  HISTORY 


[Vol.  I. 


.,,; 'ifs  '/te* 


I . 


"^■Am 


A.D.  1f.60. 
KrsinrBtioii 
of  Cliarlvs 
11. 


Lveon'n 
Ins)  1(1  Rig- 
bv'i  li«  n. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

Charles  II.  restored  to  the  British  throne — Lygonia  lost  to  thehtirt 
of  Right/ — Mason  and  Gor^e^  claim  their  respective  Provinces- 
Gorges  opposed — Isles  of  Shoals  formed  into  a  toten  by  the  name 
of  Applcdore — The  ministry  there oj  the  Rev.  Mr.  Brock — Messrs. 
Jordan  t.nd  Thorpe  silenced — Decision  in  favor  of  Gorges' claim- 
Symptoms  of  revolution  there — Yorkshire  Court  and  trials — Tem- 
ple re-commissioned  Governor  of  Nova  Scotia — Maine  restored  lo 
Gorges — Projut  of  Gen.  Government  revived —  The  Hudson  and 
Sagadahock  countries  granted  to  the  Duke  of  York — The  eitent 
and  name  oJ  his  eastern  Province — Dutch  at  Hudson  subdued  by 
an  English  fo/ce — Four  Commissioners  appointed  to  settle  dijitul- 
ties  in  New-England — Their  altercations  with  the  General  Court 
— Nichols  proceeds  to  New-  York,  and  the  others  eastward. 

All  political  changes  in  England  were,  at  this  period,  felt  to 
thu  remote  parts  of  her  colonies.  The  restoration  of  Charles  II. 
to  the  throne,  in  May,  ICGO,*  was  a  memorable  event,  which 
greatly  revived  the  desponding  hopes  and  courage  of  the  episco- 
palians and  royalists,  as  well  on  this  as  that  side  of  the  water; 
and  in  like  proportion  filled  their  opponents  with  anxieties  and 
fears.  In  a  triumph  after  so  severe  a  struggle  of  twenty  years, 
it  was  apprehended,  that  foes  could  expect  no  favors  and  friendi 
no  denials. 

The  counter  claimants  of  Maine  saw  their  interests  suspended 
upon  the  vicissitudes  of  the  times.  Edward  Rigby,  the  son  of 
Sir  Alexander,  was  the  lawful  heir  to  Lygonia.  His  influence 
with  the  Protector  might  have  been  suflicicnt  to  paralize  the  ex- 
ertions of  IMassachusetts,  in  her  subjugation  of  his  province,  had 
he  not  been  an  episcopalian,  and  the  associate  of  Gorges  in  the 
opposition.  His  rights,  as  once  established,  might  in  better  days 
have  been  •ecovcred  ;  but  they  were  now  wholly  disregarded. 
The  distinguished  part,  which  his  father  had  taken  in  the  civil 


*The  population  of  tlic  colonica  at  thii  time  was  about  80,GCO  *ou!i,  in 
Virginia  80,0(0,  Mnr3lnr(l  12.0C0,  New-England  8P,000,  Itiidsi  6,OC0  io 
Maitia, 


Cthf.  xi^']  OP  JiAiNe.  399 

mrs  was  well  remembered.  Always  himself  strongly  attached  to  A.  D.  ir>60. 
ibe  interests  of  the  republicans,  he  durst  not  appear  before  the 
throne  to  solicit  justice,  much  less  to  ask  favor;  and  his  patent 
sunk  into  oblivion.  Nay,  all  attempts  afterwards  made  by  heirs 
jfld  agents  to  derive  some  advantage  from  it,  proved  utterly  ab- 
ortive, and  the  loss  was  total. 

But  Robert  Tufton,  grandson  of  John  Mason  by  his  daugh- 
ter Anne,  having  taken  his  surname  and  being  a  royalist,  lost 
DO  time  in  laying  his  rights  of  proprietorship  to  JVew-Hamp-  N'^. 
fkre  belore  the  kmg,  and  urgmg  Ins  complaints  against  Massa- 
chusetts, for  her  encroachments.  Immediately  the  subject  was  re- 
ferred to  the  King's  attorney-general,  who  decided,  Nov.  8th, 
that  Robert  [Tufton]  Mason  "  had  a  good  right  and  title  to  the 
Province."  He  also  claimed  jWinaonio,  a  territory  in  Maine  of  *'"*""'• 
10,000  acres,  situated  eastward  of  Sagadahock,  on  which  there 
had  been  inhabitants  twenty-five  years.  The  settlement  was  com- 
menced at  Nauscag,  [in  Woolwich]  under  an  Indian  deed  of 
Nov.  1 ,  1039,  to  Bateman  and  Brown, — a  title  whith  has  prevail- 
ed against  all  others  ;  so  that  neither  the  devisees  in  Mason's  will, 
lor  his  heirs,  however  much  they  were  the  subjects  of  royal  fa- 
vor, could  ever  derive  any  benefit  from  this  tract.* 

The  Province  of  Maine  was  claimed  by  Ferdinando  Gorges,  J|„,'|^" 
a  grandson  of  the  original  proprietor,  through  his  oldest  son  John.  *'«'"«• 
Discouraged  by  his  father's  misfortunes,  or  the  turbulence  of  the 
times,  John  took  little  or  no  care  of  the  Province ;  nor  do  we 
hear  any  thing  memorable  of  him,  nor  yet  of  his  son  Ferdinando, 
till  shortly  before  the  restoration.  IiilG59,  the  latter  published 
a  History  of  JVew-England,  which  was  compiled  by  his  grand- 
father and  improved  by  himself,  and  which,  though  a  small  vol- 
ume, contains  much  rare  and  curiojis  matter.f  From  the  well 
knoun  devotedness  of  his  family  and  himself  to  the  royal  cause, 
and  the  politics  of  the  ministry,  he  might  make  large  calcula- 
tions upon  court-favor.  For  the  same  reasons,  Massachusetts 
might  apprehend  the  utmost  (Von)  his  influence  and  resentments. 

His  principal  agent  in  Maine,  and  iiilormant,  was  Edward  God- 
frey, a  man  of  some  abilities  and  education,  but  whose  peculiar 


*1  Ilaz.  Coll.  p.  R98— 1  Bclk.  N.  II.  p.  119. 

♦  It  i«  in  two  parts — vix.  "  A  liritf  N«rrntivr,"  fic. ;  and  "A  Nnrratire," 
*<".  of  New-England  ; — one  of  51  and  ttic  otht-r  of  57,  Ovo.  pngf^i. 


400  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  i. 

A.  U.  1660.  characteristics  seem  to  have  been  an  aspiring,  restless  ambitioo 
and  a  studied  dissimulation.  Besides  a  residence  in  the  Province 
twenty  five  years,  he  had  been  some  time  Deputy-Governor ;  and 
though  he  had  taken  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  Massachusetts,  and 
accepted  an  office  under  her  government,  he  was  still  an  adver- 
sary to  her  measures  and  interests.*  Obtaining  of  the  Lord  Pro- 
tector  no  redress  of  his  pretended  grievances,  he  actually  went 
to  England  during  the  short  administration  of  his  son ;  and  in 
1659,  had  his  complaints  referred  to  a  committee  of  investiga- 
tion.f 

t^C'rrov^^      Unexpectedly  he  was  encountered  there,  by  a  representation 

ciak  ffQn^  ^]^e  inhabitants  of  several  towns  in  the  eastern  province; 

in  which  they  stated,  that  the  jurisdiction  of  Massachusetts  had 
been  extended  to  tiiem  by  their  own  request ;  that  they  had  en- 
joyed great  privileges,  prosperity  and  contentment  under  her  gov- 
ernment ;  and  that  the  exchange  of  acceptable  and  watchful  ru- 
lers, for  men  of  doubtful  character  and  slender  abilities  to  govern 
them,  would  fearfully  bring  upon  them  a  return  of  all  the  evils, 
which  they  had  experienced  from  civil  dissensions  and  anarchy 
in  former  vcars. 

The  petitions  and  complaints  of  Gorges,  prosecuted  principally 
by  Godfrey,  and  espoused  zealously  by  Mason,  had  been  pre- 
sented to  the  king  in  council,  and  to  parliament,  and  referred  to  a 
legislative  committee  of  seven.  Hence  a  citation  to  all  concern- 
ed, '  was  posted  by  the  memorialists  at  the  exchange  in  London.' 

Addressee        Awarc  of  tlicsc  proceedings,  the  General  Court  in  December, 

of  ihe  Ct^n.  I  o  '  ^  ' 

Couii  to      presented  addresses  both  to  the   king  and  parliament.     In  one, 

KiiiK  and      '  ,        i  ,  •  ,  •  •  •        i  r  i  •    c  i 

Pariiament.  they  congratulated  lum  on  his  restoration  to  the  throne  of  his  fatli- 
ers,  and  besought  him  not  to  permit  unfavorable  impressions  to 
be  made  "upon  his  royal  heart,"  by  their  accusers,  till  opportu- 
nity was  allowed  for  defence ;  and  in  the  other,  they  said 
they  had  extended  their  jurisdiction  over  the  eastern  planta- 
tions upon  request  of  the  inhabitants,  after  a  careful  survey  of  the 
patent,  without  any  design  improperly  to  enlarge  their  own  do- 
minions, much  loss  to  impair  the  rights  of  any  man. J 

The  Isles  of  Shoals,  attached   partly  to  Maine,  a^d  partly  to 


♦  riiitoli.  Coll.  p.  32-2.  t  H'llch.  Coll.  p.  317. 

\  liultL.  Coll.  —  The  Gcncrt'l  Court  also  sent  letters  to  ncveral  nohlc- 
men  and  otlicri  "  pmying  (hem  to  inti-rcede  in  behalf  of  the  colony."- 
1  Ilulch.  Iliit.  p.   104. 


Cur-  x«^-1 


OP  MAIML 


401 


Xeir-H«inp>Ii>n,  were  at  this  period  inhabited  by  about  fortj  A  D.  icsi. 
^iHes.     Being  places  of  note  and  great  resort,  the  General 
C<Mirt,  in  May  1661,  incorporated  them  into  a  town  by  the  name  of  sboain 
AprLCDOKE,   and    invested   it  with  the  powers  and   privileges  pkdere.  ^ 
of  other  towns.     As  before  stated,  the  first  settlers  and  their  de- 
scendants were  a  moral  and  industrious  people,  distinguished  for 
ibeir  intelligence    and  love   of  justice  and  the  christian  ordi- 
nances.* 

The  pious  and  popular  ministry  of  the  Rev.  John  Brock,  R'^** J- 
jmong  these  islanders,  for  twelve  years  from  1650,  is  worthy  of 
pirticular  notice.  He  came  to  New-England  when  a  youth,  and 
vasone  of  the  graduates  at  Harvard  College,  in  1647.  From 
early  life,  he  was  distinguished  for  his  remarkable  piety ;  and  in 
the  pastoral  office,  he  has  been  compared  to  the  martyr  Stephen, 
"full  of  faith  and  of  the  Holy  Ghost."  His  animated  discourses 
and  frequent  lectures  excited  and  kept  alive  a  glow  of  religious 
feeling  in  the  heart ;  and  gave  a  high  relish  to  public  worship. 
In  his  pastoral  visits,  his  happy  talent  in  conversation  rendered 
liim  engaging  and  instructive  to  every  capacity.  A  couple  of 
anecdotes  show  some  peculiarities  of  this  godly  man. 

A  fisherman  of  generous  disposition,  whose  boat  had  been  of 
great  use  in  helping  the  people  from  the  Islands  to  the  house  of 
worship  on  the  Sabbath,  had  the  misfortune  in  a  storm  to  lose  it. 
While  regretting  his  loss,  the  man  of  God  said  to  him.  Go  home 
(ontented,  good  Sir,  Fll  mention  the  matter  to  the  Lord, — fo- 
mrrow  you  may  expect  to  find  your  boat. — Considering  its  par- 
ticular service  to  the  poor,  he  made  it  a  subject  of  prayer ;  and 
the  next  day,  it  was  brought  up  from  the  bottom,  by  the  flukes  of 
an  anchor,  and  restored  to  him. — One  Arnold's  child  of  six  years 
old,  lay  extremely  sick,  if  not  really  dead.  Mr.  Brock,  suppos- 
ing he  could  perceive  some  possible  signs  of  life,  arose,  and  with 
his  usual  faitli  and  fervor,  prayed  for  its  restoration  ;  using  these 
words  towards  the  close,  O  Z*ord,  be  pleased  to  give  tome  token 
bfforc  we  leave  prayer,  that  thou  wilt  spare  the  child^s  life.  J7»i- 
til  it  be  granted  we  cannot  leave  thee: — and  the  child  sneeted, 
and  afterwards  recovered, f 


♦  Ante,  A.  D.  1639. 

t  Malher^t  Jitagnalia,  p.  32. — 7  Coll.  Mats.  Jliit,  S«c,  p. 
at  Reading,  I6S8,  aged  68. 

Vei.  I.  3d 


261.— Up  died 


402  TiiEHiaroR*  [V«fc.i. 

A.  u.  iMi.  Quite  the  reverse  was  the  character  of  Robert  Jordan.  He 
Jordaa  and  had  given  Massachusetts  repeated  trouble ;  and  now  the  politicti 
'  ^""^  ■•  changes  evidently  emboldened  him  in  his  irregularities.  On  | 
^  Sabbath  after  the  close  of  public  worship  he  presumed  to  bapiiu 
in  Falmouth  three  children,  though  he  was  not  then  in  priest's 
orders,  having  been  suspended  by  Massachusetts.  As  lieigd 
Wales,  their  father,  were  holding  offices  under  that  colony,  the 
General  Court  thought  it  their  duty  to  make  an  example  of  the 
assuming  man ;  and  after  giving  him  a  severe  reprimand,  com- 
manded him  to  transgress  no  more.  The  same  Body  also  tat- 
pended  one  Thorpe  from  preaching,  till  his  misdeeds  could  un- 
dergo a  legal  investigation  before  the  County  Court  of  Yorkshire, 
In  fact,  so  powerful  a  preventive  of  "  disorder,  ignorance,  ukI 
profaneness,"  was  **  an  able  and  orthodox  ministry"  thought  to 
be  at  this  period,  that  the  Legislature  in  1661,  enjoined  upon 
Wells,  Saco,  and  Scarborough,  to  procure  religious  instructers  of  | 
that  character,  otherwise  they  must  expect  to  suffer  the  animad- 
versions of  the  law.* 
D«ew'on  >»  The  committee  of  Parliament,  reported  upon  the  representa-  j 
son,  Gorge*  tions  of  Mason,  Gorges,  Grodfrey  and  others,  that  they  were  the 
lawful  proprietors  of  extensive  tracts  in  New-England,  and  had 
expended  large  sums  of  money  in  settling  them; — ^thatthe 
latter,  a  zealous  friend  and  uniform  supporter  of  the  knom 
laws  of  the  realm,  who  had  resided  in  the  territories  of  Maine 
twenty-five  years,  and  been  a  considerable  part  of  that  period, 
Governor  of  the  Province,  had  been  displaced  from  that  office,  and 
dispossessed  of  his  lands  and  estate,  about  the  year  1652,  by  the  I 
government  of  Massachusetts,  which  after  stretching  their  patent 
three  score  miles  beyond  its  settled  bounds,  had  made  actual  en- 
croachments upon  the  eastern  plantations,  and  compelled  then 
"  by  menaces  and  armed  forces,"  to  submit  to  the  usurped  au- 
thorities of  that  colony ;  that  her  inhabitants  had  been  a  ion;  I 
time,  endeavoring  to  model  themselves  into  a  Commonwealth,  in- 
dependent of  the  crown,  exacting  oaths  inconsistent  with  their 
allegiance,  issuing  writs  in  their  own  name,  coining  money,  and 
disallowing  appeals  to  England ;  and  that  in  the  opinion  of  many 
witnesses.  Mason  and  Godfrey  have  themselves  been  damnified  | 


*  Mass.  Ret.  p.  472,  482—486.-8  lb.  p.  6,  13. 


0««r.  xm]  OP  Maine.  403, 

It  lent  £5|000f  with  what  pretence  of  right,  your  committee  a.  D.  i6a. 
^  been  unable  to  ascertain.* 

Nevertheless,  the  General  Court  received  from  Charles  a  gra-  oh«ri«* 
(ioas  answer  to  their  addresses,  proclaimed  him  king,  August  Siurcquir«l 
;ili,  and  according  to  his  requirement  sent  to  England  two  agents,  '°*'^ 
fii :  Mr.  Simon  Bradstreet  and  Mr.  John  Norton.f  These  men, 
iliou^  well  received,  returned  early  the  next  summer,  bringing 
fitb  them  the  act  of  uniformity,  by  which  about  2000  dissenting 
ministers  were  removed  from  their  livings ;  and  also  the  King's 
letter,  by  which  the  charter  of  Massachusetts  was  fully  confirm- 
ed,! It  moreover  ordered  justice  to  be  administered  in  his  name ; 
ibe  book  of  the  common  prayer  to  be  used  whenever  wished  i  the 
tdmission  of  any  persons  to  the  Lord's  supper,  who  were  sustain- 
ing fair  characters,  also  their  children  to  baptism ;  and  the  per- 
mission of  all  freeholders,  having  competent  estates,  to  vote  in  elec- 
lioDS,  without  regard  to  their  religious  persuasions.  All  these, 
wbich  had  in  general  been  previously  conceded  to  the  people  of 
Maine,  were,  with  no  unnecessary  delay,  allowed  in  practice,  or 
subsequently  sanctioned  by  enactments  of  the  General  Court. 

The  symptoms  of  revolution  in  Maine  appeared  every  where  R«voiuiion 
strong.  Although  the  towns,  including  Appledore,  might  send  ten  "*  '"**' 
or  eleven  deputies  to  the  General  Court,  not  one  this  spring  was 
tetumed.  The  body  politic  was  dissolving ;  many  men  of  influ- 
ence discovermg  great  defection  to  Massachusetts.  Indeed,  it  is 
said,  that  Gorges  had  resumed  the  Government  of  the  Province 
by  appointing  several  men  to  office  ;^  and  was  united  with  others, 
io  urging  the  king  to  commission  and  send  over  a  Governor-Gen- 
erai  of  New-England  including  New-York. 

To  counteract  these  movements,  the  General  Court  displaced  opposed  by 
Nicholas  Shapleigh,  and  appointed  William  Phillips  of  Saco,  Ma-  m^u  *'  ** 
Ijor-comraandant  of  the  provincial  militia ;  and  before  the  usual 


*  1  Belt.  N.  H.  app.  p.  30a  f  1  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  199—200. 

\Atuwer  entire— tlulck.  Coll,  p.  377—80. — The  Msociates  in  1662  were 
Hrnry  Joscelyn,  A.  Preble,  Ed.  Rishworth,  Humphrey  Chadbourn  and 
I  George  Mountjoy. 

}  1  Hutch,  nut.  p.  234.— Note— The  agent  of  Gorges,  Mr.  J.  Archdale 
I  came  into  Maine  with  commissions  to  F.  Champernoon,  Robert  Cutts  and 
T.  Withers  of  Kittery,  E.  Rishworth  and  F.  Raynes  of  York,  J.  Bowles  of 
Wells,  F.  Hooke  of  8aco,  H.  Watts  of  Blue-point,  H.  Joscelyn  of  Black- 
point,  ft.  Jordan  of  Spurwink,  Francis  Neal  of  Casco  and  Thomas  Furchta 
I  of  Pejepscot.  as  councillors  or  magistrates. 


404  *'        THE  MurroRY  [V<%j. 

A  D.  ICG3.  time  of  holding  Uie  County  Court  in  Yorkshire,  directed  RiehiRl 
Waldron  of  Dover  (N.  H.)  to  preside  and  discharge  the  ordin. 
ry  business  of  the  term.  The  Legislature  furthermore  sent  i 
precept  to  the  people  of  Maine,  which  was  promulgated  throuch 
the  recorder  and  the  constables,  to  all  the  towns.  It  was  in  these 
words :— i 

"To  the  Inhabitants  of  Yorkshire." 
*•■  You  and  every  of  you  are  hereby  required  in  his  Majesty's 
"name,  to  yield  faithful  and  true  obedience  to  the  government  of 
"  this  jurisdiction,  established  amongst  you,  according  to  your  cov- 
"  enant  articles,  until  his  Majesty's  pleasure  be  further  known."* 
Early  the  next  year,  Massachusetts,  in  support  of  her  author- 
ity,  sent  them  a  mandatory  address,  by  which  they  were  required 
to  choose  associates,  clerks  of  the  writs,  jurors,  town  commission- 
ers, and  constables  ;  to  yield  due  obedience  to  the  laws  and  the 
legislative  commissioners;  and  to  discharge  their  duties  with 
fidelity  whether  official  or  civil.  The  excitement  had  now  in  a 
good  degree  abated.  Three  deputies  were  returned  to  the  Gen- 
eral  Court  from  the  Province,  viz  :  Roger  Plaisted  for  Kitter\- 
Edward  Ristiworth  for  York,  and  George  Cleaves  for  >  Falmouth 
jind  Scarborough. 

The  Assistants,  Thomas  Danforth,  William  Hawthorne,  and 
Eleazer  Lusher,  who  were  appointed  to  hold  the  Yorkshire  Court 

Trials  of  o(- this  year,  were  instructed  to  confirm  any  officer,  whether  civil 
or  military,  whom  they  could  approve ;  and  to  punish  every  one 
pretending  to  possess  or  exercise  adverse  civil  authority,  unless 
he  could  show  it  derived  immediately  from  the  king.f 

Complaints,  unusual  in  number  and  novel  in  character,  were 
presented  to  this  court,  many  of  which  were  the  fruits  of  the 
late  disturbances.  Some  ten  or  twelve  were  fined  or  otherwise 
punished,  for  acts  of  opposition  to  the  government  of  Massachu- 
SGtis  ;  and  several  for  their  contemptuous  or  slanderous  abuses  I 
of  iis  authority  or  officers.  James  Wiggin,  being  indicted  lor 
^wearing  witli  a  profane  oatli,  that  if  his  trencher  of  fish  wcapoi- 
gon^  he  would  give  it  to  the  '  Bay  magistrates ,'  was  tried  and  j 

*  3  Mass.  Rec.p.  53—58. 

f  3  Mait.  Jtec,  p.  &9.— Tlic  associutei,  in  1CC3,  were  George  Mountjoj, 
IliiUjpiirey  Clii.dboiirn,  and  Edward  Uisliworth. — A  fiuo  wa8  imposed  ii(H:n 
Kobcri  Jlyrd  for  sayiug  ^/ohn  Cottou  was*  a  liar  and  iiad  yono  to  bc)l.'-  I 
Sullivan,  ^.^J^. 


Qgtr.  XiV.]  OF  MAINE.    '  405 

mteoced  to  pajr  a  fine  and  give  bonds  for  his  good  behavior,  a.  D.  I6<9. 
yiliea  arraigned,  he  protested  against  the  jurisdiction  of  tlie  court, 
tod  said  he  was  a  marshal  under  Gorges,  and  they  had  no  right 
K)  try  him. — ^William  Hihon  of  Cape  Porpoise,  was  found  guilty  -.-  a. 
of  tearing  a  seal  from  the  learrant,  issued  for  choosing  a  deputy 
to  the  General  Court,  and  for  this  contempt  of  authority  he  was 
tiaed.*  Even  the  town  of  Scarborougli,  as  a  municipal  corpo- 
ration, was  fined  for  acts  of  disobedience  ;  and  unhappily  among 
tlKxe  who  were  arraigned,  censured  and  fined  for  offences  of  this 
class  and  character,  was  Francis  Champernoon,  who  had  been  a 
councillor  under  Gorges'  charter ;  Robert  Jordan,  the  episcopal 
minister  at  Spurwink ;  Maj.  Shapleigh,  who  had  commanded  the 
Yorkshire  regiment  of  militia  and  been  an  associate,  and  Fran- 
cis Small  who  was  a  man  of  wealth  and  enterprise.f 

The  dissensions  and  conflicts  about  the  political  powers,  rights, 
and  will  of  competitors,  which  always  weaken  the  foundations  of 
society,  had  in  the  present  instance  an  effect  to  bring  into  doubt 
the  validity  of  many  land-titles  and  grants.  To  prevent  disqui- 
etude therefore,  the  General  Court,  in  1 G63,  confirmed  to  the 
ter-tenants  nearly  all  the  lands  in  Falmouth,  and  seem  to  have  .,  ,>r 
allowed  purchases  to  be  made  of  the  Indians.  Nicholas  Shap-  .,^,".  i 
ieigh  and  Francis  Small,  about  this  time,  purchased  of  them  a 
large  tract  between  the  Ossipee  rivers,  which  have  ever  since 
been  holden  under  their  deeds. 

For  the  purpose  of  enabling  tlie  rulers  and  proprietors  of  No-  ^oy,  sci>. 
va  Scotia  or  Acadia,  after  the  conquest  by  Cromwell's  orders,  to '"" 
defray  the  expenses  of  supporting  the  provincial  government  and 
garrisons  ;  it  was  generally  expected,  that  they  were  to  have  the 
exclusive  control  and  profits  of  the  Indian  trade.  J  This  privi- 
lege, the  General  Court  of  Massachusetts  fully  confirmed,  by 
passing  a  penal  act  against  transgressors ;  and  for  several  years, 
tlie  intercourse  and  commerce,  coastwise,  between  New-England 


*•'     il 


*  R.  Bootlie  was  presented  by  the  grand  jury,  for  saying  of  the  Bay 
magistrates  '=  they  arc  a  company  of  hypocritical  rogues :  they  foar 
neittier  God  nor  the  king." 

f  Sullivan. — There  were  a  great  number  of  other  presentments  by  the 
Grand  Jury  for  acts  of  opposition  to  the  ^lassachusctts  government.  R. 
JorJan  was  presented  for  saying  among  other  things,  "  the  Governor  of 
HoKtou  Is  a  rogue,  and  all  the  rest  thereof  roliels  :\nd  traitors  against  the 
Lh^r—Foltom,  p  92—3.  I  1  [lutch.  Coll.  p.  25J :   A.  D.  1664. 


406 

A.D.  1663. 


I. 


The  king 
and  Ne\v> 
Eag\Kad. 


A.  D.  16C4. 
MaiM  or- 
dered to  be 
rettered  to 
Gorget. 


THE  HISTORY  [Vol. 

and  the  province  while  Col.  Temple  wu  Governor,  was  pan^ 
with  mutual  bene6t  and  friendship.  The  generous  dispositioQi 
and  acknowledged  abilities  and  merits  of  that  gentleman,  securtd 
to  him  great  credit  and  confidence  among  all  parties.  He  seemi 
to  have  been  one  who  escaped  the  umbrage  both  of  republicani 
and  royalists.  After  discharging  the  duties  of  Governor,  with  so 
much  reputation  under  the  Protector,  he  was  re-commissiooed  by 
the  king,  July  1 7,  1662,  to  the  same  office,  with  an  equally  ex- 
tensive jurisdiction,  from  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  great  pen- 
insula to  "  Muscongus  on  the  confines  of  New-England,"  which 
he  had  previously  possessed.  The  crown  also  secured  to  him  an 
exclusive  trade  with  the  natives  in  his  Province,  and  armed  him 
with  power  to  seize  all  persons  found  violating  his  rights,  to  con- 
fiscate their  vessels  and  goods,  and,  after  notice,  to  treat  them  as 
a  common  enemy.  Also  the  General  Court,  ever  desirous  to 
promote  a  friendly  correspondence  with  the  Governor,  strictly  for- 
bade all  violations  of  his  rights,  and  gave  him  arid  his  attorney 
the  power  and  privilege  of  prosecuting  offenders  in  any  courts  of 
the  colony.*  ^ 

Charles  and  the  New-England  puritans  from  the  commence- 
ment of  his  reign,  cherished  a  mutual  fear  and  dislike  of  each 
other.  He  suspected  their  loyalty  and  attachment;  they,  his 
disposition  to  assail  their  privileges.  His  ear  was  always  open 
to  accusers,  while  he  was  half-dea:  -o  all  the  prayers  and  defen- 
sive reasons  and  truths  they  could  offer.  So  violent  and  success- 
ful were  the  persecutions  against  the  rights  and  claims  of  Mas- 
sachusetts in  particular,  that  she  not  only  feared  the  loss  of  New- 
Hampshire  and  Maine,  but  began  to  be  apprehensive  of  having 
her  own  Charter  taken  from  her.  Therefore,  the  General  Court 
appointed  a  committee  of  both  branches,  to  keep  it  and  a  dupli- 
cate in  separate  places,  thought  by  them  the  most  safe  and 
secure,  f 

On  the  11th  of  January,  1664,  Gorges  obtained  from  the  king 
an  order  to  the  Governor  and  Council  of  that  colony,  by  which 
they  were  required  forthwith  to  restore  unto  him  his  Province,  and 
give  him  quiet  possession  of  it ;  or  else  without  delay  assign  their 
reasons  for  withholding  it.|    It  was  also  rumored  that  several 

*  8  Ma«5.  Rec.  p.  56-7. 

t  3  lb.  p.  89.— 1  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  210— II.— Chalmers,  p.  264. 

jl  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  23t.-Not(>. 


CfAP.  xiT.j  OF  UAinm  407 

tfln«d  ships  were  preparing  to  cross  the  Atlantic,  in  which  some  a.  .    •«««. 
iiefltletnen  of  distinction  were  to  ennbark,  and  among  them  prob- 
abljr,  a  Governor-General  of  New>England. 

The  project  of  forming  an  American  Empire,  embracing  twelve  •""ij*^"' 
royal  principalities,  or  Provinces,  was  revived  soon  after  the  res-  p>^ 
toration,  and  had  been  hitherto  zealously  pursued.  To  effectuate  so 
important  an  establishment,  and  pacify  conflicting  and  persevering 
petitioners,  the  king  saw  the  necessity  of  reducing  under  his  sub- 
jection tlie  Dutch  upon  the  Hudson,  and  of  settling  the  trouble- 
some controversies  in  the  eastern  colonies  of  New-England  ; — 
both  which  he  undertook  to  accomplish. 

In  the  first  place,  his  Majesty,  March  12,  1664,  granted  to  hischanm-i* 
brother  James,  Duke  of  York  and  Albany,  all  the  Dutch  terri-  York, 
tories  upon  the  river  Hudson,  including  Long  Island,  which  he 
purchased  of  Henry,  Earl  of  Sterling,  son  of  Sir  William  Alex- 
ander, the  original  owner  and  patentee  of  Nova  Scotia ; — ^to  all 
ffliich  was  given  the  name  of  New- York.*  In  negotiating  with 
his  lordship,  the  Duke  became  acquainted  with  tlie  supposed  west- 
ern parts  and  limits  of  the  Nova  Scotia  Province ;  and  finding  no 
royal  grant  extant,  which  covered  the  territory  between  St.  Croix 
and  Pemaquid,  except  those  which  were  made  when  the  New- 
England  grand  patent  was  dissolved,  and  the  twelve  royal  Pro- 
vinces or  divisions  were  projected  and  assigned,  A.  D.  1 635 ;  he 
caused  this  region  to  be  inserted  in  the  charter  to  James.  It 
had  been  named  the  "  County  of  Canada,"  and  was  intended  for 
Sir  William,  in  lieu  of  Nova  Scotia,  which  had  been  taken  from 
hira  by  the  crown  and  ceded  to  France.f 

In  the  Duke's  charter  now  granted,  the  territory  is   described  Sacada- 


to  be  "  all  that  part  of  the  main  land  in  New-England,  beginning 
"at  a  place  known  by  the  name  of  St.  Croix,  next  adjoining  to 
"New-England  ;  thence  extending  along  the  seacoast  to  a  place 
"called  Pemaquid  and  up  the  river  thereof  to  its  farthrest  head, 
"a"^  it  tendeth  northward;  tlience  at  tlie  nearest  to  the   river 

I "  Kennebeck ;  and  so  upwards,  by  the  shortest  course  to   the 
"river  Canada,  northward." J 
This,  besides  being  denominated  *  The  Duke  of  York's  Pro- 

Iper/y,'  has  been  called  "The  territory  of  Sagaoahock:" 


hoc] 


cad 
ck. 


*6Coll.  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  18". 
;  1  TrumbiiU's  Conn.  p.  26C. 


\  See  ante,  A.  D.  1635. 


Tlie  Dukft'i 
paient. 


406  THE  iiunoKY  [Vou  I 

A.D.  i(i64.  But  the  Duke's  agents  called  it  **  J^ew-CastU^"  beini  tbe 
same  name  given  to  the  south-western  section  of  his  ^m\ 
on  the  Delaware.  They  also  called  it  the  *  County  oj  Corn- 
wall.**— By  his  thus  becoming  the  territorial  proprietor  of  these 
eastern  and  western  regions  of  Sagadahock  and  New- York ;  tlic 
foundation  was  deeply  laid  for  his  appointment  to  the  high  office 
of  viceroy  over  the  whole  intermediate  country.f 
"The  Duke,  who  was  afterwards  James  II.,  continued  his  claim 
to  his  Sagadahock  territory  about  25  years,  until  his  abdication; 
when  it  reverted  to  the  crown  of  England. 

This  was  a  great  encroachment  upon  the  jurisdiction  of  Sir 
Thomas  Temple,  Governor  of  Nova-Scotia.  Besides,  if  a  line 
were  stretched  from  the  head  of  Pemaquid  westward  to  Kenne- 
beck,  it  would  cross  the  Damariscotta  and  Sheepscot  at  the  upper 
falls,  of  those  two  rivers,  and  terminate  at  the  Kennebeck  nearlv 
opposite  the  foot  of  Swan  Island ;  and  in  this  way,  tbe  eastern 
moiety  of  the  Plymouth  claim  above  that  place,  would  fall  within 
the  Duke's  patent.  It  also  embraced  the  greater  part  of  the 
Pemaquid  patent  or  "  Drowne  claim ;"  all  the  "  Brown"  and 
some  of  the  "  Tappan  right ;"  and  the  whole  of  the  Muscongus 
patent,  to  Beauchamp  and  Leverett.J  The  numerous  islands 
along  the  seacoast  are  supposed  likewise  to  be  included,  some 
of  which  were  inhabited.  The  advancements  in  population,  im- 
provement and  wealth  of  these  eastern  plantations,  though  thej 
were  settled  early j*^  had  been  quite  gradual — probably  owing  in 
part  to  the  evils  suffered  through  inefficient  legal  regulations ;  and 
therefore  we  find  substantial  reasons,  why  the  people  of  the  new 
Province  were  less  opposed  to  a  ducal  or  royal  government. 

To  subdue  the  Dutch  Colonists  at  New- York,  upon  whom  tlie 
duke  was  looking  with  the  greater  jealousy  and  dislike,  on  ac- 
count of  their  dissenting  religious  sentiments ;  the  king  despatch- 
ed thither  four  frigates  and  about  300  men,  under  the  command  I 
of  Colonel  Richard  Nichols,  and  Sir  Robert  Carr.     Unprepared 


CMquesi  of 
the  Dulch 
rolonisls. 


266. 


*  1  Doug'.  Summ.  p.  381. — 1  Triim.  Conn.  p. 

j  Sullivan,  p.  283.— Hutch.  Coll.  422. 

t  See  an  account  of  these  Grants  and  Rights,  ante,  Chap.  iii.  A.  D.  162! | 
-31,  chap.  V.  A.  D.  1637  ;— viii.  A.  D.  1C50. 

5  Waller  Phillips  lived  at  Damariscotta  lower  falls,  (New-Castle);  .i\ 
Shvrle  at  Pemaquid;  John  Broicn,  at  >»\'w  Harbor;  Sander  GouW,  all 
Broad  Cove,  on  Broad  Bay  ;  George  Davie,  at  Wiscasset  point;  and  Jihl 
.Va«o?i,  at  Slipopsrot  (Jreat  ?«"eck — men  frequently  mentioned  in  tliisnjt.r 


CVAf.  XIT.] 

to  resist  a  fon 

lod  unexpcci 

Nicliols  assun 

Governor  undi 

also  of  liis  eas 

Moreover,  t 

of  New-Eiigia 

the  governrnen 

into  discredit 

land ;'  and  to  a 

lopl  subjects  i 

pointed  Messrs 

Maverick,  Coir 

terniine  all  coir 

tJiem,  whether 

"according  to  t 

tlie  peace  and  s 


*  Smith's  N.  Y. 
212, 289  — Chalmc 
t  See  tins  comm 
Hubbard's  JV.  E 
officer  of  expcrier 
cljaracter,  and  a  v 
piiced  at  the  head 
lour;  and  uo  decis 
high-toned  royalis 
ciiiuus  in  his  dope 
immediately  on  h 
tlius  was   buried 
the  colonies.     Car 
cious,"  possessed  a 
mission,  and  quali 
On  his  homeward 
his  papers,  includir 
colonies,  were  tak 
cover.    Jtlaverick, 
restless  royalist,  g 
count  of  their  puri 
had  spent  two  yea 
against  the  colony 
sioD.    As  p,  reward 
last  act  of  Maveri( 
•fterwards  from  Co 
Maverick's  wife  w 
Vol.  I. 


Ciiaf.  »«▼•] 


OF  &IAINK. 


409 


to  resist  a  force  so  formidable,  or  to  repel  an   attack  so  sudden  a.O.  1664. 
lod  unexpected,   tlio    garrison   capitulated,    August   27ili,    and         j^j 
Xicliols  assumed   the   !:ovtrnmcnt  of  the  Province,  ns   Deputy- 
Governor  under  his  Royal  Highness  ;*— claiming  the  command 
also  of  his  eastern  territories  at  Sagadahock. 

Moreover,  to  settle  the  pretended  controversies  in  the  interior  Poy«i 
of  New-England  ;  tn  hring  those  to  justice,  who  had  traduced  tZx"*^ 
the  government  of  the  realm,  and  brouglit  the  '  christian  religion 
jQto  discredit  among  the  gentile  or  savage  inhabitants  of  the 
land ;'  and  to  ascertain  more  perfectly  the  state  and  condition  of  his 
loyal  subjects  in  the  colonies ;  the  king,  on  the  15th  of  April,  ap- 
pointed Messrs.  Nichols  and  Carr,  George  Cartwright  and  Samuel 
Maverick,  Commissioners,  and  empowered  them  to  hear  and  de- 
termine all  complaints,  appeals,  and  other  matters  coming  before 
tliem,  whether  civil,  military,  or  criminal — to  proceed  therein 
"according  to  their  good  and  sound  discretion,"  and  thus  "settle 
tlie  peace  and  security  of  the  country. "f 


•Smith'sN.  Y.  p.  11— 'i2.-Sce  5  Hume,  p. '133— 7.-1  Hutch.  Hiit.  p, 
212, 289— .Clialmers,  p.  3C6. 

fSee  tliis  commission  entire. — 1  Hutch.  Hi*t.  App.—J^To,  XV.  p.  459-60. 
Hubhard''t  jV.  E.  p.  577-8.-2  Has.  Cull.  p.  63S.—Xichoh  was  ii  military 
officer  of  experience,  and  possessed  a  {jcncroiis  disposition,  a  weight  of 
cliaracter,  and  a  versatility  of  talents,  wliicli  eminently  qualified  him  to  be 
pi.iced  at  the  head  of  the  commission.  He  was  (he  most  popular  of  the 
lour;  and  uo  decision  of  the  others  without  him  was  to  be  valid.  Caf,  a 
iiigh-tuned  royalist  and  episcopalian,  was  violent  in  his  feelings  and  si  pcr- 
ciiiuus  in  his  deportment — a  man  nowise  fitted  for  his  station.  He  died 
immediately  on  his  return  home,  three  years  after  his  appointment,  and 
thus  was  buried  in  oblivion  all  the  philippics  he  had  prepared  against 
the  colonies.  Cartwriglit,>  though  "naturally  morose,  saturnine  and  suspi- 
cious," possessed  an  energy  of  intellect  which  brought  liim  into  the  com- 
missiou,  and  qualified  him  for  the  discharge  of  difllcuU  public  business. 
On  his  homeward  passage,  he  was  made  prisoner  by  the  Dutch,  and  all 
bis  papers,  including  his  note-book,  designed  by  him  to  be  used  against  the 
colonies,  were  taken  from  him,  which  he  was  never  afterwards  able  to  re- 
cover. Maverick,  an  inhabitant  of  Massachusetts,  was  a  stubborn  and 
restless  royalist,  greatly  disaffected  towards  his  countrymen,  both  on  ac- 
count of  their  puritan  principles  and  their  blindness  to  his  merits.  He 
had  spent  two  years  in  England  after  the  restoration,  constantly  informing 
against  the  colony  government,  and  urging  the  necessity  of  this  commis- 
im.  As  p.  reward  for  his  works,  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  board.  The 
last  act  of  Maverick,  mentioned,  was  his  bearing  a  message,  three  year* 
jfterwards  from  Colonel  Nichols  at  New- York  to  the  government  at  Bclon 
Maverick's  wife  was  the  daughter  of  Rev.  John  Wheelwright  of  Well*. 
Vol.  I,  30 


C.    A 


''P^D^I 

^Km 

i^^H 

tl^HH 

^^Mldk^^S 

m 

A.D. 

Their 

vicM. 


THE  HISTORY 


r- 


"flit 


A.  D.  1665 


May  I 


[Voui. 

1664.  V/hen  Col  Nichols  was  at  Boston,  July  23d,  on  his  way  froiQ 
"*'  England  to  New-York,  he  made  public  the  Commission ;  and 
hence  it  soon  became  known  throughout  New-England.*  Great 
and  unhappy  overturns  were  apprehended  :  nevertheless,  the  Bot< 
tonians  adopted  some  measures  to  favor  the  expedition  againa 
the  Dutch,  which  however,  was  ♦  crowned  with  success  before 

*  the  auxiliaries  were  embodied.'f 
Having  settled  the   government  of  New- York,  the  Commij- 

sioners  proceeded  to  Boston  in  February,  where  they  were  re- 
ceived with  undissembled  jealousy,  and  were  soon  encountered 
with  direct  opposition.  For  the  General  Court  at  a  previous 
session  in  August,  after  resolving  in  a  formul  manner  "  to  bear 
"  true  allegiance  to  his  Majesty,"  determined  "  to  adhere  to  their  | 
"  patent  so  dearly  obtained  and  so  long  enjoyed  ;"  and  addressed 
a  memorial  to  the  king,  urging  the  validity  of  their  chartered  righti,  I 
which  he  himself  had  been  pleased  to  sanction,  and  complainin» 
to  him  of  a  commission,  filled  with  strangers  and  foes,  whose 
only  limits  of  power  and  rules  of  conduct  were  their  own  "dis- 
"  cretion."  'Under  the  present  administration,  our  people,' said 
the  Court,  *  enjoy  great  contentment  with  a  few  exceptions ;  and 

*  what  government  under  heaven,  they  enquired,  ever  long  existed 
•entirely   free   of   discontented    spirits    and  disturbers  of  ihe| 

*  peace. 'J 
About  tho  first  of  May,  the  Commissioners  entered  upon  the  I 

discharge  of  their  trust,  and  communicated  their  Instructioru.\\ 
By  these,  they  said,  it  is  manifest,  that  the  king  was  so  far  froml 
abridging  any  concessions  or  rights  in  the  charter,  that  he  vul 
ready  to  enlarge  or  alter  them  "  for  the  prosperity  of  the  col- 
ony ;"  and  he  had  even  directed  them  to  remove  every  jeaiousrl 
existing  between  king  and  people.  With  this  view,  they  thought 
it  their  duty  to  enquire  how  the  acts  of  trade  have  been  regir-j 
ed ;  to  look  into  tlie  colonial  laws,  the  education  of  youth, 
the  titles  and  claims  to  lands ;  and  furthermore  to  examine 
their  treaties  with  the  Indians,  and  the  provision  made  for  tlieirl 
instruction. 


•  Hubbiird'B  N.  V.  p.  6S1.— 1  Hufrli.  Ili«.t.  p.  211-229.— App.  p-  *'"■' 
— Morton's  Mcin.  p.  187. 

t  Chattnertt  p.  ft73.--rarr  and  Afavftri*  It  iirrivoJ  a(  Pincnlan'U  uboiil'fc' 
•tmetitnc. 

I  1  Hulchiaion'a  Hitt.  p.  2IS.  .  (  Chahneri,  r  i^" 


CiAF.  XtV.]  OF  MAINE.  4]  1 

A  conference  between  them  and  the  General  Court,  soon  de-  a.  D.  iMft. 

gfnerated  into  downright  ahekcation,  and  at  last,  the  Commis-  Oppotiiioa 
lioners  plainly  asked  the  Court, — "  Do  you  acknowledge  the  r.tMfai 
*'  royal  Commission  to  be  of  full  force  to  all  the  purposes  con-  ''*'*"■ 
uioed  in  it  ?" — To  this  pointed  and  embarrassing  enquiry,  tlie 
jwo  branches  excused  themselves  from  giving  a  direct  answer  :— 
We  prefer,  said  they,  "  to  plead  his  Majesty's  charter"  through 
which  the  civil  power  flows  to  this  colony. — The  Commistsipners 
then  endeavored  to  hear  a  complaint  against  the  Governor  and 
company,  but  they  were  prevented  by  the  General  Court,  which, 
fith  characteristic  vigor,  manifested  their  opposition  by  ordering 
1  sound  of  trumpet,  and  prohibited  the  people  from  abetting  a 
course  of  conduct,  so  inconsistent  with  their  duty  to  God  and 
their  allegiance  to  the  king.*  In  short,  to  such  a  height  were 
the  debates  ultimately  carried  by  the  parties,  in  contrasting  the 
king's  Commission  and  Instructions  with  the  Royal  Charter  and 
its  rights,  that  the  Commissioners  thought  it  most  expedient  to 
break  off  the  discussion.  Nichols  returned  to  New- York,  and 
the  others  abruptly  left  Boston,  early  in  June,  for  New-Hamp- 
shire, Maine  and  Sagadahock  ;f — denouncing  upon  the  colonists 
ind  government  of  Massachusetts  the  doom  due  to  rebels  and 
traitors. 

With  the  Commissioners,  John  Joscelyn  says,  came  John  Arch- 
dale,  the  agent  of  Mr.  Gorges  bringing  orders  relative  to  the 
Province  of  Maine,  and  a  letter  to  Massachusetts,  from  his  Ma- 
jesty, by  which  she  was  required  to  restore  the  possession  and 
government  of  it  to  the  proprietor.  Archdale  on  his  arrival,  vis- 
ited every  town  in  the  Province,  and  granted  commissions  to 
Henry  Joscelyn  of  Black-point,  Robert  Jordan  of  Spurwink, 
Edward  Rishworth  of  Agamenticus,  and  Francis  Neale  of  Casco, 
who  took  upon  themselves  to  rule,  and  who  with  Archdale  ad- 
dressed a  letter  to  the  government  of  Mus.snchiiscUs,  requiring  a 
surrender  of  the  jurisdiction  to  the  Commissioners  of  Mr.  Got  ges. 
But  the  entry  of  the  king's  commissioners  into  the  Province  sus- 
pended the  civil  authority  of  Gorges,  which  he  never  afterwards 
resumed. 


*l  Ilolmea' A.  Add.  p.  394. 


*l  Holmea' A.  Add.  p.  394. 

t  i  Hutch.  Hitt.  p.  238.— Hiibbanl't  N.  E.  p.  614-S. 


412 


THE  HISTORY 


•      .   iJ--    1,;.   :.i"^ 


CHAPTER  XV. 

Letter  of  Lin^  CUarlrs  to  the  provincial^  of  Miine — Massachusitti 
reviews  her  claims  to  the  Provinre—Thrre  parties  there — A  Coun- 
ty  Court  appointed — The  measures  of  the  kinq's  Commissioners 
—  Thct/  appoint  elivcn  Justices  for  Maine  and  oppose  Massachu- 
setts—  The  General  Court  complain  of  them — The  piople  of  Ly. 
gonia  disjilcased  icith  the  Coininissioncrs — Thtir  memorial  to  the 
■  king — Cominissiutiers  proceed  to  the  Duke's  Province — Thry  open 
a  Court  at  Shetpscat — E-tablish  a  county  and  appoint  ofuin— 
Their  other  inrasurrs — Their  ojjicial  report — Indian  Treaty— 
S'lfepsrot  records — Cjmmis:.ioncrs  return  to  York — Their  account 
of  the  Dukr's  Province — War  trith  Frcfnrr — Unhappy  condition 
of  Maine  and  f^iigiadnliorh — Treaty  of  Tfrrda — Nova  Scotia  n- 
si.(^ned  to  Frame — Disagreement  of  the  Acadians  and  Purilnis 
— Col.  Tc;}i 'ill's  toss  of  Nova  Scotia. 

Juno  11*'***  Chari-ks  having  resolved  to  put  Gorges  into  possession  of 
Maine,  addressed  to  the  provincials  a  letter,  dated  thelltiiof 
June,  16Gi,  wliicli  was  communicated,  probably  through  the  me- 
dium of  his  Commissioners. — 

Th«  kingN       «  To  our  trusty  and  well  bcbvcd  subjects  and  inhabitants  in  the 

loilerio  ill*    —        .  »   m.    .  I      1  •  ,  ,11' 

iipopieof     «  Provmcc  of  Mauic,  and  whom  it  may  concern, *  We  greet 

ildiiie.         .11 
'you  well. 

'  As  we  arc  informed, — Sir   Ferdinando  Gorges,  the  grand- 

♦  Hither  of  the  present   proprietor,  and  a  generous  promoter  of 

*  foreign  pliintatlous,  obtained  a  royal  charter  of  Maine,  and  cx- 
'  pended  in  settling  it,  more  than  £20,000  ;  and  yet  was  wholly 
♦prevented  from  reaping  the  fruits  of  his  expenditures  and  labors, 
'by  the  unhappy  rivil  wars,  wherein  he  though  advanced  in  ape, 

•  bravely  engaged  in  his  master's  service  : — In  the  mean  time,  his 

•  oppom  nts,  intoxicated  with  success  as  we  understand,  and  deaf  to 

•  the  voice  of  justice,  have  given  couuteuaure  to  measures  by 

*  which  tlij  provincials  have  been  brou2,lit  within  the  jurisdiction  of 
'  Massachusetts-nay,  and  the  proprietary  deprived  of  all  the  i?- 

•  sues  and  profits  of  his  pro|)n  ty ;  though  according  to  the  decision 

♦  of  our  "  counsel,  learned  in  the  law,"  his  right  to  the  rharUr 

*  is  fully  established  ;  the  Province  tvas  in  possession  of  the  orig- 


CukT.  »▼•]  OF  MAI>F. 

>inal  proprietor  and  under  his  government  several  years;  the 

.la.p.  sums  mentioned  had  been  by  him  expended  in  settUnfr  and 

niinaging  it ;  he  has  in  the  late  civil  wars,  been  plundered  and 

'inprisoncd  several  times;  and  bring  exhausted  bfj  los.fes,  and 

•  iH-treitted  by  the  ^^  pretended  committees  of  foreign  plantations,^* 
.\.:  and  his  agents  in  those  times  of  trouble,  had  left  the  inhab- 
■  :U!nts  to  the  temporary  government  oj  their  choice.     Since  the 

•  restoration,  he,  by  his  commissioners,  lias  endeavored  to  rcpos- 

•  5e5S  himself  of  his  Province,  and  two  years  since,  proclaimed 
>|ii5  Majesty  king,  established  courts,  and  gave  to  many  the  oaths 
•of  allegiance  ;  bni  the  government  of  Massachusetts  prohibited 

•  all  further  proceedings  of  those  commissioners,  till  they  had  or- 
•ilers  from  the  supreme  authority  of  the  kingdom  : We  have 

•  ilicrcibre  taken  the  whole  matter  into  our  princely  consideration, 

•  concludes  the  king)  and  liave  thought  fit  to  signify  our  jleasure 
•in  behalf  of  Fcrdinando  Gorges,  the  present  proprietor,  and  do 
'require  you  to  make  restitution  of  the  Province  to  him  or  his 
'commissioners,  and  deliver  hiin  or  them  peaceable  possession 
'[hereof,  or  otherwise  without  delay  show  us  reasons  to  the  con- 
'  trary  : — and  so  we  bid  you — farewell.'* 

When  the  General  Court  were  made  acquainted  with  the  con- 
tents of  this  letter,  they  undertook  to  justify  their  conduct,  to  the 
royal  commissioners,  by  recapitulating  the  grounds  and  reasons, 
which  induced  them  to  receive  the  provincials  under  the  govern- 
ment of  the  colony.     His  Majesty,  as  the  court  believed,  was 
jrcatly  misinformed  as  to  the  amount  of  disbursements  made  by 
?:r  Ferdinando.     It  might  be  true  as  the  inhabitants  say,  that  INfr. 
I  Tiiomas  Gorges  and  Mr.  Vines,  after  deducting  their  own  ex- 
fiises,  did  lay  out  ,£500  of  the  proprietor's  money  for  the  pub- 
lic good,  or  possibly  XI, 000  may  have  been  expended   in  ihe 
nliole,  through   mismanagement  in  building  a  house   in  York, 
I  breaking  up  lands,  and  a  few  unskilful  enterpri/es.     Massachu- 
setts however,  was  not  the  first  n  claim   a  considerable  part  of 
Maine,  against  the  rights  of  Gorges.     For,  Harnn  Higby,  twenty 
[years  ago,  entered  upon  a  large  portion  of  the  territory,  obtained 
|a  (lcci">i  VI  in  his  favor,   and   exercised   government  there  till   his 
fl'atli.f — \ay,  did   not  all  the   aL'onts  of  Sir   Ferdinando   ahan- 
1)1  the  Province,  to  self-formed  combinations  and  revolutionists, 


413 

A.  U.  I6«i. 


Remark*  of 
the  (li'iirrat 
Cuurit 


•Hutch.  Coll.  p.  nn,1-330. 


taMjM.  r.cr.  p.  170— IRO. 


The  dli 
puie. 


Nc'.  30. 


414  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  i. 

A.  U.  16»4.  long  before  Massachusetts  asserted  any  right  to  it  ? — Yet  what 
was  the  nature  or  character  of  her  claim  ;  surely  it  was  not  to  the 
soil — by  sales  of  which  she  expected  to  derive  any  pecuniary- 
profits  or  avails.  No : — but  on  the  contrary  it  was  exclusively 
protection  and  civil  government,  such  as  the  inhabitants  them- 
selves requested.  They  had  bound  themselves  by  their  oailis,  their 
articles  of  agreement,  and  other  volimtary  acts  to  live  in  subjec- 
tiou  to  the  laws  and  authorities  of  Massachusetts,  till  their  alie. 
gi<)nce  might  be  expressly  countermanded  by  the  supremo  gov. 
ernment  of  England.  How  tiien  could  they  consistently  with 
their  solemn  obligations,  submit  to  another's  control,  who  presum- 
ed to  act  without  any  evidence  of  such  authority,  or  paramount 
right,  and  without  process  of  law  ? 

To  the  letter  in  behalf  of  Gorges,  addressed  by  Henry  Joscelyn 
John  Archdale,  Robert  Jordan  and  Edward  Rishworlh,  as  before 
mentioned,  unto  the  Governor  and  Council,  requesting  them  to 
resign  and  surrender  the  jurisdiction  of  Maine,  the  General 
Court,  Nov.  30,  replied,  that  they  had  determined  to  yield  none 
of  their  rights  in  the  Province,  until  their  duties  in  this  particu- 
lar were  made  plain  and  palpable.  If  the  king's  will  were  known, 
it  was  only  through  his  address  to  the  inhabitants,  not  by  any 
mandate  or  express  communication  to  the  government  of  Massa- 
chusetts. Nor  were  the  king's  commissioners  with  all  the  power 
they  possessed,  authorized  in  a  more  special  manner  to  take  pos- 
session of  Maine,  than  of  any  other  Province. 

Thus,  the  features  of  the  troublesome  controversy  arc  cxhibii- 
ed  to  us,  at  the  opening  of  the  year  1GG5.     A  party  of  the  pro- 
vincials were  devoted  to  the  king's  will,  and  of  course  friendly 
to  the  anticipated  visit  of  his  commissioners.     Many,  especislly 
such  as  were  land  or  office-holders  under  the  Gorges'  family,  I 
were  the  advocates  of  the  present  proprietary,  and  some  of  theni| 
claimed  to   exercise   official   authority    under    his  appointinciii 
Massachusetts  was  inexorable  ;  and  numbers  of  the  ciisternpeo-l 
pie  were  strongly  attached  to  her  government.     Therefore  whcnl 
John  Archdale,*  the  proprietor's  agent,  came  forward  with  nn  or- 
der under  the  royal  "sign  manual,"  requiring  her  to  restore  unto  I 
him  Gorges'  province,  which  he  said  she  '*  had  shamefully  tn- 
croached  upon  in  the  time  of  the  civil  wars,"  the  General  Court  I 


Three  par 

•1*1  in 
Maine. 


•  FuUom,  r-  91-2.    Arclii^ulc  wae  in  the  Province  a  year. 


Cbap.  x^'J 


OF  MAINE. 


416 


told  him,  that  "  the  distracted  condition  ot"  the  people  in  York-  a.  D.  iflSft. 
jhire"  required  rather  their  protection  and  assistance,  and  that 
,  government  of  their  choice  should  never  be  hastily  withdrawn 
from  them. 

By  the  orders  of  that  Body,*  early  in  May,  we  find  they  speak  M«y. 
with  a  positiveness  not  to  be  misunderstood.     A  County  Court 

,     ,  ,  T.     ,    .       ,  ,  .  ^  County 

ffill  be  holuen  at  i  ork  in  tlie  present  as  in  previous  years.  All  irguUiion*. 
civil  officers  will  continue  to  exorcise  and  perform  their  duties, 
and  the  inhabitants  will  show,  as  formerly,  due  obedience  to  the 
colony  administration.  If  Edward  Rishworth  neglect  his  duty 
as  County- Rccordt^r,  Peter  Wycr  will  take  his  place,  and  to  him 
the  present  incumbent  will  deliver  the  record-books  and  pa- 
pers. Since  there  is  no  resiflent  ma;:;istrate  in  that  county, 
Ezekiol  Knight  of  Wells,  will  act  as  such  in  every  particular,  till 
ihe  further  order  of  the  Legislature.  Messrs  Simonds  and  Dan- 
forili  will  hold  the  usual  term  of  the  Courts  in  York,  the  current 
vear ;  and  all  transgressors  of  the  law,  if  any,  will  have  its  pen- 
alties measured  to  them  with  all  retributive  justice. 

The  king's  commissioners,  having  visited  the  towns  and   plan-  jun*. 
tations  between  Boston  and   Piscataqna,  made  a  short  tarry  in  Kimt'* 
New-Hampshire  and  passed  the  river,  about  the  middle  of  June,  ""i""*  •» 
into  Kitteiy.     Here  they  summoned  the  people  together  and  de-  York. 
scribed  to  them  their  inevitable  ruin,  if  they  continued  under  the 
'  Bay-government.'     Its  rulers,  said  they,  are  rebels  and  traitors, 
—their  contempts  and  crimes  will  soon  be  laid  before  his  Majes- 
ty,— and  their  doom  can  easily  be  foreseen. 

The  position  and  authority  assumed  by  die  .Commissioners 
were  not  only  despotic  and  unwarrantable,  but  extremely  in- 
discreet. They  virtually  assailed  the  charter  of  Gorges, 
telling  the  inhabitants,  it  granted  |)rivileges  altogether  too  great 
and  exclusive,  ever  to  be  possessed  and  exercised  by  his  Majes- 
ty's most  favored  subjects, — Mr.  Gorges  being  truly  one.  Hence 
they  manifested  a  forwardness  to  assist  them  in  obtaining  security 
from  the  claims,  both  of  him  and  the  rulers  of  Massachusetts. 

Next  they  exhibited  a  petition  for  signature,  addressed  to  the 
king,  praying  for  a  new  colony  charter.  This  found  signers, 
among  those  who  wen;  the  friends  or  dupes  of  these  arbitrary 
men ;  also  among  the  licentious,  who  are  ever  impatient  of  re- 


•3  Ma  ».  Mer.  jv  110—17. 


^416  THE  HISTORY  •    i  [Vol.  I. 

A.  D.  1665. siraint,  and  bankrupts,  who  were  anxious  of  relief  or  respi*^ 
from  their  debts.  Sucli  as  were  unyielding,  they  loaded  with  re- 
proaches, the  volatile  they  flattered,  and  the  timid  they  threat- 
ened. All  who  (lid  not  cf)ni])ly,  were  told,  that  their  name- 
would  be  returned  to  his  Majesty,  and  their  disloyalty  painted  to 
him  in  its  true  coloins.  So  affrighted  and  amazed  were  severa' 
i;  of  them,  that  they  afterwards  declared  they  did   not  know  wh  • 

they  had  done.     Many  of  the   better   and   more  sensible  people 
looked  upon  thomsclvos  in  a  condition  to  be   utterly  ruined  •  and 
began  to  entertain  thoughts  of  removing  with  their  families  and 
estates,  to  some  plantation  or  place  of  more  quiet  and  greater  I 
security. 

At  York,  the  Commissioners  passed  several  days,  undertakinj  I 
to  form  and  establish  a  superstructure  of  civil  authority,  through- 
out the  Province.     In  this,  they  seem  to  have  acted  accordini;  1 
to  the  dictates  of  their  own  will,  without  regard  either  to  the  char- 
ter of  Gorges  or  the  claim  of  Massachusetts. 

Their  official  order  was  essentially  in  these  words  : — * 
"  By  the  King's  Commissioners  for  settling  the  affairs  of  New. 
England." 

♦  We  having  seen  the  sev.nal  charters  granted  to  Sir  I 
L.  s.     '  Ferdinando  Gorges  and  to  the  Corporation  of  Massa- 
*  chusetts  Bay,  and  duly   weighed   the  matters  in  coniro-l 

•  versy,  do  now  receive  all  his  Majesty's   good  subjects,  livin: 
'  within  the  Province  of  Maine,  under  his  immediate  protection 

'  and   government.     Wo    also   appoint    and   constitute    Franc'A 

*  Champernoon    and   Robert    Cutis  of  Kittery  ;  Edward  Risk- 

*  worth  and  Edward  Johnson  of  York  ;  Samuel  fVheelwright  ofl 
•Wells;  Francis  Hooke  and  Will  iam  Phillips  oi  Saco;  Geor^tl 

*  Monntjoy  of  Casco  ;    Henry  Joscelyn  of  Black-point ;  Roknl 

*  Jordan  of  Richmond's  Island  ;  and  John  fVincoln  of  Newicha 

♦  wannock.  Justices  of  the  Pence  ;  and   constitute  them  a  Counl 

•  to  hear  and  determine  all  causes,  civil  and  criminal,  and  to  or- 

•  der  all  the  affairs  of  the  said  Province   for  the  peace  and  de- 

*  fence  thereof ; — proceeding  in  all  cases  according  to  the  lawsl 
•of  England  as  near  as  may  be,  till  the  aj)pointment  of  anotJiPrI 

•  government  by  the  Crown. 

•  In  his  Majesty's  name  we  require  all  tlie  inhabitants  of  si  :| 

*3  :\In5g.  Rrc.  p.  138. 


'  lu  tiko  ca 
Vol. 


CBA'-   «^*1  of  MAINE.  417 

iprorioce,  to  jrield  obedience  to  the  said  Justices,  and  forbid  at  A  D.  mm. 
tueli  the  Commissioners  of  Mr.  Gorges,  as  the  Corporation  of 
i  Massachusetts-Bay,  to  molest  any  of  the  inhabitants  of  tliis  Pro- 
'  rioce,  till  his  Majesty's  pleasure  be  known. 

« Given  under  our  hands  and  seals  at  York,  within  the  said 
"Province,  the  23d  of  June,  1665." 

«*  Robert  Carr. 

"  George  Cartwright. 

"  Samuel  Maverick." 
They  also  prescribed  a  form  of  oath,  which  they  administered  _ 


lahitiints  of  saiil 


to  these  magistrates  of  their  appointment  i*  and  resolved  m  sup-  *• 
port  of  their  own  authority,  to  oppose  the  two  Assistants  who  Hwriiy  of 
were  expected  from  Boston  to  join  the  Associates  as  usual,  and  teiu. 
bold  a  County  Court,  and  if  possible  to  prevent  a  session.    There- 
fore, Carr,  a  bolder  spirit  than  his  colleagues,  issued  an  order,  July 
3,  to  the  commander  of  the  militia  company  in  these  words ; — 

«  To  Capt.  John  Davis,  or  in  his  absence  to  the  next  officer  in 
"command  : 

"  In  his  Majesty's  name,  you  are  required  to  give  notice  to 
"your  company,  that  without  fail,  they  do  appear  in  arms  on 
"  Tuesday  morning  next,  in  the  field,  where  they  usually  meet, 
"there  to  attend  further  orders."     R.  Carr. 

In  the  provincial  form  of  government  now  established  and  put  Govern- 
in  operation.  General  Assemblies,  composed  of  all  in  commission,  m^! 
and  of  burgesses  or  deputies  from  the  several  towns,  were  holden  at 
York,  which  was  evidently  appointed  to  be  the  seat  of  government. 
The  Royal  Commissioners  directed,  whenever  the  Justices  were 
equally  divided  on  any  subject,  that  Mr.  Joscelyn  should  have 
the  casting  vote — if  he  be  absent,  Mr.   Jordan.     Another  order 
allowed  juries  of  seven  men  only,  '  on  account  of  the  fewness 
of  the  inhabitants,'  to  be  impanelled  for  the  trial  of  cases ;  and 
the  first  inferior  Court  under  this  organization  of  the  government 
was  holden  at  Wells,  in  July  following,  the  second  at  York,  Nov. 
7.— William  Phillips  was  appointed  Major-commandant  of  the  mili- 
tary forces  in  the  Province ;  R.  Hitchcock  and  John  Lazer,  offi- 
cers of  the  Saco  and  Cape  Porpoise  companies.f 

*  Sec  poit,  Sept.  6,  1665. 

^  At  tlie  July  term  in  Wells  mentioned,  the  Court  ordered  <  everj  town 
'tutalto  care  that  there  be  in  it  a  pair  of  stocks,  a  case  and  coukiog 
Vol.  I.  40 


418  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  i. 

A.D.  IMA.  When  the  Assistants  arrived  at  Piscataqua  from  Boston,  thev 
were  informed  of  the  call  made  upon  the  militia,  and  the  menaces 
uttered  nnd  spread  by  the  Conimissioncrs  ;  and  therefore  lo  avoid 
an  open  rupture  with  men,  whose  tarry  and  overtures  in  the  Pro- 
vince must  be  short,  they  proceeded  no  farther ;  ininicijliatcly  re. 
turning  home  and  reporting  the  facts  to  their  government.* 

Never  were  men  and  their  course  of  measures  more  universal- 
ly  unpopular.  Massachusetts  inveighed  against  them  vehement- 
ly, charging  them  with  a  violation  of  their  own  coniinission  and 
instructions  :  For  no  oflicial  acts  or  proceedings  ol  the  Board 
without  the  presence  and  approbation  of  Col.  Nichols,  wore  to 
be  valid  ;  nor  were  they  ever  to  disturb  any  ancient  establish- 
ment of  patent  claims,  nor  in  any  event  interrupt  the  ordinary 
course  of  justice ;  whereas  they  were  authors  of  the  boldest  and 
most  violent  measures,  without  the  king's  consent,  or  knowledirc- 
and  had  struck  a  deadly  blow  at  chartered  rights,  as  well  as  at 
the  public  tranquillity.     '  Arc  these  the  disciples  of  peace  }  nav 

•  in  Job's  time,  said  the  General  Court,  it  was  the  province  of  a 

*  day's  man  to  appease  antagonists,  by  laying  the  peac^-niaker's 

*  hands  on  both  ;  but  the  wisdom  or  artifice  of  these  men,  have 
'  converted  the  temple  of  ])eace  into  a  forum  of  wretchedness.' 
The  Court  also,  by  way  of  a  remonstrance,  spread  the  Comniis- 
sioncr's  conduct  before  the  king,  with  a  correct  portrait  of  its 
deformities. 

Ecpially  opposed  to  the  Commissioners  and  to  Gorges  were 
•  tlie  eastern  provincials,  or  inhabitants  of  Lygonia.  They  were 
fully  aware  of  their  unhappy  condition,  and  in  consideration  of 
the  king's  letter,  to  them  and  the  rest  of  JMainc,  the  preceding 
year,  they  prepared  a  memorial  to  him,  August  1,  which  was 
signed  by  George  Cleaves,  and  twenty-one  of  his  friends  and 
neighbors.f     It  commenced,  and  proceeded  thus : — 

•  [ducking]  stool,  crcotcilbctwccn  lliis  and  the  next  court.'  The  latter 
was  the  old  inslriiincnt  fi>r  the  punishment  of  common  scolds.  It  cuii.sibtti 
of  a  loiij;  l)can>  moving  like  a  well-sweep  upon  a  fulcruni ;  the  oml  ex- 
tLWidcd  over  a  ])niid,  on  which  the  culprit  w:i!s  pluceil  and  imnicrtud.  /'()/• 
io»r«  Siico  <viil  liUldtfurd,  p.  OG. 

*  ^^  Mass.  Rec.  p.  207— S. 

t  Their  nnnic-*  iiro  (Jiorffo  Cleaves,  (leoi^-c  Mmjntjoy,  Francis  Nralc, 
Phinchas  Ilider,  Uiclmrd  IVIartin,  Ucnjarnin  Atwcll,  .lohn  InperMtl', 
George  Injcrsoll,  John  Waltdcv,  John  riiilli^.s,  Rohe it  t'oibin,   lIcDrv 


The  Ly- 
coniani  ad 
tireMi  tlio 
kini;. 


AufusI  I. 


Cnif'  x^l  or  mainr. 

'  The  humble  petition  of  the  inhabitants  at  Casco  in  the  Pro-  A. 

'vince  of  Maine,  represents,  ac;recably  to  your  Majesty's  com- 

'mind,  our  several  reasons,  why  we  could  not  submit  to  Mr. 

I  Gorges.. .But  first — To  our  most  gracious  father,  ue,  your  hum- 

'blc  suhj'^cis,  inliahiiing   a  wilderp'       in  the  northern  parts  of 

'your  dominions,  would  return  our  mosKhitiful  and  iiearty  thanks, 

' for  your  pfincely  care  of  us  and  our  children.      Required  by 

'your  Majesty  to  render  submission  to  Mr.  Gorges  or  assign  our 

'reasons  for  declining  it,  we  arc  frank  to  say,  we  have  no  dispo- 

'sition  to  oppose  his  government,  whenever  our  obedience  is  ex- 

'pressly  commanded  by  your  Majesty.     In  our  union  however, 

'witli  Massachusetts,  wo  all  pledged  our  allegiance  to  her  gov- 

'eriiinent,   till  our  royal  sovereign  should  otherwise  determine 

'and  direct.     Vet  we  have  found  by  happy  experience,  as  your 

'Majesty  very  justly  intimates,  that  her  maxitns  of  policy,  pru- 

'dence  and  moderation,  and  her  principles  of  amity  and  justice, 

'so  much  the  causes  of  her  own  eminence,  have  since  our  short 

'connexion  with  her,  been  the  means  of  our  contentment  and 

'prosperity,  far  beyond  what  we  have  enjoyed  during  any  former 

'period  of  the  same  length.      The  Cou)missioners,  nevertheless, 

'lorbid  our  submission  to  her  government,  and  likewise  to  Mr. 

'Gorges  ;  and  in  return  she  withholds  our  allegiance  from  them. 

'So  unhappily  situated,  we  humbly  entreat  your  Majesty  not  to 

'believe  us  disloyal, because  our  nam^s  are  not  found  on  thepeti- 

'  lion  for  a  change  of  government  or  rulers,  as  we  have  no  just 

'cause  of  complaint  against  either  Mr.  Gorges  or  Massachusetts  ; 

'—being  taught  by  the  best  authority,  that  *  obedience  is  better 

'Man  sacrifice,''  and  contentment  is  our  duty,  wherever  the  allot- 

'  meat  of  God  in  his  Providence,  and  your  Majesty's   commands 

'shall  cast  us. 

•Threatened  as  we  are,  for  not  signing  the  petition  and  sub- 
'  raining  to  the  Commissioners,  we  beseech  your  Majesty  to  take 
'these  reasons  and  our  case,  under  your  fatherly  eye  and  give  us 
'directions ;  for  it  is  the  design  of  our  hearts  to  act  correctly  and 
'uprightly  ;  and  we  would  rather  submit  to  whatever  government 
'may  be  appointed  over  U3,  than  to  contend,  or  to  direct  what  it 
'should  be.'* 


t>.  lecs. 


Williami,  Ambrose  Boadcn,  George  Lewis,  John  Lewis,  Thomas  Skillinf, 
Thomas  SkilliDfc  jr.,  John  Skiliing^,  John  Cloyes,  Thomas  Wakeloy,  Joha 
Kidor,  Nathaniol  Wallis.  *  Hutch.  Coll.  p.  896— .tBS. 


4f^  THE  IIIOTORY  [Vol.  1. 

A.  D.  1665.     The  Commissioners,  after  spending  more  than  two  months  m 
£lli"'*io   the  Province,  principally  at  York,  Scarborough,  and  Falmouth, 
^k.     *    »"  settling  or  rather  revolutionizing  the  government,  proceeded  lo 
the  Duke's  territory  of  Sagadahock  or  New  Castle.     It  is  sop. 
posed  to  have  been  at  this  period  and   afterwards,  that  several 
Dutch  families  removed  from  New-York   into  the  territory,  and 
settled  upon  the  eastern  banks  of  the  Sheepscot,  and  the  western 
banks  of  the  Damariscotta,  about  the  lower  falls  of  those  rivers.* 
S«pt  A.  A  Court  was  first  opened  by  the  Commissioners,  Sept.  5,  at 

wiw'Iir*"^^^  dwellinghouse  of  John  Masony\  who  lived  on  the  east  bank 
OhMftcoi.  of  Sheepscot  river — at  the  Great  Neck,  not  far  from  a  block 
house  or  small  fort ;  which  was  half  a  league  westerly  of  Dam- 
ariscotta lower  falls. 

Being  now  within  the  Duke's  own  patent  and  Province,  as  they 
supposed,  whereof  the  whole  was  under  the  administration  of 
Col.  Nichols  the  Governor,  the  other  Commissioners  were  per- 
haps  authorized  to  act  now  without  his  concurrence.  Here  were 
no  conflicting  jurisdictions.  Destitute  of  any  regular  government, 
the  inhabitants  were  not  reluctant  to  render  obedience  unto  any 
power,  that  was  able  and  willing  to  protect  them.  The  nominal 
administration  at  Pemaquid  under  Mr.  Shurte;]:  was  still  a  mere 
conservation  of  the  peace  without  much  system  or  efficiency. 

The  Commissioners  appointed  Walter  Phillips  of  Damaris- 
cotta, clerk  and  recorder,  whose  book  of  records  was  entitled 
"  the  rolls  of  such  nets  and  orders,  passed  the  first  sessions  hol- 
den  in  the  territories  of  his  Highness  the  Duke  of  York,  on  the 
eastern  and  northern  side  of  Sagadahock  and  extending  to  Nova 
Scotia ; — begun  at  the  house  of  John  Mason  on  the  river  Sheeps- 


"•  Sullivan,  p.  36— 30— 158— 2S3— 291. --At  Wood  bridge's  neck  on  the  east- 
ern  bank  of  the  Sheepscot  river,  a  mile  above  Wiscassct  point  or  vil- 
lage, there  are  appearances  of  a  very  ancient  settlement — where  the  cavi- 
ties of  many  cellars  arc  now  niaaifest,  thougli  there  arc  trees  in  somu  of 
them  of  a  \nrge  size. 

f  Mason  purchased  the  land  of  two  Sagamores,  Rohinhood  and  Jack  Pud- 
ding. Sullivan,  p.  6fi—2S9.— Mr.  Randolph  came  hither  after  the  Revo. 
lution,  claiming  through  his  mother,  heirship  to  John  Mason's  lands,  hi^ 
anccstur.  He  said  liis  parents  told  him  he  was  born  at  Sheepscot,  and  they 
fl«d  with  him  when  an  infant  to  Ncw-Jerscj-,  to  escape  the  tomahawk. 
He  produced  papers  certified  hy  Walter  Phillips,  and  had  a  copy  of  Gen- 
eral Dungan'f  commission.     But  his  claim  was  obsolete.— Su//.  p.  166. 

I  Slurtt  it  supposed  to  have  disd  at  Pemaquid,  A.  D.  1690. 


ClAT'  X^-]  OF  MAINE.  421 

col,  Sept  5th,  in  the  17th  year  of  tlie  reign  of  our  Sovereign  a.  D.icg*. 
Lord  the  King,  Anno  Domini  1 665."  .  « 

They  erected  the  whole  territory  into  a  county,  by  the  name 
of  Cornwall;  named  the  Sheepscot  plantation  Dartmouth  or 
Xtv-Dartmouth ;  and  settled  the  dividing  line  between  it  and 
Pemaquid. 

Next,  they  summoned  the  inhabitants  in  the  several  settle- 
ments to  appear  and  submit  to  his  Majesty's  government,  with- 
in the  Duke's  patent.  Only  twenty-nine  however,*  appeared 
ind  took  the  oath  of  allegiance,  at  this  term ; — probably  a  minor 
part  of  the  whole  number  of  men  between  Sagadahock  and  Pe- 
nobscot. 

In  the  construction    and  establishment  of    civil    government 
I  ibey  appointed  a  chief  comtable,  three  magistrates  or  justices  of 

I  peace,  and  a  recorder.    The  justices  were  .N'icholas  Raynal 

I  of  Sagadahock,  Thomas  Gardiner  of  Pemaquid,  and  William 

I)yer  uf  Dartmouth,  being,  as  die  commissioners  said,  the  ablest 

iod '  best  men  to  be  found  in  those  places.'     The  same  oath  was 

I  jdministered  to  these  as  to  the  justices  appointed  in  the  Province 

of  Maine,  to  wit; — You  as  justice  of  the  peace  do  swear,  that 

ipuwill  do  equcl  right  to  the  poor  and  rich,  after  the  laws  and 

\mtom  oj   England,  according  to  your  cunning  and  power. 

You  shall  not  be  of  counsel  to  any  party.     You  shall  not  let  or 

hnderfor  gift  or  other  cause,  hut  well  and  truly  you  shall  do  your 

Ma  of  justice  of  the  peace.     Three  justices  in  Maine,  viz.  Couru  and 

Iflenry  Joscelyn,  Robert  Jordan,  and    George  Mountjoy,  assisted  m*  in  ihe 

lb}  the  preceding  three,  were  constituted  a  Court,  and  directed  ,^'|j{'****** 

|to  hold  sessions  for  the  trial  of  all  causes,  "  till  further  order." 

Their  jurisdiction  southward  or  westward,  was  limited  by  the 

kirer  Sagadahock,  including  about  thirty  or  forty  families  upon 

he  islands  and  eastern  side  of  the  river,  formerly  within  the 

Plymouth  patent.     But  the  Commissioners  being  aware,  proba- 


'/«  Sagadahock — William  Friswell,  R'chard  Hammond,  John  Miller, 
|lobcrl  Morgan,  Thomas  Parker,  Marcus  Parsons,  Tliomas  Watkins,  John 

liite.— /n  »  Skeepscot" — VVm.  Dole,  Wm.  Dyer,  (Esq.)  Christopher  Dyer, 
falhaniel  Draper,  Thomas  Gents,  VVm.  James,  VVm.  Markes,  Jo/m  JUofon, 
Itiomas  Mercer,  Walter  Phillipt,  [Clerk,]  Moses  Pike,  Robert  Scott, 
jndrcw  Stalger,  John  Taylor,  John  Wliite. — In  Pemaquid— TUomM  Al- 
jridgc,  [GIbridgc,]  Edmund  Arrowsmith,  George  Buckland,  Flenry  Champ- 
pu, Thomas  Gardiner.— tywJrro'iuicit— Nicholas  Raynal. — Sullivan,  p.  287. 


422  THE  mSTORV  [Vot. , 

A.  D.  icsa.  biy,  of  the  royal  commission  to  Governor  Temple,*  and  of  the 
charter  to  Bcauchamp  and  Leverett,  seem  not  to  have  cxercisefj 
any  authority  northwardly  beyond  Miisconc^us  river.f  In  try- 
ing  any  cause,  civil,  ecclcsiasticnl  or  criminal,  if  the  justices 
were  equally  divided  in  opinion,  Henry  Joscelyn  was  entitled  to 
a  double  or  casting  vote. 

-  Tiie  chief  constable  had  the  power  to  appoint  deputies ;  and 
the  followina;  precepts  will  siiow  us  the  forms  of  process,  also  how 
he  was  authorized  to  act. 

To  the  Constable  on  the  eastward  side  of  the  Kennebeck  rictr 
or  his  Deputy. — Greeting. 

By  virtue  hereoj,  you  arc  required  in  his  Majesiy^s  name,  and 
under  the  authority  of  his  Highness,  the  Duke  of  York,  to  ap- 
prehend the  body  or  goods  of  C.  Lawson,  and  take  bond  of  him 
to  the  value  of  £120,  tvith  sufficient  surety  or  sureties,  for  hit 
personal  appearar  ce  at  a  special  court,  to  be  held  at  Arroutsick, 
the  21th  of  this  present  J\ovember,  then  and  there  to  answerto 
the  complaint  of  E.  Dawner,  for  not  yielding  a  debt  due  by  bill, 
bearing  date  the  3d  day  of  June,  1G65.  Hereof  you  are  not  to 
fail,  as  you  will  answer  it  at  your  peril ;  and  so  make  true  return 
under  your  hand.     Dated  this  1st  JVovember,  1665. 

NICHOLAS  RAYNAL,  Jus.  Pacit. 

The  officers  return. —  JVovember,  1665. 

I  have  attached  the  body  of  C.  Lawson,  and  have  taken  haill 
for  his  appearance  at  the  next  Court,  to  answer  to  the  complaint 
of  Ed.  Datvner  in  an  action  of  the  case :     This  is  a  true  n- 
turn.X  RICHARD  LEMONS,   Constable. 

These  imperfect  sketches,  are  the  prominent  features  of  the 
civil  administration,  undertaken  to  be  framed  by  these  Commis- 
sioners.'^    Short  sighted  statesmen — unacquainted  witli  the  genius 


Defects  in 
measures. 


*  Hutch.  Coil.  j).  214-5. 

f  "  Governor  Dnnjjan,  assent  of  the  Dnkc  of  York,  reinorcJ  many  Dutch  I 
"  families  from   t'le  hanks  of  l!io   lliulson  to  his  rs'evv  Province  on  the 
"  Shcepsrot.     Tlioj-  tarried  tliorc  until  the  settlements  were  broken  up  bj 
*' the  wars  which  were  soon  after  commenced  by  the  savajcs. — Su/Ziros, 
p.  291. 

J  Sullivan,  p.  2D  I. 

!)  The  laws  of  the  Duke's  Province,  collected  by  Governor  Nichols,  nnd  I 
confirmed  by  the  Duke,  have  been  examined  by  tlie  compiler  of  this  c*  I 
tory ;  but  he  can  find  in   them  no  particular  mention  of  his  eastern  pa- 
tent. 


ChaF.  «▼.]  OF  MAINE.  423 

ot  the  people,  Uieir  necessities,  and  the  polUicai  remedies  AD.  I«i6a. 
jeeded,  they  formed  no  reaiular  system  of  government ;  their 
fiiole  management  giving  full  proof  of  their  inadiMiuacy  to  iho 
ija5niiuile  of  the  trust  to  wliich  they  had  been  commissioned. 
>o  provision  was  made  for  legish»tion,  trials  by  jury,  military 
defence,  ta.\ation,  religious  instruction,  or  the  education  of 
Touih.  Though  they  found  settlements  scattered  to  a  wide  ex- 
tent, some  of  which  were  more  than  forty  years  old,  and  also  a 
population  probably  of  three  himdred  families,*  who  trcattd  their  *  ' -" 
measures  and  authority  with  the  utmost  civility  ;  their  ill-nature 
nroinptcd  them  to  represent  the  whole  as  only  "  three  sntall  plan-  <"omini«- 
aiioris  belongmg  to  Ins  royal  highness,  viz.  ''  on  the  northeast  of  e'-n. 
"Keimebeck,  on  Sljeepscot  river  and  on  Pemaquitl  ;"  '  the 
'largest  of  which,'  they  said,  '  did  not  contain  more  than  thirty 
'houses,  and  all  of  them  mean.'  The  people,  whose  allotments 
i  were  labor  and  poverty,  being  strangers  to  the  pleasures  and  ben- 
efits of  society,  and  strong  in  the  hopes  of  finding  the  commis- 
sioners their  benefactors,  were  represented  by  them,  to  be  mere 
fishermen,  and  fugitives  from  justice,  unused  to  the  restraints  of 
'oiernnient.  Listening  to  an  instance  of  lasciviousness  related  to 
them,  they  gave  it  a  turn  of  ridicule  upon  the  planters  generally, 
j  by  Slating  in  their  report,f  afterwards  made,  that  'some  of  them 
'have  as  many  sliares  in  a  woman,  as  tliey  have  in  a  fishing 
'boat.' 

It  is  said  the  Commissioners  i  siabL^hed  the  form  of  an  ecclesi- 
lastical  constitution,  which,  tliuugh  cast  in  an  episcopal  mould,  was 
Ircinarkable  for  its  simplicity  and  liberal  principles.  Assurances 
Iwere  given  the  inhabitants,  tiiiat  their  possessions  and  rights  should 
mot  be  disturbed.  J  Bat  no  adequate  redress  of  wrongs  was  pro- 
Itided ;  and  in  all  conveyances,  as  well  by  the  planters  as  by  the 
Ouke's  agents,^  it  appears  the  policy  was  revived  of  incumbering 
km  with  quit-rents. 

But  the  unequal  numbers  of  the  inhabitants,  compar    !   with  ^  ,fea,y 
jie  natives,  and  some  apprehensions  of  a  rupture,   induced  the  jj^^j^^,','^''' 
pominissioners  to  negotiate  a  treaty  with  the   Sagn mores,  which 
ontained  provisional  articles,  too  judicious  and   memorable  not 


^m 


''ElfjIiU-rour  families  m  IGSO. 
|i':3.-.SH»ira/),  p.  31»1.    . 


N.  Dai'is''  lU'iKirt. — Aiiil    17.">   fiimilics  in 


'i 


tJ^tO  tins  report.— //v/f/i.  Coll.  p.   12  '.— &. 
Ifiillivin.  p.  170-ll!0. 


;  SiilliMiii,  p.  1()2  3-374. 


Shcfptcol 
R«cordi. 


4S4  THK  HISTORY  {Ynu  |. 

A.  u.  IG6&  to  be  mentioned.  For  it  was  agreed,  **  that  if  any  mitchief 
should  happen  to  be  done  either  by  the  English  or  Indians'*— f«. 
dress  was  to  be  sought  by  complaint  to  the  Courts,  if  an  Indian 
were  the  sufferer,  and  to  the  Sagamores,  when  the  English  were 
injured  : — and  never  were  they,  on  either  side,  to  seek  revente 
by  acts  uf  hostility.  This,  if  religiously  observed,  '  might  hare 
'  been,  as  Mr.  Hubbard*  remarks,  a  perfect  preventive  of  bkwd* 
*shed.' 

The  "  Sheepscot  records"  sometimes  called  the  "  Records  of 
eastern  claims  of  lands,"  which  were  commenced  under  the 
Commissioners  by  Walter  Phillips,  contained  a  registry  of  grants 
under  the  Duke,  of  Indian  deeds  and  other  conveyances,  and 
were  continued  about  fifteen  years.  Afterwards,  the  book  wu 
removed  to  the  Secretary's  oflice  in  Boston,  and  was  considered 
to  be  oi  great  authority,  till  it  was  lost.f 

Early  in  October,  the  Commissioners  returned  to  York.  In 
passing  or  returning  through  Casco,  they  opened  a  Court,  lod 
among  other  arbitrary  proceedings,  pronounced  all  land-titles  ob- 
tained from  the  Lygonian  proprietor  and  all  Indian  deeds,  tlie 
merest  nullities.  The  avowal  of  such  a  sentiment,  though  it 
fanned  the  fire  of  indignation,  seems  to  have  been  apprehended; 
for  it  is  said  that  Massachusetts  previously  confirmed  all  the  lands 
in  Falmouth  to  the  inhabitants.  Taking  umbrage  at  every  oppoi*  i 
ing  measure  of  that  colony,  the  Commissioners  were  ready  to 
hear  any  complaint  against  her.  The  famous  John  Bonython| 
showed  tliem  a  warrant  which  ordered  him  to  be  arrested  and  I 


Commis. 
•ioi.en  at 
i/a«fo  and 
York. 


»  llubbard'i  N.  E.  833 Ilih  Indian  Wars,  p.  297. 

f  It  ii  said  tliat  Phillips,  to  avoid  the  Indian  tomahawk,  fled   to  Cbarki- 1 
tou,  MaBsachiiseKs,  A.  D.  1680,  where  he  died. — It  is  supposed  the  reordi 
were  consumed  by  fire  wlicn  the  Boston  Court  House  was  burnt.    Simon  | 
Frost  of  Kittcry  says,  in  his  depositions  n(  June  3, 1765,  that  26  year*  b( 
fore  when  Deputy  Secretary,  under  J.  Willard,  Ksq.  he  took  copies  froo  I 
that  book  ;  and  when  the  Court  House  was  burnt,  in  1748,  he  was  Rcprt- 
tentative  from  Kittcry,  and  with  others  made  search  for  the  records  wm{ 
after,  but  tliey  cuuld  not  be  found  ;  nor  have  they  since  been  seen. 

I  It  is  not  known  when  or  where  this  troublesome  man  died.    He  will 
Airious,  obstinntp   and  unpopular.    The  f^rave  atonei  of  this  man  ib«» 
him  to  have  hern  interred  at   Ucndezvous  Point  on  the  east  side  oflht 
Saco— uiHin  wliich  some  unknown  hand  inNcribed   this  ill-natured  conplil.  | 

♦•  Here  lies  Ronython  the  H.ififnmore  of  Saro. 

"  Hr  livM  .1  rogue,  and  died  a  knave,  and  went  to  llocktmocko. 


[V«t.  I.  I  Cuf-  XV.] 


OP  MAINE.' 


4fi5 


.^*•^*?•^^> 


aim. 


earried  to  Boston, "  dead  or  alive ;"  merely  as  he  said,  because  A.  D.  iMs^ 
JK  would  not  bow  to  her  government.        ;h  «  i  .wi^  i>«/j  >.tt  siii!} 

At  York,  where  thej  prolonged  their  visit,  they  pretended 
dnt  the  eastern  inhabitants  and  a  great  Sachem  also,  had  peti- 
gooed  the  king  to  receive  them  under  his  protecting  hand,  and 
ippoint  Sir  Robert  Carr  their  Governor.    They  gave  quite  a  ro-Th«ira«- 
oMOtic  account  of  the  Duke's  eastern  country.    They   repre*  Duke* 
5€Dted,  that  the  numerous  "  islands,  harbors  and  outlets,  upon  **'"*'■*•• 
utbe  coast  were  richly  stored  with  great  6sh,  oysters  and  lob- 
"sters;"    that  the  interior  abounded  with  "wild  ducks,  geese, 
•^ deer,"  and  other  game,  and  also  with  "strawberries,  raspber- 
ries, gooseberries,    barberries,    several    sorts    of   bilberries    m 
ibeir  seasons ;"  and  that  they  found  "  several  kinds  of  oaks,  and 
"pines,-— and  the  chesnut  and  walnut  trees,  sometimes  for  four  or 
"five  miles  together."* 

To  oppose  them  in  the  exercise  of  authoriiy,  the  General 
Court  despatched  Messrs  Danforth,  Lusher  and  Leverett,  to  hold 
iterm  of  Yorkshire  Court  in  Octobcr.f  But  they  were  stopped 
It  Piscataqua,  Oct.  10,  by  a  sharp  letter  sent  to  them  from  Kit- 
tery  by  Carr,  who  ordered  them  to  desist  from  their  purpose y  and 
proceed  n.o  farther.'-— They  therefore  returned  to  Boston  and 
vire  soon  followed  by  the  Commissioners. 

When  they  arrived,  they  were  charged  by  the  General  Court, 
«ith  disturbing  the  public  peace ;  and  were  requested  to  meet  a 
committee  for  the  purpose  of  a  conference. — Ao,  not  a  word 
mi  pass,  replied  Carr ; — but  remember,  the  king*$  pardon  of 
tk  late  rebellion  is  conditional,  and  the  authors  of  the  oppoti- 
tm  among  you  must  expect  the  punishment  awarded  the  rebeii 
in  Et^land^'—and  you  well  know  their  fate."^ 

Here  all  intercourse  with  them  terminated.     Recalled  by  the  k^-^, 
king,^  they  in  a  few  months,  departed  the  colony,— at  a  time  '^KTJ'*^ 
^hen  the  public  attention  was  arrested  and  occupied  by  the  news  rVpart. 
of  war,  declared  by  the  French  king  against  England.  || 

In  the  first  year  of  this  war,  extensive  preparations  were  made  \v«r  wii^ 
by  the  British  cabinet,  for  the  reduction  ol  Canada ;  and  no  ^''"'<*' 
other  conquest,  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic,  could  give  equal 

*  Hutch.  Coll.  p.  421  t  8  Maw.  Reo.  p.  208. 

1 1  Hiitob.  Hikt.  p.  2aa>-9.     i  1  Balk.  N.  H.  p.  97 — Hub.  N.  E.  p.  &««. 
|iA  war  to  air)  Hollanrl— Bftinvt  Eng;l«Bd.->6  flwiM  p.  440. 
Vol..  I.  41 


486 


THE  HISTOKV 


[Vol, 


I. 


*<!t 


OdOMT* 


A*0- iMfioecutonfor  general  joy.  The  king  required  Musachuseus  lo 
take  the  lead  among  the  colonies  in  the  enterprise ;  and  GoTer> 
nor  Nichols  expressed  the  greatest  anxiety  for  the  speedy  more- 
ment  of  her  troops.  He  said  it  was  reported  that  the  French  had 
700  men  under  marching  orders  against  Albany  ;*  and  nothinr 
but  the  arms  or  enmity  of  the  Mohawks.f  while  remaining  uo> 
subdued,  could  form  any  barrier,  to  impede  the  progress  oi  tb« 
French  and  Canadian  forces.  •       •  •!  ■n'-      ')■?  uu  •  . ,.  ■ 

But  the  enlistments  were  not  completed  and  the  necessarr 
preparations  ready  till  October.  It  was  then  too  late  and  whollj 
impracticable,  in  the  opinion  of  the  General  Court  and  of  Gov- 
ernor Temple,  an  experienced  officer  who  had  been  consulted, 
to  march  a  body  of  troops  over  rocky  mountains,  and  through 
rugged  deserts,  a  distance  of  1 ,400  miles  against  a  formidable 
enemy  ;J — and  the  campaign  was  not  undertaken. 

Never  was  a  country  inoro  open  and  exposed  to  the  incur- 
sions of  an  enemy,  tiian  the  region  was  at  that  time,  between 
Piscataqua  and  Nova  Scotia.  The  inhabitants,  scattered  and 
defenceless,  were  without  fortifications,  without  arms  or  military 
stores,  and  without  even  any  common  bond  of  union.  All  the 
settlements  upon  a  seacoast,  200  miles  in  extent,  were  situated 
near  the  best  harbors,  tempting  in  every  thing  except  poverty,  to 
the  visits  of  invaders.  The  enemy  on  their  rear,  who  had  by 
this  time  acquired  a  singular  missionary  influence  among  the  jeal* 
ous  savages,  hated  the  puritan  planters,  and  especially  coveted 
this  eastern  country.  Nor  was  this  all.  Distracted  with  poliiicai 
dissensions,  the  eastern  people  had  none  to  help  or  protect  them ; 
though  it  were  well  known  how  many  claimed  to  control  and 
rule  them.  In  three  or  four  years,  all  traces  of  the  king's  com- 
missioners were  obliterated,  a  few  monutnental  evils  excepted  ;  and 
Massachusetts  was  evidently  the  only  power,  to  which  the  inhab- 
itants could  look  with  any  prospect  of  assistance,^  either  in  war 
or  peace.  :i       • 


Maine  and 

SMsada- 

bock. 


ri 


I  *  •♦  M.  de  Coiircellcs.  ap)H)lt>ted  Governor  of  New-Frnnrc,  Irantportcl 
Mthercfjirtlentof  Cnrijjnaii  Solncrcn  to  Canada."— 1  //o/mf»'.^.  .?nn.  p.  S96. 
—And  witli  it  came  Baron  f/c  v'-'i/ifif. 

fThe  Krencli  enldblislied  a  peat  >  witii  the  Mohawks,  A.  D.  !fl«7. 

1 3  Mats.  Kir.  p.  26U. 

f  MHtacliURCttB  at  tliia  time  had  a  militia,  connittiRff  "  of  4,000  foot  and  4^0 
korac."— I  Holmu'  A,  .Inn.  p.  894, 


Citf.  «▼•] 


OP  MAINE. 


W 


Happily  for  them  the  war  was  short,  though  its  consequence*  A.D.  tw. 
fanaed  a  lamentable  train  of  evils.    A  cessation  of  hostilities  in 
liie  spring  was  followed  by  two  treaties,  which  the  English  con-  Tnnj  vt 
eluded  at  Breda,  July  31,  1667,  one  with  France  and  the  other  jiT*''"''''' 
^iih  Holland.     In  these  negotiations,  the  English  agreed  to  sur- 
render Nova  Scotia  to  the  French  ;    and  Holland  resigned  to 
England,  the  Dutch  colony  at  the  Hudson. 

The  recession  or  return  of  the  Acadian  Province  to  France, 
tras  generally  lamented  throughout  New-England.*  Indeed, 
since  Sir  Thomas  was  the  territorial  proprietor,  as  well  as  the 
Governor,  it  was  a  great  question  among  statesmen,  and  perhaps 
th"?  English  envoy  himself  doubted,  if  the  crown  could  ctcJe 
jny  other  right  than  that  of  sovereignty  or  the  government.  For 
the  cession  was  not  in  the  treat/  itself,  but  through  the  pressure 
tnd  influence  of  the  French  embassy,  was  subsequently  made 
an  appendant  article. 

Except  under  the  a'dministration  of  Governor  Temple,  the  jh.  Prtneii 
Acadian  French  had  been  always  disagreeable  to  their  New- J!^  *^"j''* 
Engici V  ..'  j;hbors.  For  their  motives  of  action,  their  habits  of 
life  an  ''^ht,  their  pursuits  and  plans  in  business,  and  in  fact, 
all  the  qualities  and  shades  of  their  character,  differed  as  widely 
from  those  of  the  English,  as  the  two  people  were  unlike  in  their 
language,  '^^eir  religious  tenets  and  their  political  sentiments.  In 
short,  the}  agreed  in  nothing,  except  in  the  forms  and  gifts  of 
nature.  Let  a  bigoted  catholic,  ever  servile  to  the  dictates  of 
Jesuit  priests,  a  slavish  subject,  believing  in  the  divine  right  of 
kings,  a  Frenchman  devoted  to  savage  society,  the  chase,  the 
wigwam  or  an  Indian  wife,  be  contrasted  with  puritan  piety,  poli- 
tics, intelligence  and  taste  for  refmements ;  and  one  will  not  find 
it  difficult  to  understand  the  causes  of  mutual  dislike,  nor  to  de- 
termine on  which  side  were  enmity  and  the  avenger.  Among 
the  dibciples  of  papacy,  all  protestants  were  esteemed  heretics, 
whose  liberty,  wealth  and  life  itself,  according  to  their  creed,  it 
was  no  sin  to  sacrifice. 

The  Indians  schooled  by  the  same  spiritual  teachers,  imbibed 
a  similar  disposition,  and  were  easily  bloated  with  the  same  opin-  diin*. 
ions.    The  original  estrangement  and  malignity  of  the  eastern 
and  western  tribes  towards  each  other,  were  observed  to  be  grid- 


*  Huteb.  Coll.  p.  Am. 


(frr.  .-  i 


48ff  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  |. 

A.  >;  1667  ually  yielding  to  the  vibrations  of  intercourse.  Their  natun] 
cunning,  sharpened  by  necessity,  prompted  them  to  trespass  and 
pilfer  at  a  distance  from  home.  Hence,  the  people  were  satis. 
fied,  that  the  Eastern  Indians  were  the  perpetrators  of  certain 
mischiefs,  committed  in  the  autumn  of  1 667,  among  the  domes- 
tic animals,  and  in  the  cornfields  and  meadows  of  Hadley  upon 
Connecticut  river ;  and  the  sufferers  sent  to  Robinliood,  a  chief 
Sagamore  at  Kennebeck,  demanding  redress  and  threatening 
him  and  his  tribe  with  the  utmost  severities,  if  the  offences  were 
repeated.  To  promote  amity  with  ihem,  license  was  at  length 
given  to  the  traders  in  fur  and  in  peltries,  to  sell  unto  Indian  friends, 
guns  and  ammunition.*  , 

The  proprietary  rights  of  Temple  to  the  territory  of  Nova 
Scotia,  no  one  in  justice  could  deny.  But  perceiving  it  was  the 
determination  of  the  French  to  obtain  it,  and  the  agreement  of 
the  English  to  surrender  it,  he  entered  into  a  negotiauon  with 
his  master's  ministry  upon  the  subject  In  consideration  of  a  re- 
linquishment, he  exacted  a  reimbursement  of  the  purchase  money, 
and  the  expenses  bestowed  upon  fortifications,  and  incurred  io 
other  improvements.  The  total  estimate  was  found  to  be 
£16,200, — a  sum  which  the  crown  agreed  to  pay  him.f 

Immediately  afterwards,  in  February  1668,  the  article  J  of 
cession  was  tacked  to  the  treaty  of  Breda,  and  all  Acadia,  with- 
out any  specification  as  to  boundaries,  including  by  name,  "  St. 
John's,  Port-Royal,  La  Heve,  Cape  Sable,  and  Pentagoet,"  or 
Penobscot,  as  being  parts  of  the  Province,  was  ordered  into  the 
possession  of  the  French.  N^^t  being  paid  the  money,  he  delay- 
ed the  surrender,  till  by  his  Majesty's  special  command,  in  1GG9,^ 
he  was  forced  to  submit,  without  the  consideration  promised  liim, 
which  he  never  received ;  and  Capt.  Wibourne  at  Penobscot, 
and  Richard  Walker,  the  proprietary's  Lieutenant-Governor, 
made  at  last  a  formal  surrender  of  the  whole,  to  Mons.  le  Grand 
Fontaine.  It  was  a  hardship  sensibly  felt  by  Sir  Thomas ;  and 
as  it  occurred  just  before  his  death  which  was  in  1674.  he  devis- 
ed the  money,  or  otherwise  his  interest  in  the  Province,  to  his 
nephew  William  Nelson  and  his  heirs.    But  being  unable  to  avail 


A.  n   1668 
10  1G69 

Nova  Smtia 
rmiKned  lo 
Frauc*. 


•  3  Mass.  Rcc.  p.  239-272.  f  Taluirct,  p   b. 

I  (.'hatincrs,  p  39^.    Sco  iliu  article  in  appfuHx,  p  it, 
I  Dril.  Emp.  id  America,  p.  22.^1  Hutch.  Iltit.  p.  237. 


[Voi^  I.   ■  Cw».  «▼.] 


OP  MAINE. 


y^lf  or  tny  advantage  from  the  bequest,  Nelson  transferred  A.  D.  I66«, 
it  [A.  D.  1730]  to  Samuel  Waldo  of  Boston,  wlio  applied  to  the 
cro«ro  either  to  pay  him  the  money,  award  him  the   Province,  or 
pint  him  an  equivalent  in   other  American  lands.*     Nothing 
jijffsver  was  allowed  him,  and  his  claim  sank  into  oblivion. 

It  is  said,  the  first   French  Governor  was  M.    de  Bourg  ;f  p,,pei,  r«. 
sad  after  him  Mons.  Denys  was  appointed  Lt.  Governor  in  Aca-I^""^'"^"** 
iii,  who  resided  in  the  country  thirty  years ;  and  in  1672,  pub- 
tsbed  a  short  history  of  it  at  Paris.J    The  French  occupied  the 
country  from  Cape  Breton  to  Penobscot ;  and  built  stockaded  forti 
itthe  latter  place,  at  Port-Royal  and  at  the  river  St.  Johns.§ 

In  returning  to  the  administration  of  government,  instituted  by  a.  D  iw*, 
ae  king's  Commissioners,  wn  find  that  within  the  Province  previ-  AffJiVs* of*' 
ody  bisected  into  two  divisions,  by  a  partition  line  through  Ken-  *••"**• 
aebunk  river,  the  courts,  established  consisted  of  four,  the  Gen- 
ial Assembly,  Courts  of  Common  Pleas,  Courts  of  Quarter 
Sessions,  and  single  Justice  Courts  for  the  trial  of  causes  under 
40s.  by  a  jury  of  seven  men.  The  first  had  sessions  annually 
13  May  or  June  at  Saco  ;  the  second  three  times,  and  the  third 
fjur  times  in  a  year  in  each  division,  at  York  and  at  Falmouth. 
OJences  were  presented  by  grand  juries,  and  facts  determined 
fcy  juries  of  trials.  At  a  court  holden  at  Casco  for  the  eastern 
division,  in  July  1666,  by  Henry  Joscelyn,  William  Phillips, 
Francis  Hooke,  Edward  Rishwortli,  and  Samuel  Wheelwright, 
styled  the  *'  Justices  of  the  peace  appointed  by  special  commission 
i:m  the  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Robert  Carr,  Lt.  Col.  George  Cartwright 
ud  Samuel  Maverick  Esq."  it  was  ordered,  that  the  selectmen  of 
Falmouth  should  have  the  oversight  of  children  and  servants  and 

)rrect  sucli  as  were  disobedient ;  that  George  Mountjoy  have 
liwerto  administer  oaths,  join  parties  in  marriage,  and  see  if  llio 

ciihts  and  measures  in   town  were    according    to  the  king's 
nndard  at  Winchester.     The  sale  of  liquors  to  the  Indians  was 

ohibiied  : — non-attendance  at  public  worship,  sabbath-breaking, 

ad  profanity,  were  made  ptmishable  by  a  justice  of  the  peace. 


•  Palairct,  p.  19.  t  Hutch.  Coll.  p.  1?9-5.1?. 

:  M4«.  Letter  Rook,  p.  104.     After  liitn  Manivul  was  Governor. 
;  I  Brit.  Dom.  in  Am.  p  24C.     1  Ilolmti'  A.  Ann.  p  399, 404. 


430 


TifE  HI8TOKY 


[Vol. 


A.D.  \tm,     The  courts  when  holding  their  terms  in  York,  were  evideotK 

'       '  guided  by  the  laws  previously  received  from  Massachusetts  •  and 

the  last  General  Assembly  under  the  new  government,  was  holden 

at  Saco,  in  May  1 688  ;  after  which  the  people  sought  to  be  on. 

der  the  jurisdiction  of  Massachusetts.* 

,     '  •  1  Maine  Hut.  Soc.  Coll.   p.  117-126.— George  Cleaves  died  about  16m 

much  embarrassed  in  hit  pecuniary  affairs.  Henry  Joscelyn,  beiD(f  ^rejt. 
ly  in  debt  to  Josliua  Scottow  of  Boston,  made  a  conveyance  to  him,  jg 
1666,  of  the  Cammock  patent  at  BIack-'y)int,  except  his  homestead,  and  ig 
adjoining  tract ; — upon  wliicb  purchase  the  grantee  afterwards  resided. 


ClA».  fTI.] 

■'■VK.  ^ 

foHtkal  eonj 

Massachusei 

position —  7 

tkm  and  tkt 

Maine — Api 

Htnrtf  Josce 

alent  of  tht 

Devonshire  e 

the  Dutch— 

Maine— The 

unioa  of  Mas 

m— Visit   0 

agents  of  Ilia 

lions— Decisi 

chased  by  Mi 

At  the  end  o 
isoners  were  r^ 
I  into  lamentable 
[jffection  for 
hunseif  give  it 
Irere  not  the  mt 
itiieir  duties,  the 
(ill  question  the 
jiiie  power,  whi 
fiiearts  beat  hig 
^liile  connected 
ought  her  gove 
[fince.f 

The  General 
lie  present  to  b( 
om  Maine,  anc 

'\Hiuch.  nut. 

fanarchj-.'"_j»/a, 

tTlielast  Genei 

foncn,  sat  at   Si 


Ciif.  vn.} 


ntf  <*f  MAINE. 


431 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

ftHtieal  confusion  in  Maine — Appointment  of  Commissioners  by 
Hassaehusetts  to  settle  the  affairs  there — Ooternor  Nichols'  op* 
position — The  Commissioners  visit  York — Altercations  between 
tkm  and  the  Justices — Massachusetts  resumes  the  government  of 
Maine — Appointment  of  officers  and  courts  of  justice — John  and 
Htnry  Josceli/n — State  of  the  eastern  Province — Rc-survey  and 
tiUnt  of  the  Massachusetts'  patent,  eastward — The  county    of  .       .; 

Devonshire  established — Its  officers  and  regulations — Peace  toith  ■  >  <• 

t\t  Dutch — A  new  patent  to  the  Duke  of  York — Courts  in 
Maine —  The  provincial  militia  and  population —  Taxes — Happy 
tmion  of  Massachusetts  and  Maine — Claim  of  Gorges  and  Ma- 
m^Visit  of  Edward  Randolph — His  representations — The 
agents  of  3tassacJtusctts  at  the  court  of  England —  Their  instruc- 
tions—Decision by  a  committee  of  Privy  Council — Maine  pur- 
chased by  Massachusetts.  •      ' 

At  the  end  of  three  or  four  '  ^ars,  after  the  king's  Coinmis-  a.o.  ifice, 
liioners  were  recalled,  the  afT    j  of  Gorges'  Province  relapsed!: 
into  lamentable  confusion.*     His  partisans  entertained  no  great  coniuwd 
affection  for  this  new  non-descript  administration ;  nor  did  he 
Ibiinself  give  it  any   special   support.     The  Justices  appointed 
Ifere  not  the  most  popular  men.     In  their  attempts  to  discharge 
jtlieir  duties,  the  experiment  was  unavailing  ; — for  numbers  called 
lii  question  the  validity  of  their  authority,  and  the  lawfulness  of 
lihe  power,  which  they  were  endeavoring  to  exercise.     Many 
liiearts  beat  high  for  a  return  of  the  prosperous  days,  enjoyed 
Me  connected  with  Massachusetts ;  and  the  principal  men  be- 
ought  her  government,  to  reassumc  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Pro- 
[tince.f 
The  General  Court,  at  their  session  in  May   1 668,  observing  A-  D.  1608. 
e  present  to  be  the  third  year  since  any  member  had  appeared  coiHidfr'id" 
Irotn  Maine,  and  finding  a  restoration  of  political  order,  and  a  ^^n.  ^"'^ 


*  I  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  238.— Tlic  General  Court  tuid,  they  were  in  a  state  of 
fanarchy." — Matn.  Rec. — //u6.  .V.  i.\  p.  593. 

iTlielast  General  Court  holdcn  under  aulliority  of  th«j  king's  Coinmis- 
lioiicri,  tat  at   Saco,   May  29,  I6fl3.  — I    Co//.  »Vami   //iW.   Snf.   p.  126. 


4S2 


THlBkmtOKY 


"[▼ot. 


Four  Com> 
miskionen. 


A  D.  1668.  settled  administration  of  justice,  to  be  anxiously  desired  by  that 
people,  thought  it  was  a  religious  as  well  as  political  duty,  the* 
owed  both  to  the  king  and  to  the  Province,  to  enter  imraediately 
into  a  consideration  ot  the  interesting  subject.  *  For  while  the 
'  inhabitants  were  choosing,  as  the  Court  said,  to  be  under  our 
'  charter,  they  were  deprived  of  their  invaluable  privileges,  and 

*  thrown  into  the  depths  of  disorder,  by  Commissioners  who  were 

*  rather  destroyers  than  promoters  of  his  Majesty's  interest,  and 

*  the  peoples'  good  ; — men  who  have  cast  malignant  aspersions 

*  upon  our  government,  and  have  been  the  authors  of  transactions 

*  for  which  they  had  in  fact  no  lawful  authority.' 
Hence,  the  General  Court  appointed  four  distinguished  men, 

Commissioners,  to  hold  a  Court  in  York,  on  the  first  Tuesday  of 
the  ensuing  July,  according  to  legal  and  former  usage ;  and  com- 
raanded  the  people  of  the  Province,  in  his  Majesty's  name  to 
yield  again  all  due  obedience  to  the  laws  and  government  of  the 
colony.*  Also  the  colonial  Secretary  in  conformity  to  a  legislative 
order,  issued  warrants  to  all  the  provincial  towns,  directing  them 
to  elect  Associates,  constable,  grand  and  petit  jurors,  and  other 
officers.  These  precepts  were  distributed  to  the  constables  by 
JVathaniel  Masierson,  whom  the  legislature  appointed  marshal  of  j 
the  county. 

The  substance  of  the  Commissioners'  appointment  was  as  fol- 
lows : — 

« To  Major  General  John  Leverett,  Mr.  Edward  Tyng,  Capt. 
'  Richard  Waldron  and  Capt.  Richard  Pike.f 

*  You  are  hereby  required  to  repair  to  York,  in  the  County  ol 
» Yorkshire,  and  there  all  or  any  two  of  you,  whereof  General 
'  Leverett  shall  be  one,  are  required  to  keep  a  County  Court 
'  as  the  law  directs.     And  in  case  you  meet  with  any,  pretending 

*  to  possess  other  authority,  or  presuming  to  swerve  Irom  the  due 

*  obedience  they  owe  to  this  jurisdiction  under  his  Majesty's  royal 

*  charter,  to  which  they  have  submitted  and  solemnly  pledged 

*  allegiance ; — ^you  will  bring  them  to  trial  before  you,  and  pass 


Their  ap- 
poiutmeut 


♦Hiibbard'&N.  E.  p.  695.  .  '         '        . 

^  Levtrelt  wns  commander  in  chief  of  the  colony  militia;  Tyngwl 
assistant  this  year  for  the  first  time;  Ifaldron  was  deputy  from  Dotfr| 
N.  H.  a  speaktr  of  the  Monsr  ;  and  Pikf  lived  in  Salisbury,  and  wasaft'r- 
wurds  .'lO  assiifitant. 


Cntf-  «▼»•]  c#  MAiPfE.  433 

'jenteace  upon  the  guilty,  itccording  to  the  aggravation  of  tlieir  A.  D.  UM 
'offoices.  f  .11;— 

« Furthermore,  you  are  authorized  to  confirm  all  officers  an4 
1  Commissioners,  civil  and  njilitary,  as  you  shall  judge  meet  and 
•  proper,  for  the  security  and  preservation  of  order  or  peace  in 
•tlie  Courts  of  the  Shire ;  Also,  for  the  better  enabling  you  to 
'accomplish  these  duties,  you  are  hereby  empowered  from  the 
'  dale  of  these  presents,  to  take  such  measures  preparatory  for 
•holding  a  Court,  and  settling  the  peace  of  the  county,  as  you  in 
'your  discretion  shall  judge  to  be  expedient ; — And  all  officers, 
'ciril  and  military,  within  this  jurisdiction  and  all  other  inhabit' 
'ants,  are  hereby  directed  to  assist  you  as  the  matter  pending 
'shall  require;  and  you  are  to  render  an  account  of  your  pro- 
'ceedings  to  this  Court,  at  the  next  session  in  October. 

'  In  testimony  of  all  which,  this  Court  hath  caused  the  seal  of 
'the  Colony  to  be  affixed,  May  20,  1668.' 

•RICHARD  BELLINGHAM,  Governor.'* 

Besides  their  Commission,  they  had  a  letter  of  instructions,  by  Their  !»• 
which  tliey  were  directed  to  give  unto  the  provincial  inhabitants, 
a  guaranty  of  the  common  privileges  enjoyed  in  other  places ; 
to  prevent  or  check,  as  far  as  possible,  all  disputes  and  questions 
about  grants  of  landf  made  by  their  local  "  General  Assemblies,* 
during  tlie  interruptions  of  the  three  preceding  years ;  to  leave 
individual  rights,  or  claims  to  real  estate,  unaltered  and  untouch- 
ed; to  suppress  disturbances;  and  otherwise,  to  exercise  in  their 
discretion  as  much  power  and  authority  as  they  might  find  neces- 
sary, in  the  performance  of  the  trust  delegated  to  them.J 

VVhtn  Governor  Nichols  heard  of  these  proceedings,  he  wrote , 
a  letter  from  New-York,  June  1 2th,  to  the  Governor  and   Assis-  Nichoi's  let* 

'  '  ter  to  Mas* 

tants  of  Massachusetts;  in  which  he  inveighed  severely  against  "'•"»*"•' 
the  course  they  were  pursuing,     '  I  am,  said  he,  not  a  little  sur- 
'  prized  to  find,  that  you  are  preparing  to  usurp  again  the  govern- 
'mentof  Maine ;  at  a  time  too,  when  the  rights  of  ownership,  which 
I 'have  been  submitted  to  the  king  by  different  claimants,  are  still 


ti(ruchnm> 


Governor 


•S  Maw.  Rec.  p.  277.— Hubbard'g  N.  E.  p.  690. 

fBy  this  expression,  it  wmild  seem  that  the  inhabitants  of  Maine,  during 
I  the  three  years  interruption  had  '  General  Assemblies,'  which  made  grant* 

I  if  lands. 

;3  Mass.  Rcc.  p.  278. 

Vol,.  I  i% 


434 

A.D.  1668. 


Nichols  me- 
cenJed  by 
Lovelac6, 


1!yommi«- 
sionera  ar- 
rive at 
York. 


July  6. 


Met  by  the 

Jui)icos< 


THE  tllSTORY  \      [Vol.  I. 

*  awaiting  his  royal  determination.  Nor  can  it  be  unknown  to 
'you,  that  according  to  his  letter  of  April  10,  1666,  whatsoever 
♦his  Commissioners  might  do  or  direct,  was  to  be  conclusive  till 
♦farther  commands  were  received  from  him.  You  possess  power 
'  enough  it  is  true,  to  compel  a  submission  of  your  weaker  ncii:li. 
'bors;  and    you   may    feel  in  duty  bound  to  reestablish  vour 

*  courts  of  law,  in  answer  to  the  petition  of  a  few  unquiet  spirits, 

*  and  under  a  plausible   pretence  of  restoring  order  and  peace: 

•  But  I  ought  not  to  be  silent,  in  view  of  measures  so  directlv 
♦contrary  to  the    injunctions  of  his  Majesty's  letter.     Do  you 

*  presume  so  much   upon  his  forbearance  and  clemency,  as  to 

•  suppose  he  will  never  stretch  forth  an   arm  of  power  to  defend 

♦  his  subjects  from  usurpation  ? — Unable  myself  to  visit  you,  be- 

♦  fore  I  leave  these  parts,  1  must  express  to  you  my  fearful  ap- 
'  prehensions,  that  "  if  you  compel  an  alteration  of  government 
♦♦  in  the  Province  of  Maine,  by  subverting  the  present  establish- 
♦♦  ments,"  you  may,  and  probably  will  be  the  cause  of  bitter 
♦quarrels,  and  even  bloodshed.     For  it  is  a  dictate  of  reason,— 

♦  it  is  nature's  law,  for  men  to  defend  their  rights  against  all  offi- 

♦  cious  invaders.'*  This  was  one  of  the  last  official  acts  of  Gov- 
ernor Nicliols.  He  soon  embarked  for  England,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Col.  Lovelace,  who  was  five  years,  Deputy-Governor 
of  the  New-York  and  Sagadahock  Provinces. f 

The  letter  of  Gov.  Nichols  had  no  effect  upon  the  civil  au- 
thorities of  Massachusetts,  The  Commissioners,  (excepting 
Mr.  Pike,)  "  accompanied  by  a  military  escort"  arrived  at  York, 
Monday  the  6th  of  July, J  intending  the  next  day,  to  lake  the 
Bench.  They  appointed  Peter  Wyer,  clerk  of  the  Court  ;^ 
and  finding  Nathaniel  Masteison  the  county  marshal,  imprison- 
ed by  the  dominant  party,  they  appointed  another  pro  tempore, 
whose  duties  however,  were  soon  suspended  by  the  incumbent's 
release.  Without  much  ceremony,  or  formality,  they  were  pres- 
ently met  at  their  lodgings,  by  Henry  Joscelyn  and  the  other 
Justices  appointed  by  the  King's  Commissioners,  when  they 
all  agreed  upon  a  free  conference  the  next  morning. 

♦  At  the  hour,'  as  the  Court's  Commissioners  say  in  their  state- 


•  Hutch.  Coll.  p.  42r— 8. 

\  CliaUnerB,  p.  484. 

\  Rishwortb,  formor  dork,  took  siics  with  the  Justices. 


i  Smith's  New  York. 


CUAf.  XVI.]  ^^  OF  MAME.  435 

Bent  of  the  particulars,  ♦  we  had  a  discourse  with  them,  in  which  A.o.  IC68. 
.liiey  produced  their  Commission,  a  transcript  of   llie  late  ad- Thmii^w,. 
'dress  from  Gov.  Nichols,  and  a  packet  of  papers,  and  requested  c^'u*' *** 
■  us  to  make  ourselves  acquainted  with  their  contents  ;  declaring 
•that  they  had  a  right  to  preside  over   tiie  Province,   that   not 
tfnore  than  four  or  five  in  a  town  of  any  character,  would  be 
ifound  in  our  favor  ; — and  that  they,  as  justices,  should  execute 
nhe  duties  enjoined  upon  them  hy  their    Commission,  according 
'to  their  orders  and  his  Majesty'' s  special  command.'' 

'  All  your  papers  and  powers,  said  the  Commissioners,  our 
'General  Court  have  too  thoroughly  considered,  to  require  any 
'reperusal  by  us.  Tiiose  under  whom  you  aspire  to  act,  never 
'lawfully  possessed  the  authority,  which  they  assumed  to  exercise. 
I  His  Majesty  directed  Massachusetts  either  to  resign  the  Pro- 
'vince  to  Mr.  Gorges,  or  assign  to  him  our  objections  ;  and  it  is 
'well  known,  we  have  chosen  the  latter  alternative.  The  cause 
'is  still  under  his  royal  consideration  ;  and  when  have  we  been 
'required  by  our  common  sovereign,  to  surrender  the  adminis- 
' (ration  of  justice  to  your  Commissioners  ? — By  the  returns,  we 
'shall  presently  ascertain  what  is  the  public  sentiment ;  and  ac- 
' cording  to  our  ability,  we  shall  discharge  the  trust  committed 
'to  us.  If  we  are  opposed,  we  shall  advise  upon  measures, 
'which  will  not  be  inefficient,'* 

The  Commissioners  then  repairing  to  the  meeting-house,  open- 
ed a  Court,  by  reading  publicly  their  Commission,  and  ex-  "** 
plaining  the  purposes  of  their  visit.  Next,  they  ordered  the  mar- 
shal to  make  proclamation  for  returns  of  votes  forwarded  for  as- 
sociates and  jurymen ;  when  those  of  five  towns  were  present- 
ed ;  and  it  was  said,  another  town  had  been  interrupted  while 
voting,  and  the  meeting  of  a  second,  wholly  prevented  by  the 
justices. 

In  the  midst  of  the  canvass,  the  latter  came  to  the  door-steps, 
with  a  written  paper  and  exclaimed,  "  Let  all  here  listen  and  at- 
tend to  his  Majesty^s  commands  /" — The  marshal  by  the  Court's 
order  replied,  ^^  whoever  has  a  command  from  his  Majesty,  let 
him  come  forward  and  show  it,  and  he  shall  be  keard.''^  The 
justices  then  entered  the  house,  and  exhibited   the  documents 


*  Randolph  and  others  state  that  the  Commissioners  "  entered  the   Pror- 
inee  ia  a  hostilo  maaner  with  bona  and  foot/* — Hutch.  Coll.  p.  488. 


436 


THE  HISTORY 


I    [Vol.  I.    H  CiAT'  '^▼I'j 


A.  U.  I66S.  shofwti  to  the  Commissioners,  in  private  conference,  and  request* 
of  Tb.*""***  *^»  ^^^^  ^^*^y  "™'ght  be  read  in  the  audience  of  the  assembly. 
Being  told  their  wishes  nii^ht  be  p;ralirKid,  if  they  would  wait  till 


Couiu, 


afternoon,  they  retired  ;  and  the  Court  Hnished  the  examinatioo 
formed  lists  of  the  associates  and  constables,  placed  the  jurors 
upon  their  pannels,  and  adjourned  to  a  future  hour. 

It  appeared,  in  the  interim,  that  the  justices,  at  some  time  pre. 
viously,  had  summoned  an  assembly  of  the  deputies  from  the 
towns ;  and  that  they  and  the  justices  had  taken  possessinii  of  tlie 
meeting-house.  A  message  was  dispatched  by  the  Commission, 
ers,  requesting  an  interview.  "  Jt  will  be  grunted"  said  the  jus- 
tices, "a<  this  place"  and  immediately  their  marshal,  Nathaniel 
Phillips,*  traversed  the  streets,  proclaiming  in  all  the  more  public 
places,  unto  whom  it  might  concern — >'*  Observe  ye  and  obey  tht 
commands  of  his  Majesty^s  justices."  Whence,  inquired  one  and 
another,  have  you  this  authority  }  Show  us  your  warrant  if  you 
have  any,  fur  these  commands  and  distractions  of  the  public 
Isiue  of  ihe  peace.  "  We  proclaim"  they  said,  *'  according  to  the  chargt 
given  tis  in  the  king''s  name.  Our  orders  are  our  prote'^tion  :— 
We  shall  not  show  them.  But  we  say  to  all  opposers,  beware  of 
his  Majesty^s  power ."^These  being  palpable  contempts  of  the 
Commissioners'  authority,  they  ordered  the  county  marshal  to  take 
the  offenders  into  custody,  and  they  were  consequently  put  uuder 
a  temporary  arrest. 

The  Commissioners  then  proceeded  to  the  nieeting-house, 
where  they  found  the  seats  occupied,  and  the  house  full  of  peo- 
pie.  "  Give  place"  exclaimed  the  marshal,  "  to  the  Commission- 
ers ;"— who,  as  they  approached  towards  the  justices,  remarked 
to  this  effect— »"  Fo?t  are  the  authors  of  an  affront  we  little  expect- 
ed, but  your  course  will  avail  you  nothing ;  you  might  have  cal- 
led your  meeting  elsewhere,  and  at  another  time.— -Depend  upon 
this—^we  shall  not  be  deterred  from  executing  any  part  of  the  del- 
egated trust,  to  which  we  are  commissioned." — -A  scene  of  con' 
fusion  instantly  ensued,  several  rose  from  their  seats,  and  some 
began  to  speak.  The  Commissioners  commanded  silence,  and 
ordered  the  marshal  to  clear  the  house.f     As  the  justices  were 


*  lie  was  tlicir  \!ajor  of  the  Regiment,  and  nn  ajent  of  Gorges. 

t  Windilph  93y9,  tlic  Commissioners  (urnei  out  his  Majesty's  justices  U 
"an  armed  force,-'  in  opposition  to  his  authority,  and  declaration  of  April 
to,  1666.— HuUh.  Coll.  p.  52<». 


ClAT.  XTI.j  OP  MAINE.  437 

leiring  their  places,  Mr.  Joscelyn,  one  of  them,  prudently  advis-  a.  i>.  icm 
(d  bis  partisans  near  liim  to  retire.  The  nsseinbly  pressed  to  the 
joor  and  departed.  The  justices,  however,  beinj^  reseated,  en- 
lered  into  a  conference  with  the  Commissioners,  then  U|)on  the 
xncli ;  who,  when  again  requested  as  in  the  forenoon,  consented 
to  read  the  king's  mandamus  letter,  of  April  10th,  before  men- 
•loned,*  and  likewise  the  commission  of  the  justices,  yet  declin- 
ed to  peruse  Nichol's  letter,  as  it  was  only  a  pait  of  a  private  cor- 
respondence. 

To  these  papers,  the  Commissioners  replied — *  We  are  com- 
>  missioned  to  hold  a  court  and  settle  the  peace  and  order  of  the 
•  Province.  What  we  have  begun,  God  willing,  we  shall  6nish. 
•We  are  fully  aware  of  the  irregularities  occasioned  thrr.Tighout 

tliese  eastern  towns  and  plantations,  in  1665,  by  the  king's  Com-  comm  <• 
'missioners ;  who  were  so  bold  as  to  charge  Massachusetts  with  v«iu"  '"*' 
•treachery  and  rebellion,  and  to  threaten  her  before  the  ;'ear's 

end,  with  the  dreadful  retributions  of  our  sovereign's  severity. 
■But  through  the  divine  assistance  and  his  Majesty's  power,  she 
'yet  possesses  authority,  by  royal  charter,  to  assert  her  rights  of 
'government ;  and  we  lear  not  to  compare  her  acts  of  justice  and 
•clemency,  with  the  words  of  those,  who  can  make  words  only 
'  their  boast.' 
The  Justices  retiring,  Roger  Plaisted,  a  iuror  from  Kittery ,  *'""»f »' 

~'  o  'J  J  '  resuming 

enquired  of  the  Commissioners,  as  he  said,  at  the  request  of  hisii'«K<'>T'"'>« 
townsmen,  in  what  way  they  resumed  the  government ;  and  how  Main., 
tlie  people's  submission  was  required  } — The  answer  was  a  rep- 
etition of  private  statements,  that  all  the  civil  power  claimed  and 
exercised  was  by  virtue  of  the  charter  ;  and  that  the  inhabitants 
would  be  secured  in  the  enjoyment  of  the  same  privileges  with 
tlie  freemen  of  other  counties.     The  memorial  of  Soil-orough, 
requesting  an  enlargement  of  immunities  was   discussed,  and  re- 
ferred to  the  Legislature. 
In  completing  the  organization  and  arrangement  of  affairs  in  officer*. 

Idle  county,  as  connected  with  the  administration  of  justice; 
they  gave  to  the  constables  present  and  the  jurymen  their  oaths, 
and  approved  and  proclaimed  five  Associates  elected,  viz.  Bryan 

I  Pendleton   of  Saco  ;    Francis  Raynes  of  York ;  Francis  JVeale 


*  See  Nicliol'*  letter,  ante. 


438 

A.  D.  1668 


Militia  or- 

gillllXIl!. 


Ju!>-  8.  9. 


«|>eciRlcnm' 
bii«>iuiiers. 


Rpport  of 

MusHdcliu. 
CftU  coiu- 
4ni!uion«ri. 


THE  HISTORY  '      [VoL.  |. 

of  Falmouth ,  Eztkiel  Knight  of  Wells,  and  Rogtr  PUiuttd 
of  Kittery.  Few  or  no  parties  to  lau-suits  were  ready  for  trial  • 
and  therefore  this  branch  of  their  official  trust  was  soon  dis> 
patched.* 

Tlie  military  of  Yorkshire  were  formed  into  six  train-bands 
or  companies  duly  officered,  and  united  into  a  regiment.  The 
officers  were  these  : — In  Saco,  Bryan  Pendleton,  who  was  major 
of  tlie  regiment  by  brevet,  and  couimanded  the  soldiery  at  Black- 
point  : — In  Kittery.  Charles  Frost,  Capfuin,  Roger  Plaisted, 
Lieutenant,  and  John  Gattery,  Ensign  : — In  York,  Job  Alcock, 
Lieutenant,  and  Arthur  Bragdon,  Ensign  — In  IVells,  John  Lit- 
tlefield.  Lieutenant,  and  Francis  Littlefield  jr..  Ensign  : — In  Scar- 
borough, Andrew  Algier,  Lieutenant : — In  Falmouth,  George  In- 
gersol.  Lieutenant.  Town  connnissioners,  as  heretofore  were 
also  appointed. 

To  confirm  and  strengthen  the  authority  of  the  County  Court 
appointed  next  to  be  holden  at  York,  on  the  15th  of  the  ensuing 
September ;  the  Commissioners  designated  Messrs  VValdron, 
Pike  and  Pendleton,  to  set  with  the  Associates,  for  the  trial  of 
causes  and  the  dispatch  of  business. 

A  written  communication  was  presented  to  the  Commissioners, 
July  9,  just  before  they  left  the  Province,  and  concluded  the  al- 
tercation between  them  and  the  justices.  Ah  that  remains  to  be 
mentioned  of  the  Connnissioners'  transactions  is  their  report  to 
the  Legislature,  made  Oct.  iJd.  which  was  followed  by  a  vote 
of  public  thanks  for  their  services,  and  by  an  ample  remunera- 
tion, f 

This  overture  and  change  enkindled  resentments,  among  the 
defeated  party,  which  they  were  ill  disposed  to  suppress.  In 
their  con)plaints  and  invectives,  they  were  extravagant ; — some 
continued  obstinate,  and  a  few  left  the  Province. 

John  Joscelyn,  after  his  second  visit  to  this  country  in  1663, 


*  Francu  Nculo,  Anlliony  Uraclu't,  Arthur  Aiijycr,  !\Ir.  FlxwcU  anil 
Robert  Corbiii,  unc  town  cominis^ioiicrs  lor  Fiiliiioutli  an  1  Scaiborougli. 
— (t.  Iiiprcisoll  iiml  (jtorifO  IVIt,  were  jiiryim  n  lioiri  FaUriDiilli. 

tSi'o  tliu  ComiiiisFidtR'iV  r.-porl  \n  JliManl'i  X.  A',  p.  59G-CO0.-I 
lltitih.  Hill.  [).  2  10-5— ,S(///if(jii,  p.  J7«-aU2  — :{  Jli«»».  Jiec.  p.  293-7.- 
Nicbulns  Slia|ilcig;li  tvuk  major,  in  IC05 — N.  i'liillipt  in  ItitiO— vvlio,  at  Hun- 
dulpb  iii}«,  uiily  nniitrd  an  oppurtunitj  to  cxpreM  lii^duty  to  liii  MajcitJ' 
—  Hutch,  Cvtl.  )>    600. 


Cut'  x^J-l 


\iP  MAIXE. 


439 


>*te«. 


pissed  a  large  portion  of  his  time  in  Scarborough,  at  the  houM  AD.  i£Ct. 
of  his  brother  Henry.     In  the  "  account  of  his   two  voyaires  to  v„j"^'*"  * 
Xot-England,^^  he  wrote  under  the  influence  of  strong  prejudices 
j)ffards  Massachusetts,  and  has  civen  a  very  incorrect  relation  of 
-lie  preceding  transactions.     He  states,  that  the  king's  Commis- 
cioners  were  sent  over  to  put  Mr.   Gorges  into  possession  of  his 
Province,  and  to  keep  Massachusetts  witliin  due  bounds.     But  as 
soon  as  they  returned  to  England,  Joscolyn  says  she   ♦'  entered 
''the  Province  in  a  hostile  manner  with  a  troop  of  iiorse  and 
itlbot,  and  turned  the  judge  and  his  assistants  from  the  bench,  im- 
" prisoned  the  major  or  commander  of  the  niilitia,"*  'and  highly 
•  threatened  the  Judge  and  all  such  as  were  faithful  tc   the  pro- 
iprietary's  interest.'f     The  Judge  mentioned   by   him  was  evi- 
dently Henry  Joscelyn,  his  brother.     This  man,  who  was  one  of  "'■nry  Jot- 
Sir  Ferdinando's  provincial  councillors,  had  been  placed  by  theniovai. 
kind's  commission  as   before  stated   at  the   head  of   the  bench 
both  in  Maine  and  Sagaduhock.     But  after  this,  he  left  the  Prov- 
ince, probably  in  disgust,  and  settled   at  Pemaquid  ;    where,  for 
several  yeais,  he  assumed  and  continued  to  act,  in  his ofTicinl capa- 
city, f 

At  the  General   Court  of  elections  in   May  ICGO,  at  Boston  '^.•"'  '^69. 
ihrec  deputies  appeared  from   Maine  and  took  their  seats ;  viz.  Tiircniepo- 
Charles  Frost  from  Kittery  ;  Peter  Wycr  from  York  ;  and  Rich-  >Ja,J,"'."' 
ard  Colicott  from  Falmouth  and  Scarborough.     A  presiding  mag- 
istrate was  delegated  this  spring  to  Yorkshire  as  usual ;  and   for 
ilie  acconnnodation  of  suitors,  a  legislative  order  was  passed,  in 
October,  appointing  the  County  Court  to  be  holden  alternately  at 
Vork  and  Wells.§ 

Tlio  resubjection  of  the  Province  to  Massachusetts  appeared  f^j*!**  "f  ii'« 
this  year,  to  be  generally  settled.  Nichols  had  returned  to  Eng- 
land, ntid  we  hear  no  more  of  him  or  his  colleagues  in  the  Com- 
mission, anmng  her  accusers.  Gorges  was  too  necessitous,  too 
irresolnlo,  or  too  much  discouraged  by  repented  defeats,  to  muku 
any  i^reat  exertions  for  the  recovery  of  his  inheritanre.  Yet  it 
«as  always  convenient  for  him  to  fill  the  king's  ear  v.ith  com- 

*  N.  Philli|.».  t  .'oxcclyn'n  vojngc*",  p.  199. 

;  SmnlCi  (lepniition  laUrn  Nov    1 1,  1787.  Small  then  l)cin(f  73  yiar«  old — 
r-m  Rfp.  p.  90. 

^SMaw.  Kcr.  821. 


440 

A.  U.  I6C9. 


Wan  be- 

iwMii  the 
Mohawks 
ami  N.  E. 
'I'ribcs. 


A.  D.  1G70 

Afl'iit'f  in 
Mitiiie  ««!• 
llvd. 


THE  IIISTOBr  [Vol.   I. 

plaints ;  and  be  could  find  in  England  foes  enough  to  Massachu- 
setts, who  were  ever  ready  lo  encourage  him  in  tlie  pursuit  of  a 
right  so  manifestly  just. 

The  Eastern  planters,  being  Eeiierally  of  republican  and  puritan 
sentiments,  were  contented.  Numbers  upon  the  scabo&rd  were 
occupying  lands  under  Indian  deeds  and  possessory  thlcs.  The 
passion  for  fee-j<imp]e  estates  rendered  the  idea  of  quit-rents 
odious ;  and  the  dreams  of  finding  mines  of  precious  metals,  no 
longer  inflated  the  hopes  of  the  settler  or  the  cupidity  of  the 
speculator.  The  natires  were  quiet.  During  the  bloody  and 
exterminating  war,  which  liad  been  raging  six  or  seven  years  be- 
tween the  New-England  Indians,  and  the  Mohawks,  the  colo- 
nists had  not  been  much  troubled  by  Indian  depredations.  The 
decisive  battle  at  last  was  fought  in  16C9;  in  which  the  former, 
who  had  been  the  besiegers,  were  worsted,  and  pursued  by  their 
fierce  enemies  with  relentless  fury.*  If  we  may  believe  the 
tales  of  tradition,  the  Tarratiiics  took  part  in  the  war ;  and 
were  followed  to  the  banks  of  the  Penobscot,  by  the  victorioiii 
Mohawks,  who  set  fire  to  their  villages,  and  otherwise  did  ilic 
tribe  considerable  damage.  To  this,  succeeded  the  small  pox 
and  other  diseases,  which  carried  off  great  numbers  of  the 
natives,  especially  in  Canada,  and  greatly  impaired  the  fur  trade. 

In  lG70,f  the  interior  regulations  of  Yorkshire  were  perfected, 
Thomas  Danforth,  an  experienced  Assistant  of  ten  years,  was 
designated  to  preside  in  the  Court  of  Associates  or  Countv 
Court ;  and  Elias  Stileman,  of  Great  Island,  John  Cutts  and 
Richard  Cutts,  of  Kittery,  and  three  or  four  others  in  diirerent 
towns,  were  appointed  Commissioners  as  usual,  invested  with 
the  authority  of  magistrates  to  try  small  causes,  solemnize  mar- 
riages, administer  oaths  and  take  the  acknowledgment  of  dee(ls.| 
The  Legislature,  in  fact,  now  solemnly  enacted,  that  the  several  I 
towns  and  inhabitants,  should  bo  secure  in  the  enjoyment  of  the 
same  civil  and  |K)litical  privileges,  which  were  granted  to  them 
when  they  wore  first  brought  under  the  charter ;  and  hence  thb 
system  of  administration  was  pursued  several  years,  without  any 
considerable  alterations. 

•  I  Coll.  M.iRH.  Hist.  Sor.  p.  166-7 1  llolinm'  A.  Ann.  y.  4(;3-407. 

t  SVf  in  lluhliiinl'ii  .V.  A.',  p.  OJfi,  a  remarkable  .icromit  of  an  excavation 
,\.  I).  I(J70,  in  \\i  ll",  l)j  n  ininrr.il  vapor,  riningf  over  Iho  hif  hc^t  oak*. 
)  3  .M.iM.  Hoc.  p.  nci.  — I  Drit.  Uom.  in  Amcr.  p.  211. 


Ai  soon  as  the  French  were  in  full  pwiession  of  Nots  Scoda,  A.  D.  an. 

,na  dje  country  wettwardly  of  it,  including  Pcobscot,  they  ^^^  •'. 
^i]f  claimed  jurisdiction  over  the  residue  of  the  Duke's  east-  **"*- 
(TO  patent,  even  to  Kennebeck  river.  It  was  observed  that  the  ad- 
sioistration  of  its  affairs  was  still  in  the  hands  of  Henry  Josce- 
ira  and  other  justices,  appointed  by  the  king's  Commissioners ; 
ihit  there  was  existing  a  great  contrariety  of  feeling  between 
tliem  and  the  inhabitants,  towards  Massachusetts ;  that  a  close 
lUiance  was  established  between  England  and  France ;  and  that 
Lovelace,  the  Duke's  Governor  at  New-York,  was  treating  the 
ducal  territory  at  Sagadahock  with  utter  neglect.  De  Bourg,  the 
French  Governor,  was  a  bigoted  politician,  in  every  way  dif- 
ierent  from  Temple,  his  excellent  predecessor ;  and  the  Duke  was 
suspected  of  undue  attachment  to  the  French  court,  besides  be- 
iog  himself  at  heart  a  catholic.  In  this  aspect  of  affairs,  Massa- 
diusetts  and  the  Duke's  colonists  might  with  great  reason  in- 
quire, whether  any  event  were  more  probable,  than  the  sale  or 
resignation  of  his  entire  eastern  patent  to  the  French. 

To  contravene  a  measure  so  much  apprehended,  the  General  a.  d.  Wl. 
Court,  in  May,  1671,  looked  anew  into  the  eastern  extent  of  their  ^f  Maoa*' 
patent;   and    suspecting  tlie  correctness   of  the  former  survey,  jg*"",**"*  •** 
came  to  a  determination  to  have  another  made.     For  this  pur- 
I  pose,  they  appointed  Thomas  Clark,  their  agent,  who  was  one  of 
ibe  firm  of  Clark  and  Lake, — landholders  of  large  tracts  be- 
tween Sagadahock  and  the  Sheepscot ;  and  he  employed  George 
Mountjoy  of  Falmouth,  to  make  the  observations.     This  man 
I  fas  a  skilful  and  celebrated  surveyor  of  his  time,  an  adherent 
probably  to  the  interests  of  the  Lygonian  proprietary,  and  not 
I  otherwise  a  foe  to  Massachusetts.* 

Though  all  new  subjects  require  deliberation,  no  time  waa  to 
Ibe  lost  in  the  accomplishment  of  this  critical  business*  as  no 
paias  were  spared  by  Massachusetts  to  render  her  measures  in 
the  highest  degree  popular,  among  all  the  eastern  inhabitants. 
The  most  acceptable  men  were  appointed  to  office  ;  and  in  tlie 
Isles  of  Shoals,  or  Applcdore,  belonging  partly  to  Gorges  and 
partly  to  Mason,  Commissioners,  appointed  at  tiie  ptople'a  re> 


'Sullivan. 


Vol.  I. 


43 


till-  jiali'iit 
ca>twar(l. 


442  THE  HiaroRf  f  n  {Vot.  i. 

A.  D.  (W2.  qnesi,  were  empowered  to  try  all  causes  -f  £10: — ^The  next 
:3«v..    year  they  were  annexed  to  the  County  of  Uover.*      ..^  wj  .; 
Mountjoy  completed  the  survey   and  made  his  report  to  the 
legislamri,  A.  I>.  1672.     In  his  search  he  found,  as  he  believed 
the   northern  most  source  of  the    Merrimack  to   be  about  two 
leagues  farther  north,  than  had  been  determined  by  preceding  sur- 
veyors.f     To  this,  add  three  miles,  according  to  the  stipulation 
in  the  patent,  and  the  parallel  of  latitude  found,  would  be  43' 
49   12.       A  line  from  this  point,  stretched  due  east  would  cross 
the  Sa^adahock,  near  where  Bath  now  is,  and  terminate  at  White 
Head  Island  in  the  bay  of  Penobscot.     By  this  survey,  if  accept- 
ed and  established,  there  would  be  brought  within  the  charter  an 
extensive  seaboard,  also  Arrowsick,  Parker's  and  Georges'  Is|. 
ands,|  Monhegan,  Metinicns  and  all  the  other  Islands  upon  the 
coast,  likewise  the  principal  settlement  at  Pemaquid.     Yet  should 
the  Duke  be  in  this  manner  bereft  of  all  his  more  commodious 
water-privileges  and  a  great  part  of  his  provincials  ;  he  might  in 
a  fit  of  i!l-hunior  resist  this  encroachment,  though  he  being  of  tiie 
'      cabinet  had  pussively  consented,  that  the  French  by  the  treaty  of 
•i    Breda  should  have  nil  his  patent  eastward  of  Penobscot ;  and 
'  though  in  fact  ho  held  the  particular  territory  lying  between  Sag- 

adahock  and  Pemaquid, — below  the  line  extending  from  the  head 
of  the  latter  to  the  former,  only  by  a  possessory  right,  not  by  char- 
ter right. §  It  was  hnppy  too,  for  Massachusetts,  that  the  claim  rais- 
ed by  this  new  survey,  while  it  was  of  so  doubtful  a  character,  did 
not  embrace  Diirtmoutli,  the  seat  of  the  Duke's  goverment.  Bu; 
if  this  and  some  other  incidents  were  merely  plausible  in  appcar- 

Dmcii  war.  ances,  one  event  of  tho  war,  lately  declared  by  England  againsi 
Holland,  encouraged  Massachusetts  in  the  prosecution  of  her 
claim.    This  was  the  recapture  of  the  fort  at  New-York,  July  30, 

A.  D.  IG73. 1673,  by  a  Dutch  armament  under  Hinkes,  Evertzen  and  Clove, 
from  the  West  Indies. ||  For  as  soon  as  the  capitulation  of  that 
colonial  novernmer.t  was  concluded.  Governor  Lovelace  returned 

*  7  Coll.  Mass.  Flisl.  Soc.  p.  2l;J.— :i  Mass.  Kcc.  p.  3li0 — 10?. 
t  Antf,  A.  I).  IGS'J— Lat.  43",  43',  12". 

\  Sullivdn.  \)  2!)1— '272-:iPO "  Tlio  scncoasl  hcing^  well  inliabiteJ  »dJ 

'« the  fishliiy;  in  n  tlonrisliinif  state."— I  flukh.  lUtt,  p.  292. 

J  See  ante,  A.  1).  ItiOl. 

j)  Hubbard'*  N.  E.  p.  Ull-Smith'i  N.  Y.— p.  29. 


Ctkt.    XVI.] 

to  England  ;* 
IT  at  Sagadah 
of  their  fortur 
Encouragec 
Court  gave  thi 
during  their  si 
of  the  patent, 
purpose,  the  1 
Clark,  Humpl 
diner,  t  who  w^ 
en,  or  some  < 
river,  hold  a  cc 
"according  to 
"  the  ways  of  ( 
Invested  witl 
10  the  trust,  the 
irliich  was  alte 
cording  to  their 
of  the  Massaciii 
river  inclusive, 
in  remembrance 
Plymouth  was  t 
of  allegiance  to 
appintments  a 
according  to  th( 
They  appoint 
Oliver  of  Mon[ 
m  Humphrey  o 
of  the  coauty, 
constables,  wen 
ert  Ganmion  o 
Capt.  Edward 
Monhegan,  wen 
empowered  to 
knowledgment 


M  Hutch.  Hist 

t  L'lark  had  l>ci 

uars  after  ward-* 

<  uiirt  from  Falino 

''"icr  wa«  n  worth 


CiaT*  X^I']  ^  OF  MAINR.  443 

»  England  ;*  leaving  only  a  mere  shadow  of  the  Duke's  autbori^-  a.  O.  ib-TS. 
tf  at  Sagadahock,  and  abandoning  the  planters  to  tlic  destinies 
of  their  fortune  an''  luie. 

Encouraged    by  these  cvenif'd    circumstances,    the    General '^immiv 
Court  gave  their  sanction  to  Mountjoy's  survey ;  and  proceeded,  rouModT  ' 
during  their  session  in  October,  to  erect  tlje  easternmost  section  l^.iy.'"'* 
of  the  patent,  beyond  Sagadahock  into  a  new  county.     For  tliis 
purpose,  the  legislature  appointed   four  commissioners,  Thomas       «.  'W 
Clark,  Humphrey  Davy,   Richard   Callicot,  and  Thomas  Gar- 
diaerjf  who  were  directed  to  meet  at  Pemaquid,  Cape   Newag- 
jn,  or  some  other  convenient  place  eastward   of   Sagadahock 
nver,  hold  a  court  and  organize  a  county, — in  legislative  language, 
"according  to  the  wholesome   laws  of  this  jurisdiction,  that  so 
"the  ways  of  Godliness  may  be  encouraged,  and  vice  arrested." 

Invested  with  powers,  direct  and   discretionary,  fully  adequate 
to  the  trust,  they  opened  their  court,  in  May,  1C74,  at  Pemaquid,  May,  1674. 
irhich  was  attended   by  a  considerable  number  of  people.     Ac- 
cording to  their  express  desire,  the  court  first  erected  this  section  ••.  * 
of  the  Massachusetts  jurisdiction,  from  Sagadahock  to  Georges' 
river  inclusive,  into  a  county  by  the  name  of  "  DewonsAtVe," —  ucvonshiro 
in  remembrance  of  one  in  England,  having  that  name,  of  which ''"''^''*'"'' 
Plymouth  was  the  chief  town.     Next,  they  administered  the  oath  ,  r 
of  allegiance  to  84  inhabitants  present ;  and  proceeded  to  make 
appointments  among  them,  though  none  were  legally  freemen, 
according  to  the  colony  laws. 

They  appointed  Thomas  Gardiner,  county  treasurer,  Richard  officer*. 
Oliver  of  Monhegan,  clerk  of  the  court  and  recorder,  and  Thom- 
as Humphrey  of  Sagadahock,  marshal,  who  as  executive  ofHcer 
of  the  coauty,  was  directed  to  take  charge  of  the  prison.     The  ,    ^ 

constables,  were  Thomas  Humphrey  of  Sagadahock,  and  Rob- 
ert Gannnon  of  Cape  Nevva^en.  Mr.  Gardiner,  Mr.  Gammon, 
Capt.  Edward  Patteshall  of  Sagadahock,  Mr.  John  Palmer  of 
Monhegan,  were  appointed  plantation  or  local  commissioners,  and 
empowered  to  niarry  parlies  legally  published,  to  take  the  ac- 
knowledgment of  deeds,  to   hold  "  a  commissioners'  court,"  for 

*  1  ilutch.  HUt.  p.  292. 

\Clurk  liad  hccii  the  afrf^iit,  and  was  tlicn  an  assistant.  i}(iiiy  was  six 
u'ars  afterwards  an  assistaia.  Callicol  had  bcrn  a  dci)iity  to  tho  Gineral 
(  oiirt  from  Falmouth  and  Scarborough,  in  1669,  and  for  Saco  in  1672.  Gar- 
(I'lT  wn»  1  wortliy  landholder,  and  livwl  at  IVmnquid. 


Miliim. 


444  THEHISTORf  {V««  l 

A.  D.  Wi.  trying  wich.)ut  a  jury,  small  causes  of  iSlO,  and  to  fine  bt  crin). 
inal  misdinaeanors  10s,  or  award  ten  stripes,  according  to  law 
or  any  special  order  of  the  General  Court.  There  were  also,  in 
the  plantations  last  mentioned,  four  intelligent  men  appointed 
clerks  of  the  vrits,  and  eight  grand  juryman*  de*!s,nated ;— to 
whom,  aru?  to  all  the  civil  officers,  were  adrjinit'roitd  the  riali- 
fying  oati's.  u.i    ., 

In  organ  zing  the  militia^  the  court  foimeii  five  trjiinbat  i-^,  "i 
at  Sagadaliock,  Pemaquid,  D^  unarisc  ■  ■>.%  (  r^d  Iv  ./a^i;,,  .4 
Monhegan  :  but  appointed  over  them  no  ■  fficers  of  higher  mie 
than  sergeants  nnd  corponls  ;  exc;^pt  two  companies,  the  one  at 
Sagadahock.  vl.ich  seems  to  have  been  pi  i  under  the  conin -nd 
of  Capt.  I'attpshall ;  and  the  orv  at  Pemaquid,  wiiich  r>as  placed 
under  Capt.  Garcaner,  who  was  likewise  "  to  bavf  the  tommand 
"and  regulation  of  all  the  military  lorces  and  alKt..  s  throughout 
"the  county." 

A  repont  of  these  regulations  and  appointments,  the  legisla- 
.'ve  commissioners  certified  "at  Pemaquid,  May  27,  1674," 
V'hich  h  ;ing  presented  to  the  Genoral  Court  the  same  month, 
was  confirmed  ;  they  receiving  a  return  of  thanks,  and  suitable 
remuneration  for  their  services.  Thr  Legislnlure  then  ordered  a 
County  Court  to  be  holden  annually,  on  the  3d  Tuesday  of  July, 
at  some  place  in  the  county,  probabl)  at  Pemaquid  ;  appointed 
Humphrey  Davy,  Thomas  Lake,  Richard  Callicot,  Thomas 
Gardiner,  and  George  Mounijoy,  special  commissioners,  to  hold 
I,  the  ensuing  term  ;  and  directed  the  constables  to  call  together, 
"  at  convenient  times,"  the  inhabitants  of  their  respective  towns 
and  plantations,  and  '  read  to  tliem  the  colony  laws. 'J 

TuM.  ^^  ^''®  •'"'y  t^rm,  the  County  Court,  holden  by  the  special 

commissioners,  levied  and  apportioned  a  tax  of  £20,  to  defray 
"  court  charges,"  and  to  pay  for  "  law  books,  constables'  staves," 
and  other  public  expenses.  It  was  apportioned  thus — to  Sag- 
adahock  £4,  10s;  to  Monhegan  £5,   10s;  to  Cape  Newagen 


■iunerg'  )Rfi- 
port. 


July. 

Term  of  ihe 
<:.  Courli. 


*  The  jurors  were  Robert  Edmunds  and  Amhroic  Hantnell  of  Sapada- 
bock;  John  JViford,  EHat  Trick,  and  John  Prior,  of  Damariicovc; 
Oterge  Bick/or'd  and  Reynold  KelUy  of  Monhegan ;  and  John  Colt  o\ 
Pemaquid. 

t  4  Masi.  Rec.  p.  3-12-13. 

I  4  Mcut.  Rec.  p.  16. — This  broiij;ht  Henry  Joscclyn  (like  Wheelwright. 
at  another  time  and  place)  within  the  juritdiction  of  Maiiachusetts. 


Chaf.  m.] 


^OP  MAINE. 


1^  lOt ;  to  Damuriscove  and  Hippocrass*  £5  ;  and  to  Pem- 

Hjuidf  £2.  The  local  commissioners,  and  grand  jurors  of 
eich  place  were  required  to  assess  the  same,  "  on  the  persons 
ifld  estates  of  the  inhabitants  ;"  and  the  constables  directed  to 
collect  the  money,  and  pay  it  over  to  the  county  treasurer.  Fi- 
nally, the  court  licensed  some  suitable  persons  in  each  of  the  five 
places  just  mentioned  "  to  keep  a  house  of  public  entertainment," 
be  provided  with  necessary  lodgings,  and  retail  "  wine,  beer  and 
liquors,  for  the  year  ensuing  according  to  law."J 

To  mention  one  probate  case  as  a  specimen  of  legal  proceed- 
ing;— administration  was  granted  by  the  Court,  to  George  Bar- 
aetof  Monhegan,  upon  the  estate  of  John  Waller,  a  seaman,  resi- 
dent alternately  at  that  place  and  Damariscove,  who  had  been 
dead  five  years.  The  administrator  gave  bond  in  the  penal  sum 
of  £50,  with  Richard  Oliver  as  surety,  obliging  him  to  present  an 
inventory  at  the  next  term,  and  to  oisposti  of  the  property  to 
jfliom  "by  law  and  the  clearest  testimony,"  it  belonged. 

But  these  transactions,  which  exhibit  somewhat  minutely  the 
ioteresting  policy  and  prudentials  of  early  times,  were  scarcely 
closed,  when  news  arrived  of  a  treaty  of  peace  between  England 
j  and  Holland,  signed  Feb.  9th.  By  its  sixth  article,  it  appeared 
liiat  the  province  of  New- York  was  fully  restored  to  the  English. 
To  avoid  henceforward  the  effects  of  a  constructive  cession  to 
ibecrown,  which  some  might  call  the  present  surrender,  the  Duke 
of  York  took  from  the  king  a  new  patent,  dated  June  22d,  1674, 
comprising  all  the  territories  embraced  in  that  of  IC64.§  Imme- 
diately, James,  the  Duke,  commissioned  Sir  Edmund  Andros, 
Governor  of  both  provinces.  New- York  and  Sagadahock,  who 
[assumed  the  reins  of  70vernment  in  October. || 

At  this  period,  the  country  upon  the  seaboard  between  Piscat- 

laqua  and  Penobscot,  was  in  a  flourishing  state.lT     M.  Denys  in 

Ibis  history  published  ten  years  before,  says, '  the  French  have  a 

'fort  on  the  east  side  of  the  Penobscot  bay  ;    and  on  the  other 


445 

A.  D.  ICT4. 


Pf  are  with 
llic  Duicb. 


Duke's  new 
patent. 


Andros, 
governor. 


M.  Denvi', 
and  J.  Jot- 
celyn'»  re- 
marks. 


•  Orif  iritlly,  "  Hypocrite.''''  t  Now  Briilol. 

\  4  Mass.  Kec.  p.  15-16.  {  Trumbull's  Conn.  p.  326. 

i;  Smith's  N.  Y.  p  32,— Chalmers,  p.  531.— 39  Vn.  Hist.  p.  .'549. 
^  i  »i'tch.  Hist.  p.  292. 


m 


446  THE  HwrdS^  C^  (Vol,  i. 

A.  D.  1074. « hand  the  English  are  settled  in  great  numbers,  and  have*  "  a 
"  large  country  cleared  and  under  improvement."* 
-  Joscelyn,  remarking  ujwn  the  eastern  plantations,  in  his  Voy- 
ngeSf  published  this  yf  ar,  observes,  that  "  Black-point  contains 
"  about  50  dwfllinghouses,  and  a  magazine."  *'  The  people 
"  have  a  great  number  of  neat  cattle  and  horses,  7  or  800 
"  sheep,  a  corn-mill,  much  arable  land,  and  large  marshes  both 
"salt  and  fresh."  Falmouth,  a  town  on  Casco  bay,  he  says, 
"  is  stored  with  cattle  and  sheep,  has  a  corn  mill  or  two,  and 
"  stages  for  fishermen."    '  Sagadahock  further  eastward,'  he  adds. 

•  is  stored  with  cattle   and    corn-lands,    and   has   many  scattered 

•  houses  and  stages  along  shore,  or  cabins  for  those  employed 

•  in  the  fisheries'  : — And  the  coimtry  "  from  Sagadahock  to  Nova 
"  Scotia  is  called  the  Duke  of  York^s  Province.  Here  Pema- 
"  quid,  Metinicus,  Monliegan,  Cape  Newagen,  where  Capt. 
"  Smith  fished  for  whales,  and  Muscongiis,  are  all  filled  with 
"  dwellinghouses  and  stages  for  fishermen,  and  have  plenty  of 
"  cattle,  arable  lands  and  marshes. "f 

Courts.  Massachusetts,  highly  gratified  with  these  appearatices,  con- 

tinued a  regular  and  tranquil  administration  of  justice  in  York- 
shire and  Devonshire,  holding  from  year  to  year.  County  Courts, 
in  one  by  an  Assistant  and  the  Associates,  and  in  the  other,  morp 
remote,  by  five  resident  commissioners.  J  Still  the  claimants  oi 
the  country,  especially  the  Duke  and  Gorges,  and  no  less  the 
Dordering  French,  filled  her  with  extreme  and  perpetual  anxiety. 
In  the  first  place,  therefore,  to  put  the  clamors  and  complaints  of! 
Gorges  to  silence,  she  instructed  her  agent  in  England,  to  offer 
him  i  ")00,  for  an  acquittance  of  his  Province.  But  the  late 
pe;u-P  had  probably  enhanced  its  value,  for  the  agent  statf;d  to 
the  General  Court  that  "  Gorges  and  others  were  in  the  clouds,  | 
'•  and  expected  as  much  by  the  year,  in  interest." 

A.D.  1675.      Added  to  these  perplexities,  were  the  calamhies  of  an  Indian! 

King  Phil-  war,  vrhich  broke  out  in   1675,  between  King  Philip  of  Narra- 

l|)  S  WftT. 

*  Mass.  Ticttcr  Book,  p.  104.— 2  Vols,  of  Denjs'.— 6  Charlevoix,  N.  F.| 
p.  407-9. 

\Jo!ic(lijn'.i  I'uijagcs,  \i.  200-5. — His  account  ends  in  1073. 

\  4  tMnm.  lin.  p.  2:1-20, — UccauHe  Devonsliire  was  remote,  tbc  busiiiKii 
Rmall  ami  tho  travelling  precarious,  the  General  Court  onlercd  that  'Mlel 
County  Court  lio  hoUloii  by  sucli  men  of  worth  as  tnij^ht  be  romminifinf 'I 
thniipli  nr ithcr  he  nn   As^isl.mt." 


'Before  1C08,  tl 
Chalmers,  p.  50 
and  16,000  able  to 
Trumbull,  p.  340 
toslow,  for  there  w 
[daliock,  in  1676,  16 
!  There  were  as 
It  :irecn  that  river 
pirncd"  b)-  the  pco 
U'lfinit,  1675.— Joh 
kTeliinghouses,"  ai 
"s'labitaots  m  Fal 


:«i 


Chat.  XV I. J  ^or  Maine.  44% 

,}Osct  and  Uie  United  Colouies.      Tltis  caused    an  enquiry  into  a.  d.  tsrSt 
me  sireneili  of  tJie  country,  and  the  efficient  means  of  defence.  „ 
Xiie official  report  was  favorable  ;  lor  by  returns  of  the  militia «ii<o- 
in  the  Yorkshire  regiment,  and   the  estimation   of  the  cifectire 
aldiorv  in  Devonshiie,  we  have  these  results  : — 


Kittery  contained 

180  soldiers, 

.York,                                        * 

80 

Wells*  and  Cape  Porpoise, 

80 

Saco  and  Winter  Harbor, 

100 

Black-point  and  Blue-point, 

100 

Casco-bay,  or  Falmouth, 

80 

Sagadahock  westward, 

80 

(                          ■                                                  ■ ' 

700t 

Devonshire, 

150 

Residue  of  the  Duke's  patent, 

150t 

1,000 

From  these  data,  it  may  be  safely  estimated,  that  the  white  pop- FopuiauoD, 

jlation  between  Piscataqua  and  Penobscot,  must,  at  this  period, 

have  been  5  or  6,000  souls. 

The  war  soon  involved  Massachusetts  in  heavy  expenses  ;  for,  „ 
I  .  Taxation. 

accoiding  to  the  terms  upon  which  New-Hampshire,  and  the  two 

Eastern  Counties  submitted  to  her  jurisdiction,  neither  was  obliged 

I  to  bear  any  part  of  the  public  charges,  nor  piiy  any  other  taxes 

^inn  those  of  their  own  counties.     Nevertheless,  in  the  present 

tineigency — in  the  extremities  of  a  general  defence,  the  delega- 

I  lion  from  Yorkshire,  influenced  by  motives  of  public  policy  and 

I  justice,  were  content  to  have  the  inhabitants   of  their  county  as- 


"Before  ICG?,  tlicrc  were  in  Wells,  100  families. — Oldinixon,  p.  61. 

\  Chalmers,  p.  507.— In  1073,  there  were  in  New-Eiijland,  120,000  souls  ; 

snd  16,0UO  able  to  bear  arms. — Tlic  mililla   of  Connncticiit,  2,070  men. — 

'.Trumbull,  p.  3  iO. — Bit.  llic   preceding   estimate  of  population,  is  quite 

Itooloiv,  for  there  wore  in  iMassachiisetts,  New-Hampshire,  Maine,  and  Saga- 

jiiiliocU,  in  1676,  150,000.-1  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  461. 

•Tliere  were  as  many  as  130  families  cast  of  Sajadahock,  in  1675  ;  «nd 
It  :ircen  that  river  and  St.  Goortjes'  river,  'near  100  fishinnf  vessels 
loiTmnr'  by  the  people  there. — Sylvtinus  Dai'i*'  stnUmcnt  to  the  J^lass.  At- 
Wnnli,  1673. — John  Joscelyn  says,  there  were  at  BiacU-point,  in  1671, ««  60 
Idivt'lliiiffhouses,"  and  Mr.  Willis  calculaten  there  mif  ht   be,  in   1673,  400 

.'abitauts  in  Faimoii'.h. 


:j^ 


448  THi  MWrofc*  i*  (Voi. ,. 

A.  D.  i67fi.  sessed  with  a  fair  proportion  of  the  expenses;  incurred  br  tb« 
J  ,  ,„  war.  The  whole  sum  was  large,  and  hence,  the  General  Court 
directed  the  selectmen  of  the  several  towns,  by  warrants  from 
the  treasurer,  to  assess  immediately,  according  to  law  "nine 
country  rates ;"  and  cause  the  money  to  be  collected  and  paid 
into  the  publin  treasury.  It  is  understood,  that  the  sum  total 
raised  in  Yorks-'ure,  was  £15',  lOs* 
Happy  Tliis  was  the  first  general  tax  which  the  inhabitants  of  Maine 

union  of  •  I  ■  I  1       •    1  m  . 

Maine  and  ever  paid  mto  the  colonial  triasury.     lo  protect  them,  and  iheir 
•etti.  interests   and   favor  their  wishes,  Massachusetts  was  now  laid 

under  a  fourfold  obligation,  namely,  allegiance,  fidelity,  friendship 
and  public  taxes.  Nor  was  implicit  unshaken  confidence  in  an- 
other ever  more  justly  and  worthily  reposed.  Their  rights  were 
respected  j  justice  was  administered  with  constancy  and  effect,  in 
both  the  counties  of  York  and  Devonshire,  so  long  as  it  was  prac- 
ticable ;  and  it  must  be  acknowledged,  that  Massachusetts  was 
always  as  ready  to  aid  and  protect,  as  to  tax  and  govern. 

But  this  eastern  country  caused  Massachusetts  many  and  great 
anxieties.     Among  her  foes  were  malevolent  accusers  as  well  as 
avaricious  complainants.     A  year  or  too  since,  there  was  a  pro- 
ject started  to  aliene  unto  the  crown,  the  whole  country  from  the 
Merrimack  to  the  Penobscot ;  in  prospect  of  erecting  it  into  a 
royal  Province  for  the  Duke  of  Monmouth.     So  much  was  he 
infatuated  with  the  probabilities  of  deriving  from  this  source  an 
annual  revenue  of  £5,000,  that  the  most  positive  facts  to  the 
contrary,  fully  adduced,  were  hardly  srlficient  to  dissuade  him 
from  pursuing  the  deceptive  phantom,  f 
ctaims  at       Gorges   and  Mason,  in  the  prosecution  of  their    complaints 
Mii»lou*re-"''  against  Massachusetts,  had  at  length  so  far  succeeded  as  to  pur- 
*'**^'        suade  his  Majesty  to  send  copies  of  the  charges  to  her,  and  to 
require  the  appearance  of  agents  in  her  defence.     The  bearer 


A.  D.  167S. 

Duke  of 
Monmouth. 


*4  J^lais.  Rec.  p.  42. — A  single  lax  in  Massachusetts  was  £l)500,  in 
Maine  £17>  10  !  °^  which  eacli  taxable  poll  paid  12d.— The  tax  with  the 
overlayings  in  Massachusetts  was  apportioned  thus : 

Suffolk,  16  towns,  paid        £  613,  6«.  lid, 

Essex,  17    «  "  474,  10, 11 


Middlesex, 


16 


465,    8,  6 


Total,  £l,  663,  6,  4 
Nine  country  rates  would  amount  to        -       .       £l3,  979,  17,  0 

In  Maine  £17,  10,  multiplied  b>  9=a£l&7,  10s.  total. 

^  Hutch.  Coll.  p.  461—472. 


Catt'  XVI.]  iof  MAINE.  44d 

9^  Edward  Randolph,  a  kinsman  of  Mason,  and  a  man  of  ad-  a.O.  ir»6. 

dfess,  activity  and  information — note*,  ^r  his  unvarniahed  preju- 
(iices  atul  severe  animadversion",  on  all  orrasions,  where  his 
friends  and  foes  were  at  variance.  Another  part  of  the  errand 
ftliidi  he  received  from  tlie  L#ords  of  trade,  was,  to  make  enqui- 
nts  into  the  condition  of  the  country,  and  report  to  thera  a 
iiateincnt  of  facts.  ' 

Alter  his  arrival,  June  10,  lie  passed  six  weeks  in  visits  and  R«nrtoiph'« 
enquiries  at  Boston,  and  in  this  eastern  region;  and  returning  to  port. 
En^liind,  delayed  not  to  make  a  detailed  report  to  his  employers, 
especially  to  the  board  of  trade.     In  this  he  observes,  '  if  we  ex- 
cept .Massachusetts,  I  "  found  the  colonics  including  Maine  very 
•  desirous  of  submitting  to  a  general  Governor."     'Several  of 
•the  principal  inhabitants,  particularly  in  the  latter  Province,  came 
'tome  with  bitter  complaints,   and   entreated   me  to  represent 
•their  condition  to  his  Majesty; — ardently  expecting  relief  as 
•promised  by  the  Commissioners,  in  16G5.     Some  said  they  had 
'ireatly  suffered  and  others  had   been   quite  ruined,  by  the  In- 
■dians,  only  be:ausf  they  had  in  those  days  ex|)ressed  their  duty 
•to  his    Majesty.     The   inhabitants  of  New-Hampshire,   Maine 
'and  the  Duke's  Province,  were  holding,'  he  said,  '  a  friendly  cor- 
'rospondence  with  their  French  neighbors;  while  the  govern- 
•ment  of  Massachusetts  was  entertaining  a  perfect  hatred  towards 
'them."* 

In  a  memorial  to  his  Majesty,  sent  by  their   agents,  William  Memorial 
Stoughtoii,  Lieutenant  Governor,  and  Peter  Bulkley,  speaker  ofcimsfusto 
the  House,  who  embarked  for  England,  Oct.   oO,  the  General'"  "'^' 
Court  represented — that  the  colony  had  been  involved  more  than 
lyear  in  all  the  privations  and  calamities  of  an  Indian  war  ;  that 
though  the  heathen  were  beaten  in  the  vicinity,  and  their  great 
leader  slai.i,  they  had  sprung  up  in  the  eastern  country,  more  ma- 
lisnant  and  desperate  in  consequence  of  defeat ;  and  that  the  coi- 
oiiv  government  was  unhappily  required,  at  one  and  the  same  time, 
to  niciinlain  a  title  to  the  Provinces,  to  defend  the  inhabitants, 
who  were  const.antly  praying  for  succour,  and  to  dispute,  with  a 
bloody  and  barbarous  enemy,  the  possession  of  these  dismal  de- 
sirts.     '  We  may  be  highly  charged,  said  the  General  Court,  but 
'  we  appeal  to  the  great  Searcher  of  hearts,  that  no  wrong  to 


Vol..  I. 


^  TTiitrh.  Coll.  p.  508. 
44 


Her  initruc* 
lions  (o  her 
agents. 


460  THE  HISTOWr  *       [Vou  i. 

A-  D.  1676.  <  proprietors  is  intended, — no  pro6t  to  ourselvc  5  in  ;«ought.  Quite 
•other  motives  actuate  us  : — these  are  a  £  ^  'd  ;  gsrd  to  our 
•  charter  rights,  and  a  strong  sense  of  justice,  duty  and  conspas. 
' sion  towards  the  inhabitants,  so  distracted  with  dissensions — ail 
'  which  have  moved  us  to  receive  them  to  the  bosom  of  favor.'* 

By  the  instructions  given  to  tlie  agents,  tlie  wliole  chain  of 
evenis  was  to  be  passed  in  review  before  his  Majesty  ;  the  aban- 
donment of  the  Provinces,  in  1034,  by  Ncal,  agent  to  Gorges 
and  Mnson  ;  the  melancholy  condition  of  the  inhabitants  in  sub- 
sequent years ;  their  ciieerful  submission  under  the  Massachusetts' 
charter,  in  1652;  and  their  prosperity  and  quiet,  in  1CG5,  when 
the  king's  commissioners  effected  changes  in  the  governmeM 
which  scarcely  outlived  their  departure ; — and  to  conclude,  said  the 
General  Court,  *  though  the  country  may  never  be  of  any  great 
'  value  or  advantage  to  us ;  yet'  "  if  a  stun  of  money  will  deter 
"  the  claimants  from  further  persecution,  and  they  will  resign 
"  and  release  all  their  interest  in  these  eastern  parts,  and  brin» 
"  the  matter  to  a  final  close,  you  may  do  as  discretion  shall  dic- 
"  tate,"  \ 

A  decisio         ^  hearing  soon  after  the  arrival  of  the  agents   was  granted 
by  iiie  king  to  them  and  their  antagonists,  before  a   committee  of  the  privv 

lu  council.  ...  . 

council,  consisting  of  the  Lords  Chief  Justices  of  the  King's 
bench  and  Common  Pleas,  and  the  Lords  of  trade  and  planta- 
tions.— Having  examined  all  the  charters,  and  other  evidences 
adduced,  they  decided,  "  that  they  could  give  no  opinion,  as  to 
"  the  right  of  soil  in  the  provinces  of  New-Hampshire  and  jNlaine, 
*•  not  having  the  proper  parties  before  them  ;  it  appearing  that 
"  not  the  Massachusetts  colony,  but  probably  the  ter-tenants,  had 
"  the  right  of  soil  and  whole  benefit  thereof, — yet  they  were  not 
"  summoned  to  defend  their  titles  :"f — and  tliis  equivocal  de- 
cision or  report  was  confirmed  by  the  crown. 

Though  all  the  claims  of  Massachusetts  to  INIaine,  were  ap- 
parently extinguished  by  this  decision,  it  did  not  determine  who 
was  the  rightful  owner  of  the  Province,  but  left  the  future  dis- 
cussion of  that  question  "  to  the  heirs  of  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges, 
"  both  as  to  soil  and  government."J     It  however  evidently  gave 


*  4  Mass.  Hcc. 


+ 1  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  286.— I  Belknap's  N.  H.  p.  137. 
I  Hubbard's  N.  E.  p.  613. 


"tine;" — '  exce 


CiAP.   XTI.] 


•or 


MAINE. 


461 


tbc  ter-tenants  or  possessors,  a  much  broader  and  stronger  hold  a.  O.  ten. 
of  the  fee,  tlian  his  grandson,  the   present  claimant,  could  have 
anticipated  or  apprehended. 

To  avoid  further  controversy  and  trouble,  Massachusetts  fully  Purch«»e  of 
resolved  to  purchase  of  Gorges,  if  possible,  all  his  interest  in  the  »iM«chu- 
Province.     Accordingly  she  employed  John  Usher,*  a  trader  of**"*' 
Boston,   then   in   England,  to   negotiate   the   bargain,f  without 
awaiting  the  result  of  any   farther  discussions  about  the  owner- 
ship ;  who,  though  the  king  himself  was  in  treaty  with  Gorges 
to  obtain  it,  soon  effected  a  purchase  and  took    an  assignment  of 
the  Province,  May  6th,  1G77,J  for  which  he  gave  the   proprietor  May6.i6T7i 
£1,260  sterling.      The  instrument,  which  was   of  great  length, 
described  the  parties,  expressed  the  consideration,  and  gave  the 
limits  and  boundaries,  as  set  forth  in  the  original  charter  to  Sir 
Ferdinando.     It  in  fact  transferred  the  territories  with   "  all  roy- 
'•alties,  jurisdictions,  ecclesiastical,  civil,  admiral  and  military; — 
"the  privileges,  governments  and  liberties,  granted  to  Sir  Ferdi- 
"nando  Gorges  by  charter,  the  3d  day  of  April,  in  the  15th  year 
"of  Charles  I."  A.  D.  1639.      Gorges  the  grantor  covenanted, 
"that  the  said  Usher  should  stand  seized  of  an  absolute,  per- 
'•  feet,  and  independent  estate  of  and  in  the  said  County   Pala- 
"tiiie;" — 'excepting  all  leases,  grants  and  conveyances  made 
'by  the  original  proprietor  or  his  agents,  engaged  in   planting  the 
'Province,  especially  all  grants  to  William  Phillips.''^ 

"Usher  was  afterwards  Lieut.  Gov.  of  New-Hampshire,  and  one  of 
Dudley's  Councillors. — ElUoCs  Biog, 

tl  Mutch.  Hist.  p.  283. 

\  Douglas  says  it  was  "July  20,  1677".—!  Doug.  Sum.  p.  387.— C/in/mcr«, 
p.397.— Others  say  it  was  "  March  13,  1677."  But  by  an  authentic  copy  of 
ttc  Indenture  in  tlie  Secretary ''s  oflicc  in  Boston,  May  6,  1677,  is  the  dat«. 

i  Major  Phillips  lived  in  Saco. — Sullivan,  p.  373. 

Note. — List  of  Deputies  or  Representatives  to  the  General  Court  from 
Maine,  while  the  Province  was  under  the  colony  charter,  before  the  above 
assignment  took  effect. 

Kittery John  Wiucoln,  A.  D.  1653,  6  years;  or  2  of  this  nams, 

Thomas  Withers,  1636,  1  year. 

Humphrey  Chadbourn,  1657,  3  years. 

Charles  Frost,  1658,  5  years. 

Roger  Plaisted,  1663,  3  years. 

Edward  Hutchinson,  1670,  2  years. — A  non-resident. 

James^Emery,  1676, 1  year. 

Richard  Waldron,  (of  Dover  N.  H.)  1679,  speaker,  I  year. 


452  THE  IIISTOMF.  jfVoL.  i, 

A.  D.  16C7.  The  preceding  memoirs  are  the  traces  of  facts  and  event* 
Remark*  lyhich  fill  the  first  Half  century  of  sellleinent  and  public  affairs 
in  this  interesiiiic;  country.  If  our  progress  has  bocn  slow,  the 
checks  have  arisen  principally  from  those  |K>liticid  chanji;es,  \vhi(  h 
always  ^amp,  and  often  extinguish  emulation  and  enterprise. 
Though  the  facts  and  incidents  recorded,  are  comparatively  few 
and  may  be  thought  to  occu|>y  pages  beyond  their  merits;  tlicv 
are  nevertheless  the  elements  of  our  history.  They  give  us 
a  portrait  of  the  state  in  the  cradle.  They  show  ns  the  seeds 
with  which  the  country  was  first  planted  ;  the  springs  opened  bv 
the  earliest  occupants ;  the  traits  of  our  youthful  character ;  and 
»lie  iudiments  of  our  political  science.  What  are  the  exuberant 
gii  ••  of  nature  under  a  vertical  sun,  are  essentially  witli  us  the 
pro.,  act  of  culture,  labor  and  art.  Our  advancements  in  improve- 
ment, wealth  and  happiness,  are  the  revenue  of  persevering  indus- 
try, and  salutary  regulations.  The  past  fifty  years  show  us  tests 
of  experiment ; — the  future  will  afi^bru  us  the  wisdom  of  cxpe- 
rience. 


York- 


Kilw.iPil  llisliworlli,  1G53, 13  years,  end  of  Wells  I  year. 

Pi'tor  Wycr,  Ifi65,  2  yoars. 

Sainiu'l  Whrclwri^rlit,  1G77,  I   year,  auJ  for  Wells  and 
York,  1  year. 

Wells IIiii;;!!  (Iimnison,  105  J,  1  year  and  for  York  1  year. 

riMiu.'ls  Littk'ficlil,  iOGj,  1  yoar. 
WilliaiiJ  ISiinonds,  1070,  1  year. 
F.almoiilli       Edward  Tiisliwortl),  1650,  I  year. 
&  ScarboroVHcnry  Josccjyn,  1000.  1  year. 
f;i;()rfl:o  (loaves,  IC63,  2  years. 
P.icliard  (^allicot,  lUG  >,  1  year. 
Francis  Ncalc,   1070,  1  year. 
Artliiir  Anpicr,  1(571,  2  years. 
Peter  Ih'aekcf,  107.1,  2  years. 

Saco Kobcrt  Kootlie,  'B'SO,  1  year. 

Kicliard  /iitclicoeU,  1600,  1  year. 
Uidiard  Callicot,  1672,  1   year. 
N.  B.— .Tlicrc  were  nn  ropresonlalivei  retiinioJ  from  IVIaine,  A.  D,  icej 
7-8;  and  uonc  after  A.  D.  1679— in  this  latter  year  tlicro  wore  (wo. 


Chaf.  XVII.] 


.%F  MAINE. 


463 


:rA    -r^i:     l:'t  ^RtJCf'^,    lA'T'^.jftV.,*. 


fSft* 


, .  •  •   ',i 


CHAPTER  XVII. 


Jhe  Abori^inrx — Ijenni  Linape. — Joiunl Ittf  thr  Mohuick$-'-Thr  AlU' 
gkftitf  overrame — Thr  3fofiairk:i  atfronted  with  thr  Ficurh — The 
yiohf linns — Algom/uiiis — Iiuiinn  l(niffua<^e  and  inttrcoursc —  Thir- 
ty tribes  in  Nrw-Jun^lund —  Their  namrs — Four  dialects  in  Niic- 
England — \st,  the  Mohtiian ;  )ld,  the.  Aliergininn;  ',lfl,  Abrn- 
(quii  and  Etcrhemin ;  and -Ith,  Miekinak — Union  of  the  four 
Ssic-llampshirc  tribes — Two  relibraled  rhiijs,  Pasaaronaway 
ar.ll  Rowles — Their  premonitory  observations  and  adviee. 

This  Eastern  country,  when  originally  discovered  by  Europe-  A.  n.  una, 
ans,  was  full  of  aboriginal  inhabitants.  The  first  war  they  made 
upon  the  English  settlers,  was  in  1G75.  Having,  therefore,  in 
oiir  progress  arrived  to  this  era  j  it  becomes  cx|)edient,  before  we 
narrate  the  particulars  of  the  war,  to  take  a  view  of  the  Natives 
tiicmselves.* 


*  All  historic  accounts  of  the  Indian  tribrs  at  tliis  a^e  arc  viewed  with  in- 
t,r<.'&t.  In  thu  prcKL'iit  annals  and  observation!),  the  author  intends  to  cun- 
iT.Lliiinsdf,  after  a  concise  introdiictioii,  almi)st  exclusively  (»  thr  nali\rs 
iMi.ine.  To  prevent  repetition,  lie  would  mention  the  followin;^  hooUs  and 
nriters,  that  have  V)een  carefully  consulted.  1.  Het<.  If'Ulinm  llubhnriV§ 
History  of  >{ew-EnsIand  and  Indian  Wars,  2.  Jilr.  Daniel  (iookins  ac- 
cjimt  of  the  Indians,  A.  D.  l'?*4,  puhli><hed  in  Ibl  vol.  .Mass,  Hist.  C'uii.  \i. 
'S-Wi.  3.  Rev.  John  //cc/i'cifeWirof  Belhloluin,  Pennsylvania,  one  of  (ho 
•  minittce  of  the  Ameiican  Pliilosophiral  .Horicly,  at  I'l. ilaiK^lpl. i:i,  t  ro/. 
\i)ipngcf,  Ed.  1810.  1.  Rrv.  Tk)d,  Jonnthnn  Edwnr^ls  "  Observationn  on 
itic  lang'iaif e  of  the  MnUhekancew  Indians," — ))astor  of  (he  ciiurch,  Ncw- 
ilavcii.  He  says  in  his  preface,  '•  while  I  was  a  boy  of  six  years,  I  bej^an 
•I'l  learn  (he  Indian  dialect,  at  SlocUhridjfe,  where  niy  father  rcnii)\ed, 
•an!  where  there  were  then  150  families  of  Indian*,  and  otdy  12  fainilict 
'of  whites."  Ho  adds,  "  the  Mohcjynn  lanffiiairc  hccainc  more  familiar 
"1(1  me  than  my  mother  tonprue." — Kd.  I7!IS.  ,>■,.  "New  views  of  the 
m^m  of  the  tribes  and  natives  of  America."  Hy  licnjumin  .Smilli  liarlon, 
M.  D, — havinjf  a  prcfai-o  of  1G9  payes,  and  a  vorahulary  of  S3  pajfci 
nnTv.—PliUailelphiii  Ed.  1797.  (i.  Thumnr  .litlffyn'  Uihfory  of  t'.o 
rrciu'i,  Dominionc  in  North  r.n.l  .South  America.— /-V.  Mn.  Lnrdnr .  A.  7). 
I'SI.  7.  "  A  concise  description  of  Iho  Enf;;li«li  and  French  I'osM'ssinns 
"  in  North  Amorici."  By  7.  I'alairel,  ajfcnt  of  their  lli«h-mipl.line»»cs, 
I'lfSln'cs  General  of  the  Unite.'.  Frovincci— tV.  London,  17S.>.   8   liarom 


Thfi  Mo 
liawks. 


464  THEmsTow  fV^L.  i 

A  D.  IG15,      According  to  Mr.  Hcckewelder's  account  of  the  Indian  tradi- 

l-onnpelo-  t'0"s,*  thc  "  i^nni  Lenape, ''^^-or  original  people,  a«  diey  call 

tiiani.         themselves,  migrated,  "  many  hundred  years  ago,"  in  a  hodv  from 

the  wqstern  parts  of  the  American  continent  to  tiie   Mississippi  • 

where  they  found  the  Mcngivc,  or  Maquas,  higher  up  the  rivor 

who  had  also  come  thither  from  a  distant  country  ;  both  beinz  in 

quest  of  better  land,  than  they  had  left.  The  former  ibund  a  fertile 

inviting  region  eastward  nf  that  river,  inhabited  by  a  "goodlvpeo- 

Alligewi.     pie,"  the  AlUgewi,  or  Allegheny  ;  who  at  once  disputed  the  pro. 

grcss  of  the  I^enape,  with  unrompromising  valor. 

After  groat  and  bloody,  but  indecisive  battles,  the  Menjwr 
joined  thc  Lenape  upon  the  stipulated  terms  of  dividing  all  con- 
quests achieved,  equally  between  them.  Thc  war  continued  in 
rage  a  great  number  of  years  afterwards,  till  at  last,  the  Alligewi 
being  completely  overcome,  fled  down  the  river  and  never  re- 
turned. 

Thc  IVIengwo  took  thc  regions  contiguous  to  the  great  lakes, 
cxtendinji:  from  Eric  to  Cliamplain,  and  from  thc  Kittatinny  nnd 
highlands  to  Ontario  and  the  river  St.  Ijawrcncc.  Tluy  orisin- 
ally  consisted  of  ^rc,  latterly  stx  tribes,  denominated  the  "  8\i 
JVations.^^ — They  have  been  called  the  Iroquois,  from  the  name 
of  the  river  they  inhabited  ;  and  Alohaicks,  because  they  were 
the  oldest  branch  of  the  family  or  confederacy.  The  next  in 
seigniority  and  rank,  were  the  Senecas  and  Onondagos ;  the  jun- 
iors were  the  Cayugus  and  thc  Oncidas.  The  sixth  and  young- 
est tribe  was  thc  Tuscnrorns.  The  latter  emigrated  troiii  the 
borders  of  North  Carolina,  sid)scquont  to  the  connneiiccnicnt  nf 
English  settlements  in  that  (juarter.  They  were  supposed  to  be 
a  part  of  the  samo  original  stock,  from  a  striking  aflinity  of  lan- 
guage and  an  immemorial  brotherhood. 
MoliMaru.  ^^^^  Lenape  spread  up  and  down  the  great  rivers  Potomar, 
Delaware,  Susquehanna,  and  Hudso:i.  At  length,  a  body  passed 
thc  latter  river,  which  they  called  X\\q  ^^  JMnhicnnnitnck  i^  from 

Im  Hontan,  "  New  Voyag'cn,"  S(C.  9.  "  llinlovy  nf  Indian  Wart  in  AVv- 
I'n^land.''^ — (Aiionvmoiis.)  M()nf|)tlicr  I'd.  1012.  By  H  right  «m/ &'((//< y. 
10.  Other  authors  who  will  bo  occasionally  cited.  11.  Appendix  (o  Clh 
vol.  Kncyclopnliii  Amrriiana,  \t.  5SI-60O. 

*  Reviewers  have  pronounced  Mr.  Ileclceweldcr  too  cred'ilon*  ;  hut  ilii 
rcrtain,  hit  wrilinjf*  bear  the  » .rongeit  markt  of  probability,  if  {h»'v  an 
Dot  entirely  authentic. 


Chap.  »vii.] 


MAINE. 


455 


jbcDce  they  acquired  the  general  name  of  Mahieans,  and  spread  a.  n  I615, 
taeniselves  in  process  of  lime  over  all  ihe  country,  now  embraced 
v.-  the  New-En2;land   States.     The   Lenape   have  always  called 
::eiii.  their  grandchildren ;  and  the  English  have  written  and  pro- 
.junced  their  name  "  JMohegaiis.''^* 

A  dltference  or  affinity  in  dialect,  and  a  mutual   intercourse  or 
:ea(lly  eiunity  in   fact,   are  the  principal   criteria  by  which  au- 
:;.ors  have  undertaken   to  classify  the   Indian   nations.     For   in- 
•lance — the   lan2uai!;e  of  the   Mohawks,  accordinsi;   to   Dr.   Ed- 
sards,  is  peculiar  to  that   people,  '  wholly  destitute  of  labials  ;' 
liiereas  the  Mohegan  toiitrue  abounds  with  tlicni. 
jt  is  ai;reed,  that  the  Algou(|uiiisf  were  once  a  very  large  peo- Algonquin*. 
y,  '•  including  a  great   number  of  tribes.'     Palairet   says,   they 
r'.'iiially  "lived    100  leagues   above   the   Trois  Revieres,"  '  till 
uil'catecl   by   the  Mohawks,   and  three   fourths   of  them  slain ; 
•iviien  the  remains  took  refuj.j  near  lake  Ontario.     Their  lan- 
•:iia£e,'  he  adds,  "  is  highly  esteemed  in  Canada,  because  all  the 
■nations  for  a  thousand  leagues  around,  except  the  Iroquois  [or 
•Moliawks]     understand   it  ])crlectly  ;"'  and  Jellicys  uj-sures  us, 
I Miir '' tongue  is  still  preserved  north  of  Lake  Hurun." 
Charlevoix  "says the  Algoncpiins  and  Hurons  divided  almost  all 
•i;ie  native  langiuige  of  Canada.     Such  as  are  masters  of  thcse,^ 
•ran  pass  over  1,500  leagues  of  country,  and  converse  with  peo- 
Tjileof  an  hundred   dialects.     The  Algonquin   is  most  exten- 
sive.     It  connnenccs  at  Acadia  and  the  St.   Lawrence^  and 
liiiakosa  circuit  of  1,200   leagues.     It   's  pretcndec'     :,u   the 
I'lialia'S   of  New-England   and   Virginia  spoki    diidecis    of  the 
•same  language."! 

If  we  may  believe  the  ceh;brafe(l  Mr.  Ileckrvvelder,  the  Mo- 

ie:aiis,  at  the  lime  of  the  arrival  of  the  Europeiu  :.  were  in  pos- 

H-ioii  of  the  whole  coast,  '  from   Roanoke  to   the  northernmost 

ifiiris  of  Nova  Scotia;  and  Ik;  appears   satisfied,   that  theirs  and 

liif  Algonquin  language  were  the  same  original  ;    ».lic  only  diller- 

IvKO.  arising  irom  provincial  dialects.       It    is   certain,   there  has 

llcci),  time  immcmoriul,   a  friendly  intorcouise  between  them. 


'  Ih:  Eilvuirdt  say*,  llio  wiird  in  the  sinpulnr   is  "  Miilihciiancew"  pln- 
|r '. "  Miililii  kfineok."— 
-  h  Utmiiin  tayi:,  tli>.<  Etoclicnun  (Italcct  lUncrcJ  itulc  from  thut  of  the 
'.,'()n.|uin.— p.  22.1- -29l». 
:'.  Charlevoix,  N.  F.  p.  27.1-291. 


'^^■^■>:S 


f  it 

'J     .■■is 


Mii!;nwk-', 
tiic  IV<rii(  li 
-im)  iho 

EllglLSll. 


466  THE  HWTORin  [Vol.  t. 

A.  u.  16IS,  Nay,  the  *la;onquins  and  Uie  Eastern  tribes  have  long  enjovc(' 
particular  fellowship.  Samuel  Chaniplain  mentions  a  preat  feast 
in  his  (lay,  A.  D.  IHOo,  which  was  prepared  by  the  Alu;onnnins 
and  attended  by  tii'^  Mountaineers  and  llie  Etechcmins.*  It  j^ 
said,  too,  from  irnod  authority,  that  when  the  French  drew  ofl"  1!,^ 
eastern  natives  to  St.  Franfois  and  Becancour  iu  Canada,  tli^v 
were  joinfl  by  numbers  of  Alijonquins.f 

The  Mohawk  tribes,  always  in  a  confederated  state  calkd  l,- 
them  their  "  stroui^-house,"  wac;<!d  war  about  the  close  of  the 
IGth  century,  aj^ainst  the  Adirondack's,  iiortii  of  tiie  Great  Lake>. 
Heinu;  worsted,  however,  by  means  of  firearms  furnished  ihtir 
enemies  by  the  French  adventurers  upon  the  St.  Lawrence,  and 
forced  into  a  treaty,  they  conceived  a  hatred  and  hostilitv 
towards  tlie  French,  which  nothing  could  cxtinuiuish.J 

But  when  they  afterwards  turned  their  arms  against  some 
branches  of  the  Lenajx;  nation, — the  Delawares  upon  tlie  river 
of  their  name, — and  the  Mohe2;ans  eastward  of  the  Hudson; 
they  seem  to  have  ;;!;ained  i;;reat  advantages  over  their  enemies. 
evidently  tin-ough  tlie  instrumentality  and  help  of  the  Dutch,  who 
persuaded  the  Lcnapc  of  Delaware,  some  time  before  1GJ(J,  to 
mediate  a  peace  between  the  Mohawk?  and  iMohegans.^  Thea 
events,  attaching  the  INIohawks  to  t'.ie  Dutch,  gave  their  Eng- 
lish successors  an  advantage,  which  w  is  eagerly  im|)roved,  ami  re- 
sulted in  most  important  alliances.  The  proud  Mohawks,  after-  j 
wards  called  the  Lci\i\\)c.,  sqaaw-figlUcrs,  from  the  pro\er>J 
peace-making  character  of  Indian  iemales.|| 

If  the  Mohegans  were   the  origimd  inhabitants  of  New-En:- 1 

tni.es  ill  N.  land  and  Nova  Scotia,  they  were  found  by  the   first  English  stt- 
tiers  to  be  divided  into  about  30  dislii.ct  tribes  jIT  and  the  names 


Inilinn 


*  PiirclmH'  Pi!,  p.  93:;-0.  f  ''  Charlevoi.\'.s  .\.  F. 

I  Gooliiii.  —  1  CM.  i\la!-s.  Hist.  Sue.  p.  lol. — Darton's  vic>v  of  Ihr  IndiMi  | 
tril)i;s,  p  2,"j-0.  ij  llnb.  N.  K.  p.  31. 

II  Piy  IrtMly  of  Liiitcd  iUatus  w'.ili  llio  iSi;:  iVatioiiv  179-1,   tlicy  aprtc; 
jjivo  tliciii  .jl.oOO,  to  be  ilisirihuted  y.nong  Iti'i  trilics  in  clotliiiij;-,  aimiii, 
tioii,  (lomcstie  animals,  ,^c.  .icconling-  iu  llicir  numbers  in  the  I'dIu  | 
Stall's:     'nms  ill  Ibc  I.'riittnl  Slates,  On(!i>IaH  620;  (aj-iij^as   10;  Oinn' 
pjR -450  ;  Tn'caicras  -100  ;  !^«'iiocas    1,7G0;    SfoclibridgL'   or   I»rolliciloK;i  | 
150— lotiil  3,»l0.     AVitbin  tbc  Britisb  lines  ICO.     Total  '1,200. 

1{  ft'oo/im  mniu"!  fl  principal  natiouR  i:i  IS'r\7-Kn;^laiid,— I.   Pcrpiot?.-! 
N:irrafjanRi't''.--d.    I^uvkimiiwitutlt, — A.    the  IMas8acliii«etls,  and   ' 
Pawtiitkifs,     I'liC!  lallt  r  ■' !i.ul  nmlcr   (hem    tvvcral  kiaallcr  Sairaii  ; 


CHAf.    X^»«!I 


^r  MAiffg. 


467 


of  twenttf^ix,  and  their  respective  territories  or  principal  places  a.  t).  m», 

ti  abode  beincj  well  known,  wc  will  now,  for  the  sake  of  conven-  ,  ,. 

«it  refrrenco,  mention  in  alphabetical  order.  "flx^  of  W' 

1.  The  »^oc«a^«»  appear  to  have  bee:*  a  grncric  name  for,, 
ill  the  natives  between  Penobscot,  exclusive,  and  "  Accomenli-  nmnw. 
CU5," — possibly  Piscataqua,  and  were  divided  into  four  prinfipal 
tribes,  presently  to  be  mentioned,     2.  The  ^gawatns,*  n  small 
people   about  Ipswich  in  Massachusetts.     3.  The  ^innasagunti- 
fooks,  upon  the  river  Androscoggin.     4.  The   Canibaf,f  n  p.ieat 
tribe  on  both  sides  of  the  Ketinebeck.     5.  The  Mickmaks,  or 
Souriquois  of  Nova  Scotia. f     6.  The  Mohegans,  a  particular 
tribe  by  this  name,  inhabiting  tlie  present  county  of  Windham 
in  Connecticut,  and  the  territory  northwardly,  nearly  to  the  State 
line.    They   were  a  very  powerful   people,    numbering  3,000 
Karriors,  of  whom  Uncas  was  the  great  chief.     Their  neighbors 
were  the  Pequods  soutli ;  the  Wonguns  and  Podunks  west ;  the 
jarragansetts  east ;  and  the  Nipmucks  north.§    7.  The  Massa- 
fteerta  tribe||  was  also  originally  very  large;  spreading  over  Suf- 
lolk,  Norfolk,  the  easterly  part  of  Middlesex  and   northerly  part 
of  Essex  counties.     But  it  was  remarkably  diinncd  by  the  plague 
or  yellow  fever  of  1G17.     Nanepashemet  was  their  most  noted 
Chief,  whose  residence  was  at  the  mouth  of  Mystic  river.     8. 
Tlie  Marechites  or  Armoxichiquois,  lived  on  the  river  St.  John.  9. 
1\\Q  Nnshaways ;  and  10.  the  Nipnets  or  Nipmucks,  were  in- 
land tribes,  within  the  county  of  Worcester,  and  about  the  ponds 
of  Oxford  township. If     The  latter  were  southward  of  the  Nash- 
anavs,  and  subjccl  to   the    Mohegans.      1 1 .  The   JYarragansetts 
irere  probably  superior  in  strencth   and  numbers  to  any  otlier 
tribe  in  N'uv-England,  except  the  Pequods.     Their  dominions 
extended  from  the  seashore  tliroufrh  the  whcle  width  of  Rhode- 
island,  nearly  to  its  northern  limits.     When  the  settlements  were 
first  commenced  at  Plymouth,  this  people  could  muster   6,000 
fiehting  men,  and  numbered  about  20,000  eouIs.**     12.  The  Ao- 
ticks  were  a  new  fornied  trine,  consisting  of  '  praying'  or  convert- 


ji  the  Pcniiacooks,  tlie  Asrawams,  tliP  Natimkccks,  riRcatQw.iyii,  Acco* 
mrntasniiil  others."—!  Coll.  Matt.  Hitt.  Sur.  p.  102. 
•  Hub.  N.  E.  p.  32.t  "  KcnncLcckn"— Ooofrtn.-  Prinet,  p.  134. 

;.I.  Dc  Laet.  J  Hub.  N.  F..  p.  .i;i_2.'.5— lOfl.         ||  Irinrr,  p.  111. 

^  Hubbard's  Indian  WarR.  p.  26f . —  I  TriimbuH's  (.'on.  p.  I,». 
"Prince,  p.  46-  Notfl,  \M]  106 — 1  Trunr).  Con.  p.  70. 

Vof.  I  4r» 


i' 


I?'.%jll 
k?^" ' 


458  THE  MlKTOf^  I       [Vou    i. 

A.D- i6io,ed  Indiaiii,  collected  and  settled  at  Dedham.  In  1651  th^v 
Indian  combined  under  a  forn^  of  civil  goverament,  having  rulers  of 
EmriMd''*  ^^^^^  ^"<^  rulcfs  of  tens;  and  in  1660  were  embodied  into  a 
church.  They  were  several  times,  the  auxiliaries  of  the  Eneiish 
in  the  eastern  wars.*  13.  The  JVatisites  dwelt  south-eastwardiv 
of  Plymouth  ; — the  people  from  whom'  Hunt  kidnapped  seven 
and  thus  filled  the  tribe  with  enmity  towards  the  English.f  14 
The  Jy/ehanticks'l  were  on  the  eastern  side  of  Connecticut  river 
at  its  mouth,  where  Lyme  now  is.  Their  chief  was  the  famous 
Ninegret,  who  engaged  the  Wampanoags  and  even  the  JNlohawks 
in  the  conquest  of  the  Long  Island  Indians.  15.  The  A'eicich- 
awannocks  inhabited  the  upper  branches  of  the  river  Piscata- 
qua.  16.  The  Openangos  are  supposed  to  have  been  the  in- 
habitants  upon  the  Passamaquoddij-hay.  17.  The  Fcquods,^  in 
numbers  and  power,  were  at  tLe  head  of  all  the  tribes  in  New- 
England.  They  claimed  dominion  of  the  country  between  tlie 
Narragansetts  and  the  Nchanticks.  Tlieir  central  resort  and  vil- 
lages  were  about  the  coasts  of  New-London  harbor.  But  ihev 
were  totally  destroyed,  A.  D.  IGiS.  18.  the  Pawkuiwivkutts  or 
Wampanoags\\  were  a  great  people,  occupying  all  the  western 
and  southern  parts  of  the  Plymouth  colony.  Mount  Hope  [Bris- 
tol] was  the  Sachem's  place  of  residence.  Massasoit  was  the 
first  Sagamore  of  whom  the  EngUsh  have  any  knowledge.  He 
had  3,000  bowmen.  His  successors  were  his  sons  Alexander 
and  the  far  famed  Philip,  the  greatest  warrior  of  the  age.  19. 
The  Pentuckcts^  were  the  natives  of  Merrimack  river,  whose 
principal  villacie  was  about  the  f'^lis  at  Dracut.  This  tribe,  it  is 
said,  once  contained  3,000  sc  uls.  20.  The  Pennncooks**  aljo 
dwelt  upon  the  banks  of  the  ?.icrriniack,  above  Amoskca;;  U 
in  the  vicinity  of  Concord,  New-Hampshire ;  containing  o,0( 
souls.  21.  The  Podunks\\  were  the  native  inhabitants  of  £a$i  | 
Hartford  in  Connecticut.  22.  The  Seconn€ts\\  were  situated 
at  Little  Conipton,  abr.c  Pocasset  or  Tivcrtown.     Their  ancient  I 


*  Iliibbanl'a  N.  E.  p,  652—3.  +  Prince,  p.  99—100. 

\  1  Holmes'  .\.  Ann.  p.  2V7.— 9  Coll.  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  79. 

\  Hubbard's  i\.  V..  p  .1.1  — InJian  Wars.  p.  14.— 1  Trumbull's  Con.  p,  41- 
47. — The  PtMpioih  saiil  that  S.isgacim,  chief  of  the  NamranhoKs.  was''!, 
"  one  Gml ;  no  man  could  kill  him."  ||  Prince,  p.  106. 

f  '2  Coll.  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  p,  142— Ilclk.  N.  11.  p.  IC. 

**  I  Coll.  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  isy.  \\  \  Morse's  nc-  p.  31C 

t*  Prince,  p.  12l».-Hub.  Ind.  Wars,  p.  258  0. 


'  Moll's   Coot 


CB4F.  xtii.J 


mr  MAIffE. 


459 


(iiief.  who  was  a  female  and  called  a  Squaw  Sachem,  was  &  kin-  a.  d.  I8i», 
ired  of  Philip,  and  always  in  close  alliance  with  his  tribe.     23.  ° 


** 


The  SokokU  are  supposed  to  have  been  the  natives,  who  dwelt 
J)0ut  the  river  Saco  in  ^faine.  24.  The  Tarratines  were  the 
ahabitants  of  Penobscot  river.  They  were  one  of  the  three 
l^ttehemin  tribes.  25.  The  fVatcenocks  lived  about  the  Sheeps- 
cot,  Peinaquid  and  St.  George  rivers  in  Maine,  between  the 
Kennebeck  and  Penobscot  both  exclusive.  20.  Lastly,  the  IVon- 
pnt  had  their  residence  westward  of  the  Pequods,  in  the  present 
Bvnis  of  East  Haddam  and  Chatham  in  Connecticut. 

The  principal  dialects  of  these  tribes  are  said  to  be  four.*  Four  dia- 
Tliat  spoken  by  the  Pawkunawkutts  and  the  natives  westward  of  in  N.'&ig-" 
ihem,  is  supposed  to  be  the  original  J/oAeg-nn  language.      TheN.Scoii*. 
clans  between  th*e  Pawkunawkutts  and  the  Piscataqua,  or  the 
Ajamenticus  river,  have  been  called  the    "  Mergineans,"  or 
Sorthern   Indians.      These   could   all   converse  together  with 
tolerable  ease.     But  it  was  noticed,  that  they  were  with  difficulty 
irouglit  to  pronounce  the  letters  L  and  R,  as  they  for  /obster,  }^^^'*  ** 
;aid  /lobsten;  whereas  those  eastward  of   Piscataqua  sounded 
the  R  easily,  and  used  labials  with  freedom. f     This  seems  to  be 
oonfimied  by  other  facts.     A  copy  of  Mr.  Eliot's  Indian  Bible, 
printed  A.  D.  IG64,  was  obtained  by  Rev.   Daniel  Little,  mis- 
sionary to  the  Indians  of  Penobscot  and  St.  John,  since  the  rev- 
olution, which  he  carried  with  him  ;  but  he  said,  '  not  one  word 
•of  their  language  could  be  found  in  it.'     In  a  vocabulary,  how- 
ever, compiled  by  Mr.  Cutter,  keeper  of  a  trading-house   upon 
liie  Saco    river,  Mr.    Little    discovered   a  great  similarity  of 
language  with  that  spoken  farther  eastward.  J     Still,  Mr.   Barton 
believes  that  the  language  in  the  Indian  Bible,  which  passed 

I  through  a  second  edition,  in  1685,  is  not  radically  different  from 

I  that  of  the  Eastern  Tribes."^ 
If  then,  the  Sagamore  of  Agamenticus  [or  York,]  was  origin- 

I  illy  tributary  to  the  Pentuckets,  or  Pennacooks,  as  Mr.   Gookin 
states,||  the  divisional  separation  between  the  Abergineans  and 


ip  w 


i^t 


•  Moll's  Geog.  p.  236.— La  Hontan,  p.  230.— Palairet,  p.  60 — Jef- 
freys, p.  46-7 — Hcckewclder,  p.  CO,  132. 

ft  Hutch.  >.ii«t.  p.  404-7— 123-9.— Coll.  Mass.  His.  Soc.  p.  93.— Oldmiko 
ion,  p.  151.  J  Sullivan,  p.  265.  {  Barton,  p.  68. 

liGookin.Superintendant  of  the  Indians,  A.  D.  1666  — i  Coll.  o/  *♦-.•;. 
!  Hut.  S»e.  p.  177. 


11 


ii 


460  THEHisTOKIf  '         [Voi.  i. 

A.O  MI5,  the  Eastern  Indians  was  not  far  eastward  of  that  place.     It  i. 

lo  1674.  r  •»   IS 

ioJiaiicJia-  ce"^^'"  ^  latter  were  a   different  people  from    the  former,  md 
j«;ci».  also  from  the  Miekmaks  of  JN'ova  Scotia;  and  spake  a  languaef 

widely  if  not  radically  diverse  from   that  of   t'     r  net«:iibors  on 
either  side.     Ca]>t.  Francis,  first  captain  of  V      Tarratine  tribe 
upon  the  Penobscof,  an  intelligent  and  communicative  Lidian 
assnres  tlie  writer^  that  all  the  tribes    between  tlie   Saco  and  the 
rjver  St.  John,  both  inclusive,  are  brothers  ;  that  the  eldest  lived 
on  the  Saco  ;  that  e;!Lh  tribe   is  younger  as   ue   pass  eastward 
Jikc  the  sui.o  "S  the  same  fatl^ei-,  though  the  one  at  Fassamanuod- 
dy  is  the  youngest  of  all,  proceeding  from  those    upou  the  river 
St.  John  and  Penobscot.    "  Afway,"  he  affirms,  "  I  could  uader- 
"  stand  all  these  brothers  very  well  wlien  they  speak ;    but  when 
"  the  Miekmaks  or  the  Algonquins,  or  C'anada  Indians  talk,  I  can- 
"  not  tell  all  vhai  they  say." 
Tribcsof  N.      Between  the  four  triltes  of  New-Hampshire,  however,  there 
Hampshire,  ^jg  jj  political  connexloi  ,— probably  a  corfederacy.     In  1029 
-30,  the  Pcntuckeis  w  t'.'   a  people  more    numerous  than  the 
PennacooJcs.     At  Squaniscc  t,  [Exeter]  there  dwelt  a  chief  who 
was  at  the  head  of  a  small  Inland  tribe,  in  that  vicinity.    An- 
other, or  fourth  tribe,  iiihabited  the  banks  and  branches  of  the , 
Piscataqua,  including  an  Indian  lodgment  at  Cocheco,  or  Dover. 
These  were  commonly  called  the  JYewichawannocks,  or  as  Gookin  I 
says,  the  *'  Piscataways  ;"  of  whom  Rowles,  otherwise  named 
Knolles,  was  many  years  the  Sagamore.     AH  of  them  were  un- 
der political  subordination  to  the  celebrated  Passe cmawai/f  chief! 
of  the  Pennacooks,  whom  they  acknowledged  to  possess  a  par- 
amount superiority. f     The  dwelling-place  of  Rowles  was  oniliel 
northerly  side  of  the  river,  not  far  from  Quampeagan  Falls  in 
BerwickrJ     ]He  was  a  Sagamore  of  some  celebrity.     In  1643, 
lie  conveyed  the  lands  of  his  vicinity  to  Humphrey  Chad  bourn  j- 
and  others  afterwards,  to  Spencer  ;  the  former  being  the  earliesij 
,  Indian  deed  found   upou  our  records.      It  is  certain  that  all  i 
Indians  upon  the  river  to  its  mouth,  were  his  subjects  ;§  though  I 
he  was  uijder  Passaconaway,  his  superior  lord. 

■"Others  agree  with  Francis;  and  fully  confirm  wliathc  say.s. 

t  lliihba.-sl't  N.  E.  p.  32.-2  Co)!.  M.  Hist.  S.x>..  p.  112.— Btilknap'sNl 


jcmiittai'ce,  w( 
•liuitioi',  fishin 


H.  P-  389. 
}  1  Morse's  Geoff,  p.  310,  eu.    ISrj.—Sullivan,  p.  143. 


t  Tljcn  KiUcrj. 


\ 


Ciur.  XVII.] 


J^  OF  nXlNE. 


461 


The  depredations  frequently  committed  by  the  Tarratines  upon  a.  d.  i6id, 
-jje  people  jf  these  tribes,  induced  the  Sagamores  to  encourage  .j^.^^  ^j.  j^ 
£iielishsettienients  among  Uiera,  in  expectation  of  tlieir  assistance  ""•"h-'''^' 
jraiiist  ?he  enemy.  It  was  an  expedient,  adopted  from  neces- 
.jiv;  and  tlie  four  chicfiains  are  ii^'portcd,  May  17,  1029,  to  have 
oined  ill  a  quit-claim  to«John  Wheelwright  :ir«d  his  associates,  of 
jii  I'-.c  couniry  betwfc?n  pi.rataqua  and  Merrimack, — below 
;;-i  ,npeaj^an  and  Amoskeag  F  alis.  The  only  reservations  in  this 
jcoiiittai'ce,  were  "  the  old  planting  lands,  and  free  liberty  of 
■  liui  ting,  fishing  and  fowling."*  If,  however,  the  veracity  of 
;l)is  transaction  be,  for  good  reasons,  doubted,  it  is  certain, 
liie  natives  lived  many  yi^ars,  on  terms  of  friendly  intercourse 
uiih  the  settlers  ;  and  in  the  first  Indian  war,  the  Sagamores  of 
liiose  tribes  were  resolved  to  be  neutrals.  But  their  conduct  was 
evidently  controlled  by  fear,  more  than  by  friendship  ;  and  above 
either,  by  a  presentiment  that  all  quarrels  with  the  English,  would 
be  ruinous  to  the  Indians. 

Passaconaway  possessed  wit  and  sagacity,  which  gave  him  tlie  Passaconat 
most  exalted  rank  and  influence  among  his  countrymen.  He  Howies! 
made  them  believe  he  could  give  nature's  freshness  to  the  ashes 
of  a  burnt  leaf,  raise  a  living  serpent  from  the  skin  of  a  dead 
one,  and  transform  himself  into  a  flame.  Becoming  old,  he 
uade  a  great  feast  in  16G0,f  to  which  he  invited  his  tribe,  call- 
ing them  his  children.  He  spake  to  them  as  a  dying  man,  to 
dying  men.  Hearken,  said  he,  to  the  last  words  oj  your  Jather 
and  friend. — The  white  men  are  sons  of  the  morning.  The 
Great  Spirit  is  their  father.  His  sun  shines  bright  about  them. 
Xever  make  war  with  them.  Sure  as  you  light  the  fires,  the 
breath  of  heaven  will  turn  the  flames  upon  you,  and  destroy 
pu,  Listen  to  my  advice.  It  is  the  last  I  shall  be  allowed  to 
give  you : — Remember  it  and  live. 

Similar  presages  affected  the  mind  of  Rowlos.  About  1670, 
fflien  bed-rid  of  ago  and  sickness,  he  coiiiplpiiied  of  the  great 
neglect  with  whicli  the  English  treated  him-  At  length  he  sent 
3  message  to  some  of  the  principal  men  in  Kiticky  (now  Ber- 
wick), to  visit  him.     '  Being  loaded  with  years,'  as  he  told  them. 


11 


H 


! 


*  I  licllcnap.  J).  i99-9l,whero  the  ilcerl  is  entire.  Mr.  ^httkcr  thinlis 
it  :;cn\iinc  :  But  in  1  Coll.  S".  II.  Hist.  Soc.  it  is  doubtcJ. 

f  llnhharcVs  Indian  ffars,  p.  07-8,  329 Hist.  \.  E.  p.  60.— Some  of  the 

K.njlisli  were  present. — Uilknap. 


IT.  1C75, 


462  THEHrtTORf  [Vol.  I. 

A.  D.  1615,  ♦  I  had  expected  a  visit  in  my  infirmities,  especially  from  il:^^ 
'  who  are  now  tenants  on  the  lands  of  ray  fathers.      Thoup;;  tij 

*  these  plantations  are  of  right  my  children's ;  I  am  forced  in  this 
'  ag    of  evils,  humbly  to  request  a  few  hundred  acres  of  land  to 

*  be  marked  out  for  them  and  recorded.  :\:  a  public  act,  in  the 

*  town  books ;  so  that  when  I  am  gone,  ilicy  may  not  be  perish- 

*  ing  beggars,  in  the  pleasant  places  of  their  birth.     For  I  know 

*  a  greit  war  will  shortly  break  out  between  the  white  men  and 

*  Indians,  over  the  whole  country.  At  first  the  Indians  will  kill 
'  many  and  prevail ;  but  after  three  years,  they  will  be  great  suf- 

*  ferers  and  finally  be  rooted  out  and  utterly  destroyed.'* 
Wonnolancet,  the  son  of  Passaconaway,  and  Blind  Will,  the 

successor  of  Rovvles,  regarding  the  premonitory  counsel  with  sa- 
cred respect,  del*  i  mined  to  obey  it,  and  perpetuate  amity  with  the 
white  people. 


*  Supplement  to  King  Philip'' $  War,  p.  82. — The  facts  were  attested  '•  bv 
Maj.  Waldron,  Capt.  Frost,  and  Joshua  Moody." — lb. 


\ 


CsAr.  XVIII.] 


*'OF  maTne. 


.1 


463 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

Satices  of  Maine — Two  people ,  Abenaques  and  Etcrkrmins—Four 
tribes  of  the  former,  the  Sokokis,  Annasas^unticooks,  Canibas  and 
Wawenocks — Three  Etcchemin  tribes — The  T'/rratiius — Baron 
Castine — Villages  of  the  Tarratinvs — The  Optnnngosor  'Quod- 
dj/ tribe — Their  Village — The  3l<irechiti  ■■'•fir   Villages — 

The  Mickmaks  and  their  Coutdnj — Popi  '■'   Natives — 

A  view  and  estimate  of  their  iiiimbers  in  ...      "  sed  census 

of  the  several  tribes. 

The  aboriginal  people  of  Maine  belong  to  two  gieat  divisions,  A.  I).  I615, 
the  Abenac^ues  and  the  Etechemins.      They   are  all,  without., 
(ioubt,  the  descendants  of  the  same  original  stock,  and  for  an  un-  n»>i  Kicciie- 
known  period  after  the  discovery  of  America,  the  tribes  were 
probably  members  of  the  same  political  family  ;  differing  little  in 
language,  looks,  habits  or  ideas  of  confederative  union. 

The  two  people  have  been  by  Historians,  much  confounded.  Abenaques. 
The  French  writers,  Charlevoix,*  Abbe  Reynal  and  la  Hontan  ; 
also  Jeffreys,  Douglas  and  some  modern  authors,  have  called  all  the 
natives  eastward  of  Piscataqua,  except  the  Mickmaks,  by  the 
seneral  name  of  Abenaques.  Heckewelderf  and  Kendallf  give 
us  the  reasons.  One  says,  they  were  called  "  Wapanachki," 
softened  by  the  French  pronunciation  to  "  Abenakis" — men  of 
ike  east,  and  the  other,  *'  Wabenakies"  cast  land-men.  Hutch- 
inson, to  avoid  incorrect  distinctions,  speaks  of  the  whole  as  Abena- 
ques or  Tarratines  ;§  and  Belknap  and  Sullivan,  though  more 
discriminating,  have  not  been  so  successful  as  to  attain  to  precise 
particularity.  Others,  such  as  de  Laet,  Palairct,  Oldmixon  and 
Herman  Moll,  have  given  us  the  names  of  different  tribes,  in 


»'■!).     1," 


*  Charlevoix,  however,  mentions  Etcchemins ;  iind  IMalecites  furtticr 
eastward.— 5  vol.  p.  273—291.  +  IlccUcwelder,  p.  109. 

J 1  KendaWt  Travels,  p.  61. — His  etymolog-y  is  "  Wabamo,  or  Wabcino," 
li^ht,  or  the  east,  and  "  aski,''''  land  or  cnrth. 

\\  Hutch.  Iliit.  p.  404. — "Tarratecns,"  " 'I'arrantincs," — Ifutchinton, 
Mirse,  Uelknap ;  TirrcnUncs,  (Jorges ;  but,  Tarratines,  Hubbard  aad 
Priixct. 


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484  THE  nurroKf  *    [*      (Vot.  i. 

A.  D.  1615,  nowise  atfemp(ing  to  arrange  or  classify  them^* under  any  genenl 
heads  whatever. 

All  the  older  authors,  Smith,  Purchas,  Wlnthrop,  Prince  and 
Hubbard  agree,  that  the  general  name  of  the  natives  upon  the 
Penobscot  was  "  Tarratines ;"  and  that  they  lived  on  terms  of 
friendly  intercourse  with  the  Abenaques  tribes  until  about  A. 
D.  1615— IC,  when  the  great  war  broke  out  between  them. 
Prior  to  this,  the  Tarratines  had  entertained  a  deep-rooted  imme- 
morial '  enmity  towards  the  Abergineans,  especially  those  in  Mas- 
sachusetts and  New-Hampshire, — a  fact  abundantly  attested  by  re- 
peated instances  of  attack  and  devastation  committed  upon  them. 
The  war  itself  arose  from  some  treachery,  into  which  the  Aber- 
ginean  Sagamores  had  the  address  to  draw  the  eastern  natives, 
towards  the  Tarratines  ;  and  like  most  civil  wars,  it  was  bloody 
and  exterminating. 

From  these  circumstances,  and  from  Charlevoix,  who  says 
"  the  Abenaques  live  in  a  country  from  Pentagoet  to  Ncw-Ene- 
land,"*  a  conclusive  inference  follows,  that  the  Menaques,  were 
the  people  who  originally  inhabited  the  country  between  Mount 
Agamenticus  and  St.  Georges  river,  both  inclusive.  This  is  con- 
firmed by  what  we  know  of  their  general  government,  or  com- 
mon sovereign. 

The  names  of  eleven  tribes,f  or  their  places  of  principal  resi- 
dence in  this  region,  are  given  us  by  Smith ;  whose  allies,  he 
says,  are  the  people  of  "  Ancocisco,"  "  Accomynticus,"  and 
"  Piscataquack,"  otherwise  called  Casco,  Agamcnticiis  and  Pis- 
cataqua ;  and  whoso  "  language,  fashion  and  government,"  hp 
adds,  so  far  as  I  could  perceive,  did  not  essentially  differ ;  tiiey 
holding  "  the  Bashnhn  to  be  the  chief  and  greatest  among  diem, 
"  though  the  most  of  them  had  sachems  of  their  own. "J 

The  Bashaba  and  his  greatness  are  frequently  mentioned  by 
the  early  voyagers  to  this  country  and  by  early  writers  : — a  prince 
who  always  expected  the  civilities  or  customary  etiquette  of  a 
visit  from  all  strangers  who  came  into  his  dominions.  Gorges,  in 
his  History,  says,  "  ho  seemed  to  be  of  some  eminence  above 

*  1  Charlevoix,  p.  13S. 

I  TliCBO  nniiifH,  nrc  '•  Srpolasfo,  nr  Saw'i)(!:)liick  [Sacn] ;  I  ujhhunln- 
••  Duck,  Pcco|)3»^mn,  Taun^litanaUns^nct,  VV.Trbrn:(;anii8,  NasMqiic,  Mashf' 
"  ros(|ucck,  Wawricrowrrk,  [  Xorridgcwock],  IMoKhoqiien,  Wnkcopo  an 
'•  Pa«liarannrk.  t  f'miUi.  p.  IR,  20.  ?l«.  21  • 


4     '    ' 

••dw  rest,  in  all  that  pan  of  the  continent  t**—^*  The  Manachu-  a.  O.  Mi«i, 

"Kos  were  sometinies  his  friends  and  sometimes  his  enemies.'* 
His  chief  abode  was  not  far  from  Pemaquid.  His  dominions, 
fhich  were  large,  Gorges  adds,  were  called  by  the  general  naine 
of  Moasham,*  or  according  to  Belknap,  Mavooihen  ;f  **  and  be 
"had  under  him  many  great  Sagamores,  some  of  whom  had 
>a  thousand  or  fifteen  hundred  bowmen."  After  his  overthrow 
isd  death,  he  was  never  succeeded  by  another  of  equal  rank  or 
tuthority.t       '-       '*"*■  -'  -f"'*   '>'"  i^'  "'■■.■  .t'H.t  .I'lv.-i  i.-.'  .  -..w  ^o 

The  tribes  of  the  AniiNAquEs^  were  four,  1.  the  Sokokis,  or  The  four 
^Kkhigones  ;  2.  the  Annsagunticooks  ;  3.  the  Canibas,  or  Ken-  Abma-  ' 
iJei;  and  4.  the  Wawenocks.  **""' 

1.  Tht  Sokokis  or  Soekhigones  were  settled  upon  the  river  Sokokii. 
I  Saco,  according  to  Smith's  description  of  the  people  upon  the  Sa* 
ffocotuck — *  a  river  east  of  Accomenticus.'  La  Hontan  supposes 
Acadia  extended  southward  of  this  river  ;  and  says,  "  the  Sokokis 
irere  one  of  the  tribes  of"  that  country.  Jeffreys  seems  to  men- 
don  their  name  in  this  connexion.  Apistama,  sup))osed  to  be 
ihe  seaboard  from  Casco-bay  eastward.  Gorges  says,  lays  be- 
tfMn  "  the  Soekhigones'  country"  and  '  the  Bashaba's  abode  or 
dominions.'  The  tribe  must  have  inhabited  the  banks  of  SacO 
river,  for  there  is  none  other  of  that  name  upon  the  Atlantic 
coast.         '"'•'•  ■•    '  ••  ■•  --^^  ■"''  '*'•  ••    ••'■  •''      '  "■      • 

They  were  originally  a  large  people,  til'  the  first  Indian  war ; 
nd  the  immediate  residence  ef  their  Sagamores  was  upon  Indian 
bland,  just  above  the  Lower  Foils.  Two  of  them,  Fluellen  and 
Captain  Sunday  conveyed  lands;  but  when  their  successor, 
Squando,  died,  the  glory  seemed  to  depart  from  the  tribe,  which 
^dually  wasted  away. 


•  Gorgci,  p.  17, 54. 

t  I  Belk.  Biog.  p.  149,  331. — "  Maivooslicn."— PwrcAai,  p.  939. 

\  Capt.  Francii  says,  ho  has  hcarJ  of  the  Bathaba,  "  he  was  a  great 
forernor." 

jOr  "  Abnakkis;" — Abcn&t\ms—Dougla*t;  Abenakis,— C^ar/evotx,  £o 
Hon/on,  IIutcMnion  ;  but,  Abcnaqucs, — Abht  Reynal,  JfJCreyt,  Belknap, 
Mivan  and  Kendall. 

Note.— CAar/evoix,  [I  vol.  N.  F.  417,]  speaks  of  the  Stkokit  and  a 
murder  committed  by  them,  to  prevent  a  peace  with  the  Iroquois ;  and  adds 
[n\.  5,  p.  178,]  the  savages  of  St.  Francois  are  of  the  Abeoaques,  amonif 
*hom  are  some  Algonquins,  Sofrdtb,  and  Monhcgans,  It  is  well  known 
thit  the  tribe  on  the  Saco  withdrew  enrly  to  Ht.  Francois. 
Vol.  I.  46 


A.jXtMAk  There  wefe  Mro  brMoehee  of  the  trflbe  end  two  prineipel  Iq^.. 
menu,  one  wis  within  the  great  bend  of  the  river  at  P^watka 
or  Fryeburgh;  and  the  other  15  or  20  miles  bek>w»  i^qo  the 
banks  of  the  Great  Ostipee.  Here,  before  Philip's  war,  tbey 
employed  English  carpenters  and  buik  a  strong  fort  <^  tiaber 
fourteen  feet,  in  height,  with  flankers,  intending  it  as  a  fbrtificatioi 
against  the  Mohawks.* 

Tiw  Anana*     3.  The  Anos^unttcookSf^  originally  a  numerous  and  power. 

**"""*  *"  ful  tribe,  claimed  dominion  of  the  waters  and  territories  of  the 
^,,  J ,    river  Androscoggin,  from  its  sources  to  Merry-meeting  bay,  and  on 

*^'  .^ 'T  '^b^  ^^^'  ^'^^  ^^  Sagadahock  to  the  sea.  At  Pejepscot,  or  Brunv 
^'^'Wick  Falls,  they  had  their  usual  encampments,  or  place  of  re- 
sort |  This  was  one  of  the  great  passes  between  the  eastern 
and  western  tribes,  where  the  savages  met  in  council  to  plan 
expeditions  against  the  English.^  The  Anasagunticooks  were  i 
warlike  people.  A  short  distance  above  tlie  Great  Falls,  thej 
had  a  fort,  which  was  destroyed  by  the  English,  in  1690.  No 
tribe  was  less  interrupted  in  theur  privileges  ol  fishing  and  fowl- 
ing ;  and  yet  none  were  more  uniformly  and  bitterly  hostile 
towards  the  colonists.  As  soon  as  the  first  sound  of  Philip's  war 
was  heard,  they  fell  upon  the  plantation  of  Mr.  Purchas,  the 
original  settler,  killed  his  cattle  and  carried  away  most  of  his  ef- 
fects. Tarumkin,  Warumbee  and  Hagkins,  tlieir  Sagamores,  were 
brave  men ;  but  the  tribe  wasted  away  during  the  wars,  and  in 
1747,  they  were  unable  to  muster  more  than  160  warriors  fit  to 
march.  II  They  were  the  earliest  whom  the  ^  ch  drew  off  to 
St.  Francois  in  Canada.  ,  ; 

3.  The    Cantboi  were  the    Aborigines  of  Kennebeck  river, 
where  Hubbard  says  "  were  great  numbers  of  them,  when  the 


*  See,  la  Hontan  ;  Gorgfes,  p.  fiS iinbbard*8  Indian  Wars,  p.  380.— I 

Douglass*  Summ.  p.  105. — Jeffrejrs,  p.  117. 

t  Or  AresaguDtacook%  Hutchiiuon ;  Arousegunticooks,  J)ougltut.-4 
Coll. Mast.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  V\7;  Amerascoggan,  Hubbard;  Aiimoughcowgen, 
Smith ;  AmarascogoD,  J  father.  In  3  Kendallt  p.  143,  he  says,  the  etymoD 
of  AmariMcoggany  means — "  banks  of  a  river  abounding  in  dried  mmt," 
i.  e.  Tfnison. 

I  Hubbard's  Indian  Wars,  p.  28I—S47. 

{Sullivan,  p.  178—181.  .  ..  ...       .  t  '. 

II 1  Douglati,  p.  l85.~Warumbee,  and  S  other  Sogamores,  July  ?rl<M, 
•old  the  lands  between  Pagadabock  and  Maquwit  to  the  lea,  and  the  IiUodi. 
Ktnittbtck  cMmt,  p.  7. 

J»f  ,  .f    I..' 


Qgtft  snii.] 


'^Wlunift  * 


^waffint  difemrefed.*^  The  tribe  ■ppemd  to  eoubt  ^^-^Lp^ 
tioor  three  bnnches,  or  political  fkmiliefl.  For  thbough  Bfon-  Tiscaai. 
^,  Kennebis,  and  Abbagadusaett,  between  A.  D.  1646  and  ^^ 
1665,  in  the  capacity  of  chief  Sagamores,  conveyed  to  the  Eng- 
job  all  the  lands,  ten  miles  in  width  on  each  side  of  the  river,  from 
Swan  Island  to  Wessarunsett  river;  yet  Elderumken,  another 
Sigtmore,  made  conveyances  on  Stevens*  and  Muddy  rivers  in 
1670  ;f  and  Essemenosque  certified  in  1653,  that  the  region  of 
Tecoanet  belonged  to  him  and  the  wife  of  Watchogo.  The 
principal  residence  of  Kennd>ia,  die  paramount  lord,  and  his  pro- 
cessors of  the  same  titular  name,  was  upon  Swan  Island,  in  a 
delightful  situation ;  and  that  of  Abbagadussett  between  a  river  of 
his  name  and  the  Kennebeck,  upon  the  northern  borders  of 
)krry-meeting  bay.  The  territories,  which  the  tribe  claimed, 
extended  from  the  sources  of  the  Kennebeck  to  this  bay,  and  the 
blinds  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sagadahock,  probably  to  the 
n.  ■■'  -  ;■■  ■  ■■'-;  ;  '  ^  -^-?'— 

Jeffreys,  Charlevoix,  la  Hontan  and  others,  call  this  the 
Cmibas  tribe ;  for  which,  however,  the  name  "  Norridgewocks" 
is  substituted  by  Doct.  Mather,|  Douglass,^  and  the  modem  En- 
^h  writers — ^manifestly  from  the  name  of  their  famous  village. 
I  This  was  the  residence  of  the  French  missionaries,  who  early 
taught  the  tribe  the  principles  of  the  catholic  religion,  and  forms 
of  worship.  Old  Norridgewock||  was  a  most  pleasant  site,  oppo- 
site the  mouth  of  Sandy  river — ^the  general  and  almost  sole  re- 
sorting place  of  the  tribe,  immediately  after  their  numbers  or 
tanks  were  thinned ;  and  a  spot  consecrated  to  them  by  every 
sacred  and  endearing  recollection.lT 

In  temper  and  conduct,  the  tribe  during  the  earlier  periods  of 
their  intercourse  with  the  English,  manifested  a  spirit  of  more 
friendship  and  forbearance  towards  them,  than  either  the  Anasa- 

*  Hubbard's  N.  E.  p.  31.  fSulliran. 

t Mather's  Ma^aal.  p.  66 — See  Smith,  p.  214. 

{ 1  Douglass'  Summary,  p.  172. 

IhNorridgre"  [falU]  and"wock"  [Smooth-voter,]  i.  e.  little  falls  and 
iatcnraU  of  smooth  water  above  and  below. — Capt.  Francit.  Essemenosque 
liredintheTicinilyofToconnet.— JST.  C/aim«.-CAar/e«our,(l  Tome.f.  430,) 
nyi  those  of  the  Abenaques,  "  who  inhabit  the  enrirons  of  Kennebeck* 
irs  called  Canibat. 

TThe  first  miuionary  to  the  Canibis,  wu  Gabriel  DreuillattM.— 1 
CAeWmur,  p.  43ft. 


TlwWa 

wgnocki. 


1MB  TI««l81»«Y  IVfUl. 

Jk.  9^V.Cunticoofcst  or  Siikokis.  Nor  did  the^CaoftM  decreuo  u  n^ 
idly  89  the  oibeni  ^— the  neighborhood  of  white  lueo  so  d««iQc. 
tive  of  tftvage  life,  not  having  till  within  i  recent  period,  efiected 
their  utter  extinction.*  <t  %<»^; 

4.  The  IVauxnocksf  inhabited  the  country  eastward  of  fiagt.  I 
dahock,  to  the  river  St.  George  inclusive.  They  were  the  io. 
mediate  subjects  of  the  great  Basbaba.  For  the  cobuists  at  the 
mouth  of  the  former  river,  A.  D.  1608,  and  Capt.  Smitbt 
while  in  the  harbors  of  the  latter,  agree  in  their  statements,  that 
jtliey  were  lu-ged  by  the  natives  to  pay  court  unto  that  prince. 
Moxus,  Wegunganet,  Wivourna,  and  succeeding  Sagamores,  have  j 
sold  lands  to  tlie  English  at  Woolwich,  Damariscotta  and  otiier 
places  in  that  quarter,  and  acted  as  sovereign  claimants  of  the  | 
country. 

Though  the  dwelling-place  of  the  Bashaba  was  near  Pema- 1 
quid,  yet  subsequent  to  his  death,§  the  principal  resting  place  or 
head  quarters  of  the  tribe  have  been  on  the  westerly  side  of  the 
river  Sheepscot,  near  the  lower  falls.     From  tliis  circumstance, 
Mr.  Hubbard II  speaks  of  them  as  the  natives  of  that  river ;  and] 
jDouglass  calls  liiem  the  "  Sheepscot  Indians." 

Broken  and  wasted  by  tlie  disasters  of  the  great  war,  in  which  | 
the  Bashaba  was  slain,  they  were  never  afterwards  either  powerful 
or  numerous.     In  1747  there  were  only  two  or  tliree  families  re* 
maining  jIT  and  within  a  few  subsequent  years,  all  of  them  were 


*Scc  "  Statement  of  the  Kenneberic  Claims" — Report  of  Committee,  June 
IB,  1785.— They  gWe  a  lii»tory  of  tlieseold  Indian  deeds,  and  add ;— »  From 
*'  iite  history  and  model  of  living;  amons^st  the  Indians  in  this  couatrr, 
•>  there  can  be  no  {^reat  doubt,  but  that  they  origioally  held  as  tenant!  ia 
"  common  in  a  stale  of  nature;  and  tiioug^h  they  have  formed  thcinsclvei 
"into  tribes  and  clans,  yet  the  members  of  those  tribes  still  retain  a  coin- 
•<  men  and  undivided  rig'ht  to  the  lands  of  their  respective  tribes.  But  | 
<'  from  tlx  respect  tiiey  have  constantly. had  for  their  sachems  and  cbiefs; 
"  and  from  long;  usage  and  custom  among;  them,  the  sachem  or  chief,  liu 
*'  acquired  a  rig;lit,  founded  in  tacit  cons3nt,  a  kind  of  legal  authoritj  and 
*>  power,  to  dispose  of  the  lands  of  his  tribe,  or  subjccli ;  and  especi.i'!j 
«  with  the  consent  of  some  of  his  principal  subjects,  or  his  counsclloni."-  | 
,  Pamphlet  Report,  p.  21. 

+  Called  "  VVaweneck."— /)«c<.  Cilemin.S  Colt.  .W.  Hitl.  Soe.  p.  117- 1 
18.— 2  Jlait.  Coundl  Kic.  p.    18.—"  Weweenocks."— I   Hutch,  lliil.  p.  | 
404,  who  cites  Charlevoix  — "  WewcnockHi"  in  treaty  A.  D.  1746.— 9  CA 
JIf.  IliH.  Soc.  p.  222-3.  }  Smith's  Hist.  p.  18-20. 

}  Tb«  f  reat  epidemic,  or  plague,  was  in  1617. — I  Nat,  CalL  p.  148. 

II  Hubbard's  Indian  Wars,  p.  801.  Hi  Doug.  p.  184. 


Bi^uoed  by  ifae  Wenc*j,  to  leave  their  native  oountrj,  uid  joio  ibe  a.  d.  Hii, 
tetd^ment  conuaeoced  at  St.  Fraooois  and  Becancoart  in  Can* 

Tbey  were  a  brave,  active,  personable  people,>^aithful  u  amity ; 
lod  when  uninfluenced,  they  disinclined  to  naake  war  upon  the 
English.  They  defended  their  prince  and  country  with  much 
valor,  till  overcome ;  and  Capt.  Francis  says,  the  name  of  "  Wan- 
aeocks"  or  Wawenocks  signifies  very  brave — "fearing  noting.** 
According  to  Capt.  Smith,  <  they  were  active,  strong,  heakbiul  and 
'very  witty.  The  men  had  a  perfect  constitution  of  body«-— 
•were  of  comely  proportion,  and  quite  athletic.  The/  would 
» row  their  canoes  faster,'  he  says,  'with  five  paddles,  than  his  own  ,^j^*,... 
'men  could  their  boats  with  eight  oars.  They  had  no  beards,— 
'  lod  thought  ours  counterfeits.  Their  women,  though  of  lower 
'stature,  were  fleshy  and  well-favored — all  habited  in  skins  like  the 
'roen.'f  The  tribe  always  joined  with  the  Canibas,  bemg  an  ally,  ' 

unchanging  in  war  and  peace  ;  and  in  this  character  they  appear, 
tili  tlieir  last  treaty  with  the  English. 

The  other  division  of  the  aboriginal  people  in  Maine,  were  the  Etkchx« 
Et£chemins.     They  inliabited  the  country  between  the  rivers  "'"*' 
Penobscot  and  St.  John,  both  inclusive.       ;  f  ''u,;  (i  »riq 

Mention  is  made  of  these  natives  and  dieir  country,  by  several 
writers.  Hermon  Moll  places  upon  his  map  of  the  English  Em- 
pire in  America,!  the  Etechemins^  along  the  banks  and  about  the 
lieads  of  the  rivers  Penobscot  and  St.  John— eastwardly  to  the 
gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and  southwardly  to  the  bay  of  Fundy ; 
and  so  he  describes  their  country  in  his  Geography.  The  char- 
ter of  Nova  Scotia  to  Sir  William  Alexander,  1620,  mentions  th« 
bay  of  Fundy  as  dividing  "  the  Etecheminson  the  north,  from  the 
"Souriquois,  or  Mickmaks,  on  the  south."  John  de  Laet^ 
thought  the  Penobscot  to  be  the  celebrated  Norumbegua,  or  Ag- 
guncia ;  and  informs  us  that  the  Indians  who  divelt  upon  the  river 
were  <  a  nation  of  the  Etechcmins  ;'  and  Purchas  says,  Samuel 
Cbamplain  was  present  at  a  great  feast,  before  mentioned,  and 
among  the  attendants  were  the  Etechemins.  The  French  king, 
in  1 638,  commanded  M.  d'Aulney  to  confine  his  command  to  the 


•  Ckarlnuix.,  [8  vol.  p.  429-30]  says  the  tovages  were  inTited  to  Beoan* 
court  in  1704  ;  and  have  contioued  there  aince.  t  Smith,  p.  19, 214. 

\  MolPa  Geogf.  p.  236.  (  Norus  Orbis,  p.  52,  66. 


470  THBHMTOB*  (Vw«  I. 

A.  D  1614,  ootst  of  the  Etechemins/  probably  suppqiring  it  to  be  limited  by  tb* 
bay  of  Fundy  and  river  St.  John.  L'Escarbot  calli  the  people  of 
St.  Croix,  Etechemins ;  apprehending  they  were  not  limited  weit« 
erly  by  the  Penobscot.     And  Charlevoix  says,  *  the  Abenaqu«s, 

*  or  Canibas,  have  for  their  nearest  neighbors,  the  Eteehemin^  or 
'  Marechites,  about  Pentagoet  [or  Penobscot]  and  its  environs- 

*  and  more  at  the  east  are  the  Mickmaks,  or  Souriquois,  the 
'  proper  inhabitants  of  Acadia.f 

Three  tribei     There  are  three  tribes  of  the  Etechemins, — 1.  the   Tarra- 
Eiibeininn. '*""  '"~^-  *^®  Opcnangot,  or  'quoddy  Indians  ;-yand  3.  the 

MarechiteSf  or  Armouchiquois. 
Tarraiinei.  ^  • — ^he  Tarratinei  are  particularly  mentioned  by  Smith,  Hub- 
bard.  Prince,  Gorges  and  all  the  modem  Historians  of  this  coun- 
try ;  and  it  is  well  established,  that  they  were  the  native  inhab- 
itants of  Penobscot,!  claiming  dominion  over  the  contiguous  ter- 
ritories, from  its  sources  to  the  sea.  Smith,  however,  has  repre- 
sented the  Penobscot  mountains  (in  Camden)  as  a  natural  fortress, 
which  separated  them  from  their  western  borderers,  or  neighbors. 
►xH»?5 1  They  were  a  numerous,  powerful  and  warlike  people,  more 
hardy  and  brave  than  their  western  enemies,*^  whom  they  often 
plundered  and  killed ;  and  according  to  Hubbard  and  Prince, 
kept  the  Sagamores,  between  the  Piscataqua  and  the  Mystic,  in 
perpetual  fear.  After  the  conquests  and  glory  achieved  in  their 
battles  with  the  Bashaba  and  his  allies ;  they  were  not,  like  their 
enemies,  wasted  by  disease  and  famine.  They  retained  their 
valor,  animated  by  success  and  strengthened  by  an  early  use  and 
supply  of  firearms,  with  which  they  were  furnished  by  the 
French.  II  Less  disturbed  than  the  western  tribes  in  the  enjoy- 
ment of  their  possessions,  and  also  more  discreet ;  they  were 
always  reluctant  to  plunge  into  hostilities  against  the  English.lT 

The  Tarratines  ever  manifested  the   greatest  satisfaction  in 
their  intercourse  with  the  French.**    No  fortifications  upon  the 

*  1  Hutch,  Hist.  p.  112 — 1  Holmes*  A.  Ann.  p.  149. 

f  5  Charlevoix,  p.  290-1. 

\  Purchat,  p.  989,  says,  "  the  Tarratine  country  is  44®  4C/." 

(  Gorges,  p.  63. 

II  The  Tarratines,  for  instance,  cut  out  a  shallop  from  Dorchester,  iritb 
five  men  in  it,  whom  they  killed. — Brit.  JDetnin.  p.  94. — Prince,  p.  46,  lit. 

Y  In  the  first  Indian  war,  provision  was  made  for  their  relief.— 4  Jtfan. 
Rte.  p.  SO,  66. 

**  The  "  French  live  with  them  as  one  nation  or  family.'  — SmUh,  p.  tO. 


GlAP*  ITWI.]  -  wr  MAINE;  *  471 

paoiosula  of  Majorbiguyduce,  or  buildbgs  in  the  ▼incioity,  ex- A.O.  iffi#» 
cited  either  fear  or  jealousy  in  them ;  for  no  rising  plantations  of 
tiie  French  threatened  them  with  a  loss  of  their  lands  or  privi- 
ly. A  barter  of  their  furs  for  guns,  ammunition  and  trinkets, 
vaif  managed  with  a  freedom  and  adroitness  which  won  and  secor* 
ed  their  attachment.  Indeed,  no  foreigners  could  vie  with  French- 
men ;  for  their  religious  creeds  and  rites,  to  which  the  natives  were 
superstitiously  devoted,  their  companionable  manners,  and  vola- 
tile turn,  all  made  the  bonds  strong  and  lasting. 

About  thfttime  the  treaty  of  Breda  was  ratified,  A.  D.  1667,  B«rond« 
Mons.  Vincent  de  St.  Castine  appeared  among  the  Tarratines 
lad  settled  upon  the  peninsula,  since  called  by  his  name.  Bom 
at  Oleron,  a  province  of  France,  he  acquired  an  early  taste  for 
rural  scenes,  so  fully  enjoyed  by  him  in  the  borders  of  the  Pyre- 
nean  mountains,  which  encompassed  the  place  of  his  nativity. 
Besides  the  advantages  of  illustrious  connexions  and  noble  ex- 
traction, being  by  birth  and  title  a  baron  ;  he  was  endued  with 
mod  abilities  and  favored  with  a  competent  education  and  a  con- 
siderable knowledge  of  military  arts,  for  which  he  had  a  partiali- 
ty. All  these  obtained  for  him  the  appointment  of  Colonel  in 
the  king's  body-guards,  from  which  office  he  was  transferred  to 
the  command  of  a  regiment  called  the  "  Carignan  Salieres.*' 
Afterwards,  through  the  influence  of  M.  de  Courcelles,  Governor- 
General  of  New-France,  the  Baron  and  his  troops  were,  about 
1665,  removed  to  Quebec.  At  the  close  of  the  war,  the  regiment 
was  disbanded,  and  himself  discharged  from  the  king's  service. 
Taking  umbrage  probably  at  the  treatment  he  received,  and  ac- 
tuated by  motives,  never  fully  divulged,  "  he,  as  la  Hontan  says, 
"threw  himself  upon  the  savages."  To  French  writers,  his 
conduct  was  a  mystery  ;  and  to  the  colonists  a  prodigy,      h  };rij;  t 

His  settled  abode  was  upon  the  peninsula  where  d'Aulney  had 
resided,  and  where  he  found  means  to  construct  a  commodious 
house  for  trade  and  habitancy.  He  was  a  liberal  catholic,  though 
devout  and  punctilious  in  his  religious  observances ;  having  usu- 
ally in  his  train,  several  Jesuit  missionaries  devoted  to  the  "  holy 
'cause."  He  learned  to  speak  with  ease  the  Indian  dialect; 
and  supplying  himself  with  firearms,  ammunition,  blankets,  steel 
traps,  baubles  and  a  thousand  other  things  desired  by  the  natives, 
he  made  them  presents,  and  opened  a  valuable  trade  with  them  in 


471 


THsnurrMit 


.Tir» 


{^•fci'ii 


A.D.  Kif,  these  articles,  for  which  be  received  fur«  end  peltrjr  in  retora  « 


lelGTA. 


his  own  prices.  He  taught  the  raen  the  use  of  the  goo,  and 
some  arts  of  war ;  and  being  a  man  of  fascinating  address  and 
manners,  he  attained  a  complete  ascendancy  orer  the  whole 
tribe ;  they  looking  upon  him,  in  the  language  of  one  writer,  **  at 
"  their  tutelar  god." 

To  chain  their  attachments  by  ties  not  readily  broken,  in  con- 
nexion  with  personal  gratification,  he^'took  four  or  five  Tarratine 
wives, — one  of  them  the  daughter  of  Madockawando,*  Saga- 
»V»- •  •'  n^ore  of  iiie  tribe.  He  lived  with  them  all  by  changes,  at  the 
same  time,  and  had  "  several  daughters  and  one  son,  Castine  the 
'*  "younger,"  who  was  a  man  of  distinction  and  of  excellent 
character,      s^rw  r-vtrfpae;   w*  .'Vifsim*  m  f^mfon  n ^i.im»^-. 

£arly  habits  and  great  success  in  trade  rendered  the  father 
contented  with  his  allotments ;  he  lived  in  the  country  about 
thirty  years  ;  and,  as  Abbe  Reynal  says,  "  conformed  himself  in 
all  respects  to  the  manners  and  customs  of  the  natives."  To 
his  daughters,  whom  "  he  married  very  handsomely  to  French- 
"  men,"  he  gave  liberal  portions ;  having  amassed  ft  propertj 
"worth  three  hundred  thousand  crowns."f  o/it  lin  'm-.  ii? 

The  Governors  of  New-England  and  of  Canada,  apprized  of 
his  influence,  wealth  and  military  knowledge,  were,  for  obvious 
reasons,  the  courtiers  of  his  friendship  and  favor. 

The  Tarratines  have  probably,  at  different  periods,  shifted  the 
situation  of  their  principal  village.  At  the  mouth  of  the  Ken- 
duskeag,  they  had  a  common  resting  place,  when  the  white  peo- 
ple first  settled  in  the  vicinity — a  place  to  which  they  were,  from 
habit,  strongly  attached.  Here  the  mouldering  relics  of  human 
bodies,  also  flint  spears,  stone  implements  of  labor,  and  Indian 
paint  dust  have  been  accidentally  disinterred,  after  a  burial  for 
an  unknown  period  of  time.  •    .> 

A  league  above  the  mouth  of  Kenduskeag  stre&ni,  and  near 
the  westerly  bank  r  f  the  Penobscot,  are  the  undoubted  appear- 
ances of  an  old  village,  perhaps  the  ancient  "  Negas :"    The 


The  Tarra^ 
line  villa- 


Eogtiabca 

dfaira>aod 

The  site  is 

nter,  forn 

When  it  wa 

kal  or  tradi 

XNne  report 

oore  reason 

of  New-En, 

tainly  inhabi 

the  tillage  of 

die  utensils  < 

of  hardware, 

tftisans.    TJ 

of  tlie  oldest 

luring  been, 

In  later  yi 

aliQgillkl»r  th( 

the  soutbedy 

abore  the  mo 

I  containing  abi 

'  tlie  close  of  t 

tween  40  and 

I  fire  rods  in  w 

j  quite  compact 

fashion  with  t 

caiuns,  which 

usually  buih  a 

ints  of  a  fath 

I  others  for  thei 

Through  a 

I  church  or  ch 


*Seopo8t,  A. 
Coll.  Mass.  Hist 

t  See  poet,  2 

llnSeptembei 

•ifwams;  a^ii 

e,"  to  convince  the  savages  "that  God  doth  not  like  inconitaDt  Hitanding*;  the  c 

Periiapt  Old.Un 

"10,  ««thelelan 

Vol.  I. 


*  Madockawando  died  in  October,  1698. — Jilar.  J^ag.  p.  635. 
f  See  authorities  for  article   CaHine,  or  "  Casteen,"  Abbe  Reynal  -i 
Tome,  p.  326. — La  HorUan,  p.  223. — He  says  Castine  "  never  changed  hit 


«  folks.''— 9  Coll.  Jifast.  Hut.  Soc.  p.  31S._Ht<<cA.  Coll.  p.  562.— 1  JFfo/mt 
A.  Ann,  p.  896, 


Snglnb  ctU  it  **  Fort  HilU*  Hera  ur«  the  cavities  of  aeveral  A.  o  itic, 
cei]ar%  tnd  the  reroaint  of  two  or  three  broken  uooe  chimnies.  t.^^J^ 
The  site  is  a  flat  of  elevated  ground,  with  a  gradual  slope  to  the  *'"'*k*- 
«iter,  formed  by  nature,  an  eligible  place  for  a  ibrtification. 
fben  it  was  destroyed,  or  abandoned,  no  account,  either  histor- 
ical or  traditional,  gives  us  entire  satisfaction.*  According  to 
loffle  reports,  it  was  burned  by  the  Mohawks :  but  with  much 
Bore  reason,  it  is  supposed  to  have  been  laid  in  ruins  by  a  party 
of  New-England  soldiery,  about  a  century  past,  f  It  was  cer- 
tainly inhabited,  since  Europeans  have  visited  the  river;  for  in 
the  tillage  of  the  land,  the  plough  has  turned  out  such  things  as 
the  utensils  of  cookery,  bullet  moulds,  pincers,  and  other  articles 
of  hardware,  which  must  have  been  the  workmanship  of  modem 
utisans.  The  plains  in  the  vicinity,  according  to  the  statements 
of  the  oldest  settlers,  originally  exhibited  all  the  appearances  of 
hinog  been,  at  some  unknown  time,  the  cornfields  of  the  natives. 

k)  later  years,  Indian  Old-toum,'^,  has  been  their  village  and 
ahogcAiNr  the  place  of  their  greatest  resort.  Its  situation  is  upon 
the  soutnedy  end  of  an  island  in  Penobscot  river,  twelve  miles 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Kenduskeag,  being  partially  cleared  and 
containing  about  350  acres  of  very  rich  and  mellow  land.  At 
the  close  of  the  American  revolution,  the  village  contained  be- 
tween 40  and  50  wigwams,  about  equally  divided  by  a  street 
fire  rods  in  width,  which  passed  east  and  west  across  the  Island ; 
I  ijuite  compact  on  each  side,  and  constructed  after  the  old  Gothic 
iiuhion  with  the  gable  ends  towards  the  street.  These  slender 
cabios,  which  have  been  gradually  decreasing  in  number,  are 
usually  built  and  occupied  by  a  family,  including  all  the  descend- 
ints  of  a  father  living,  unless  some  of  them  choose  to  construct 
I  others  for  themselves. 

Through  a  short  avenue  southerly  from  the  main  street,  is  their 
I  church  or  chapel,  40  feet  by  30  in  dimensions,  and  one  story  in 


*Seepo8t,  A.  D.  1692,  cbap.  xxiii.— Also  see  post,  A.  D.  172S;  and  8 
I  CoU.  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  1  «<  New  Series,"  p.  264. 

t  See  post,  2  Tol.  chap.  ii.  A.  D.  1723. 

{Id  September,  IS  1 6,  according^  to  an  account  taken,  there  were  about  25 

Ivifwuns;  again  in  May,  1823,  it  was  found,  there  were  onlj  16  or  16, 

itandtDg^;  the  chapel  dilapidated,  the  porch  andbell  down,  since  rebuilt;— 

iPerliapa  0/d-fown  is  the  ancient  ><  LcM."— PenAcU/cwV  Indian  Wart,  A.  D« 

|mo,»  the  Island  of  Lett.*' 

Vol.  I.  m 


f^ 


474 


TUB  imrrOii^ 


-      ? 
ftif 


f!1f 


tVtei 


TsfraiiM 
viUag*. 


r. 
A.  D.  MM,  height,  with  •  porch,  a  cupola,''  md  •  b«ll.  ft  b  eorerad  widi 
claphoiVda  and  glased.  Fronting  the  door  withul^  tr«  the  desk 
and  altar,  two  large  candlesticks,  and  some  other  articles  of  ser- 
vice, after  the  catholic  forms ;  upon  the  wall  behind,  are  the  im< 
ages  of  our  Blessed  Saviour  and  some  of  the  primitive  saints ;  ni 
on  the  right  and  left  of  the  desk,  are  seats  for  the  elders ;  otiwr. 
wise,  the  worshipers  male  and  female,  who  uniformly  convene 
on  the  sabbath,  and  frequently  for  prayers  on  other  days  when 
a  priest  is  with  thero,  both  sit  ahd  kneel  upon  the  floor,  which  is 
always  covered  with  evergreens.  But  the  present  edifice,  which 
has  been  built  since  the  revolution,  is  said  to  be  far  from  com. 
paring  with  their  former  one,  either  in  size  or  appearance. 

Northerly  of  the  chapel,  20  rods,  is  their  burying  place,  in 
which  stands  a  cross,  15  or  18  feet  in  height.  In  its  standard 
post,  six  feet  from  the  ground,  is  carved  an  aperture,  5  inches 
by  3  in  compass  and  4  deep,^securely  covered  with  glass,  enclos. 
ing  an  emblematical  form  of  the  Virgin  JMary  with  the  infant  Im- 
manuel  in  her  arms.  At  the  head  of  each  grave  is  placed  a  cru> 
Cifix  of  wood,  which  is  about  two  or  three  feet  high,  and  Tety 
slender ; — a  memorial  borrowed  from  the  catholics. 

The  Tarratines  were  neutrals  in  the  war  of  the  revolution ; 

—in  return,  Massachusetts  protected  them,  and  prohibited  all 

trespasses  upon  their  lands,  six  miles  in  width  on  each  side  of  the 

Penobscot,  from  the  head  of  the  tide  upwards.*    She  has  since 

at  difierent  times,  made  large  purchases  of  their  lands— until 

they  are  left  the  owners  only  of  four  townships — a  few  acres  on 

the  east  side  of  the  Penobscot  opposite  to  the  mouth  of  the  Ken- 

duskeag,  and  the  Islands  between  Old-town  and  Passadumkeag, 

28  in  number,  containing  2,670  acres.f       ,'>^^->"i  .«M*i»  >•  ,^ 

Opmtnxot      2. — ^Another  large  tribe  of  the  Etechemins  were  settled  about 

Sbe. "     ^  the  waters  of  the  Passamaquoddy-bay  and  the  river  Schoodic. 

-    They  have,  perhaps,  been  called   the  "  Openangos,^ — ^though 

without  much  authority ; — ^more  commonly  the  ^^uoddy  ttiht. 

According  to  the  remarks  of  Champlain,  I'Escarbot,  and  Char]^ 

•6Ma88.Rec.  p.32.„.„.     „^.„,,^. 

t  Abont  40  acres,  in  1820,  were  under  cultiyation;  and  the  Indians,  that 
■eawD,  raised  410  bushels  of  corn,  and  60  bushels  of  beans,  besides  pota* 
I  Possibly  "  Onagounges."- 8  Jlfa««.  Ru.  p.  71. 


''"k 


*  Champlain,  p.  42 
roix'iN.  F.  p.  115. 

t  Their  present  ch 

fenlle  disposition— ct 

I  Tarratine.    Both  p: 

in?  to  the  dialect  of  t 

{ Capt.  Francis  sup 

'  *fy  cunning. 

1  la  Hontan,  p.  tiS 


Cbat*  xtiii.] 


ormAum 


476 


loiz,  tbtjr  wera  aneieotljr  BuimrQut  ;*  but  Mither  of  thtm  hu  A.  O-  Mia^ 
pveo  us  Um  i^^me  of  the  tribo ;  nor  are  tbejr  ip  much  m  men- 
goDod  by  d'Laet,  Jefteys,  Palairet*  or  Hubbard.  If  we  may  be- 
liere  Capt.  Francis,  this  is  a  younger  tribe  than  either  of  those 
It  Penobscot  or  St.  John.  He  says  it  was  iold  hira  by  hit 
yiers,  that  an  Indian  of  the  latter  married  a  Tarratine  wife,  and 
settled  at  Passaraaquoddy  and  became  a  tribe.  It  is  certain,^this 
oae  has  immemorially  lived. on  terms  of  the  most  friendly  inter- 
course with  both  the  others ;  and  was  never  known  to  take  an 
active  part  in  any  transactions  separate  from  them.  Indeed,  its 
ebieis  are  not  distinctly  mentioned  in  any  treaty,  till  that  of  1760  ;t 
oor  is  the  name  of  a  single  Sagamore  previously  living,  handed 
domi  to  us  iX — ^so  much  has  the  tribe  mixed  with  those  tribes, 
and  followed  their  fortune  and  fate. 

It  cannot  be  reasonably  supposed,  that  this  tribe,  once  so  num- 
erous and  still  existing,  never  had  a  generic  and  well  known  name ; 
especially,  since  it  was  otherwise  with  those  not  larger,  in  every 
part  of  New-England.  But  no  ancient  name  is  mentioned  either 
by  Prince,  Hutchinson,  Belknap,  Sullivan,  or  any  other  English 
or  American  writer*  The  only  author  who  has  given  us  any  clue 
to  it,  is  Baron  la  Hontan.  Between  the  years  1683  and  1696,' 
while  he  was  Lord-Lieutenant  of  the  French  colony  at  Placentia, 
ia  Newfoundland,  he  wrote  a  series  of  letters,  in  French,  en- 
titled "  New  Voyages  to  North  America."  He  was  an  early 
writer,  favorably  situated  to  acquire  a  knowledge  of  the  natives; 
and  he  turned  his  particular  attention  to  the  rribes  of  these  eastern 
parts.  In  giving  a  list  of  their  names,  he  mentions  the  Openan- 
jfot,^  with  the  Canibas,  Sokokis,  and  others,  as  belonging  to  Aca- 
dia, which  he,  like  other  French  writers  of  that  age,  supposed 
might  extend  westward  of  Casco  bay.  He  also  represents  the 
Openangos  to  be  an  "  erratic"  people,  often  going  from  Acadia  to 
New-England.  II     If  they  were,  according  to  previous  facts,  the 

•  Cliamplain,  p.  42-44 — 2  Churchill's  Voyagei,  p.  797-812 — 1  Charle* 
Toix'i  N.  F.  p.  116.  1 9  Coll.  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  218. 

\  Their  present  chief  is  Franeit  Joieph  Jftptwie — an  aged  man,  of  a 
gentle  disposition — entirely  satisfied  with  bis  allotment.  His  mother  was 
a  Tarratine.  Both  parents  often  told  their  children  to  pronounce  accord* 
'a%  to  the  dialect  of  their  respective  tribei. 

}  Capt  Francis  supposes  "  Openango"  means  the  same  as  little  sable— 
wry  cumUng. 

II  La  Honku%t  p.  S23, 250 — Mr;  Heckeweldar  (paf  e  107)  gives  credit  ta 


476 


lUCQlSTORy 


[Vou 


Irib*. 


A.D.  f6U,  ttnehtngug  •!!•«•  Md  associates,  of  tha  Tamtioef ;  this  shade  of 
character,  which  he  gives  them,  is  correct.  Where'else,  if  there 
was  a  tribe  of  that  name,  could  it  be  settled,  excepting  about  the 
waters  and  inlets  of  Passamaquoddy  bay  ?  By  what  other  name 
except  Eteckemin$,*  ever  roeiHioned  by  any  early  writer,  could 
they  with  the  least  propriety  be  called  ? — ^It  is  true,  the  moderns 
call  them  the  ^Quoddy  Indiam,  from  the  name  of  their  bay ;  and 
Gov.  Barnard,  in  his  speech  to  the  General  Court,  A.  D.  1764, 
makes  mention  of  them  as  belonging  '*  to  the  nation  of  the  St 
"John's  Indians." 

The  village  of  this  tribe  is  most  delightfully  situated,  at  a 
place  called  "  Pleasant  Point"f  upon  the  westerly  shore  of  Pas- 
samaquoddy bay,  in  the  town  of  Perry,  about  two  leagues  above 
Eastport.  Here  are  35  or  40  wigwams,  a  school-house  and  a 
chapel,  like  the  one  at  Old-town,  with  a  cupola  and  bell.  Be- 
sides the  cabins  constructed  in  the  Indian  form,  there  are  three 
framed  houses,  one  occupied  by  the  Sagamore's  son  Soc  Basin, 
an  interpreter  and  also  a  priest  of  the  catholic  order.  Attached 
to  sectarian  or  catholic  rites  and  forms,  this  tribe  and  their  spirit- 
ual teacher  are  superstitious  believers  in  the  great  expiatory 
crucifix,  amidst  the  common  cemetery  of  their  dead ;  also  devo- 
tees to  the  usage  of  little  crosses  standing  by  the  graves  of  kin- 
dred, and  to  the  inspiring  sanctity  of  images,  the  censer  of  in- 
cense, the  burning  tapers,  and  holy  water.  But  no  motives,  no 
persuasives  can  arouse  them  from  their  debasing  itiactivity.  Nei- 
ther t'  <)  emoluments  of  industry,  the  pleasures  of  education,  nor 
the  wants  of  life,  have  power  sufficient  to  kindle  in  them,  a  de- 
sire of  becoming  a  civilized  people.     They  are  indigent  and  de- 


tho  aiKlirnticity  of  la  Ilontairs  History  ;  but  Charlevoix  *ays,  "  tho  great. 
cr  part  of  his  facli  arc  disfiffurcd."  So,  tho  J\'orth  Amcr'.cnn  lifvieur,  A'r. 
L.,  January,  1826,  p.  67,  upcaki  of  him  as  a  sulJier  and  a  bkeptic. 

*  Chaflsvnix,  [1  vol.  A*.  F.  p.  206,]  «ay»,  Pentajoet  is  43  Icajjiies  from 
S^  Juliii.  The  rivers  u(  '  tlie  Ettdumin*  arc  between  the  two,  but  ncaroit 
<  tho  latter.*  Then  lie  adds, '  that  ail  the  country,  from  Port-Royal  tu  K<.'ii< 
•  nebcck,  are  peopled  by  wh;it  are  atthi»  diiy  called  Maltciles  ;^  and  again, 
>  hetwocn  Pentaguet  iind  Kennobcck  the  savnc^es  are  called  Armichiquoii.' 
It  is  certain,  that  all  thcKO  statements  cannot  be  correct. 

f  !n  17!t4  MnBsnchu<ietfs  houarht  100  acres,  including  Pleatanl  Point,  of 
one  John  Front ;  and  on  (he  4th  of  March,  ISUl,  appropriated  the  mod  of 
it,  totlie  USD  and  improvement  of  tho  trih«,  till  (he  further  order  of  t!i« 
General  Court.  i.*  «  ,niin^*% . 


.  « 


Cur.  xriii.]  OP  mainb?*^  477 

p,essed--tbeir  lands,  and  with  tb^in  their  bunting  grounds,  are  no  A.  D.  isu, 
logger  in  thei^-  possession ; — ^little  more  remains  to  them,  than 
tbeir  village  and  their  barbarian  freedom. 

3.— The  other  tribe  of  the  Etechemin  people,  are  the  Mare-  M*r«iiite«. 
dttei* — or  rather  Armouckiquois,'f  as  their  name  appears  in 
Purchas  and  some  other  authors.  They  inhabited  the  great 
rirer,  called  by  them  the  "  Ouygondy,"J  but  by  the  Europeans, 
die  St.  John — ^possessing  one  of  the  most  inviting  regions  for  sav- 
1^  life  in  the  eastern  country.  This  tribe  was  numerous  and 
pirerful,  and  in  character,  according  to  Purchas,  valiant  and 
in^nious.  He  says,  they  had  attained  to  some  eminence  in  the 
irts  of  "  painting,  carving,  and  drawing  pictures  of  men,  beasts 
«ind  birds,  both  in  stone  tind  wood."  In  the  first  Indian  war, 
^y  were  more  opposed,  than  either  of  the  Etechemin  tribes  to 
the  proposition  of  taking  aims  against  the  English;  afterwards 

>y  generally  acted  in  concert  with  their  allies,  the  Tarratines 
ind Openangos,  or 'Quoddy  tribe.   <V":«  »^J-      iit.^.-i  ^a-^' 

The  Marechites  have  two  places  of  general  resort,  or  com-  j|,reciiit« 
pjct  collections  of  wigwams  upon  the  river^  St.  John  ;— one  is  *'"•«•• 
the  village  at  Aleductic-point,  just  above  the  confluence  of  the 
Daia  river  and  Eel  stream,  six  leagues  eastward  of  the  eastern 
monument.  Here  are  35  or  40  wigwams,  a  chapel,  and  the 
usual  residence  of  an  officiating  catholic  priest.  The  other, 
called  '  Indian  Villagey*  is  on  the  east  side  of  the  river,  100  miles 
liijher,  near  the  "  Little  Falls,"  and  opposite  to  the  mouth  of 
Madawaska.  It  is  wholly  within  this  State, — ^being  situated  sev- 
eral leagues  westwardly  of  the  line,  which  divides  Maine  from  the 
British  Provinces.  There  is  an  occasional  lodgment  on  the  east- 
em  bank  fronting  Fredericton  ;  and  it  is  said,  the  tribe  have 
had  a  slight  fortification,  50  or  60  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the 
I  river.  II 

The  natives,  who  have  been  the  subject  of  observation  in  the 

I  preceding  pages,  are  the  only  tribes,  with  which  our  History  of 

Maine  has    an   immediate   concern.     But   in   the  sketches  of 

Nora  Scotia,   necessarily  interspersed  ;  it  may  be  expected  that 


VMelccilcs,  Jr/7>«j/»,  ^Vor««  i  Mnrccliitcs,  PinktrUii'i  Otog. 
tTlie  French  name.  \  1  Holmes'  A.  Ann.  p.  148. 

I  From  the  mouth  of  (he  river  nt.  John  to  Fredericton,  the  diitnnce  ia 
|(!inilei;— to  Mediiotic-poiat  I2&  milei ;  -to  the  Great  Falli  188  milei, 
:  Brit.  Dom.  p.  SM. 


478  -*••»  HISTORY  [Vat,  I. 

A.  D.  iciA,  some  accouot'Will  be  given  of  .the  nativef  in  that  anctou  Pror. 


tol67&. 


ince. 


Mirkmakt.      These,  according  to  la  Hontan,  Sargeant,  Pinkerton,  and  other 
writers,  are  collectively  called  Michnah  ;*  but  Purchas,  d'Laet, 
Palairet,  Oldmixon,  Moll  and;  Barton,  have  given  thejn  the  name 
^  of  Souriquois.\    They  inhabited  the  great  peninsula,  south  of  | 

the  bay  of  Fundy,  and  the  neighboring  Islands,  the  isthmus,  and 
perhaps  the  eastern  shores  to  Gaspe.    Originally  th'ey  were  a  very  j 
numerous  people,  divided  into  several  tribes,  with  their  respec- 
tive Sagamores.     The  country,  however,  between  Gaspe  and  tlie  i 
region  of  the  Marechites,  some  have  supposed,  was  once  inhatn  I 
ited  by  a  nation  called  the  "  Mountaineers."^ 

The  Mickmaks  were  a  people  quite  distinct  and  different  from  I 
the  Etechemin  tribes ; — in  stature  larger,  with  coarser  features  ■ 
in  disposition,  more  cruel  and  brutish  ;  in  rnind,  less  valiant  and 
less  intelligent ;  speaking  a  language  so  dissimilar,  as  to  render 
free  conversation  with  each  ether  impracticable.     Yet,  *  if  the  I 

*  Mickmak  dialect  was  known  in  Europe,'  said  one  well  acquaint- 
ed with  it,  <  seminaries  would  be  erected  for  the  purpose  of  prop- 1 

*  agating  it.'<^ 

When  the  Europeans  first  visited  Newfoundland,  they  found  I 
the  natives  extremely  barbarous,  unacquainted  with  cookery,  and 
bread  made  of  Indian   corn,  and    clad  in  summer,  only  in  the 
habiliments  of  primitive  Eden.||     Those  on  the  main,  the  Mick- 
maks, were  a  single  grade  higher ;  who,  if  not  concerned  in  the  first  I 
three  Indian  wars,  were  extremely  hostile  and  savage  in  the  oth- 
ers;— a  scourge  of  uncommon  dread — the  merciless  destroyers; 
whom  the  Provincial  rulers  found  it  of  the  greatest  importance 
to  tranquillize  or  restrain  by  presents  and  by  treaty.     Wild  and  I 
indolent,  "  they  still  wander  from  place  to  place  in  all  the  abject- 
•'  ness  of  deplorable  stupidity."      ♦  Every  exertion  to  improve  I 

*  their  condition,  has  diminished  their  remains  of  energy,  nnd  dis* 


*■  "  Mickniack*.'' — Manack. 

t  Soiiriqwois  ii  llio  French  name.— 0  Charlevoix,  p.  291, 

I  Tlioro  were  certainly  Mountainteri  on  llio  northerly  side  of  the  gulf  of 
the  St.  Lawrence ;  whose  lan^iia^i;  liad  nn  afTinity  to  the  Sknjffie  in  the  luie 
region.  Many,  iince  the  arrival  uf  the  Europcani,  have  gone  to  "  the  leu 
frequented  wilJi  of  Labrador  and  Canada." — 3  Coll.  JH.  Ilitl.  Sot.  p. 
15-83.  ,,.,,,, 

t  10  Coll'  M.  riiit.  JSon.  p.  1  i5-lA.        ||  Oldmixon,  p.  15— Moll,  p.  W- 


Citr.  xTi"«]  •  Of  MAWt^  479 

•floaedthein  to  expect  hy  elms  and  begging,  what  the^r  ought  to  A.n.  leta^ 
'obtain  by  common  indust^-        The  eatholic    priests  have,  in 
,0(06  degree,  checked  thu::     /ropensity  to  drunkenness ;  other- 
wise all  endeavors,  to  bring  them  into  a  civilized  state  and  regular 
kibits,  have  been  productive  of  evil  rather  than  benefit.* 

The  entire  race  of  M7ckmaks  have  been  numerous.     It  ii  > 

lud,  they  originally  had  fifteen  chiefs,  as  many  tribes,  as  many 
rflliges,  and  in  1760,  3,000  souls.f  They  hate  the  Etecbemins 
ai  have  little  or  no  intercourse  with  them.         f>/^vy»  hmHhmi' 

They  have  noted  villages,  perhaps  Sagamores,  at  Cape  Breton,  Mirkm.k 

V  111  A  tf  flkft 

isle  St.  Johns,  La  Heve,  Cape  Sable,  Minns,  Chignertou,  Poic- 
tw,  and  Jediack.  They,  or  the  Moimtaineers,  have  several  vil- 
liges  upon  the  bank  and  branches  of  the  Merimachi,  which  emp- 
ties into  the  bay  of  that  name.  One,  called  "  Burnt  Church,** 
fiiich  is  40  miles  from  its  mouth,  exhibits  several  wigwams,  and 
1  chapel  40  feet  square,  the  walls  of  which  are  constructed  of 
split  rocks,  laid  in  lime  mortar.  Here  the  natives  and  the  French 
settlers  convene  and  worship,  under  the  pastoral  care  of  a  catho- 
lic priest.  Indian  Toum  is  situated  upon  the  north-west  branch 
of  the  same  river,  sixty  miles  higher.  It  is  the  principal  village 
of  a  considerable  tribe  in  these  eastern  parts,  represented  to  bo 
js  numerous,  at  the  present  time,  as  the  Tarratines.  Farther 
northward  is  a  small  village  at  "  Indian  Point"  above  the  head 
of  Rcstigouche  bay,  where  there  is  a  chapel  with  a  bell,  and  a 
framed  house,  the  residence  of  the  priest.  It  is  in  the  midst  of 
(Scotch  settlement,  surrounded  with  a  productive  soil,  some 
pitches  of  which  are  cultivated  by  the  natives.  They  have  a 
Sagamore  and  receive  supplies  from  an  Indian  trader  among  them, 
who  procures  his  goods  from  Quebec. 

Before  we  close  this  chapter,  it  is  important  to  take  a  general  PopuUiie* 
Iriew  of  the  native  population  in  Maine  ; — a  subject,  through  a  de-  *^  ""•  "•■ 
Scicncy  of  materials,  which  is  of  difficult  management,  both  as 
10  perspicuity  and  correctness      Nor  can  any  thin<^  more  be  ex- 
pected, than  some  analogous  calculations  and  probable  results. 


(ivei. 


♦Lockwood's  NcW'BninawicIt,  p.  7. 

tDoujf/ciM,  in  1  Sumin,  p.  183,  tboujifht  th«  Mirkniah^  in  1747,  "  had  not 
Imore  than  3r>0  fig^htinii^  men."  Ittit  Mr,  J^lannch,  a  Frrneli  niiisionary, 
l»tll  icquaintod  with  them,  mj*  there  were  3,000  ioiilu  in  1760.— 10  CotL 
I.W  //iff.  Soe.  p.  115;— And  2  rmkfrton'$  i'fg.  p.  02^,  say*,  in  1*00 
l^trc  were  SCO  fighttrs  east  of  Halirax. 


460 


\r^ 


A.D.  i6i«,The  period  tv  which  our  ttateinents  will  ftkA,  comimiiom  im. 

mediately  prior  to  the  war  of  the  tribes,  A.  D.  1616»17,  wtacfa 

"        was  succeeded  by  the  sweeping  epidemic,  previously  memioDcd. 

Except  the  tribes  io  Maine,  all  the  others  in  New-EoghuKi 

before  described,  have  been  classed  into  six  clans  or  natiou^^ 

tlieir  allies,  branches  and  dependencies   included.    Their. nines 

and  the  number  of  men  they  could  bring  into  battle,  according 

to  the   accounts  of  Crookio)*  Prince,f  Hubbard,;(  and  other 

early  and  correct  annalists,  are  thus  transmitted  to  us : — in  Con> 

i»mi..t  necticut,  the  Pequod  warriors  were  4,000,  and  the  Mohepn, 

•*'**■'  3,000 ;  in  Plymouth  colony,  those  of  tlie  Pawkunnawkutts,  were 

3,000 ;  in  Rhode  Island,  those  of  the  Narragansetts,  were  5,000  ■ 

in  Massachusetts,  the  bowmen   belonging  to  the  ancient  people 

called  the  "  Massachuses,"  were  3,000 ;    and  in  New-Hunp. 

shire,  those  of  the  Penacooks  and  Pentuckets,  were  3,000  ;-hd 

the  whole  21,000  warriors.^     If  we  allow  three  of  them  to  ten 

souls,  agreeably  to  the  fact  ascertained  in  the  Powhatan  Confe<l>  | 

eracy  by  actual  enumeration,  as  stated  by  Mr.  Jefferson,  ||  and 

other  Virginian  writers  ;  the  Indian  population  of  N^w-Englao 

exclusive  of  Maine,  would  have  been  70,000  souls.lT    Some 


'*  Daniel  Gookin  reiAovcd  from  Virginia  to  MassachuBCtU,  about  1644,  j 
was  an  Assistant  and  Mnjor-Gcncral,  under  tl>e  co!onj  charter,  and  a  super- 
intcndant  "of  all  the  Indians,"  and  knew  more   about  them  than  all  thi 
other  mag;i8trates.    He  died  in  1687.— £/to('«  Bto^ .  Die.  p.  220. 

f  Thomas  Prince  of  Middleborouph,  was  a  graduate  of  Harr.  Col.  KOT, 
an  ordained  minister  of  Old  South  Church,  Boston,  1718,  and  annalist  oi  { 
New-England  Chronology  to  A.  D.  1683. 

I  William  Hubbar.l  was  a  graduate  of  Ilarv.  Col.  1642,  minUter  of  Ipi- 
wich,  and  historian  of  New-England,  A.  D.  1602.  .   .. 

J  aooKin.—l  Coll. Matt.  Hiit. Soe, p.  141-229.— Prince, p.  1  l6.—HiMarii  j 
JV./3.  p.  449-60.— 7'rMmiuW,  p.  40, — Ho  thinks  there  were  not  more  thsa  I 
20,000  in  Connecticut.— //o/.  A.  An.  p.  418.   |I  Jcflerson's  Notes,  Query  xi. 

f  This  may  be  thotight  to  be  a  disproportionate  estimate.  For  the  number  I 
of  able-bodied  eflbctivo  men,  between  18   and  4S,  in  the  Now-Enpland  [ 
militia,  A.  D.  1820,  when  compared  with  the  census,  was  only  as  ont  to  (en. 
Yet  many  can  bear  arms  before  18  and  after  45  years  old;  and  numbcn  I 
are  exempt  who  could  do  military  duty.    Not  half  who  might  bear  armt, 
ar«  in  the  train  bands.     So,  in  dooming  taxes  [upon  towns,  the  number  of 
ratable  polls  between  10  and  70,  hat  been  estimated  as  one  to  Jiv€,  of  all 
the  MuU  io  a  town  at  the  preceding  centuai  on*  to  /0ur  would  be  mm 
eorrect.        ,,    *■:  i-       •■-■'..,*    »i  '*>■:      ■  , 


Cn*f'  xv"**1 


OP  MAtNC.     '' 


461 


4W5  " 


HppoM  it  fliigfat  tfrigiiMlly  htve  been  neuljr  equal'to  that  of  the  a.D.  mis 
Engltth,  In  1676.»  .;-^.  '•'®'*^ 

b  Mtimating  the  whole  number  of  natiVes  originally  in  Maine,  a  vww  oT 
at  calculator  is  involved  still  deeper  in  conjecture.  It  is  true,  Main*, 
tint  this  State  contains  as  many  square  miles,  as  the  residue  of 
fiew-fnglaod.  Its  soil  is  good,  its  waste  grounds  few,  and  its 
climate  healthful.  It  has  also  long  rivers — a  wide  seacoast,  and 
«u covered  with  a  heavy  forest;  affording  the  amplest  means 
of  savage  livelihood  and  support,  and  exhibiting  when  first  dis* 
covered  and  visited  by  Europeans,  a  people  overspreading  the 
land.  Nevertheless,  the  rivers,  upon  which  the  tribes  were  set- 
tied,  were  too  widely  separated  from  each  other,  to  be  promo- 
m  of  a  dense  population ;  nor  were  the  soil  and  climate  so  con- 
lenial  to  the  propagation  of  the  Aborigines,  as  in  the  more  south- 
(rijr  parts  of  New-England.      a--   :   >  !•!■   -^     li  .s^  c/u;  suiP 

The  few  facts,  which  history  contributes,  in  relation  to  the 
tribes  in  Maine,  may  reflect  some  light  upon  the  subject.  No 
people  ever  defended  their  native  country  with  more  valor  and 
obstinacy,  than  the  Sokokia  did  theirs,  especially  in  Lovwell's  war.  sokokii.  i 
A  number  of  them,  relinquishing  the  French  interest,  in  1744, 
for  the  ranks  of  the  English  at  the  seige  of  Louisbourg,  distin- 
guished themselves  among  the  bravest  soldiers.  Afterwards,  they 
could  muster  only  about  a  dozen  fighting  men  ;  and  before  the 
capture  of  Quebec,  the  tribe  was  extinct.f  ' '  >       < 

The  Anasagunticooksj  in  1744,  had  160  fighters  ;  and  when  y^ng„_„n. 
the  war  of  ihe  revolution  commenced,  *  about  40  of  the  tribe  ''«»«k»- 
'  made  the  shores,  the  ponds,  and  the  Islands  of  the  Androscog- 
'  gin  tlieir  principal  home.'  Philip  Will,  a  young  Indian  of  Cape 
Cod,  was  taken  captive  by  tlie  French  at  the  age  of  14,  in  the 
liege  of  Louisbourg ;  and  abiding  among  the  natives,  became 
the  chief  of  this  tribe.  He  was  an  Indian  of  some  education, 
ind  many  years  instrumental  in  preventing  their  utter  extinction.| 


*  In  A.  D.  1696,  there  were  in  New-England  about  100,000  white*.--2 
Htlmtt,  p.  31. — Yet  in  1676  tticrc  were  estimated  to  be  in  Mauachuietti, 
New.Hampihire  and  Maine,  160,000.— f/u(cA.  Coll.  p.  4S4.—  Qutre* 

fMau.  Letter  Book  p.  114—16 1  Doug.  p.  186. 

\iHidch.  Hilt.  p.  26G.— Su//.  p.  263.— Philip  Will  was  brought  up  Id 
the  Tamily  of  Mr.  Crocker,  where  ho  was  taught  to  read  and  write  the 
Rnglish  language  and  to  cypher.    He  was  in  height  6  feet  8  inches  and 

well  proportioned MS.  L$Uer  of  A.  O.  Chaitdltr,  Eiq. 

Vol.  I.  48 


A.D.  MU, 


»s 


WawHH 

•du. 


EtMbemiBf. 


rmumrqm  (       (V»ui. 

None  of  tbo  AbcoaquM  tribes,  bovrever,  W«e  acte  itroBil* 
attached  to  their  native  loil,  than  the  Canibas.  Tfaejr  were  bold 
and  brave  6gbters  through  all  the  Indian,  wars ;  in  which  they 
sustained  probably  a  greater  loss  of  numbers  th^n  any  other  triU. 
Aware  of  theur  decline,  they  deeply  lamented  their  cruel  fate  • 
havbg,  in  1704, only  30  warriors;  and,  in  1795,  six  or  seven 
families  constituted  all  their  remains.* 

The  Wawenoclu  never  made  any  figure  after  their  ruinoui 
war  with  the  Tarratines.  Their  force  was  then  broken,  and  more 
than  fifteen  years,  before  the  French  war,  in  1753 — 4,  they  were 
drawn  away  by  the  French,  to  the  river  Perante  in  Canada, 
where  they  settled  a  village  which  they  called  by  their  own  name; 
and  so  considerably  united  was  their  tribe,  as  to  be  able,  in  1749 
to  bring  into  war  about  40  fighting  men.f     Charlevoix  says, '  the 

*  Indians  of  the  St.  Franp ois,  uniting  the  Anasagunticooks  and 

*  Wawenocks,  were  a  colony  of  the  Abenaques,  removed  from 
<the  eastern  parts  of  New-England,  for  the  sake    of  French 

*  neighborhood.* 

The  Etechemins,  never  having  been  so  much  wasted  by  war, 
disease  and  dissipation,  and  always  larger  than  the  Abenaques 
people,  are  still  inhabitants  of  their  native  country,  humbled,  how- 
ever, in  view  of  their  decline  and  ultimate  destiny.  Persons 
well  acquainted  with  them  in  former  years,  aflirm  that  in  1756, 
they  could  collectively  turn  out  1 ,500  fighting  men.  Their  re- 
maining population  in  1 820,  amounted  only  to  1 ,235  souls,  that 
is  to  say,  390  Tarratines  ;|  379  Openangos  ;<§  and  466  Mare- 
chites.|| 

All  the  preceding  circumstances,  combined  with  the  wasting 
wars  in  which  the  Abenaques  were  repeatedly  engaged ;  the 
forces  of  the  Etechemins,  whereby  they  were  originally  able  to 
keep  the  western  tribes  of  the  Abergineans  in  fear  and  awe  ;1[ 
and  their  enduring  existence  by  tribes,  to  the  present  time,  united- 
ly conduce  to  the  inference,  that  the  ancient  population  of 
Maine  must  have  been  at  least  one  half  of  that  in  the  residue  oi 


*  17  Man.  Rcc.  p.  390.— 1  Doug.  p.  1S5.  f  1  Douglass,  p.  101. 

I  That  i>,  among  (hem  were  86  hunters ;  91  under  ten  years,  and  36  camp^ 

4  5  CM.  Ma$i.  Hilt.  Soe.  p.  21!.— Fighters  incorrectly  tupposed  to  b« 
only  80,  in  1764.  ||  Pinkerton's  Gcog.  p.  627. 

f  Tb«  amall-pox  spread  to  Piscataqua,  A.  D.  1683,  >■*  when  all  the  Indiant 
•xcept  one  or  two  who  had  it,  died." — Winthrop'i  Jnumal,  p.  69. 


Cat9:  xnii.]  op  mkvm^  HI 

]|nr-Ca^«ad«    Fbr  the  numben  of  the  Abeniquet  warriors  A.  d.  m$, 
,Mr«  proltaUy  equal  or  superior  to  those  of  the  Narragansetts,  ^^,^ 
^.  ft.OOO ;  and  the  Etechemin  warriors,  must  now  hate  been  ""T***  '^ 
gbout  6,000; — ^in    all   11,000.*      By  allowing,  then,  three  of  "Imms  » 
diein  to  ten  souls,  as  in  the  Powhatan  eonfederacy,  the  original 
population  of  Maine,  A.  D.  1615,  must  have  been  36  or  37,000  I 
.^0  estimation  probably  not  rery  wide  of  the  truth.f  ^ 


-an 

*The  AbeoaquM  mtiiAat«d  thus— > 
Sokokit 

AoMA^faatieoolBi 
'    Canibat 

Vawenoeka     • 

Etecbemint  thus—  Tarratinea 
Openang^oa 
Marecbitea 


v^V*5  •.;:>.- 


tOOwarriora 
l.M)0    •« 
1,500 
1,100 

5,000 

8,400 

1,400 
<,S00 
6,000 


;..,d>,; 


4w.n>,  Total  11,000. 

Bat  one  aocount,  (9  Coll.  Mom.  Hitt.  p.  284,)  luppoMa  the  eaatem  iDdiani 
froffl  Mastaohusetts  to  Canso,  in  1690,  onlj  4,310  souli ;— an  estimate  inaa> 
ifntly  too  low. 
f  Also  there  were  Indians  at  Afameoticus,  Casco,  and  MacUaik  \r) 


vV 


.  .;j 


;if;,,:ti).^  ,)vK.>  ubncl  (i'i';}    Jj:'ii/i ^if*{«    -iist'j   ,n^'i  hiic'ld'?:;'  ■)ctt 
v>:*  ;■  ■^:-i  .^JfifirbiiJi  Sw!  ,'\iiii  ik^Mr'  ,ih'-;>t  \  !  !Yf-V;b,'r  ^ftrA 

ii!' Kuf   ;:;'■'!   ;^iO;nf?   bfnji!!   ?o«!  fti  /:  .-l.fi  .■'_.- rftnlry^'-^i^ 


;;  ,■'■-■  'fO 


.M>-»    »,■!'■ 


V. 


;.iifi    ■.'•■    ;  1 ; --wn  ivKvii  ff»*»'.l 
,  :i    ,,,.■'  '-.n-j.'   ;   n:   ;   ■•-•      if  f  ■'• 


'1     ,  1"  f 


>'i 


'>     I 


-.(V 
.•■« 


:*. 


'^?«¥! 


484  Twtmfotty 

'.       ••■'lO    'i9l'th  jRfcTII    ,:isiJv-'t»W- '  '?1f  ;  .. 

;  oo<i,tfi  •»iaCff*j^j  ft  ...  >«fe«* 

rAe  persons  of  <Aenarir«—2'Acirs«iwe« — T^ir  dress — Character-^ 
Dispositions — Habits —  Wigwams — Food — Society — Femakt-~ 
Marriages — Religion  and  Supcrstitton-^Chnstianitif  among  tktm 
— T^efr  Government — The  Bashaba-— Sagamores  and  Sachems— 
Ceremonies  of  inducting  the  Tarratine  Chiefs  into  office — CoaUs- 
cence  of  the  tribes — Six  Indian  Wars  and  Treaties — Crimes  and 
Punishments — Susup's  Case — The  Employments  of  the  Indians- 
Hunting — Fishing — Their  CanoeS — Weapons — Wars—Pris- 
oners—  Their  Wampam — Their  Feasts — An  Entertainment— 
Their  Amusements — Mannr^rs  and  Customs — Arts — Music — Med- 
ical Unowkdge — Dishes  of  Food — Language.  '■'' 

A.  D.  1615  '''  *^®  Subsequent  consideration  of  the  natives,  their  appear- 
to  1676.  ante,  fcharacter,  regulations,  habits,  language,  and  other  peculiar- 
ities, our  observations  will  be  confined,  in  general,  to  tjie  Abena- 
ques  and  the  EtdcheminS^  with  occasional  allusions  to  the  Mick- 
maks. 
p  MOM  f  "^^^  Indian  is  easily  distinguishable  from  the  inhabitant  of 
tiie  ludiaui.  every  other  country.  His  stature  is  above  a  middling  size,  his 
body  strong  and  straight,  and  his  features  regular  and  prominent. 
But  his  broad  face,  black  sparkling  eyes,  bright  olive  complex- 
ion, ivory-white  teeth,  black  hair,  long  and  lank,  often  give  to  his 
countenance  an  appearance,  wild,  fierce  and  morose.  A  deformed, 
cross-eyed  person,  or  dwarf,  is  not  found  among  them ;  nor  are 
any  of  the  men  corpulent.  In  walking,  both  sexes  incline  their 
feet  inwards,  by  means  of  a  discipline  during  infancy ,  enabling 
them  more  conveniently  to  traverse  the  woods.  By  reason  of  an 
unction,  with  which  they  anoint  their  bodies,  to  avoid  the  trouble 
of  flies  and  vermin,  or  owing  to  some  other  cause,  the  beards  up- 
on the  men  in  general  have  no  considerable  growth.* 

With  senses  acute  and  perceptions  quick  and  clear,  the  Indian 
is  all  eyes,  all  ears,  and  all  observation  ; — nothing  escapes  his 
notice.     None  are  blind,  deaf,  or  dumb ;  and  his  impressions  oi 

•  Smith,  in  hit  fliilmy,  p.  17,  says  they  bad  no  beards :— But  several  of 
the  Tnrratinei  liavc  fold  inp,  they  pull  out  their  hrardi  when  young;. 


ly^^h  Ucuf'  in.] 


Their 
■eoKs, 


CBlf.  *IX.] 


OP  MAHIB. 


t 


pgt  or  piac«i,  »•  .<*9»eval  with  life.     He  will  triTel  unfrequented  a.d.  icia, 
^getB  mthout  compass  or  mistake.     The  Mickmaks,  in  theiir 
0fS  with  the  Esquimaux,  hare  been  known  to  cross,  in  their 
jedder  canoes,  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  40  leagues  over.* 

The  savage  state  promotes  bodily  exercise,  inures  to  hardships,  ^2|i{, 
gid  preserves  from  the  maladies  incident  to  civilized  life.  Few 
ire  sickly  or  feeble.  Many  live  to  a  great  age,  possessing  their 
eaergies  and  faculties  to  the  last.  Orono,  Sagamore  of  the  Tar- 
niines,  who  died,  A.  D.  1801,  lived  to  the  advanced  age  of  113 
ftars ;  and  his  wife  at  the  time  of  her  death,  the  preceding  year, 
fis  aged  100. 

The  dress  and  ornaments  of  the  males  and  females  ere  a  cu-  i-hrir  dr«« 
liosity.  With  a  taste  for  bright  or  lively  cobrs,  their  clothes  aro  ■'"''■*'"«"* 
tay,  often  changed  in  kind,  never  in  fashion.  When  our  shores 
I  irere  first  visited  by  de  Monts,  Gosnold,  Smith,  and  others ;  the 
niivea  were  clad  in  skins,  without  the  fur  in  summer  and  with  it 
Bwintefk  Some  >vore  mantles  of  deer-skins,  embroidered  with 
chains  of  beads,  and  variously  painted  ;  and  those  of  others  were 
cnriously  inwrought  and  woven  with  threads  and  feathers,  in  a 
manner  exhibiting  only  the  plumage.  The  poorer  sort  appeared 
vith  nothing  more  than  hard  skins  about  their  loins  and  shoulders ; 
tod  a  few,  in  die  warm  seasons,  wore  little  else  than  the  robe  of 
I  Mture.f 

In  their  present  fashions,  or  forms,  they  wear  a  woollen  cap, 

I  or  bonnet,  cut  diagonally  and  made  of  a  conic  shape,  enclosing 

ie  ears  and  terminating  behind  upon  the  neck.     Next  to  the 

ikin,  both  sexes  wear  a  cotton  or  a  linen  under-shirt,  extending 

down  the  third  of  an  ell  over  the  short  drawers  of  the  one,  and 

Ue  narrow  petticoat  of  the  other — severally  begirt  about  the  loins. 

The  coats  of  the  men,  sewed  at  the  folds,  or  sides,  are  lapped 

over  in  front  and  kept  together  by  a  belt,  without  any  buttons, 

and  reach  below  the  knee  ;  and  the  tunic,  or  vest  of  the  women 

is  pinned  before,  also  their  petticoat,  though  very  narrow,  falls 

some  lower.     Tiie  stockings  they  both  wear,  are  never  knit,  but 

I  usually  made  of  blue  cloth,  sewed  with  selvedges  on  the  outer 

sides,  and  extend  over  the  knee.      Though  shoes  can  be  con- 


*  Jeffreys,  p.  94. 

vOldrnixon,  p.   13,  23,  24.— H.  Trumbull's  Indian  Wars,  p.  91.— Indian 
I  War*,  (anon.)  p.  229. 


«ol67a. 


Thrir  orna' 
ineui«. 


490  THE  HUTORY  ^^  , 

A.O.  16IA,  reniently  obttiiied,  thejr  prefer  moccasins,  uidHMinlly  wear  then 
None  of  the  females  ever  cut  a  hair  from  their  beads,  but  club  or 
cue  the  who});  whereas  the  males  3have  off  all,  except  a  sintle 
lock  about  the  crown,*  '  that  it  may  not  be  starved,'  to  use  thelf 
own  language, '  by  tiie  growth  of  the  rest.'f 

The  natives  are  excessively  fond  of  ornaments,  plumes,  ud 
finery ;  as  if  gaudy  brightness  and  beauty  could  vie  for  the  ptjm 
with  genuine  taste  and  refinement.  Whatever  glitters,  captivates. 
Both  sexes,  especially  the  females,  adorn  their  fingers  with  gold  I 
rings ;  their  necks  with  wampam  or  silver  collars ;  their  ansi 
with  clasps  ;  their  bosoms  with  brooches,  or  pendants ;  their  ears 
with  jewels — all  of  the  brightest  silver.  Among  the  more  wealthy, 
the  men,  when  appearing  in  their  best,  wear  long  sashes  and  the 
women  broad  scarfs  over  their  shoulders,  covered  with  brooches 
of  the  same  precious  metal ;  and  some  have  tinsel  or  silver  hat< 
bands  : — For  many  of  both  sexes  now  wear  men's  hats  instead 
of  the  ancient  caps.  The  maidens  in  their  fondness  for  briljiaot 
colors,  and  for  ribbons  and  plumes  which  are  gay,  discover  a  wild 
unripe  taste;  though  by  some,  tlie  English  daughters  of  fashtoai 


♦  2  Belk.  Bioff.  p.  102. 

t  Present  Slate  nf  JVova  Scotia,  p.  50. — John  de  Laet  says,  <  four  leaguei  I 
north  from  Kennebeck,  following  the  direction  of  the  coast,  there  is  a  baj 
containing  in  its  bosom  a  large  number  of  Islands,  and  near  its  entrance,  ou  I 
of  them  is  called  by  the  French  navigators,  the  Island  of  Bacchus,  froa  I 
the  great  abundance  of  vines  found  growing  there.  The  barbarians  tbit  | 
inhabit  here,  are  in  some  respects  unlike  the  other  aborigines  of  New- 
France — differing  somewhat  from  them  both  in  language  and  mannea  I 
They  shave  their  heads  from  the  forehead  to  the  crown  ;  but  suffer  their  | 
hair  to  grow  on  the  back  side,  confining  it  in  knots  and  interweaving  featb* 
ers  of  various  plumage.  They  paint  their  faces  red  or  black;  are  well  I 
formed;  and  arm  themselves  with  spears,  clubs, bows  and  arrows,  nhich, I 
for  want  of  iron,  they  point  with  the  tail  of  a  crustaceous  creature  called  I 
■ignoo.  They  cultivate  the  soil  in  a  different  manner  from  the  sava^l 
that  live  east  of  tliem ;  planting  maize  [Indian  com]  and  beans  together;  I 
■o  that  the  stalks  of  the  former,  answer  the  purpose  of  poles  for  the  Tioetl 
to  run  upon.  Their  fields  are  enclosed.  They  plant  in  May,  and  harrestl 
in  September.  Walnut  trees  grow  here,  but  inferior  to  ours.  Vines  an  I 
abundant;  and  it  is  said  by  the  French,  that  the  grapes  gathered  in  Julj, I 
make  good  wine.  The  natives,  also,  raise  pumpkins  and  tobacco.  Thej[ 
have  permanent  places  of  abode ;  their  cabins  are  covered  with  oak  bark,! 
and  are  defended  by  palisadoes.' — 2  Lib.  de  Laet,  chap,  19. — Novui  Ot'| 
au. 


CliF.  MX.] 


OPMAOIB. 


^Kn 


mt  the  eomble  patterns  of.  their  imitation.*    When  Attteon  and  A.  D.  Mu^ 
jKepume  #ere  inaugurated  chiefs,  the  Tarratine  females  were 
giired  in  their  best,  wearing  rich  silks,  tinsel  fillets  and  all  their 
fginients— ^Idom,  if  ever  appearing  better  dressed. 

tlie  military  appearance  of  the  men  is  both  singular  and  war-  Miiimry  i«p- 
Ike.    On  their  breasts,  they  wear  glittering  medals  of  copper  or  p*"*"**' 
ilver ;  in  their  ears  and  sometimes  their  noses,  pendant  jewels ; 
gid  about  their  heads,  turbans  of  waving  feathers.     With  red 
Miaent,  they  paint  their  faces,  in  a  variety  of  ways,  which  make 
Ueir  appearance,  according  to  design,  truly  terrific. 

All  our  Indians  have  a  peculiar  cast  of  character.     Among  Tiirir  char- 

I  iberoselves,  every  right  and  possession  is  safe.     No  locks,  no*"^^'"^' 

^  are  necessary  to  guard  them.     In  trade  they  are  fair  and 

Uooest;f  astonished  at  the  crimes  which  white  men  commit,  to 

iccumulate  property.     Their  lips  utter  no  falsehoods  to  each 

gibef,  and  the  injuries  done  an  individual,  they  make  a  common 

eiaseof  resentment.     Such  is  an  Indian's  hospitality,  that  if  an 

inarmed  stranger  comes  among  them  and  asks  protection,  he  is 

Uretofindit.     If  cold,  he  is  warmed;    if  naked,  clothed;   if 

kuDgry,  fed  with  the  best  the  camp  affords.     They  are  faithful 

ffld  ardent  in  friendship,  and  grateful  for  favors,  wliich  are  never 

lobliterated  from  their  memories.     Ordinarily   possessing   great 

Ipjtience  and  equanimity  of  mind,  the  men  bear  misfortunes  with 

Iperfect  composure,  giving  proofs  of  cheerfulness  amidst  the  most 

limtoward  incidents.    With  a  glow  of  ardor  for  each  other's  wel- 

[&«)  and  the  good  of  their  country ;  all  offer  voluntary  services 

■to  the  public  ;  all  burn  with  the  sacred  flame  of  patriotism  ;    and 

III  most  heartily  celebrate  the  heroic  deeds  of  their  ancestors. 

iThe  point  of  honor  is  every  thing  in  their  view.     Sensibility  in 

lllieir  hearts  is  a  spark  which  instantly  kindles.     An  injury,  a 

Itaunt,  or  even  a  neglect,  will  arouse  all  the  resentments  of  their 

liiatutored  minds,  and  urge  them  on  to  acts  of  fatal  revenge.     An 

■Indian  is  a  being,  grave  and  taciturn.      He  seldom  laughs  ;   he 


*  "  ru  shape  like  theirs  my  simple  dress, 
"  And  bind  like  Ihcm  each  jetty  tress, 
"  And  for  my  dusky  brow  will  braid 
"  A  bonnet  like  an  Eng^lish  maid. — English  JIary. 

tBiit  they  are  bad  paymasters; — being  rcpardicss  of   their  promises. 
ItUny  who  have  trusted  them,  have  sustained  total  losses  of  their  debts. 


Tlieir  dit* 
potiiioM. 


488  THBimrroRY  [Vei..  i, 

A.D.  i6M,rtther  prefen  to  hear,  Uum  to  uUc ;  and  when  ha  fptaks,  U  i, 
alorayt  to  the  purpose. 

But  his  darker  shades  of  character  are  many,  i  He  is  ahra«t  I 
strongly  inchned  to  be  idle.  In  peace  ho  has  no  gretit  stiandui 
to  exertion,  for  wealth,  learning  and  office  are  not  motives  of  bis 
ambition  ;  and  in  war  or  revenge  the  agitations  subside,  when  tht 
crisis  is  past.  Bred,  like  the  animals  of  the  woods,  umK^  toj 
parental  restraints,  and  trained  to  privations  from  their  childhood  j 
they  affect  never  to  dread  suffering,  never  exquisitely  to  feel  u. 
guish — never  to  have  sympathies  for  the  meekest  tortured  enemy. 

Jealousy,  revenge  and  cruelty,  are  attributes  of  mind,  which  I 
truly  belong  to  them.     If  ihey  always  remember  a  favor,  they 
never  forget  an  injury.     To  suspect  the  worst — ^to  retaliate  eril 
for  evil — to  torture  a  fallen  captive — ^to  keep  no  faith  with  ao 
enemy — and  never  to  forgive,  seem  to  be  maxims,  the  correctoesf  1 
of  which,  according  to  their  ethics,  admits  of  no  question.    '^,<, 
them,  so  sweet  in  thought,  and  so  glorious  in  fact,  is  succeufulj 
revenge  J  that  they  will  go  through  danger  and  hardships  to  thei 
end  of  life,  for  the  sake  of  effecting  their  purpose.     No  aits,  no  I 
plans,  no  means,  are  left  unessayed  to  beat  or  kill  the  object  they  I 
hate.     To  cite  two  or  three  instances.     A  butcher,  accidentally 
meeting  a  Tarratine  Indian  was  beat  by  him  unmercifully,  because  I 
at  some  previous  period,  he  had,  as  the  savage  said,  sold  himl 
tainted  meat.     John  Neptune,  in  consequence  of  a  supposed  io- 
jury  done  some  of  his  tribe,  threatened  the  wrong-doer  at  Old- 
town  from  day  to  day,  \\ith  certain  death.     Another  man  durstl 
not  be  alone  long  in  one  place,  through  fear  of  being  murdered  I 
by  several  Tarratines,  who  haunted  and  pursued  him  to  avenge  I 
a  suspected  injury.* 

In  agreement  with  the  defenders  of  the  natives,  however,  ill 
must  be  acknowledged,  that  Weymouth,  Harlow,  Smith,  the  nias-| 
ter  of  Popham's  ship,  and  perhaps  othersf  were  aggressors,  iol 
kidnapping  several  of  them  from  their  s'l^js:  that  they  werej 
deprived  of  their  lands  and  privileges  by  th"  :  ;<  '-acbing  settle 
and  that  many  impositions  were  practis. )   >'\.   a    ■..em  in  banetl 


Wrongii 
done  to  the 
natives. 


*  The  natives  hated  J^Tegroei,  and  generally  would  kill  them  as  sood  asl 
they  were  taken  captive. 

t  'Vnte,  A  D.  1605— 11~H.— Hubbard's  Indian  Wars,  p,  286.— Smith, p. | 
.^-2G  -Priuco,  i-.  33,40. 


CiAV.  pnt.] 
gidbargaios. 


VkM\< 


469 


But,  thii  WM  ezcluHveijr  •ttributoble  |o  iodlivid-  a.  d.  I6U, 
nil)  roost  or  all  of  the  lands  occupied  by  the  planters,  being  " 
cJOBied  under  purchases  of  the  Sagatu«<rc8,  all  kidnapping  of 
ijia  natives  being  universally  censured,  and  tlie  prisoners  gener- 
iljr  returned  or  set  free.  Nor  could  the  'nx'ages^  ul'  ||w  anall* 
lox,*  nor  yet  those  of  ardent  spirits  among  them,  he  sins  laid  to 
liw  charge  of  the  English  as  a  community — they  never  having 
gitde  any  use  of  these  scourges  of  mankind  to  exterminate  the 
Htives.  On  the  contrary,  they  have,  when  ready  to  perish,  a 
thousand  times,  received  of  the  settlers,  provisions,  clothing,  fire- 
irms,  edgetool»  and  other  articles  of  necessity  and  convenience. 

Pasf^inr; .  .)  &k.med  by  trifles,  often  become  settled  malice  and  Their  cm 
rerrrgf, -:)!»!'  \>.ritier  their  wars  bloody  and  cruel.  Old  men, *''"**" 
totieu  myd  children,  though  too  feeble  to  use  a  weapon,  were 
jometiniLs  barbarously  dispatched;  and  the  Indians  generally 
ibused  or  neglected  their  captives.  If  a  child  cried,  or  an  adult 
niok  nn^er  his  burden,  instant  death  was  commonly  their  portion. 
How  many  houses  of  the  unoffending  inhabitants  have  been  re- 
duced to  ashes  ?  how  many  hundreds  slain,  or  sold  into  Canadian 
slavery  ?  Nay,  if  the  Indian's  malignity  was  not  satanical  to  a 
fearful  degree,  why  did  he  wreak  his  vengeance  on  slender  fe- 
males or  sickly  infants  ?  why  revengefully  hunt  for  the  precious 
life,  when  the  war  had  ceased?       '^  •  '  «  »"i  *     '  mjut  (,**e«Ji»« 

Their  inordinate  thirst  for  ardent  spirits  has  been  attributed  to  ,p^^.^  ^.^ 

their  perpetual  traverse  of  the  woods,  and   their  constant  use  of '"':?'■<'«'>♦ 
'     '  tpiriu. 

fresh  water  and  unsalted  meat.  They  will  take  strong  liquor  un- 
mixed, till  they  can  swallow  no  more.  They  are  then  to  a  fright- 
ful degree,  violent  and  mischievous.  Their  firearms  and  knives, 
must  then  be  taken  from  them,  to  prevent  murder.        ^"^''*  "  *-■ 

Their  manner  of  living  is  meagre  and  uncomfortable.     The      . 
best  wigwams  in  their  villages,  are  constructed,  one  story  in  height,  nerof  liviof, 
from  20  to  40  feet  in  lens:th,  and  two  thirds  the  same  in  width,  warns. 
[  The  plates  are  supported  by  crotched  posts  thrust  into  the  ground. 
The  sides  and  roofs,  were  formerly  thatched  with  bark ; — now 
sometimes  covered  with  rough  boards  and  battened.     They  are  • 

without  glass  windows,  and  without  doors ;   the  entrance  into 


*The  natives  considered  the  smallpox  the  g^reate^t  evil  that  ever  befell 
j  mankind.— Pre*.  State  of  J^fimt  SetHa,  p.  46,  60. 
Vol.  I.  40 


400  THBMMTCNIY  [Vou  |. 

A.  u.  MM,  them  being  throa|h  a  mxrmf'  opening,  which  is  clowd  bv  ■ 
hapgtng  rug,  like  a  curtain,  to  keep  out  cold  and  rain.  Within 
are  platforms  on  each  side  next  to  the  walls,  or  layers  of  boutiu 
upon  the  ground.  Here  men,  women  and  children,  sit  iira  ntu. 
■er  not  unlike  a  tailor  on  his  shopboard  ;  here  they  eat,  with  the 
'  victuals  in  their  fingers  ;  hero  tliey  sleep,  with  no  other  beddint 
than  a  bear  skin  underneath,  and  a  few  blankets  over  thera.  Ig 
the  area  between  the  platforms,  the  fire  is  built,  without  fire-place 
chimney  or  hearth ;  an  aperture  being  left  open  for  the  smoke  to 
escape  through  the  roof.  Four  families  are  frequently  tenants  of 
a  single  wigwam.  Yet,  they  have  nothing  like  a  chair,  a  niova- 
hie  stool,  or  table ;  all  the  furniture  in  these  miserable  calios, 
consisting  of  a  few  woodeu  and  iron  vessels,  knives  and  baskets. 
The  movable  wigwams  ate  of  a  conic  form,  constructed  with 
slender  poles,  making  angles  of  fifty  or  sixty  degrees  at  the  grouad, 
converging  to  a  point  at  the  vertex,  and  inclosing  a  circular  area 
of  12  or  15  feet  in  diameter.  They  are  without  floor,  chimney 
or  window.  The  inside  ground  is  spread  witli  boughs ;  and  the 
outside  is  thatched  with  bark.  They  have  no  regular  meals,  ex- 
cept in  the  evening ; — they  take  their  repast  when  they  have  an 
appetite.  Their  victuals  are  indifferent,  changing  with  the  sea- 
sons.  No  creature  they  take  is  unfit  for  food.  In  the  winter  it 
is  flesh ;  in  the  spring,  fish  ;  in  the  summer  and  autumn,  green 
corn,  maize,  and  vegetables.  But  they  did  not  know  how  to 
make  their  maize  into  bread,  till  the  Europeans  came  among 
them.*  They  smoke  and  broil  their  meats ;  they  roast  tlieir 
groundnuts  in  the  ashes ;  and  with  the  sap  of  the  sugar  maple, 
boiled  to  molasses,  they  sweeten  their  cakes.  They  pounded 
their  corn  in  stone  mortars,  and  made  the  water  boil  in  wooden 
troughs,  by  means  of  stones  heated  in  the  fire. 

The  Indians  are  far  from  any  thing  like  cleanliness,  either  in 
their  persons  or  their  huts.  Their  faces,  hands,  clothes,  vessels, 
never  know  what  it  is  to  be  woshed ;  and  their  dark  and  dirty 
abodes  are  equally  offensive  to  the  eye  and  the  nose. 
Social  li'e.  Society,  which  commenced  with  the  primitive  pair,  is  one  of 
the  strongest  propensities  of  human  nature.  This  is  r.cn  mani- 
fest in  savage  life.     All  the  members  of  a  family,  o  c  united  by 


•Oldmixon,  p.  l-'v  23 If.  Triiinbuiri  Indian  Wan,  p.  9t. 


Cur-  XIX.] 


OPMAINK. 


491 


♦  1  Coll.  J>/.  Hial.  Soe.  p.  254.— Some  of  tho  Enjli»h  who  hfivc  lived  with 
the  Indians,  were  unwilling^  to  leave  tlicm. 

fCapt.  Francii  sayi,  hrforo  tlie  white  people  rama  here,  aometimM  "  In- 
'<iani  have  four  wive*.*' 


isk.y' 


(be itrongett  •ttachments,  ind  the  bidividuals  of  a  trib«  wo  hoi-  a.^mm» 
jea  together  by  similar  ties.*  -,  $ 

tf  the  women  were  in  truth  as  cleanly,  as  by  nature  comely, 
jQHie  of  them  might  be  called  secondary  beauties.  The  maids 
ire  modest  and  retiring ;  and  all  tlie  better  sort  prefer  to  barter 
tlieir  baskets  and  other  articles,  with  the  fcknales  only,  of  the  En- 
glish. The  continency  of  wires  is  seldom  violated  ; — all  conver- 
ntion  between  one  and  an  Englishman,  in  presence  of  her  "  san- 
ap,"  or  husband,  is  quickly  chided  by  him,  whose  command  is, 
'talk  to  me  ;' — an  usage  which  renders  females  reserved.  Con- 
stitutional foes,  as  they  arc  to  contention ;  their  peculiar  charac- 
teristic is  that  of  peacemakers.  As  manual  labor,  ia  an  Indian's 
riew,  is  mean  drudgery,  it  is  performed  by  the  other  sex.  To 
tiie  mother  and  daughters,  is  assigned  the  whole  business  of  agri- 
culture. They  plant  and  hoe  the  corn  ;  secure  the  harvest ;  take 
care  of  the  6sh  and  game,  and  do  the  cookery.  But  when  the 
repast  is  prepared,  the  uife  and  children  wait  till  the  husband  or 
fither  has  finished  his  meal.  The  female  savage  seldom  if  ever 
intoxicates ;  and  in  fact,  she  sustains  a  much  better  general  char- 
icter  than  the  man. 

Among  the  Etechemins,  marriages  are  negotiated  by  the  fa- 
thers and  solemnized,  in  modern  times,  by  a  catholic  priest. 
Capt.  Francis  soys,  'if  an  Indian  is  charmed  with  a  squaw,  he 
'tells  his  parents,  and  they  talk  with  her's  ;  and  if  all  are  pleas- 
<ed,  he  sends  her  a  string  of  wampam,  perhaps  1,000  beads, 
'and  presents  her  with  a  wedding  suit.  All  meet  at  the  wigwam 
'of  her  parents ;  the  young  couple  sit  together  till  married  ;  they 
'and  the  guests  then  feast  and  dance  all  that  night  and  the  next ; 

and  then  the  married  pair  retire.' — Early  wedlock  is  encour- 
aged, and  a  couple,  in  a  fit  of  matrimonial  union,  will,  for  the 
purpose  of  finding  a  priest,  traverse  the  woods  to  Canada.  In 
later  times,  polygamyf  is  not  known  among  them  ;  and  divorces, 
which  are  never  very  frequent,  are  by  mutual  consent. 

A  sanup  has  nnlimiied  control  over  his  wife,  having  been 
known  to  take  her  life  with   impunity.     A  rase  of  the  kind  oc- 


THB  M»tt>KY  [Vo^  , 

A.  D.  Uis,  euned  in  1775,  when  one  in  •  pwroxjsm  of  rage,  slew  his  ttfmw 
and  hid  her  body  under  the  ice  of  the  Penobscot,  without  bcinr 
according  to  report,  so  much  as  questioned  for  his  condur*. 

Children,  who  are  strangers  to  the  restraints  and  initnictiooi 
of  parents,  leave  them  when  able  to  procure  a  living  for  ihem. 
selves.  The  character  of  a  community,  formed  of  such  materi. 
els,  is  readily  anticipated  : — It  cannot  be  otherwise  than  bad. 
Boligion.  The  religious  notions  of  tiie  natives  are  rude  and  full  of  su. 
perstition.  They  believe  in  a  Great  Spirit,  whom  the  Abenaques 
called  Tanto  or  Tantum,  and  the  Etechemins  Sazoos  ; — also 
in  the  immoi  :ility  of  the  soul, — and  in  a  paradise  far  in  the 
west,  where  He  dwells,  and  where  all  good  men  go  when  tbey 
die.  To  the  wicked  they  suppose  He  will  say,  when  they  knock 
at  the  heavenly  gates,  *  go  wander  •  i  endless  misery, — ^you  never 
shall  live  here.'  For  plenty,  viciory,  or  any  other  great  good, 
they  celebrated  feasts  with  songs  and  dances,  to  His  praise. 

They  had  strong  faith  in  an  evil  spirit,  whose  satanic  Majesty 
they  called  "  Mojahondo ;" — supposing  he  possessed  the  attributes, 
in  general  revealed  of  that  being,  in  the  Scriptures.  They  believ* 
ed  also  in  tutelar  spirits,  or  good  angels,  whom  they  denominated 
Manniton  ;  and  they  entertained  great  veneration  for  their  Pok- 
otM.*  These,  uniting  in  one  person  the  two  offices  of  priest  and 
physician,  were  supposed  to  possess  almost  miraculous  powers. 
By  invocations  uttered  in  an  unknown  tongue — by  preternatural 
charms — by  leaping  and  dancing  through  the  6re — and  by 
strange  orisons ; — they  pretended  to  have  converse  with  occult 
oracles  and  demons,  and  to  receive  ambiguous  responses  like  the 
Greeks  of  Delphos.f 

The  Indians  told  a  traditional  story,  that  the  Great  Spirit  creat- 1 
ed  one  man  and  one  woman ;  and  from  them  proceeded  all  man- 
kind.|     But,  before  the  arrival  of  the  Europeans,  the  natives  had 
no  knowledge  of  the  Sabbath,  nor  had  they  any  religious  meet- 
ings.    *  All  day?,'  Capt.  Francis  says,  *  were  ahke  to  them.' 

They  believed  in  dreams,  and  sometimes  commemorated 
them  by  feasts.'^  No  people  are  more  superstitious.  Tlicy  re- 
garded an  old  ircc  in  Nova  Scotin  with  pious  veneration,  and 
loaded  it  with  ofTcrings.     They  thought  it  the  residence  of  somf 


•  Indian  Wars,  (anonymou*)  p.  2t>9.    f  Olilmixon,  p.  15.— H.  Moll,  p.  25^ 
t  Purcl»a«,  p.  93i— 039.  {  JeflfrcjJ,  p.  8I-P4, 


.t" 


ClAT.  XIX.]  or  HAIIUB.  ^  493 

pmt  or  good  ipirit.    After  its  roots  were  laid  open  bjr  the  eee,  a.  d  mk, 
^  eofltinuedl  to  venerate  it  so  long  u  a  branch  remained.    * 

Tbeir  dead  were  generally  buried  in  a  sitting  pAsture.  InB«rimi*. 
pitttton,  upon  the  Kennebeck,  are  two  old  burying  grounds,  where 
ikeletons  are  found  in  a  postare  half  erect,  the  head  bending  over 
the  feet.  Relics  of  human  bodies  have  been  discovered  in  a 
tumulus  near  Ossipee  pond,  which  were  originally  buried  with 
the  face  downward.  In  tliese  two  places,  and  in  others  upon  the 
Keoduskeag,  and  elsewhere,  there  have  been  discovered  instru- 
oeDts,  paints  and  ornaments  interred, — the  requisites  to  help 
the  departed  spirits  to  the  "  country  ot  souls."  The  modern 
manner  of  burials  is  borrowed  from  the  catholics.  The  corpse, 
enclosed  in  a  rough  coffin,  is  followed  by  an  irregular  procession 
to  the  burying  ground  ;  and  when  interred,  a  little  wooden  cruci- 
fix is  placed  at  the  head  of  the  grave,  which  is  sprinkled  with 
consecrated  water,  and  perfumed  with  flowers  or  herbs.  If  a  Tar- 
ratine  dies  abroad,  he  must,  if  possible,  be  borne  to  Old-town  and 
ixiried  in  the  common  grave-yard. 

The  female  lamentations  for  the  dead  are  great  and  sometimes 
excessive.  The  death  of  a  young  child,  swept  away  from  the 
irms  of  its  mother,  as  the  two  lay  sleeping  in  a  summer's  day, 
between  high  and  low  water  mark  upon  the  Penobscot  beach, 
ifibrds  a  striking  instance  of  savage  grief.  She  burst  into  loud 
and  excessive  lamentations ;  and  mingled  her  cries  with  inarticti- 
lite  jabber ; — an  hour  scarcely  closing  this  scene  of  shrieking  and 
tears. 

Christianity  was  early  introduced  and  subsequently  taught,  Cbriitiaaiift 
itnong  the  Abenaques  and  Etechcmin  tribes  by  the  catholic 
missionaries,  such  as  Biard,  Masse,^  Dreuillettes,f  the  two  Bigots, 
Ralle,|  and  others.  They  effected  great  changes  in  the  views 
and  practices  of  the  natives.  The  Powows  lost  their  influence 
and  came  to  an  utter  end.  Superstitious  rites  and  rituals,  blend- 
ed with  endeavors  to  inculcate  and  deepen  the  moral  sense,  and 
to  encourage  religious  worship,  becoming  established,  are  still 


•  V.  U.  160S,  at  Mount  Dc&crt. 

tThe  Capucliiii  priesitt  had  a  trading  houic  anil  relif  tuns  chnpcl  at  Pen- 
tifort  in  IC46.— t  Charltveix;  p.  435. 

J.l  /).  1689,  at  NorridgcwocU.-Sce  Jtffrry*,  103.— 1  //•/.  Jl.  .9nn.  844. 
-7  CoU.  Mcut.  Hiit.  SbC.  p.  249-SO.  2d  «<riM.~Vincent  Di^ot,  wat  at  P«- 
.i-ilTot  in  1A88  ;  and  Jaques  Bifot,  was  at  Kenncb«ck  in  1099. 


494 


THE  HISTORY 


[V«U 


I. 


AD  i6ttf,ex!int  amdne  the  remnants  of  the  tribes.  But  neither  dieir 
morals,  manners,  pnnciplet  or  virtues,  nor  yet  theif  customs,  sen. 
timents  or  taste,  have  undergone  any  very  extensive  or  real  iiQ. 

^  provements.    In  all  these,  the  Indians  are  natives  sttll,  without  any 

essential  change.       <-"  t  * 

Gowrn-  Among  these  eastern  tribes,  there  was  a  great  similarity  of 
government.  It  was  of  tlie  simplest  form,  which  possesses  tlie 
powers  of  restraint  and  coercion.  Such  were  their  exalted 
ideas  of  liberty,  that  they  had  no  word  by  which  to  express  our 
meaning  of  subject ;  and  the  character  of  a  master  foimed  in 
their  view,  some  attribute  of  a  demon.  In  society,  where  filial 
obedience  is  unknown,  political  subordination  can  never  be  great. 
Here  was  civil  freedom  and  an  equality  of  rights,  though  not  of 

rank.         ^^ .  '>v:.-v^  ■    -    -    • '.-sf  >;-.  ;,-v,^v«^  i 

The  greatest  aboriginal  monarch  of  the  east  was  entitled  *  the 
Bashaba,*  previously  mentioned,  whose  residence  was  with  the 
Wavvenoek  tribe.  Besides  his  immediate  dominions,  extending 
probably  from  St.  Georges  to  Kcnnebeck,  tbe  tribes  westward  to 
Agamenticus,  and  even  farther,  acknowledged  him  to  be  their 
paramount  lord.  His  overthrow,  in  1615  or  IG,  terminated  the 
royal  line  and  rank.* 

S»gamor«.       -^^  ^''®  ''^"^  °^  every  tribe  was  a  Sagamore^f  or  chief  magi^ 

Saciiom.  trate,  whose  councillor!),  or  wise  men,  were  denominated  iSacA«nM, 
—in  modern  times,  captains.  He  and  they  knew  their  influence 
and  felt  their  importuncc.  In  council  they  directed  war  and 
peace  ;  they  had  the  oversight  of  the  public  dominions ;  and  with 

,,  very  few  established  rules,  they,  according  to  discretion,  appoint- 

ed the  punishments  of  oftenders.     The  government  was  pairiar- 1 
dial.     The  Sagamore,  possessing  superiority  of  rank  and  power, 
always  presided  when  present ;  and  next  to  him,  was  a  sachem  of  I 
secondary  grade  and  influence.     On  great  occasions,  all  tlie  prin- 
cipal men  of  the  tribe  were  convened  anil  consulted.     These  as-| 
semblics,  from  which  females  were  uniformly  excluded,  were  con- 
ducted with  the  greatest  order  ;  the  old  men  spuke  first  and  were  I 
especially  regarded  and  venerated,  for  their  wisdom  and  experi- 

*  I  Brlk.  lihir.  p.  351— 3r)5. — He  lind  many  under  liim.     Tho  Saco  "n| 
the  wcstcriimoKt  rivor  of  tlic  duiiiinioiit  or  Da8hol)CZ."--PMrrAaf '  Pi/j-rinu. 
10  Booh,  chup    6. 

t  Soiindrd  by  the  Indians,  "  Siink-o-muh,"— •'  Sagamore"  and  "  Sachfm. "  | 
— Stt  Statrmint  of  Ktn-,fhfrk  Claimt,  p.  SI. 


CiAf .  XIX.]  or  MAINE.  496 

«ce ;  and  all  their  debates  and  discussions  were  managed  with  die  ^'£;J*'*' 
greatest  decorum  and  secrecy  alio,  when  the  occasion  required 

it  • 

Tbe  office  of  a  Sagamore  continues  during  Ufa.  When  he  diesy 
the  tribe  manifest  a  strong  predilection  to  have  his  son,  or  some 
gear  relation,  succeed  him.  In  these  designations,  or  selections, 
party  ^irit  often  runs  high  ;  thff  aspirants  and  their  supporters 
esbibiting  all  the  violence  of  tlie  competition,  manifested  in  civiliz> 
ed  communities.  ■  «v«'  -   «.' MT«p. 

The  three  Etechemin  tribes  have,  severally  and  immemorially, 
selected  their  Sagamores  and  Sachems,  or  subordinate  officers, 
inform  of  a  general  election.*  But  the  candidate,  when  chosen, 
is  not  inducted  into  office,  without  the  presence  and  assistance  of 
1  delegation  from  each  of  tiie  other  tribes.  This  was  the  case 
vhen  Francis  Joseph  Neptune,  at  Passamaquodcly,  and  John  Ait- 
leon,  at  Penobscot,  were  made  chiefs  of  their  respective  tribes ; 
ind  the  most  intelligent  credible  Indians  agree  in  saying,  that  such 
is  the  practice  among  the  Marechites,  and  has  always  been  the 
gsage  among  all  three  of  the  tribes.  The  ceremonies  of  a  single 
induction,  whereof  the  writer  was  an  eyewitness,  are  worthy  of 
It  particular  statement. 

The  parlies  in  the  Tarraline  tribe  were  so  sanguine  and  violent  T^^rmine 
I  after  they  lost  their  chief,  that  they  could  not  for  many  months  j,' */^^|'j",", 
igree  upon  a  successor.      Perplexed  with  the  long  controversy  <•""'"• 
tnd  deeply  concerned  in  effecting  an  union,  the  catholic  priest 
interposed  his  influence  ;  when  they  were  induced  to  leave  the 
rival  candidates,  and  select  John  Aitteon^  a  reputed  descendant  of 
I  Baron  de  Castine,  by  an  Indian  wife. 

On  the  19th  of  September,  1816,  at  Old-town  village,  Saga- 
I  more  Aitteon,  JoAn  Ae/^^iiTie,  next  in  grade  and  command,  and 
iwo  captains  were  inducted  into  office,  with  the  customary  cere- 
monies. To  assist  in  these,  the  chiefs  and  1 5  or  20  other  princi- 
pal men  from  each  of  the  tribes  at  St.  John's  river  and  at  Passa- 
maquoddy,  had  previously  arrived,  appearing  in  neat  and  becom- 
I  bg  dresses,  all  in  the  Indian  fashion. 

Early  in  the  forenoon,  the  men  of  the  Tarratinc  tribe,  conven- 
I  in;  in  the  ^reat  wigwam,  called  the  camp,  seated  themselves  on 


'Tliey  arc  in  modern  times  callril  (iwernnr,  f.ieitUnnnt-Clnt<rrnor,  and 
I  (""ififain*, — names  borrowed  from  the  rnRliih. 


Indian 
chief*  in- 
ducted into 
oflSce. 


496  THEHiaroiiy  [Vol.i. 

A.  D  1616,  the  side  platform  according  to  seniority,  Aitteon,  Nejstiuw,  ami 
the  select  captains  at  the  head,  near  the  door ;  ^  former  two 
being  clad  in  coats  of  scarlet  broadcloth  and  decorated  with  silver 
brooches,  collars,  arm-clasps,  jewels,  and  other  ornaments.  Upon 
a  spread  before  thera,  of  blue  clothi  an  ell  square,  were  exhibited 
four  silver  medals ;  tliree  of  which  were  circular  and  twice  the 
size  of  a  dollar,  the  other  was  larger,  in  tlie  form  of  a  crescent 
All  these  were  emblematically  inscribed  with  curious  devices 
and  suspended  by  parti-colored  ribbons,  a  yard  in  length,  with  i 
ends  tied.  Aware  of  gentlemen's  wishes  to  be  spectators  of  the  I 
ceremonials,  they  directed  tlie  Indian,  acting  the  part  of  marshal 
to  invite  them  into  the  camp.  The  admission  of  the  female  vi$. 
itants  was  also  requested  ;  but  he  replied,  as  directed  by  the 
chiefs, — '  never  our  squaws,  nor  yaws,  set  toith  us  in  council^' 

The  spectators  being  seated  below  the  tribe,  upon  tlie  platform,  I 
or  benches,  covered  with  blankets ;   the  Marechite  delegation 
preceded  by  their  chief,  entered  the  camp  in  true  Indian  61e,  and 
sat  down,  according  to  individual  rank,  directly  before  the  Tarra- 
tines.      These  now  uncovered  their  heads  and  laid  aside  their  I 
caps  and  hats,  till  the  ceremonies  were  closed. 

Four  belts  of  wampam,  brought  into  the  camp  by  a  stately  I 
Marechite,  were  unfolded  and  placed  in  the  area  upon  a  piece  ofl 
broadcloth,  which  enclosed  them  ;  when  his  Sagamore,  presently! 
rising,  took  and  held  one  of  them  in  his  hands,  and  addressed) 
Aitteon,  from  five  to  ten  minutes,  in  a  courtly  speech  of  pure  ver- 
nacular, laying  the  belt  at  his  feet.  Three  others  in  rotation,  and  I 
next  in  rank,  of  the  same  tribe,  addressed,  in  a  similar  manner,! 
the  Tarratine  candidates  of  comparative  grade ; — all  which  werej 
tokens  of  unchanging  friendship  and  sanctions  of  perpetual  union. 
The  Sagamore,  then  taking  the  medal  nearest  Aitteon,  addressed! 
him  and  his  tribe  in  another  speech  of  the  same  length  as  tbel 
former ;  in  the  course  of  which  he  came  three  or  four  times  tol 
momentary  pauses,  when  the  Tarratines  collectively  uttered  deep! 
guttural  sounds,  like  "  aye."  These  were  evident  expressions  oil 
their  assent  to  have  Aitteon,  Neptune,  Francis,  and  the  other,! 
their  first  and  second  Sagamores,  and  two  senior  captains.  Thel 
speaker,  closing  his  remarks,  advanced  and  placed  the  suspended 
medal,  as  the  badge  of  investiture,  about  Aitteon's  neck, — the  acti 
by  which  ho  was  formally  inducted   into  office  and  constituted! 


I  Stgunore  for  life.     Neptune  and  the  two  capubs,  in  their  tunss,  A.  D.  I6i«» 
iler being  shortly  addressed  by  the  other  Marechite  actors,  werej^*!^*" 
I  guested  by  them  with  the  ensigns  of  office  in  the  same  way.         ^*ty 

During  these  ceremonies,  tlie  'Quoddy  Indians  without,  stood  a<Bc«. 

I  gound  a  standard,  twenty  feet  in  height,  to  and  from  the  top  of 

fbich,  they  alternately  hoisted  and  lowered  a  flag,  as  each  Tarra- 

Que  was  inducted  into  office  ;  at  the  same  time  and  afterwards, 

triog  salutes  from  a  well-loaded  swivel,  near  the  same  place,     'v; 

Mr.  Romaigne,  the  catholic  priest,  attired  in  a  white  robe  and 

I  loo;  scarf,  having  seated  himself  among  the  Tarratines,  before 

ite  ceremonies  were  commenced,  now  rising,  read  appropriate 

•usages  from  the  Scriptures  in  Latin,  and  expounded  tliem  in  tlie 

bdian  dialect ;  and  next  a  psahn,  which  he  and  the  Marechites 

UiuDted  with  considerable  harmony.     In  the  midst  of  the  sa- 

(red  song,  the  whole  of  them  moved  slowly  out  of  the  camp, 

preceded  by  the  priest,  leaving  the  Tarratines  seated  ;  and  form> 

0^  a  circle  in  union  with  the  'Quoddy  Indians,  stood  and  sang 

devoutly  several  minutes,  and  closed  with  a  "Te  Deum."     >     > 

The  priest  then  departed  to  his  house  ;  and  the  Indians  enter-      .    ,    t 

Lj  the  camp,  took  their  seats — the 'Quoddy  Indians  in  a  lower 

place,  abreast  the  sitting  spectators,  when  they  commenced  their 

L^ible  salutations.     In  this  form  of  civility,  each  of  the  two 

delegations  rising  in  turn,  literally  embraced,  cheek  and  lips,  the 

Iburnew-made  officers,  and  shook  heartily  by  the  hand,  all  the 

(others  of  the  tribe. 

The  gentlemen,  at  the  marshal's  request,  now  withdrew ; — to 
I  be  spectators  only  about  the  doors  and  apertures;  when  the 
iTarratine  females,  clad  in  their  best  dresses  and  fancifully  oma- 
Inented,  joined  for  the  first  time,  the  Indian  assemblage,  and  the 
[thole  formed  an  elliptical  circle  for  dances.  In  close  Indian 
they  moved  forward  in  successive  order,  with  a  kind  of 
Idouble  shuffle,  to  their  lormer  places,  animated  by  the  music  of 
li  light  beat  upon  a  drum,  in  the  midst  of  the  circus,  with  the  ac- 
leompaniment  of  a  vocal  tune.*  The  female  dancers  then  retir- 
|((1;  the  Indians  took  their  seats  j  and  the  spectators  were  re-ad- 

nitted. 
To  close  the  ceremonies,  four  chief  men  of  the  Marechites 


'rormerly  their  chief  initruments  were  rattles,  made  of  imall  gourdi 
lad  pumpkin  shelU. — Smithy  p.  82. 
Vol.  I  60 


- — '^'^ 


Indim 
cbMii  in- 
ducted into 


498  THE  HUTOftY  [VoL.  |.  j 

A.  D.  1615,  severally  rose  in  succasion  and  sang  short  songs,  somewhat  en- 1 

tertaining,  which  were  duly  responded  by  others  from  the  new. 

made  officers ;  throughout  which,  the  whole  assemblage  uttered  I 

at  almost  every  breath,  a  low-toned  emphatic  guttural  sound,  oot 

unlike  a  hickup — the  singular  way  by  which  they  expressed  their 

plaudits  and  pleasures.         .♦«  i^w  .  >-*•  -    r.'^stifc 

More  than  three  hours  were  consumed  in  these  ceremonies* I 
which  were  succeeded  by  a  feast  already  preparing.  Two  fat 
oxen,  slaughtered  and  severed  into  pieces,  were  roasting;  rice, 
beans,  and  garden  vegetables  were  boiling;  and  bread-loaves  and! 
crackefs  were  abundant.  If  the  cookery,  neatness  and  order  I 
were  unworthy  of  modern  imitation ;  the  defects  were  counterJ 
balanced  by  the  hearty  invitations  and  welcomes,  with  which  alii 
the  visitants  equally  with  the  natives,  were  urged  to  become  par-l 
takers,  both  of  the  repast  and  of  the  festive  scenes.  The  reguJ 
larities  of  the  day  relaxed  to  rude  dances  and  wild  sports  in  the! 
evening,  which  were  by  no  means  free  from  extravagance  andl 
excess. 

These  circumstances  are  evincive  of  the  cordial  fraternity  and! 
political  union  of  these  three  tribes.  Never  have  they  been 
known  on  any  emergency,  to  act  otherwise  than  in  concert.  Norl 
have  we  any  accounts,  that  either  of  the  Abenaques  tribes  ever 
took  arms  against  the  others.  It  is  certain,  the  ties  of  their  iU 
tachment  were  uniformly  strong ;  and  in  every  movement,  thera 
was  great  unanimity.  Among  the  Mickmak  Sagamores  we  find] 
likewise,  an  ardent  coalescence ;  there  being  no  traditional  report 
of  their  making  war  at  any  time  upon  each  other.  But  no  con<4 
federacy  or  union  existed  between  any  two  of  the  three  great 
Aberginean,  Abenaques^  and  Etechemin  people  mentioned,  unti 
Philip's  war,  when  a  common  interest  softened  their  asperitiei 
towards  one  another,  and  urged  them  into  a  general  warfare  agaiosi 
the  colonists. 

Ini  une  ^"•'•"g  ^^y  ycars,  the  planters  and  traders  in  Maine,  ha(| 
of  ihe  wtio-  great  intercourse  with  the  natives,  undisturbed  by  any  open  ni] 
natives.  ture.  When  they  commenced  hostilities,  they  were  full  of  r^ 
venge  and  greedy  of  spoils.  No  presents,  no  treaties,  no  otiiei 
expedient  could,  for  any  length  of  time,  bind  them  in  the  bondJ 
of  peace.  Their  jealousies  and  antipathies  towards  the  Englisij 
were  habitual ;  and  when  it  was  too  late,  they  had  a  fearful  visioJ 
of  ultimate  exile  or  utter  extinction.    Within  a  period  of  eig^trl 


Conredent' 
ciei  of  the 
mtivei. 


iQttr.  UX.J  OFMAINK. 

Ueyears,  between  the  war  of  Philip,  A.  D.  1675,  and  the  cap-  A.D.  mu,n 

I  pre  of  Quebec,  the  inhabitants  o(  Maine  have  been  extreme 
ujbrers  in  six  Indian  war?  ;* — some  of  which  were  long  and  all  ^^Jl**!!? 
of  them  bloody.    The  1st,  lasted  three  years ;  the  2d,  nine  and  ireaUes. 

\iludf;  the  3d,  ten;  the  4th,  three  and  a  half;  the  5th,  Jour^ 
lad  the  6th,  ^ve  years.  The  number  of  treaties  have  been  much 
rreater ;  our  political  relations  with  the  tribes,  till  they  became       ^.^miviv  • 

|«itinct  or  peaceable,  being  always  of  considerable  importance,  es*  ^^'*  '"'"' 
All  acts  and   proceedings  of  the  natives  are  regulated  by  a  (<««•  «n<] 

Uesent  sense  of  fitness,  and  immediate  benefit.  They  have  no 
iritteD  constitution,  no  code  of  laws,  no  judicial  process,  ho  per- 
Moent  documents.  The  fires  of  avarice  and  ambition, — ^the 
pissions  for  riches  and  influence,  which  are  the  great  disturbera 
of  the  civilized  world,  lie  comparatively  dormant  in  the  savage 
breast.  The  Indians  are  a  very  peculiar  race.  Their  territories 
ire  holden  by  the  tribe  in  common ;  individuals  are  willing  stran- 
Rrs  to  an  extended  commerce  and  to  accumulated  wealth  ;  and 
ierefore,  no  regulations  are  needed  among  them,  except  what 
ire  made  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  and  punishing  personal 
bjuries. 
Their  laws   of  course  consist  of  a  few  immemorial  usages 

Ind  plain  maxims, — manifestly  the  mere  dictates  of  natural 
reason.  Checks  and  restraints  must  be  given  to  the  malignant 
jHssions ;  otherwise  no  ligaments  are  strong  enough  to  bind  firmly 

'Thevars  and  principal  treaties  with  the  eastern  tribes  :—Mu|^*a 
I  treaty,  Nov.  6, 1676.—?  J^ears  JV.  E.  p.  403-5. 

I.  King  Philip''^  war,  from  June  24, 1675,  to  the  treaty  of  Casco,  April 

In,  1978 JtfiMt.  Ace— Treaty  of  Portsmouth,  Sept.    8,  1685.— Belknap^t 

\x.H.  p.  348. 

!.  King  Williani'i  tear,  from  August  13,  16S8,  to  the  treaty  of  Mare- 
I  point,  BniD&nrick,  January  7,  1699. — 2  JHath.  JUagnal.  p.  556-7. — Treaty 
|of  Pemaquid,  August  11,  1693.— 2  JIath.  Mag.  p.  542-3,  entire. 

3  (^uetn  Anneal  war,  from  August,  1703,  to  the  treaty  of  Portsmouth, 
jJalf  II,  nii.—Pmhallow'i  Indian  JFan.—l  Coll.  A.  H.  Hitt.  Soc.  p.  83-6. 

4.  LotwelVt  war,  from  Juno  13,  1722,  to  Dummer's  celebrated  treaty, 
I  Dec.  15, 1725. — Secrtlary''t  Office,  Boston, — entire. 

5  The  Spanish,  or  Jive  yeart'  Indian  *ear,  from  July  19,  1745,  to  the  trea- 

ItTof  Falmouth,  Oct.  16,  1749.-9  Coll.  Mail.  Hi$t.  Soc  p.  220-3 Treaty 

|or  Halifax,  August  15, 1749.— Secretory'*  Office,  Botton. 

6.  French  emd  Indian  war,  from  April,  1753,  to  the  conquest  of  Quebee, 
I ud  treaty  of  Halifax,  Feb.  32,  1760,  and  Pownal's  treaty,  April  29.-JS*€, 
Office. 

Treaty  with  the  Mickmaks  and  Marechitet,  July  19, 1776.  '     '      ' 


1.  jjjii 

i 

■  --14 

.f}' 

600 


THE  HUTOHY 


[Vol.  1.  ■  CiAT.  XIX.] 


A.  D.  16IA,  a  eommUnky  together.    The  ptincipal  crimet  which  occur  tmoac 
the  Indians  are  homicides,  violent  assaults,  and  drunkenness  ^ 


»r.-.v 


OffiinMt 


ri'.J; 


sometimes  treachery,  theft  and  adulterous  intercourse.  But  tbey 
are  strangers  to  arson,  robbery,  burglary,  perjury,  forgery,  frauds 
ravishment  and  many  other  ofiences,  which  so  much  disturb  utA 
blacken  civilized  society.      'i(j!?'m«iT  asiT  ;  ?r*  <nt* «.-,.  | 

Crimes  and  aggravated  misdemeanors  are  summarily  examia. 
sad  redrws.  ^j  ^^  ^^  Sagamore  and  chief  men,  who  prescribe  and  dictate 
what  punishment  shall  be  inflicted  upon  the  guilty.  A  murderer 
according  to  the  statement  of  Neptune  and  Francis,  is  tied  to  a 
tree,  and  there  shot  to  death  by  one  of  the  captains.  Sometimes 
his  life  is  spared  upon  his  engagement  to  support  the  wife,  the  chil- 
dren, or  helpless  relations  of  the  slain ;  yet  doomed  to  be  forever 
en  outcast  from  the  tribe.  This  and  treason  are  the  only  crimes 
among  them,  punishable  with  death.  If  we  may  believe  Capt. 
Francis,—"  Indians  seldom  steal  from  Indians ;"  yet  if  one 
should  be  guilty  of  theft,  Neptune  says,  be  is  tied  l.(:>t  to  a  tree  j 
and  whipped  till  he  confesses,  and  brings  forth  what  he  has  stolen. 

Quarrels  among  them  and  batteries  are  not  uncommon.  An.  j 
tagonists  never  strike.  They  clinch,  and  then  struggle  furiously 
to  throw  each  other  upon  the  ground  ;  when  the  victor  seizes  the 
hair  of  his  fallen  adversary,  wrenches  and  twists  his  neck  violcDt- 
ly  ;  and  sometimes  with  his  heel,  gives  repeated  blows  in  his  face. 
This  is  oftentimes  done  even  in  the  vi  m  ,  and  with  the  approba. 
tion,  of  the  chief  men,  when  they  are  convinced  of  the  sufferer's  I 
villainy. 

If  female  continency  and  chastity,  be  seldom  solicited  or  vio-  j 
lated,  there  have  been  instances  of  lascivious  intercourse,  attend- 
ed with  fearful  evils.     An  affair  of  this  character,  a  few  years  I 
since,  happened  at  a  chief's  camp,  or  hunting  wigwam  in  the  for- 
est, between  his  wife  and  an  under  chief,  when  the  husband  was  | 
absent.     The  shrewd  native,  suspecting  the  crime,  made  her  con. 
fess  it,  and  then  forgave  her;  determining  to  wreak  his  venge-l 
ance  only  on  the  adulterer.     Once  they  met  and  strove  to  take 
each   other's  life,   in  a  combat    with  knives;   nor   were  they 
without  great  difficulty  separated.     These  transactions  occurriog, 
while  the  two  men  were  at  the  head  of  the  Tarratine  tribe,  haTej 
divided  it  into  dire  parties,  who  are  not  yet  reconciled. 

Revenge  is  fully  justified,  as  the  Indians  believe,  in  this  class! 
of  offences ;  and  should  the  blood  of  the  criminal  be  spilt  by  t^e 


Cntr.  XIX.] 


OP  MAINB. 


sot 


rtMier,  Its  voice  could  never  reach  the  ear  of  the  tnbe.     A  a.  d.  ^    \ 
"~B   '  .  .      ••  i«a. 

1^  without  a  marriage  was  never  known  to  occur,  except  in  a  oa-rcm 

Tcry  few  instances,  where  the  putative  father  is  a  white  man  ;  and  "^  «<!»«•• 
dien  the  mother's  former  female  associates  subsequently  avoid 
lier  society^  Some,  however,  suppose  this  causes  more  resent- 
gent  tlian  disgrace.  A  Frenchman,  as  we  are  told,  belonging  to 
tbe  company  of  de  Monts,  used  a  freedom  with  the  daughter  of 
loOpenango  Sagamore,  in  1603;  which  eventuated  in  tlie  man- 
liest appearances  of  her  unchastity.  The  ardent  stranger  was 
willing  to  marry  the  fair  native,  and  she  was  enamored  with  him ; 
but  her  father  objected,  till  the  foreigner  had  evinced  superior 
skill  in  taking  game  or  salmon. 

Among  the  natives,  the  law  of  retaliation  is  considered  a  dic- 
ute  of  nature,  always  justifiable.  The  vile,  tliey  think,  are  de- 
lered  from  the  commission  of  crimes  through  the  perpetual  fear 
of  the  avenger,  if  they  transgress.  An  Indian  was  never  known 
ic  seek  redress  through  the  medium  of  our  laws  and  courts,  for 
loy  injury  done  him  by  one  of  his  tribe.  Nor  was  there  an  in- 
stance, till  quite  lately,  where  a  white  man  ever  sued  an  Indian 
io  a  civil  action.  But  prosecutions  have  frequently  been  instituted 
at  law  upon  complaints,  both  of  the  Englishman  and  the  Indian, 
for  crimes  committed  by  either  against  the  other.    >•        v    •    -^-^^ 

The  trial  and  story  of  Peol  Susup^  so  much  in  point,  may  be  Susup's 
related.  About  sunset,  June  28,  181G,  this  Indian's  turbulence  uiai. 
and  noise,  in  the  tavern  of  William  Knight,  at  Bangor,  became 
intolerable  ;  and  the  inn-keeper  thrust  him  out  at  the  door,  and 
endeavored  to  drive  him  away.  The  Indian,  instantly  turning  in 
a  great  rage,  pursued  him  to  the  steps,  with  a  drawn  knife,  and 
^ve  him  a  deep  wound,  just  below  his  shoulderblade,  of  which 
he  presently  died.  '  >■ 

On  his  arrest,  Susup  frankly  said, — '  I  have  killed  Knight — 
'  and  I  ought  to  die  ;— but  I  was  in  liquor  ;  and  he  abused  me ; 
'or  I  never  had  done  it.'  ^ 

After  an  imprisonment  till  the  June  term  of  the  Supreme  Ju- 
dicial Court,  at  Castliie,  the  subsequent  year  ;  he  was  arraigned 
on  an  indictment  for  murder,  to  which  he  pleaded  not  guilty* 

*  Many  of  bis  own  tribe,  and  several  from  St.  Johns  and  Fassamaqtioddy, 
attended  the  trial.  Among  others,  Susup's  wife  and  four  or  fire  children: 
^Neptune  g^ve  bit  counsel  30  balf  dollars. 


602 


THBHWrORY 


A.  D.  I6IA,  A  day  was  consumed  in  the  trial 

lo  1675.  ' 

8u»up'« 
UiMl. 


Idl«  habiis 
of  the  la* 
diuu. 


amidst  a  concourse,  which 
crowded  the  meeting-bouse ;  and,  according  to  the  position  urged 
by  his  ccunsel,*  the  verdict  was  "  manslaughter." 

The  Court  then  said  to  him — Stwttp,  have  you  any  tkiw  no^ 
to  $ay  for  yourself  9 — •  John  Neptune,'  said  he,  •  will  speak  for 
*  me  :* — ^That  Indian  then  steppeu  forward  from  the  midst  of  hii 
associates,  towards  the  Judges,  and  deliberately  addressed  them 
in  an  impressive  speech  of  several  minutes.  He  spake  in  broken 
English,  yet  every  word  was  distinctly  heard  and  easily  under* 
stood.  His  gestures  were  frequent  and  forcible ;  his  manner 
solemn ;  and  a  breathless  silence  pervaded  the  whole  assembly .~. 
He  began — You  know,  your  people  do  my  Indians  great  deal  of 
wrong. — They  abuse  them  very  much;  yes,  they  murder  then ; 
then  they  walk  right  off- — nobody  touches  them.  This  makes  my 
heart  burn.  Well,  then  my  Indians  say,  we'll  go  kill  your  very 
bad  and  wicked  men.  J^o,  I  tell  'em,  never  do  that  thing;  wt 
are  brothers. — Sometime  ago  a  very  bad  wnnf  about  Boston, 
shot  an  Indian  dead  ; — your  people  said,  surely  fie  should  die ; 
hut  it  was  not  so. — In  the  great  prison-house  he  eats  and  lives  to 
this  day  ;  certain  he  never  dies  for  killing  Indian.  My  brothert 
say,  let  that  bloody  man  go  free  ; — Peol  Susup  too.  So  we  with 
— hope  Jills  the  hearts  of  us  all. — Peace  is  good.  These,  my 
Indians,  love  it  well :  they  smile  under  its  shade.  The  white 
men  and  red  men  must  be  always  friends  ; — the  Cheat  Spirit  it 
our  Father; — I  speak  what  I  feel. 

Susup  was  sentenced  to  another  year's  imprisonment ;  and  re* 
quired  to  find  sureties  for  keeping  the  peace  two  years,  in  the 
penal  sum  of  $500 ;  when  John  Neptune,  and  'Squire  Jo  Meriy 
Neptune,  of  his  own  tribe,  Capt.  Solmond,  from  Passamaquoddy, 
and  Capt.  Jo  Tomer,  from  the  river  St.  John,  became  his  sure- 
ties in  the  recognizance.       'i,c^  V iiiiVft    I.    li^   >.r,i'' 

An  Indian  has  few  inducements  to  industry.  Like  the  wretch- 
ed drones  in  civilized  society,  he  considers  labor  beneath  his 
dignity ;  and  with  him,  time  is  esteemed  of  small  value.  What 
necessity  or  inclination  urges  him  to  undertake    in  seasons  of 

*  Mellen  and  Williamsoa  for  the  priioner. — For  the  gorerntnent,  D, 
Davis,  Solicitor  General. 

f  He  alluded  to  one  Lirermore,  irho  bad  received  sentence  of  death  for 
killingf  an  Indian ;  which  was  commuted  to  hard  labor  for  life  in  the  State'i 
prison. 


♦Smith's  Hist.  p.  3 


CiA».  wx.] 


or  MAINC 


608 


pgaee,  is  leisurely  done  ;  for  though  be  is  never  quiet,  on  bert  a.  d.  I615. 
li/e  is  in  his  estimatioD  the  boon  of  earthly  happiness. 

The  principal  eroployinenis  of  the  men  are  hunting  and  fishing.  Humin)^ 
lo  the  former,  they  discover  great  skill  and  dexterity.  On  the 
inival  of  the  Europeans,  the  natives  used  uooden  traps ;  and 
la  expert  bowman,  it  is  said,  could,  with  his  arrows,  do  execution 
ittlie  distance  of  forty  yards.*  Sometimes  the  young  hunter 
vould  sfaroud  himself  in  tne  skin  of  a  moose  or  other  animal,  and 
creep  towards  the  herd,  imitating  their  looks  and  motions,  till 
1  favorable  moment  offered,  when  he  would  shoot  the  decoyed 
game,  and  dropping  the  disguise,  run  it  down  and  secure  it.  For 
the  purpose  of  taking  a  herd  of  deer,  two  or  three  hundred  men 
have  been  known  to  form  an  association ;  wherein  by  surround- 
ing the  animals  with  fires,  posting  themselves  at  well-chosen 
passes,  and  raising  an  alarm  by  hideous  yells,  they  were  enabled 
to  kill  great  numbers.  Oftentimes,  one  party  would  drive  them  to 
narrow  points  of  land,  or  into  a  river,  amidst  an  ambush,  that 
vould  rise  and  kill  them.  The  time  for  duck  hunting  was  in  the 
month  of  Augu.st,  when  the  flocks  had  shed  their  quills  and 
featliers,  and  their  young  were  fledged  insufiiciently  to  fly.  Ac- 
cording to  the  account  given  of  an  instance  by  Mr.  Penhallow, 
A.  D.  1717,  the  Indians  drove  them  in  such  numbers  into  creeks 
IS  to  be  able  with  their  paddles  and  billets  of  wood  only,  to  kill 
4,600  at  one  time ;  disposing  of  hundreds  to  the  English  at  a 
penny  by  the  dozen,  f 

Birds  were  taken  with  snares,  or  shot  with  arrows.  The  fish 
were  caught  either  by  hook  and  line,  by  entangling  them  in  wears, 
by  dipping  with  scoop-nets,  or  by  striking  them  with  spears.  The 
fish  lines  and  nets  were  constructed  of  deer's  sinews,  the  bark  of 
trees,  or  tough  grass,  spun  into  threads  between  tlie  hands  and 
teeth ;  the  hooks  were  bones  grated  to  a  point  and  bearded.  The 
remains  of  Indian  wears,  constructed  with  large  stones,  are  still 
extant  in  great  Ossipee  river. 

T!ie  lazy  habits  of  the  natives  incline  them  to  travel  as  much ,_.  . 

•'  Their  man- 

as  possible  by  water.  Their  craft  or  boats  are  of  two  kinds.     One  "«'  ingenu- 
is  formed  out  of  a  large  log  excavated,  40  feet  in  length — ^the 
inside  being  burned  and  then  smoothed  by  a  stone  gouge.     The 
other  is  constructed  of  birchen    bark,  so  light,  that  an  Indian 


imm 


iiy. 


♦Smith's  Hist.  p.  32. 


f  1  Coll.  X.  Hamp.  Flist.  Soc.  p.  90. 


THE  HISTORY 


1. 


Their 
weapons. 


604 

A.D.  1CI5,  turning  it  upside  down,  can  travel  with  it  some  miles  upon  his 
head :  yet  it  will  carry  six  men,  and  the  other  about  forty.  Their 
^  axe  was  formerly  made  oi  a  fine  grained  stone,  and  used  by  uieans 

of  a  helve,  fastened  to  the  pole  by  a  withe.  The  chisel  and 
gouge  were  made  of  tlie  same  stone,  the  one  straight  and  the  other 
curved  at  the  edge.  Their  arrow  heads  and  spears,  were  made 
of  flint,  or  the  hardest  stone,  and  shaped  like  the  point  of  a  two 
edged  sword ;  the  former  from  two  to  tliree,  and  the  latter  from 
four  to  ten  inches  in  length.  A  most  curious  article  is  the  stone 
pendant,  shaped  like  a  pear.  In  length,  it  is  three  inches  and  a 
half,  and  four  and  a  half  around  the  bulb.  It  is  too  heavy  for 
the  ears,  too  clumsy  and  ill-shapen  for  a  bosom  ornament,  and 
yet  too  much  wrought  for  any  minor  use.  It  has  been  many 
times  shown  to  the  Indians  of  different  tribes  for  an  exposition  of 
its  use,  without  obtaining  any  satisfactory  information. 

Their  ancient  weapons  of  war  were  only  four  or  five,  the  war- 
club,  the  staff,  the  lance,  the  bow  and  arrows  and  the  target. 

The  war-club,  was  made  of  the  root  or  branch  of  a  tree,  wiih 
a  knot  at  the  end,  for  the  purpose  of  fatal  batteries  in  close  en- 
gagement.  The  staff  or  stake,  resembling  an  espontoon,  was  an 
elastic  pole,  8  or  1 0  feet  in  length,  hardened  by  fire  at  one  end, 
and  designed  to  parry  the  enemy,  or  strike  him  at  short  distances. 
A  much  more  bloody  and  fatal  weapon,  was  the  lance.  It  re- 
sembled the  pickaxe,  and  was  formed  by  inserting  near  one  end 
of  a  short  hand-staff,  at  right  angles,  a  deer's  horn,  or  a  long 
stone  sharpened  at  each  end ;  or  it  was  a  kind  of  pike  sharply 
pointed  with  flint  or  bone.*  By  this,  the  fighter  could  fatally  at- 
tack his  foe,  or  shield  himself  from  return-blows.  The  bow  and 
arrow  were  of  great  use  both  in  war  and  hunting.  The  bow  was 
made  of  the  toughest  elastic  wood,  8  or  10  feet  in  length.  It 
was  only  bent  when  used  to  twang  the  arrows  ;  and  then,  like  that 
of  Ulysses,  it  required  no  feeble  arm  to  bend  it.  An  old  English 
hunter  assures  me,  he  has  sceu  a  bowman  shoot  at  short  distan- 
ces with  the  precision  and  effect  of  a  rifle-man.  The  target  was 
a  shield,  or  breastplate,  not  extensively  used.  The  tomahawk 
and  scalping  knife,  which  strike  the  minds  of  the  English  with 
so  much  horror,  are  sharp-edged  weapons,  of  iron  and  steel, 


•  .Smith's  Hiilorj',  p.  31.— Indian  Wars,  (nnon.)  p.  272. 


ChAF.  XIX.]  'm     OF  MAINE. 

which  have  come  into  use  among  the  Indians,  since  their  acquaint* 
ince  with  the  Europeans.  »i^'»  "^Vrffm  &.-. 

They  enter  upon  war  with  the  utmost  deliberation.  The  Sag- 
imore  meets  his  Indian  warriors  in  council ;  n  great  (ire  is  kin> 
died  ;  and  he  addresses  the  assemhlafi;e  fully  upon  the  important 
subject.  Becoming  acquainted  with  their  determination,  he  takes 
up  a  circuitous  march,  while  he  sings  a  war  song;  endeavoring 
to  arouse  and  kindle  >their  patriotic  ardor  to  the  greatest  height. 
In  war,  a  largess  of  services,  among  the  Abcnaques  and  Tarra- 
tines,  is  tendered  to  their  Sagamores  ;  but  among  the  Mickmaks, 
the  Sagamore  being  more  absolute,  levied  a  kind  of  tribute  upon 
bis  people,  at  pleasure."* — The  fortifications  of  the  natives  were 
isvlums  merely,  for  old  men,  women  and  children,  surrounded 
by  palisadoes  without  bastions,  where  they  tarried  when  the 
warriors  were  absent.  It  was  not  their  policy  to  face  the  enemy 
in  the  open  field  ;  but  in  skulking,  stratagem  and  ambush,  they  dis- 
played their  superior  arts  of  war.  They  choose  by  stealth  to 
wind  their  way  under  the  covert  of  darkness,  within  shot  of  their 
fee,  when  their  leader,  at  break  of  day,  gives  the  signal,  by  a 
flint  hollow  shout ;  and  the  whole  body  instantly  raising  a  most 
frightful  war-whoop,  and  rushing  upon  their  enemies  with  the 
usiml  yell,  ho !  ho  !  ho  ! — scalp  and  kill  after  all  resistance  ceases. 
In  victory  or  success,  they  exult  extravagantly,  in  dances,  feasts 
and  shouts  of  triumph.  They  fight  for  the  public  good,  without 
remuneration  ; — scalps,  booty,  trophies,  and  a  return  without  loss, 
constituting  the  glory  of  the  expedition. '     '''•/•  «    • 

Bnt  wealth  with  them  is  of  inconsiderable  value,  except  for 
present  use.  They  are  no  misers — though  precious  metals  are 
iheir  most  valued  ornaments.  Their  wigwams  are  mere  shelters, 
ind  nothing  more.  Ail  in  their  estimation,  which  give  worth  to 
their  lands,  are  their  hunting  grounds ;  some  small  patches  for  cul- 
ture, and,  since  the  arrival  of  the  Europeans,  the  timber  of  the 
forests  and  other  spontaneous  productions  of  nature.  The  trade 
with  them  has  consisted  in  a  barter  of  furs  and  peltries,  at  "  truck 
houses"  and  forts,  established  and  regulated  by  laws.  They 
never  had  any  other  domestic  animals  than  dogs  ;f  no  several 

'Jeffrey*,  p.  66,  80.— Indian  Wars,  (anon.)  p.  269. 

I  Wolf-dogk  nrc  laid  to  be  the  ofliprinf;;  of  tho  Tox  tnd  tho  wolf.— 3  Bclk. 
fiiof.  p.  130—1.  The  InduDi  had  ou  domestic  fowlt.— 1  Cull.  J4iut,  HuL 
^^  p.  tlS. 

Vot    1.  ftl 


606 

A.  D.  1615, 

Jo  1678. 


Thfir  war. 
fare. 


Thfir 
wenlth  and 
Wampam. 


*» 


606 


THE  HISTORY 


[Vol. 


."i. 


A.  D.  16IA,  property,  which  was  not  portable  in  every  situation  and  mo?e- 

lo  1675.  ,  -      _,,  , 

ment;  and  no  money  except  wampam.  This  was  an  article 
wrought  out  of  shells,  found  upon  the  coasts  of  New-England 
and  Virginia,  and  formed  into  beads, — all  of  a  vivid  color  re> 
sembling  pearls.  Each  "  eye,"  or  bead,  was  of  a  cylindrical  form, 
about  one  4th  of  an  inch  in  length,  smaller  than  a  pipe-stem,  and 
fluted  through  the  centre,  large  enough  to  receive  a  strong  thread. 
They  were  of  two  varieties,  the  white  and  the  black  or  rto/e(; 
the  former  was  double  in  value  ot  the  latter,  and  rated  at  t 
farthing  ap'ece, — now  at  a  cent ;  and  both,  in  1643,  were  by  a 
colony  law  made  a  tender,  in  all  debts  tmder  40  shillings.  Ten 
thousand  of  these  beads  are  not  unfrequently  wrought  into  a 
single  belt,  four  inches  in  width,  and  from  two  to  three  feet  in 
length.  Wampam  is  with  Indians,  the  pearl  of  great  price.  It 
is  interwoven  into  every  part  of  their  better  dress ;  it  is  their 
money  ;  it  is  used  as  an  interchange  or  token  of  the  highest  re- 
spect, f'  ...■  .  ••  *  v/i  -  i  'i 
Kiatu.  The  natives  have  their  songs  of  war,  of  sociality,  and  of  wor- 
ship. But  none  of  their  usages  are  more  general,  than  their 
feasts  and  dances  on  special  occasions,  such  as  war,  victory, 
peace,  marriage,  and  social  meetings.  !n  the  war-dance,  and  it  is 
believed,  in  that  of  victory,  the  females  being  the  devotees  of 
peace,  never  take  a  part :  otherwise  they  are  as  fond  of  this 
amusement  and  exercise,  as  the  other  sex.  .^    ,  •  -r'. 

Samuel  Champlain  was  present  at  an  entertainment,  in  true 
native  style,  A.  D.  1G03,  attended  by  the  Algouquins,  Eteche- 
,  „  mins,  and  Mountaineers  ;t — the  particulars  of  which  give  a  fair 
,,I,,,,  ,  ipecimen  of  similar  scenes.  The  Algonquin  Sagamore,  Ama- 
dabison,  who  made  the  feast,  took  his  seat  between  two  perpen- 
dicular poles,  on  which  were  suspended  their  enemies'  heads 
taken  in  w  ar ;  and  all  the  guests  were  sc&tcd  aroinid  next  tiie 
walls  of  the  great  cubin,  armed  with  n  kind  of  hard-wood  spear, 
or  dirk.  To  amuse  the  company,  a  young  Indian  took  his  dog, 
and,  flourishing  around  the  boiling  kettles  of  venison,  .seven  or 
eight  in  nunibrr,  danced  from  one  to  nnother  of  the  attendants, 
and  when  coming  to  tiie  Sagamore,  he  gave  llic  dog  a  twirl  upon 
his  back,   and  retook  his  place.     He  was  followed  by  others 

*  Wampampray. — Pnnrr,  p.  I7fl. 

t  Purrhni,  p.  M8 — M6.  — Tlir  mm  only  nhotie. 


ClAF.  XIX.]  OP  MAINE.  507 

equtlly  expert  in  the  same  feats.  All  with  festive  mirth  partook  a.  o.  m$ 
of  the  repast ;  and  afterwards  some  fold  stories,  others  sang,  and  '* 
several  danced,  with  their  enemies'  heads  in  their  hands.  The 
jodians  of  Amadabison  then  arranged  and  seated  before  him, 
"their  women  and  maids,  in  ranks  ;"  who  suddenly  sprang  up,  as 
the  men  stood  singing  behind  tlit<m,  and  casting  off  their  man- 
tles of  fur  and  other  articles  of  dress,  except  their  beads,  sang 
and  danced  till  quite  exiuiusied  ; — when,  the  whole  in  concert 
shouted,  he  !  he  !  he  ! — and  resumed  their  mantles  and  their  seats. 
After  a  short  respite,  the  Sagamore  arose  and  addressed  the 
iltechemins  and  Mountaineers,  urging  them  to  partake  in  the 
festal  and  social  joy;  when  suddenly  the  whole  company  repeated 
loudly  the  same  shout ; — every  one,  divesting  himself  of  his 
mantle,  or  outer  garment,  joined  in  the  general  dance  ;  the  guests, 
at  the  close,  seizing  something  at  hand,  such  as  beads,  flesh,  or 
other  article,  and  presenting  it  to  the  Algonquins.  The  entertain- 
ment was  closed  with  foot-races,  in  which  two  of  each  nation 
nrere  competitors ;  the  victors  being  rewarded  with  presents. 

The  principal  amusnnionts  of  the  natives  are  dancing  ;*  foot-  Amuw. 
races;  wrestling;  quoits;  chequLrs ;  and  among  the  boys,  bat 
and  ball.  In  summer,  when  the  weather  is  fair  and  warm,  both 
jexes  bathe  daily.  At  chequers,  the  older  Indians  are  so  expert, 
u  boldly  to  challenge  the  most  skilful  white  men  to  the  game. 
Smoking  tobacco  is  another  habit  and  amusement,  to  which  both 
sexes  are  strongly  attached.  Among  familiar  friends,  the  lighted 
pipe  sometimes  passes  around,  from  one  to  another,  like  a  cup  of 
drink ;  each  taking  a  few  whifs,  in  general  conviviality.  The 
talumetf  is  the  pipe  of  peace.  Its  boll  is  usually  made  of  a  soft 
reddish  stone  ;  and  its  stem,  about  two  feet  in  length,  is  of  the 
hardest  wood,  oftentimes  curiously  ornamented.  To  smoke  from 
it  is  proverbial  of  mutual  friendship  and  peace.  Like  the  seal 
to  a  contract,  or  the  sanction  of  a  promise ; — it  is  used  as  a  pledge 
of  faith  and  fidelity — and  ever  considered  sacred. 

The  manners  of  the  Indians  are  such  as  might  be  expected  ;  Thfir  mu- 
being  the  untutored — the  unpolished   children  of  nature.     They  ""** 
always  enter  a  house  without  knocking,  if  the  door  be  unfastened, 
and  take  scats  without  being  requested.     Nay,  it  was  not  unusual, 


*  Oldmixon,  p.  1ft. — llo  aayi  the  femalet  are  particularly  fond  of  daociof. 
t  i  CbarlcToix,  p.  Ill,  197,  4M.  497. 


508 


THE  HISTORY 


[Vol. 


I. 


A  D  1610,  in  earlier  times,  when  they  wished  lo  tvarra,  or  be  sheltered  from 
the  storm,  to  burst  in  the  bolted  door  of  the  white  man,  at  any 
hour  in  the  night,  and  tarry  until  it  was  their  pleasure  to  deptirt. 
On  meeting,  they  nod  the  head,  are  very  fond  of  shaking  hands, 
and  prefer  to  be  saluted  with  the  endearing  appellations,  or  names 
of  brother  or  sister.*  Tlie  Indians  seldom,  in  token  of  'espect 
uncover  their  heads,  or  remove  their  hats  or  caps,  except  in  times 
of  religious  worship.  What  renders  their  visits  less  irksome,  is 
the  haste  they  commonly  manifest;  though  they  have  no  particular 
object  of  pursuit.  Not  many  of  them  can  speak  English  well 
enough  to  be  readily  understood  ;  and  they  arc,  with  a  few  excep- 
tions,f  never  very  frank  to  converse,  or  to  communicate  any  facts 
concerning  their  tribe.  Both  sexes,  so  far  as  they  fall  under  the 
observation  of  the  English,  are  truly  the  patterns  of  modesty; 
and  instances  of  violence,  offered  to  females  or  children  are  seU 
dom  known. 

Names  given  or  assumed  among  them,  as  among  the  ancient 
Hebrews,  arc  significant  of  some  event,  incident,  or  interesting 
object  in  nature.  The  child  inherits  no  name  of  its  parents,  nor 
does  a  woman  change  hers  when  she  marries.  They  are  fond 
of  titles  ;  and  Indian  warriors  are  sometimes  rewarded,  like  Ro* 
man  heroes,  by  new  or  appendant  names,  expressive  of  their 
achievements.. 

Past  events  are  celebrated  in  song  ;  the  tablets  of  memory  are 
their  only  records ;  and  intellectual  improvement  is  never  an  ob- 
ject of  Indian  solicitude.  One  can  hardly  conceive  of  a  people 
more  destitute  of  what  tlie  enlightened  parts  of  the  world  would 
deem  necessary  to  society  and  the  comforts  of  life.  A  few  sim- 
ple implements  of  daily  use,  a  few  weapons  of  war,  a  few  articles 
of  apparel,  are  the  principal  specimens  of  their  ingenuity.    They 


Names, 


Improve- 

ineiiu. 


♦  Tltal  is, '  r/urt  nefiliecr,^  liow  do  you  »lo,  my  brotlicr  ? 

f  Aittcon,  the  chief,  cannot  speak  Enjiflish  with  facility  j  but  JohnXcp- 
tune  ami  Capl.  Frnnvin  can  pronounce  t!ic  lanttiapft  protly  freely— and 
both  nro  roinmuiiicativu  and  intcliip^oiit.  Neptune  lus  tlio  hiq^h  clicrk 
boner,  the  copper  color,  the  larq;e  muscular  frAmc,  indeed,  all  the  featiirei 
and  appearance  of  the  tiuc  Indian  race.  I5ut  Francis  is  BU[)poscd  to  be  u 
descrnilant  of  Castinc  or  FOMU"  other  Froiichman.  Ho  is  Its*  of  stature, 
more  talkative,  and  more  Rmilinj  than  mnst  othcni.  /Jn^/»*/»  Mary  was  so 
called  hecauie  of  her  beauty,  her  correct  Innpuagc,  and  her  amiable  man- 
ner«.  The  awkwnnlnci^  of  her  lister*  liui  been  known  in  tome  initancei 
lo  be  a  proat  morfifiralion  to  her. 


Ch***  ***•]  OP  MAINE.  -5(jg 

ire  entire  stfangen  to  the  education,  which  imbues  ttie  mind  a  d.  1610^ 

liifa  moral  and  religious  principles,  tnd  fills  it  with  knowledge,**'**'** 
Lwbich  refines  the  sentiments  and  affections,  and  polishes  the 
I  gaoners. 

Tlieir  genius  is  principally  mechanical ;  and  they  hsve  some  Art*  and 
j^  taste  for  tlie  fine  arts.*     A  few  specimens  of  their  sculpture  °'"*"" 

jg  stone  and  wood,  are  striking  miniature-resemblances  of  men, 
hewts,  birds  and  fish.  In  Wells,  has  been  found  a  long  stone 
Leslie,  the  end  of  which  has  the  form  of  a   "  serpent's  head," 

fell  imitated.  They  sketch,  with  considerable  ingenuity,  the  pic- 
lares  of  animals,  upon  different  substances, — sometimes  upon 
I  jeir  vessels  and  the  bolls  of  their  pipes.f  As  an  emblem  of  the 
Ijefices  in  heraldry,  the  Indian's  signature  always  resembles  some 
lioimal,  which  he  selects,  and  adopts,  and  never  changes.  The 
latives,  especially  the  females,  have  good  voices  and  an  ear  for 
Ijttsic.  According  to  an  account  in  Pring's  Voyage,  A.  D.  1603, 
jiey  danced  excessively,  around  a  youth  of  the  crew,  playing 
lijjon  a  guitar.  Some  Indians  will  play  tolerably  upon  a  violin ; 
Iffid  in  their  great  dances,  the  time  is  kept  by  a  light  beat 
a  drum,  usually  accompanied  by  a  vocal  tune.  Their  war 
liongs  are  solos,  with  tones  of  voice  rough  and  harsh ;  their 
Itirols  are  more  musical ;  and  their  church  chantings,  in  modem 
liines,  are  imitative  of  the  catholic  forms  of  praise. | 

The  natives  have  ascertained  the  true  q'.ialities  of  many  herbs,  Mrriimi 
||liDts,  barks  and  roots ;  and  prescribe  remedies  for  every  mala-  '""'**''«•■ 
IIt  with  which  the  human  body  is  attacked.     Fevers  are  cured 
|r  sweating  the  patient  in  a  close  wigwam,  with  the  steam  of  wa- 

pr,  raised  by  means  of  heated  stones,  and  then  plunging  him 

lioia  a  cold  bath.     Blisters  are  raised  by  certain  kinds  of  bark, 

und  upon  the  skin.     Sores  are  cured  by  warm  medicaments ; 

lies,  by  hot  vegetable  steam  ;  spasms  and  pleurisies,  by  sudo- 
Ji6(s;  and  diarrhoea  by  astringents.    '■  ■  '« 

In  these  practices,  and  in  some  useful  arts,  wc  have  been  the 


'SmiOt'i  Ilht.  p. '2i0, — He  suys,  among;  these  Eastern  I'ribcs,  "their 
hrts,  games,  music,  attire  anu  bnriais,"  differ  iiltio  from  tlioscin  Virginia. 

jTiicy  paint  tiicir  facek,  tLuugii  without  much  taste  or  feUiil.— I  Coll.  Jt. 
M.  Sue.  p.  61. 

'.A  ipccimea  of   Mickmalc  music. — Tamija,   nlU-luya,  tnmija    dure- 

sAau,  Anu,  ht,  hf. ; — the  two  last  notca  \\<rc  repealed  by  the  whole  com- 
|>\Tiag[raDd  chorus.— O/dmi'xon,  p.  23-t.  ^>    „„,  ^, 


610  THE  HISTORY  [Vot.  i, 

A.  D.  1615,  copyists  of  the  Indians.    We  have  learned  from  them,  to  form  I 
£ii^' i^. aud  use  the  scoop  net;  the  cylindrical  baskets,  for  eel-6shery 
Uw'i'iKiiaM  *"^  *"°^  shoes,  or  rackets,  in  winter  travelling  ;  to  lure  and  catcJil 
fish   by  torchlight ;  to  preserve  vegetables  from  frost  by  buryinir I 
.^,  ,;    them  in  the  sand  ;  meat  from  taint  by  putting  it  into  snow,  or  dry. 
ing  it  in  the  smoke;  and  to  dress  leather  with  the  brains  of  ani- 
mals,  so  as  to  give  it  a  peculiar  pliancy  and   softness.     Their | 
homony  consisted  of  corn  broken  in  tt  mortar  and  boiled.    Theirl 
samp  was  whole  corn  hulled  by  scalding  water,  a  little  impregna-l 
ted  with  lie.     Their  nokehike   was  corn  parched  and  pounded,  f 
Suckatash  was  composed  of  corn  in  the  milk,  and  green  beans— 
a  very  palatable  dish.     Tin?  broth  of  a  boiled  bass-head,  thick- 
ened with  homony,  was  called  upaquontop.     They  taught  us  howl 
we  might  heathfully  repose  with  the  feet  to  the  Bre,  after  expo.! 
sure  in  the  open  air  ;  and  how  to  raise  maize,  or  Indian  corn,*} 
'       by  manuring  the  soil  with   fisli,  planting  it  when  the  leaf  of  the 
white  oak  is  *'  big  as  a  mouse's  ear,"  and  hoing  it  in  hills.    Tol 
subdue  a  tree  they  bruised   the  bark  at  the  surface  of  the  earth,! 
and  scorched  ils  roots  with  fire,  till  it  w  nild  grow  no  more.  Tlieyl 
beat  up  and  mellowed  the  ground  with  a  stone  or  wooden  hoe; 
and  planted  (our  kernels  of  corn,  and  two  beans  in  a  hill;  and  I 
scattered  among  them  pumpkins  and  squashes. 

The  Indians  have  no  schools ;  nor  till  the    Europeans  camel 
among  them,  had  they  any  idea  of  reading,  writing,  or  arithmetic. 
Attempts  have  been  often  made  to  teach  them  letters;   and  iDi 
the  present  age  there  are  found  among  the  eastern  Indians  several, 
who  can  read  a  little  and  write  their  names.     But  children  un- 
disciplined at  home,  submit  to  school-government  with  great  re- 
luctance.     To   mention   an   instance ; — the   English   teacher  atl 
Pleasant-point  tells  me,  that  because  he  gave  an  Indian  scholarl 
a  blow  over  the  shoulder  with  a  bush,  he  leaped  out  at  the  window,| 
and  in  a  minute,  there  was  not  one  remaining  in  the  house,  ex- 
cept the  Instructer :  when  a  sturdy  brother  of  the  Indian  boy, I 
forthwith  rushed  in,  brandishing  a  drawn  knife  with  violent  men- 
aces.    Parents  have  no  ambition  to  have  their  children  school- 
ed, and  are  unwilling  to  have  them  live  in  English  families.fl 

•  Indian  Corn,  or  "  Maize"  was  called  by  the  natives,  "  Weachin."— D.I 
JftaVttJ^.  E.  p.  069.— The  Indians  ate  the  <<  entrails  of  Moose,  Deer,  Bean,! 
<*— and  of  fiih,  and  snakes thfcy  were  particularly  fond."— //.  7rumiwri| 
Inditm  Wan,  p.  91.  t  R«t.  El>j*h  Kelloc;. 


Edaealion. 


*!Jcp  Ante,  Chap,  xv 
tit  VIM  I'join  the  n;it 
N  name,  Alavooihen, 
149,— The  Indians  w. 
naquotldy,  speak  the 
!7  Coll.  Mass.  Hist. 
?Rall«'B  Vocabulary. 


Chat.  x«.] 


OP  MAKVE. 


$m 


The  thought!  of  labor,  restraint  and  discipline,  fill  them  with  ex- ad.  ISM^ 
trtme  i^neasiness  and  anxiety;  and  they  are  always  perplexed 
litb  fears,  that  the  power  of  custom  and  fashion,  might  change         4  *. 
1 1^  manners  of  their  children  and  alienate  ihem  from  the  tribe. 

Id  the  use  of  language,  or  arbitrary  signs  of  ideas,  the  east- imiinn U«. 
|(m  natives  compare  with  all  other  human  beings.  They  have^"'"'*" 
U(ir  dialects,  though  no  one  tribe  ever  had  an  alphabet.  To 
jgrent  the  signs  of  words,  was  an  ingenious  thought,  which  never 
atered  their  hearts ;  and  nothing  mortal  can  be  the  subject  of 
I  more  perpetual  change,  than  a  language  never  written — never 
I  Induced  to  letters. 

All  the  dialects  of  the  Abenaques  and  Etechemins  as  previous- 

|lr shewn,*  possessed  such  an  affinity  and   similarity,  as  enabled 

liliose  of  different  tribes  to  converse  together  without  difficulty.f 

Vocabularies  as  well  as  facts  and  circumstances  confirm  this  truth. 

-One  of  these  word-books,  was  compiled  by  Ralle,  the  French 

lesiiit,  who  lived  among  the  Canibas  Indians  26  years,  posterior 

1 1693  ;J  another  by  the  Rev.  Ammi  R.  Cutter,  commander  of 

le  fort,  and  keeper  of  the  trading  house  at  Saco,  subsequent  to 

hi  dismissal  from  his  charge  at  North-Yarmouth,  A.   D.    1 735  ; 

lind  a  third,  by  Rev.  Daniel  Little,  minister  of  Kennebunk,   and 

Imissionary  to  the  Etechemins,   after  the  war  of   the  revolution. 

IThese  are  all  said  to  be  preserved  ;§  though  that  of  Ralle,  being 

Id  French   orthography,  is  rather  a  book  of  curiosity  than  of 

So  far  as  the  language  of  these  natives  has  submitted  to 
Ijrammatical  parts  of  speech,  and  the  etymologies,  inflexions,  and 
Itombinations  of  words  are  known,  it  has  many  evident  peculiari- 
liies,  It  has  no  article  ;  for  a  or  an^  they,  like  the  Romans,  use 
\m;  and  for  the,  this  or  that.  Nor  have  they  any  single  word, 
liv  which  to  distinguish  the  gender  of  nouns  or  pronouns.  The 
jTarraiines  say,  A''cnh,  1 ;  Keah,  thou  or  you  ;  Ileckomah,  he  or 
Xeonah,   we ;   Acoumah,  they.     Their  modes  and  tenses 


'See  Aiilc,  Cliap.  xvii. — 

fllwas  Irom  the  natives,  that  llic  extensive  region   of  Maine,   received 
luenamc,  Alavooihrn,  or  Jhiuooehcn.  —  Purchat,  [>.  939.-2  Ihlk.  Jiiog. 
,149.— The  Indians  sny>  *  tlic  tribcH,  at  the  river  St.  Joim,  and  at  Vat- 
Tiiquoildy,  speak  the  came  dialects.' 

t*  Coll.  Mass.  Hibl.  Soc.  p.  254 New  Scries.  }  Sullivan,  p.  26ft. 

?Rall«'»  Vocabulary,  In  I.ibrarj'  of  llnrv.  l^niver«ily. 


loli57y 
Indiiin  Ian 


-«♦  Ml..' 


6U  THE  HISTORY  C^WU  1.1 

A.  9. 1616,  arc  quite  defectivs.    nHieir  inflexions  of  verbs  to  the  persons  are! 
by  prefixes,  suffixes,  and  changes,  thus : — AemonrJle,*  J  umlk  \ 
Keamounche,  you  walk  ;  Heckotnah'tnounchu,  he  wUh ;  A>ou< 
nahi-^''muchepowneak,   we  walk;    Arowaah-mauU-cluUck,   fAei 
walk.\     They  never  use  adjectives  in  the  degrees  of  compari- 
son ; — an  Indian  prefix,  equivalent  to  rery,  being  their   qualifyinii 
term.     Land  they  call  keag ;  to  which  they  prefix   other  words 
and  form  the  names  of  their  rivers.     Penops-Keag,  means  rockn 
land  ;  Cundi-keag,   leg-land  ;  Medawani'-keag,  ripples  or  peh 
bles-land.j: 

*  Ch  has  its  proper  sound  always  whon  used  ;  never  like  k. 

f  In  Molicjjan,  jy^piCmfieh,  I  walk ;  k''pumseli,  thou  or  you  walk ;  pr«mi».| 
too,  A«  or  site  walks. — Dr.  Edward*. — In  Openango,  J^nfmsek,  I  vaU* 
L'moosch,  Ihou,  he  or  she  walks ;  JU^unclunih^  we  or  you  walk;  M'sa'-tcch  i 
thpj'  walk. 

I  Tljcsc  might  be  indefinitely  multiplied.     Passamaquoddy,  in  Indiaol 
orthography,  is  Pascodum   [pollock}  o(^uon    [calcfi'em  great  many]  keag 
[teiMZl.'tJ  .*"*■■'>(   y'-    ^f'^ii'^nl  ■mmitJ  -yit  jHtuir;  •r.jn  '. 
'  Th^  manner  ot  counting,  ivi  a  Civf  inlportant  Words  and  expres.sioDi| 
will  sliow  us  the  aHinity  an:!  repugnance  of  diflbrent  dialects. 


English. 

TARUATI^E. 

MOHEGAN.                   ViRGIMAN. 

One, 

Pez-a-qtin, 

N'quct,                    Neciit, 

Two,     ■•■I" '■ '• 

Neice, 

Neese,        ■'  ■'     Ningh, 

Throe,    .  •. 

Noss, 

Nish,         1-  ,    i    Nuff, 

Four,      ,,!,,j 

Yenou, 

.1,3^   .„>  .,.:  ,;.     Yowgh, 

Five, 

Polenes-q, 

Napanna,               Paranske, 

Six, 

Nequitcnce, 

Quiitta,                  Comotinch, 

Seven, 

TomboTvencc, 

Edana,                    Toppawoss, 

Eiffht,   rlri!  1. 

Sonsiick, 

Shwosuck,              Nusswash, 

Nine,     ^-.^.i^, 

Nour-lee', 

Paskugit,                Kehatawgb, 

Ten,        ^    . 

Med&ira, 

Pruck.      ,'. .;        Kaskeke.; 

Eleven,    '' 

Nogudouncow, 

V        •             ■                                   " 

Twelve, 

Neicc-uncow, 

AiV  1--    V5  •!..       . 

Twenty, 

Ne(-ins-ca, 

"^        '            Virginian. 

QOQ  hundred 

Nogudatcqua, 

1  1  vi>.        Necuttoughtyiinough, 

Ouc  thousand. 

Nogudiinqui 

?«ccuttweunquaongh. 

Heaven,  Spumkcag,  Tarraline ; — Tlio  heavens,  Keesuck,  Jflohegan; 
Spemenkako'uin,  Algonquin.  God,  Chenec-wusqne  ; — Same  among;  a!l| 
the  Etechemin /rtbci.  Father,  Meetungus,  Tarraline.  Nosh,  my /a//i<r,[ 
Conh,  thy  father.,  JVohegan.  Nooch ,  my  father ;  Gooch,  thy  father,  Lel.;\ 
and  Nousce,  Algonquin.  Boy,  Skcenooses,  Tarraline ;  Wuskeene,  Nok-\ 
gan;  Pilawetschitsch,  Delaware.  A  man  (a)  Sanumbee,  Tarraline;  K'ninJ 

(a)  Mickmak,  Kessona ;  Virginian,  Ncmarough,  [a  man],  "  One  whitel 
man,"  is  expressed  in  the  Tarraline  language  by  "  Ouanooch ;— While! 
nan*s  shoes,  by  <•  Ou-a-noocb-wank-seh-nah  ;'* — and  how  do  youdo?br| 


Chat,  xix.")  or  aiainb.  nr  til 8 

In  their  first  endeavors  to  pronounce  tiic   world  Engliikf  they  a.  D.  km, 
uttered  the  sound,  "  Yengees,"  whence  is  the  term  Yankeet.*       uoumiam. 
The  similarity  apparent  in  the  dialects  of  our  three  Etechemin  8""««-    -n 
tribes,  tliough  great,  is  not  wiiliout  raa«»r  discrepancies.     For  in- 
stance, among  the  Tarratines,  chn-ee  is  yes  ;  aun'tahy  no.     But 
among  the  Openangos,  and  JMarechites,  choh,  is  used   for  ye» ; 
and  scaud,  for  no  or  not.f    ■^rjfn«!-.'rtfi'.nr  -    ;  .if  •  v  .,  -,, . 

To  resolve,  or  analyze  a  language,  is  an  exercise,  requiring 
ioog  and  deep  reflection,  critical  knowledge,  and  profound  logic  ; 
of  wliicii  the  natives  have  not,  in  regard  to  either,  the  most  distant 
notions.  Their  dialects  were  the  dictates  of  nature.  Letters, 
jrammar,  composition  and  style,  were  subjects  among  them, 
nhich  admit  of  no  improvement.  Their  language,  in  appearance 
when  written,  resembles  short  hand,  or  laconic  phrases.|  Many 
of  their  words  are  long  ;  one  answering  for  several  in  the  English 
tongue.     The  sounds  of  some  vowels  in  the  alphabet,  are  often 


Mohegnn;  A\i»h\ai^c,  Algonquin ;  l^no,  Delaware.  Brother,  Necchuea, 
Tarratine ;  ^isan'icli,  Jllgonquin ;  Skmetcli,  Mickmak.  Sun,  Keezoose, 
Tarratine;  Kees\s,  Algonquin  ;  Kecsongh,  Mohegan.  Fire,  Sfjuitta,  Tar- 
ratine ;  Scoute,  Algonquin ;  Pockatawer,  Virginian.  Hair,  Peersoo,  Tar- 
niine;  lAssis,  or  lAssy,  Algonquin;  M'llach,  Delaware, 

*  Ileclvcwcldcr. 

tTlic  Lord's  prayer,  in  the  Tarratine  dialect  follows,  which  Gapt.  Francii, 
and  Capt.  Jo  Dclislos  and  others,  agree  in  saying,  is  very  much  so  ex* 
jircsscd  by  the  Indians  at  St.  John's  and  Passamaqiioddy. — Mctunk^senah, 
iiir  Father;  Ouw<Vnc,  who  is  there;  spiim'kcag-aio,  up  in  heaven;  kec'- 
iiiick,  adored  be  ;  tle-we-sch\  thij  name  ;  keah^-daber-dock,  Ihy  kingdom  ; 
iiutv-do'-seh,  cnme ;  Uoali'-olot-haiit  la-mon-a,  My  will ;  num-ah-zec^  let  it  bt 
time;  m'se-tah'-niah,  over //ic  u7io/c  cflr</t ;  t'hah-lah-wce'-kcunah,  like  at; 
spumkeag-aio,  uj)  in  fcravfn  /  mc-lca'-neh,  give ;  nco^nah,  ut ;  ne-quem- 
pc-b(;in-gccs'o'coque, /o-(?ay;  inajc'rne,  every;  gees' -cool,  day;  ar*<ben, 
bmul;  mus-see-a'tos'scc, />ar(/on ;  neo'nah,  us;  coin-moont^en-esk-sock^ 
our  trespasses;  't-hah-lah-wee'-keunah, /ifte  as  ;  nuin-e-se-comele'eot,  ue 
forgive  [pardon]  ;  tah-hah'-la-wc-u-kcali-ma-che-ke^cheek,  all  wrong  do* 
m;  a-qiic-he\ /('(k/ u«  no<  /  a-que-ali-lah  ke-mc-sah' coque,  into  tftnptofion  ; 
n'gali'nc,  hut;  nnma-zec",  rfc/ircr  or  toAre  ;  nca'nah,  u*;  nco'je.yVom;  saw- 
got,  evil  things ;  wou-saw'-me,  because;  kcali-dabcld'-ock,  the  kingdom; 
cgo-mah',  is ;  krel-o-ah\  thine ;  noa'chce,  the  power ;  donc-ahUe,  and  [alsci]  ; 
bazoos',  glory ;  ncali'lcts,  forever ;  quos -que,  amen. 

\  There  arc  some  v'cttiges  of  hieroglyphics,  amon^  the  Mickmaks  and 
some  other  tribes. — Sargenf.  and  Barton^  p.  19. 


I'.ih-que-num-se-cld".    The  Mohawks,  to  avoid  closing  the  lips,  when  talk- 
inj,  say,  for  amen,  nicfn.— /)r.  Edwa)ds.  p.  10. 

Vol..  I.  68 


6ll  TH«HliW!lW  ,.     [Vol.,. 

A.D.  I6U,  repeated ;  others  and  several  of  our  consonants  are  'quite  rarely 
MiMiu.  ""**•    '^^^  accentuation,   contrary  to  the  English  rule  and 
r>*s*'       usage,  is  thrown  as  far  as  possible  from  the  first  syllable ;  yet 
their  emphasis  and  cadences  are  natural,  easy  and  forcible. 

Unacquainted  with  literature  and  the  arts,  their  language  is  far 
from  being  copious.  Like  that  of  other  nations,  its  adaptation 
is  to  their  wants,  their  employments,  and  manners.  But  it  has 
strength ;  it  is  simple  and  lofty ;  and  in  sound,  it  is  soft  and 
grateful  to  the  ear.  So  easy  is  it  of  utterance,  in  their  mouths  • 
that  though  many  of  their  words  are  not  pronounced  by  the  English 
without  difficulty  and  exertion,  the  natives  speak  the  longest  and 
hardest  of  them,  with  a  careless  and  even  a  graceful  facility. 
V  Their  expressions  are  pertinent,  and  their  sentiments  full  of 

reason  and  good  sense.  To  supply  the  want  of  woids,  they 
make  a  free  and  appropriate  use  of  similes  and  other  figures  of 
speech ;  which  give  to  their  addresses,  on  special  occasions,  a 
peculiar  originality  and  boldness.^  They  are  sometimes  eloquent. 
Their  gestures  are  frequent  and  forcible,  and  their  modulations 
of  voice  are  correspondent  to  their  sentiments. 


WjVts*'-*!/!^  i! 


*  Mr.  Manacb,  a  French  priest,  who  lived  among  (he  Micktnaks  40  yean, 
or  more,  prior  to  1763,  learned  their  langaage  and  declared  himself  quite 
enamored  with  its  beauties. 


-  >  •■  • 

•i  «♦    -:■ 


f.     « •  • .  .  1 


CaAT.  zx.] 


OP  MAINE. 


6ia 


m 


■■'■■■•  •     --^JWU'  i*i*i 


i*-4l/ 


CHAPTER  XX. 


fiing  r'liKp^s  war — The  Eastern  Stigamores — Causes  of  the  war — 
The  house  of  Mr.  Purchas  robbed — Wakejield't  family  de- 
itroyed — Skirmish  at  New-Meadows — Attack  on  Saco — Scar- 
borough  burnt — Wincoln's  expedition  to  Saco — Disasters  at  New 
ichawannock — Forts  at  Sagadahock — The  Indians  in  that  quar- 
ter disturbed — Pacified  by  Mr.  Shurte — An  expedition  eastward — 
Bloody  skirmish  at  Newichawannock — Plaisted  and  his  sons  kill- 
ed— Attack  on  Sturgeon-creek  and  Wells — Affairs  of  the  war— 
A  truce — Oeneral  warrants — A  parley  at  Teconnet — Casco  and 
Arrowsick  laid  wcute — Pemaquid  burnt — Troops  at  Dover — The 
sham  fight — Casco  revived  and  Fort  Loyal  founded — Cape  Ned- 
dick  destroyed — Scuo  fort  surrenders — Mugg's  treaty— War  re- 
newed— Waldron's  and  Frost's  expedition  to  Mare-point — Saga- 
dahock cuid  Pemaquid — Skirmishes — Smart  engagement  at  Black- 
point —  Vessels  >  aptured — Peace — Losses. 

The  first  open  hostilities  between  the  eastern  inhabitants  and 
the  natives,  were  commenced  in  the  celebrated  king  Philip's  war. 
It  broke  out  in  the  colony  of  Plymouth,  June  24,  1675  ;*  and 
'within  twenty  days,  the  fire  began  to  kindle  in  these  easterly 

*  It  will  be  recollected,  that  at  this  period,  the  towns  and  plantations 
within  the  present  State  of  Maine,  were  thirteen: — 1.  if t/(ery,  including 
all  the  settlements  on  the  north-eastern  banks  of  the  Piscataqua,— New* 
ichawannock  river,  and  Qtiampegan  falls  [S.  Berwick],  and  on  Salmon  Fall 
river  [Berwick].  2.  York,  including  Cape  Neddick.  3.  WtUt.  4.  Cap* 
Porpoise.  5.  Saco,  on  both  sides  of  the  river.  6.  Scarborough,  viz.  Black- 
point  cast,  and  Blue-point  west.  7.  Falmouth,  including  the  peninsula, 
[Portland],  Spurwink  and  Purpooduck  [Cape  Elizabeth],  and  Stroudwater 
[VVestbrook].  8.  Pejeptcot  settlement  southerly  of  the  Lower  Falls  in  the 
Androscoggin,  and  at  Maquoit,  4  miles  distant,  on  the  margin  of  Casco 
bay.— [See  ante,  1642.] — 9.  The  plantations  upon  the  Sagadahock  and  Ken- 
ncbtck,  including  Cushnoc,  and  Arrowsick.  10.  Sheepteot  and  Cape- 
ntwagen.  11.  Damaritrotta,  or  Jfew-Dartrnjuth  [New-Castle],  and  the 
Datnariscove  Islands.  12.  Pemaquid.  \'6.  Monhegan,  Oorgea'  Itlandt, 
and  the  opposite  settlements  upon  the  Main.  The  country  between  Penob- 
scot and  Passamaquoddy,  now  in  posseuion  of  the  French  [since  1667-8], 
exhibited  only  a  few  habitations  at  Penobscot,  Mount  Desert,  Machiai 
and  Schoodic. 


A.  D.  1679. 

JuneS^. 
King  Phil- 
ip's war. 


•moret. 


$t$  TMK  rtMt^>rtY  ■  [Vol.  I. 

A.  D.  1675.  *  parts,  though  distant  2r>0  miles.'*  The  English  population  of 
Indian  Sar-  Maine  at  tliis  period,  prohably  exceeded  6,000  souls  ;f  and  that 
of  the  Abenaqucs  and  Ktechemins,  ii  is  believed,  was  twice  if 
not  thrice  that  number. 

The  character  and  conduct  of  the  Sagamores  in  this  emergen- 
cy, reflect  considerable  light  upon  the  war  itself.  Wonnolancet 
the  eldest  son  and  successor  of  the  famous  Passaconaway,  was 
now  chief  of  the  Penacooks  ;  and  he  resolved  to  observe  re- 
ligiously  his  fathers  counsel  and  take  no  part  in  the  quarrel, 
Wholly  to  avoid  the  storm,  therefore,  he  withdrew  to  places  re- 
mote, and  unknown  to  the  colonists ;  and  his  example  was  foU 
lowed  by  the  most  of  his  tribe,  who  abandoned  their  homes,  and 
sought  safety  and  quiet  in  the  heart  of  the  distant  desert. |  At 
the  head  of  the  Newichawannock  tribe  was  Blind  ^Fi//,  who  was 
a  believer  in  the  prophetic  communications  of  Rowles,  his  prede- 
cessor, and  greatly  perjJexed  with  a  presentiment,  that  the  tribes 
would  ultimately  be  exterminated.  He  therefore  entered  the 
English  service,  in  which  he  continued  about  two  years  to  his 
death.  He  has  been  accused  of  duplicity,  in  his  professions  of 
friendship  and  respect  for  the  colonists ;  it  being  supposed,  he 
inwardly  hated  them.<^ 

One  of  the  most  peculiar  men  of  this  age  was  Sguanrfo,  Saga- 
more of  the  Sokokis.  He  possessed  great  strength  of  mind,  his 
manners  were  grave,  and  his  address  impressive.  In  the  s\iper- 
stitious  devotions  of  the  Indians,  he  was  a  leader  and  enthusiast. 
He  made  them  believe,  he  had  intercourse  with  the  spirits  of 
the  invisible  world,  who  imparted  to  him  revelations  of  future 
events.     An  angel  of  light,  said  he,  '  has  commanded  me  to  wor- 

*  ship  the  Great  Spirit,  and  to  forbear  hunting  and  laboring  on 

*  the  Sabbath  ;  and  God  liimself  tells  me,  he  has  left  the  English 

*  people  to  be  destroyed  by  the  Indians.'  A  man  of  such  rare 
knowledge  and  abilities  necessarily  acquired  great  influence  among 
other  tribes,  as  well  ns  unlimited  ascendancy  over  his  own.  His 
conduct  towards  the  settlers  was  full  of  change,  being  alternately 
humane  and  malevolent.  || 


*  2  Math.  Mag^nal.  p.  4;)9  —  Jliilibard's  Iiulian  Wars,  p.  300. 
t  Mnlhcr,  in  2  JIau,-na/.  y.  4f>(>,  sn\8,  '  llierc  were  at  tliis  time  many  line 
iiettlciiK  nts  in  Maiiu'  atul  Cornwall. 

Illtil).  Indian  Wars.  p.  (is- no— 32!).        ^  1  Hclk.  X.  II.  p.  llfl— 120, 
H  Ilubbanrs  Indian  Wars,  p,  r,()2~339— :5<)1, 


|,;^P.  XX.]  OFMAINF.  517 

The  Aii«sai?unticook  Sa|e;ainoro  was   Tarumkin, — a  man   oI'a.U.  My 
Ikjs  intellect  and  less  weiplu  of  cliarncter.     Strongly  atiachetl   to  j^^  ^^^^^  ^ 
L  country,  and  jealous  of  its  rights,  lie  foresaw  the  advantages  """'"■* 

/union,  and  always  acted  in  concert  with  other  Abenaques 
Lefiains,  both  in  war  and  peace.  His  great  friend,  Hohinhood, 
liliowas  principal  Sagamore  of  the  Canihas  tribe,  made  pre- 
Itdsions  of  reluctance  to  take  arms  in  this  war ;  and  celebrated 
Ijie  settlement  of  a  subsequent  difficulty  in  a  carousal  and  great 
Lncc.  But  Hopehood,  his  son,  was  a  young  warrior,  who  pant- 
L  for  glory  ;  and  the  tribe  became  active  in  the  war,  before  it 


Another  celebrated  chief  of  his  time  was  Madockawando, 
je  adopted  son  of  the  great  prince  and  orator,  Assiminasqua,  .  ' 
od  present  Sagamore  of  the  Tarratines.  He  was  a  man  of 
seat  sagacity,  "  grave  and  serious  in  his  speech  and  carriage," 
od  like  Squando,  pretended  to  have  <  supernatural  visions  and 
it^elations.'  His  daughter  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  wife 
if  Castine,  who  was  then  engaged  in  a  profitable  traffic  with  the 

which  he  was  unwilling  to  have  interrupted ;  and  the 
Sajamore  himself,  unmolested  by  the  English,  in  the  enjoyment 
rf  his  possessions,  could  perceive  no  inducements  to  join  in  the 

His  principal  minister  was  Miigg,  who,  by  living  in   Eng-  Mugg. 


■:U\ 


liar. 

|isli  families,  had  become  acquainted  with   dieir  language  and 

bits,  and  qualified  to  negotiate  with  tlir  colonial  authorities. 

This  war  has  been  ascribed   ■      various  causes.     It  has  been  ramps  oi 
[itpresented  with  some  spleen  as  well  as  truth,  that  the  English  '^"  ^^'" " 
lere  the  aggressors.     The  generous  treatment  and  welcome  they 
mt received  from  the  natives  had  been  repaid,  as  accusers  say,  by 
kidnapping  their  benefactors,  by  disturbing  their  hunting  grounds 
tod  fisheries,  and  by  *  a  shameful  mismanagement  of  the  fur  and 

peltry  trade.'f  In  the  gradual  encroachments  of  the  white  peo- 
fle,  the  Indians  foresaw  the  danger  of  being  totally  exiled  from 
iteir  native  country.  They  complained  of  impositions ; — for  in- 
Mance,  an  Anasagunticook  said,  *  he  had  probably  given  £100, 
'for  water  drawn  out  of  Purchas'  well.'J 

To  nothing  European  were  the  natives  more  passionately  at- 

iched,  than  the  hunting  gun ;  as  it  afforded  diem  the  necessary 

Hubbard's  Indian  Wars,  p.  302— 317— 36B— 3Srt. 
1 2  Math.  iNfagnalia,  p.  493—9.  I  Siippt.  to  Pliilip's  War,  p.  77. 


618 

A.  D.  1675. 


The  Indian! 
armnd  nnd 
iuaoleul. 


EAttera 
coininiitee 
of  wur. 


Ho«(ilitiei 
coinmanced 

July  11. 


THEHIflTORY  '      f.    [VoL.  i. 

means  of  procuring  a  subsistence.  Still,  they  said,  <  tbe  EatgUsbl 
'refused  to  sell  them  6rearras  and  ammunition,  though  tbeyl 
'  were  at  times  ready  to  starve  and  perish  ;  whereas  the  French} 

*  were  free  and  cheerful  to  supply  them  with  whatever  they  with.] 

*  ed.*  Nay,  the  Sagamores  knew  the  English  looked  upon  theffl] 
and  tlieir  tribes  with  a  distrustful  eye,  and  considered  them  as  an] 
inferior  order  of  beings ;  while  they  themselves  believed,  the] 
Great  Spirit,  who  gave  tliem  existence,  had  also  given  them  ab*] 
solute  rights  in  the  country  of  tiieir  birth,  and  the  land  of  their] 
fathers.  Many  traditional  stories  of  injuries  they  had  received,] 
were  recollected,  [for  Indians  never  forget,]  and  often  rehearsed] 
in  a  manner  calculated  to  arouse  and  inflame  their  resentments. 

Though  England  and  France  were  at  this  period  in  close  alli 
ance,  the  Indians  had  obtained  of  the  French  traders  in  Canada] 
and  at  Penobscot,  a  supply  of  arms  and  ammunition,  and  had  gen- 
erally become  acquainted  with  the  use  of  them.     These  greatly! 
emboldened  their  courage  and  revenge,  and  hastened  them  to] 
acts  of  hostility.     On  their  return  from  hunting,  in  the  spring  ofl 
1675,  their  insolence  was  peculiar,  and  their  violent  conduct  ex-f 
cited  fearful  apprehensions.     They  took  into  custody  several  set- 
tlers, about  Piscataqua,  and  then  set  them  at  liberty  through  a| 
pretence  of  friendship,  though  really  in  consequence  of  the  pres- 
ents made  to  them. 

In  these  appearances  of  rupture,  the  General  Court  appointed] 
Captains  Lake,  Patteshall,  and  Wiswell,  at  Sagadahock, '  a  com- 
<  mittee,  and  entrusted  them   with  the  general  superintendence  I 

*  and  military  power  over  the  eastern  parts.'  The  court  also 
gave  thern  directions  to  furnish  themselves  with  all  necessary 
munitions  of  war,  for  the  common  defence,  and  to  sell  neither 
gun,  knife,  powder  nor  lead,  to  any  other  Indians,  than  those  | 
whose  friendship  was  fully  known.* 

When  the  news  of  king  Philip's  war  reached   York,  July  11,| 
from  the  colony  of  Plymouth,  Henry  Sawyer,  one  of  the  towns- 
men despatched  a  messenger  to  Sagadahock,  witli  tlie  alarniing  I 
intelligence.     In  his  letter,  he  mentioned  the  expedient  proposed, 
of  taking  from  the  Indians,  along  the  coast,  their  firearms  and 
ammunition.     Immediately  the  committee  of  war  met  upon  the  | 
subject,  at  the  house  of  Mr.  Patteshall,  attended  by  several  of 


*  llulib.ir.ri)  Iridi: 


*  t  Mast.  Hoc.  |>.  29 — Plub.  Indian  Wan,  p.  301. 


iw^rfc^-     rrtlWH'^l-^ 


Cftf".  XX.]  or  MAINE.  610 

^  settlen ;  and  Mr.  Walker,  a  trader  at  Sheepscot,  induced  a  a.  d.  I67«. 
■rt  of  the   Indians  about  him,    to  surrender  their  guns  and 

IbireSi^^*''-' 
To  ascertain  more  fully,  the  true  disposition  of  the  natives,  a 

I  Mrty  of  volunteers  proceeded  up  tlie  Kennebeck  river,  and  pres- 
ntty  met  with  five  Anasagunticooks,  and  seven  of  the  Canibas 
inbc,  all  of  whom  came  in  and  delivered  their  arms.     Amidst  the 
fonversation  however,  one  Sowen,  a  Canibas  Indian,  struck  at      '  kv-^. 
Hosea  Mallet,  a  by-stander,  and  could  hardly  be  prevented  from 

Lking  his  life.  The  assailant  was  instantly  seized  and  confined 
ii  a  cellar.  The  Indians  confessed  his  crime  deserved  deatli,  yet 
requested  his  discharge ;  ofTering  a  ransom  of  40  beaver  skins 
ibr  his  release,  and  several  hostages  for  his  future  good  behav- 
ior;— all  giving  their  hands  in  pledge  of  the«r  sincerity.     The 

Uoposal  was  accepted,  and  Sowen  was  released. — To  secure 

Ufir  future  friendship  and  fidelity,  Capt.  Lake  then  refreshed 
liem  with  the  best  of  victuals,  supplied  them  with  tobacco,  and 
repeated  to  them  the  most  solemn  promises  of  protection  and 
linror,  if  they  would  continue  peaceable  and  quiet.  This  was  the 
occasion  of  the  great  dance  mentioned,  which  Robinhood  made 

|ihe  next  day,  when  he  celebrated  th-  peace  with  songs  and  shouts. 
But  the  far-famed  Squando,*  who  had  long  cherished  a  bitter  ^q"«»du'» 

lintipathy  towards  the  English,  had  recently  been  afTronted,  in  a 
manner  which  greatly  provoked  his  resentment.  As  his  squaw 
m  passing  along  the  river  Saco  in  a  canoe,  with  her  infant  child, 
she  was  accosted  by  several  rude  sailors,  who  having  heard  that 
ilie  Indian  children  could  swim  as  naturally  as  the  young  of  irra- 
tional animals,  approached  her,  and  in  a  fit  of  inconsiderate  humor, 
overset  the  canoe  to  try  the  experiment.  The  child  sank,  and 
ibugh  the  motlier,  diving,  brought  it  up  alive,  it  soon  after  died  ; 
and  the  parents  imputed  its  death  to  the  ill-trcatnrent  received. 

I  So  highly  did  this  exasperate  Squando,  that  he  resolved  to  use 
ill  his  arts  and  influence  to  arouse  and  inflame  the  Indians  against 

I  the  settlers. 

News  of  hostilities  in  the  colony  of  Plymouth, f  without  doubt, 
crcatly  encouraged  him  in  his  malevolent  schemes  and  embolden- 

*  Iliiiibarit**  Indian  Wiim,  p.  330-1. 

'In  Pliiliji's  war,  i(  is  ^aid  IIuti;  were  .T,00i)  fijliti'in,  '•  »xcIiimvc    i>f  tlia 
f'kUru  Imliaiis."— I  rrumlmll't  (Vnn.   \\  .ISO. 


620 

AD.  1676. ed  his  friends. 


THE  HISTORY 


The  Anasagiiiiticooks  had  conceived  a  tnai 


8i'|)l.  Mh. 


Jn'iIrehM  "version  to  Thomas  Purchas,  who  had  dwelt  at  the  head  oi 
plundered.  Steveiis*  Hver,  two  leagues  below  Brunswick  falls,  thirty  or  fort 
years ;  and  by  trading  with  them  had  acquired  a  large  estate] 
Though  he  had  courted  tlieir  friendship,  and  in  1639,  had  ntil 
himself  and  possessions  under  the  protection  of  Massachusetts] 
he  was  the  earliest  eastern  sufferer  in  the  war.     ■'^,1  ,  A 

On  the  4tli  or  5th  of  September,  a  party  of  twenty  IndiansJ 
among  whom  were  tliu  hostages  that  had  a  few  weeks  beforJ 
escaped  from  the  English,  came  to  the  house  of  Purchas  and 
began  a  parley  widi  his  wife,  under  pretence  of  trade.  But 
soon  as  they  ascertained  that  her  husband  and  sons  were  absentJ 
they  threw  aside  the  disguise,  and  hastened  to  rob  the  house ' 
taking  such  weapons,  ammunition  and  liquor  as  they  could  find] 
killing  a  calf  and  several  sheep  near  the  door,  and  makint;  themJ 
selves  merry  with  the  booty.  In  the  midst  of  the  scene  a  son  oi 
Purchas  suddenly  returning  home,  on  horseback,  was  an  eyewiti 
ness  of  the  mischief.  To  interpose  was  unsafe, — tliercfore,  wheri 
discovered,  he  fled  for  his  life ;  being  pursued  closely  an  hundred 
rods,  by  a  sturdy  fleet-footed  Indian,  with  a  gun  secreted  undeJ 
his  blanket.  The  assailants  oflered  no  personal  violence  to  thJ 
people  of  the  hotise,  but  told  them — *  otliers  would  soon  comj 
and  treat  tliem  worse.' 

There  dwelt  at  Presumpscot-river  in  Falmouth,  one  Thoinai 
Wakely,  an  old  man,  with  his  family  consisting  of  nine  persons.* 
Unsuspecting  evil,  and  remote  from  neighbors,  they  were  attackJ 
cd  by  the  savages,  September  12  ;f  when  several  were  killedJ 
vix.  the  old  man  and  his  wife,  his  son  John  and  wife,  and  three  oi 
their  children, — two  made  captives, — and  the  house  reduced  iq 
ashes.  The  flames  and  smoke  brought  to  the  place  from  Cased 
neck,  Lieut.  George  Ingersoll,  and  a  military  party,  too  late,  houj 
ever,  to  do  more  than  sec  the  ruins  and  relics  of  this  ill-fateii 
family.  The  body  of  the  aged  man,  the  fire  had  half  consumed] 
— The  only  remains  of  his  wife  and  son  were  their  bones  bumii 
to  cinder.     His  daughter-in-law,  near  confmement,  was  pierrfj 

*  JIubhnr<rs  liiilinn  /Ft  r.v,  p.  305. — Tlioy  reinovnl  ItitliPr  from  Ca|)r  AnnI 
ill  \M\\  :  Ills  <lau;;litcr  \\w%  tlin  wife  of  Matthew  Coc*,  the  nntnci  ot'  histonij 
<vrrc,  .Itilin  niul  Isniir 

i  Siilliiiui.  y.  199,  »n|iii(iM'»  il  was  111  .liily.  Out  it  was  after  Purrbvl 
hoii»r.  \vii»  |ihinilrrrjil, —  //xfc.  Indian  ffVii.t,  p.  !K)3- 


Tlio  fniali- 
>i»'ii  of  Mr. 

\Viii«-ri(.'i<i 

iiikI  f'iiniily 
W«'|.l.  IJ 


Cur.  XX.] 


OF  MAINE.  ,,^^ 


521 


0d  mangled  b  a  manner  too  horrid  tc  be  described ;  and  three  A.  l).  IGW. 
(f  her  children,  whose  brains  had  been  beaten  out,  vrere  partly 
^dea  under  some  oaken  plank.*  The  other,  if  surviving  and 
pade  a  captive,  probably  soon  sunk  into  the  arras  of  death, 
ilirovuli  fatigue  and  want,  nothing  afterwards  being  heard  of  the 
jittle  sufferer.  Elizabeth,  the  youngest  daughter  of  Mr.  Wake- 
\j,  about  1 1  years  old,  was  carried  into  captivity.  Full  of  an- 
guish and  fears,  the  distressed  girl  was  compelled  to  take  up  a 
iBOg  and  tedious  inarch  with  these  murderers  of  the  family ;  hav- 
ing nothing  but  the  warmth  of  the  season  to  mitigate  her  woes,  '^ 
amidst  the  hunger,  fatigue,  and  most  painful  recollections, 
vhich  attended  her  steps  all  the  way  through  a  gloomy  wiid^r- 
aess.  Once  she  went  as  far  soutli  as  Narragansett ;  and  this  indu- 
ced a  supposition,  that  some  of  these  savages  might  be  from  that 
quarter.  However,  in  June,  after  a  captivity  of  nine  months,  she 
had  the  inexpressible  joy  of  being  restored  to  Major  Waldron, 
itCocheco;  Squando,  to  his  great  honor,  being  hor  deliverer; — 
1  Sagamore  whose  conduct  exhibited  at  different  times  such  traits 
of  cruelty  '  '  ipassion,  as  rendered  his  character  difficult  to 
beportraye  ^;r  this  a  son  of  Lieut.  Ingersoll  was  killed,  and 
bis  house  and  those  of  his  neighbors  burnt. 

The  Indians,  having  thus  began  the  war,  and  been  guilty  of  i<h«  iwir. 
shedding  the  fi  '  blood  in  it,  now  dispersed  themselves  in  small  j!J^'|Jj'j^^jj_ 
parties  through  lue  country,  from  Piscataqua  to  Androscoggin ; 
improving  every  chance  to  rob  and  murder  the  people  in  the 
Kattered  unguarded  settlements  of  Maine.  The  English,  on  the 
odier  liand,  turned  their  attention  to  the  places  first  attacked.  A 
party  of  twenty-five  proceeded  in  a  sloop  and  two  boats,  to  the 
head  of  New-Meadows  or  Stevens*  river,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Mr.  Purchas  ;  where  they  found  an  equal  or  greater  number  of 
Indians  rifling  the  houses  of  the  setUers.  In  their  endeavors 
to  attain  the  ground  between  the  savages  and  tlie  woods,  they 
iroused  three  spies ;  one  ran  towards  the  river  and  was  shot  to 
the  ground ;  anotlier  fled  acioss  a  branch  of  water  in  a  canoe, 
wounded ;  and  the  third  escaped  to  the  woods  unhurt,  shouting 
in  alarm.     Yet  the  Indians,  instead  of  flying  or  advancing,  cow- 


.  ow'i  rivtr. 


•4J-'i.li 


.:^5lrv"^:"' 


*It  Mtntt  thii  «rent  happened  at  (he  houM  of  John  Wakely,  who  lired 
mi  the  eaitcrly  side  of  Preiumpicot  river,  where  (he  parents  were  then 
n%H\ng  or  reiiding. 

vnt.  I.  n 


Attukoo 

Amo. 

Stpi.18. 


♦  THtr^^roRY  [Vol.  i 

A.  D.  i*;&  ered  down  tnd  witched  the  morements  of  the  Englidi,  wfailej 
gathering  the  corn  tnd  lotding  their  boats :  tiien  suddenly  spring.] 
ing  up,  and  at  the  same  time,  raising  their  usual  yell,  ho !  ho  i 
ho !  rushed  forward,  wounded  several  in  their  retreat  to  thel 
sloop,  and  carried  off  the  boat-loads  of  com  with  triurapbaotl 
shouts.  This  was  to  the  English  a  most  unfortunate  incident  J 
the  savages  afterwards  being  more  fatally  bent  on  mischief  udf 
revenge.  .  « -.  ,  ^ 

Thn  next  attack  was  Saturday  morning,  September  18,  uponl 
the  dwehinghouses  of  John  Bonython  and  Maj.  William  PhillipsJ 
at  Saco.    That  of  the  former  stood  on  the  eastern  side  of  thel 
river,  half  a  mile  south  of  the  Lower  Falls,  and  60  rods  from  the 
water;  the  other  was  on  the  opposite  side,   near  the  presentj 
bridge ;  and  both    f  them  had  been  tolerably  fortified.*    A 
kokis  native,  friendly  to  Bonython,  came  to  his  housH  and  pri- 
vately said  to  him, — '  a  strange  Indian,  from  the  westward,  an 
'several  Anasagunticooks  of  my  acquaintance  have  been  at  my 
'  wigwam,  persuading  all  our  brothers  to  lift  the  tomahi^wk  againF^ 
'  the  white  people  ;  and  they  will  soon  come  back  from  the  easi^ 
*  with  many  more.'    The  story  alarmed  Bonython,  and  induced 
him  to  spread  the  report,  and  forthwith  to  retire  with  the  settler! 
and  their  families  to  the  house  of  Maj.  Phillips,  which  was  better! 
garrisoned.    Their  suspension  was  short ; — they  being  the  sameJ 
or  the  next  day,  eyewitnesses  to  Bonython's  house  in  flames] 
while  a  sentinel  espied  a  lurking  Indian  under  the  fence. 
Aamit  on       As  Phillips  turned  from  the  view,  at  his  chamber-window,  ha 
Major  Phil-  was  wounded  in  the  shoulder  by  an  Indian  marksman,  and  musi 
''*'  have  been  killed,  had  he  retained  his  position.    The  ambuscad 

about  the  house,  supposing  him  slain,  gave  a  savage  shout,  and 
incautiously  exposed  themselves  in  sight.  At  this  instant,  they 
were  fired  upon  from  the  house  and  flankers  in  all  directions  j 
several  were  severely  wounded,  particularly  their  leader  who| 
was  able  to  retreat  only  three  or  four  miles,  before  he  died, 
hour's  obstinate  resistance,  regardless  of  every  proflfer  end  ever] 
threat,  convinced  the  assailants,  that  the  place  could  not  be  ctr-l 
ried  except  by  stratagem.  That  they  might  therefore  draw  thej 
men  out  of  the  fortification,  or  induce  them  to  capitulate,  they 
set  fire  to  a  tenant's  slen('er  habitation,  and  then  to  the  mill;  ex-j 


^Sullivan,  p.  221— Sa4 


duaiogf  comt  now,  you  EngUMk  coward  doge,  com*  pmi  out  lib  A.Pk  icm 
U»— ^  you  dare.  Both  the  artifice  and  challenge  failing  of  nic- 
{^ ;  the  firing  was  continued  till  the  moon  set,  about  four  in  the 
poning :  when  the  savages  taking  a  cart,  hastily  constructed  a 
jittery  upon  the  axletree  and  forks  of  the  spear  forward  of  the 
fbeels,  to  shelter  them  from  the  musquetry  of  the  fort,  and  filled 
the  body  with  birch-rinds,  straw  and  fire-matches.  This  engine, 
tl)ey  run  backward  within  pistol  shot  of  the  garrison-house,  m- 
loiding  to  communicate  to  it  by  means  of  long  poles,  the  flaming 
(ombustibles.     But  in  passing  a  small  gutter,  one  wheel  stuck  ^. 

Uitin  the  mud ;  when  a  sudden  turn  was  given  to  the  vehicle,  ex- 
posing the  whole  party  to  a  fatal  fire  from  the  right  flanker,  which 
n»  quickly  improved.  Six  fell  and  expired ;  fifteen  then  and 
before  were  wounded ;  and  the  survivors,  about  60  in  number, 
sick  of  the  assault  and  mortified  at  the  repulse,  withdrew.*  Dur- 
ing the  siege,  there  were  fifty  persons  in  the  house,  of  whom 
ooly  ten  were  effective  men,  five  others  could  do  no. more  than 
pirtially  assist,  and  one  or  two  besides  Maj.  Phillips,  were  actu- 
illy  wounded. 

Phillips,  on  Sunday,  informed  the  settlement  at  Winter-harbor, 
called  the  town,  of  his  exposed  situation  and  distress ;  telling 
them  his  ammunition  was  nearly  exhausted,  and  his  people  were 
I  n  much  dismayed,  that  they  would  leave  him  in  a  few  days, 
unless  timely  succors  prevented.  But  as  none  could  be  spared 
bim,  he  removed  to  town  on  Tuesday,  leaving  his  house  un- 
occupied, which  was,  in  about  a  fortnight,  given  to  the  flames  by 
the  infuriated  savages.  They  also,  soon  after  destroyed  all  the 
bouses  above  Winter -harbor,  and  carried  into  captivity  a  Mrs. 
Hitchcock,  who  never  returned.  They  said  she  ate  in  the  wm- 
ter,  some  poisonous  root,  instead  of  groundnuts,  which  killed  her. 
About  this  time,  thoy  slew  five  travellers,  overtaken  by  them  upon 
the  banks  of  Saco  river. 

A  party  of  the  enemy,    September  20th,f  entered  Scarbo- 
rough,  and  killed  several  at  Blue-point ;  a  woman  and  six  chil- rouihbanik 
dren  being  among  the  sufferers.    At  Black-point,  John  Alger, 
lieutenant  of  the  company,  and  his  two  companions  in  their  ez- 

'iiiailKnti  were  "  computed  it  not  leu  than  an  hundred.*'— /'o/«m»'« 
Sou  and  Biddeford,  p.  1S5. 
f  SulUwin,  p.  216,  taya  1076,  a  miaphat  probably. 


%^^ 


WincoU 
to  S,<ico. 


Hk  >' The  HISTORY  [Voi.  i. 

A.  D.  ti?rs.  cursion  of  discovery,  irere  encountered  by'tpties;  and  in  «kir- 
mishing  with  them,  Alger  received  a  mortal  wound,  and  his 
brother  Arthur  was  shot  down  soon  after  at  the  same  place.*  |n 
the  two  settlements,  twenty-seven  houses  lately  inhabited,  were 
burnt  to  the  ground  ;  and  probably  a  still  greater  number  of  famj. 
lies  reduced  to  sufferins;  and  misery.  About  the  same  time,  Am-  i 
brose  Boaden  was  killed,  and  Robert  Jordan's  house  with  its  j 
contents  was  consumed,  at  Spurwink.         "  ■'  -  >»■"-' -w-f*  -on 

Co  defend  or  relieve  the  distressed  inhabitants  of  Saco,  Capt.l 
vVincom  of  Newichawannock,  and  sixteen  volunteers,  proceeded 
with  exemplary  valor  and  alertness,  to  the  mouth  of  VV inter-harbor. 
But  unfortunately  they  were  discovered  by  several  prowling  sav- 
ages, who  firing  upon  them  killed  two  or  three  ;  and  then  sound- 
ed the  alarm  through  the  woods.     Consequently,  the  brave  band,! 
while  landing  on  the  beach  near  that  harbor,  was  met  by  1501 
Indians  well  armed   and  equiped.     A  warm  skirmish  ensued,  inj 
which  Wihcoln  and  his  men,  overpowered  by  numbers,  retiredl 
and  took  shelter  behind  a  pile  of  shingle  bolts.     Protected  byl 
this  breastwork,  they  were  enabled  to  fire  with  a  precision  so  fa-j 
tal  to  their  antngonists,  as  to  induce  them  with  the  loss  of  several] 
to  leave  the  cround.t 

The  report  of  the  guns  drew  from  the  town  a  party  of  ninel 
men,  joined  on  the  way  by  two  more ;  all  of  whom  falling  into 
an  ambush,  near  the  place  where  Wincoln  was  first  attackedj 
were  shot  down  in  a  single  charge  upon  them,  and  presently  ex-j 
pired.  The  enemy  in  the  next  place,  marked  the  setdement) 
about  the  Piscataqua  for  destruction ;  and  in  marching  thither,J 
killed  several  people  in  Wells. 

On  the  New-Hampshire  side,  at  Oyster  river,  they  burned  the 
dvvellinghouses  oi  tlie  Messrs.  Chesleys,  and  five  or  six  othersJ 
killed  and  carried  into  captivity  four  men,  and,  waylaying  the 
road  between  Hampton  and  Exeter,  shot  down  three  passengers,j 
and  made  another  their  prisoner. 

At  Newichawannock  [now  South  Berwick]  the   dwellinghousej 


l,V..(,J 


*  The  Alg'crs,  or  Aujcrs,  lived  in  Diinsfon  parish  ;  they  pnrcliascd  10(9 
acroa  in  1650-1,  of  n  Sng;amore  ;  Arthur  dving-  ciiilJIess,  John,  a  son  cf  Lll 
John,  inherited  tiie  property,  and  transmitted  it  to  tivc  daughters,  one  off 
whom,  married  John  MilliUen,  who  purchased  out  other  heirs— and  heocej 
the  ••  Millikoa  Claim."  f  riubbard'i  Indian  Warn,  p.  310, 323-4. 


CnMT.  tX.]  OF  MAINE.  5^ 

«f  John  Tosier,  150  rods  abore  the  garrison*  and  mills  at  Sal-  a.Ul  int. 
goa  Fills,  was  at  this  time,  a  frontier  habitation.     He  himself,  j^JJJ;^  „ 
«d  the  men  of  his  neighborhood,  were  absent  with  Wincoln ;  N«wich» 
baring  left  his  household  unguarded,  consisting  of  fifteen  persons, 
vix>  were  all  women  and  children.    Against  his  family  an  attack 
tras  led  on  by  one  Andrew  of  Saco,  and  Hopehood  of   Kenne- 
beck,  two  of  the  boldest  warriors  in  their  tribes.     Their  ap- 
proach was  first  discovered  by  a  young  girl  of  eighteen,  who  * 
shut  the  door  and  held  it  fast,  till  it  was  cut  in  pieces  with  their          >^:\ 
hatchets,  and  the  family  had  escaped.      Madly  disappointed  in 
finding  the  house  empty,  some  of  the  savages  inflicted  repeated 
blows  upon  the  heroic  maid,  till  she  was  apparently  expiring  ;  and 
the  rest,  in  pursuit  of  the  family,  overtook  two  of  the  children  ; — 
one,  three  years  old,  being  too  young  to  travel,  they  at  once 
dispatched,   and  the  other  they  took   and  kept  with  them  six 
months.    The  young  heroine  revived  after  their  departure,  and 
repairing  to  the  garrison,  she  was  healed  of  her  wounds  and  lived 
many  years.     Her  name,  if  known,  would  adorn  the  brightest 
page  of  history. 

A  larger  party,  the  next  day,  set  fite  to  the  dwellinghouse  and  gepuss. 
buildings  of  Capt.  Wincoln,  whic"  /ere  standing  near  the  upper 
mills,  and  reduced  them  and  their  contents  to  ashes  ;  one  of  his 
bams  containing  more  than  100  bushels  of  corn.  The  incendi- 
aries were  followed  closely  till  night  by  the  men  from  the  garri- 
son, who  exchanged  with  them  several  shots ;  the  darkness  put- 
ting an  end  to  the  pursuit.  In  the  morning,  they  appeared  on 
the  western  shore,  and  fired  several  guns  across  the  main  river 
at  the  laborers  in  the  mill :  then  shewing  themselves  more  con- 
spicuously at  twilight,  were  heard  to  utter  loudly,  many  insolent  ;  . 
speeches,  calling  the  people  "  English  dogs,"  and  "  cowards." 

In  returning  eastward,  we  find  great  exertions  had  been  Afr<;ri  ai 
employed  to  keep  the  Indians  quiet,  and  likewise  to  for- jf^'if *"'" 
lify  the  people  against  their  attacks.  On  the  easterly  bank  of 
Sagadahock,  at  Stinpon's  point  [in  Woolwich,]  Richard  Ham- 
mond had  erected  '.  trading  house  and  fortification ;  and,  two 
miles  distant,f  upon  Arrowsick,  not  far  from  the  present  meeting- 
house in  Gv'iorgetown,  Clark  and  Lake  had  built  another,  which 
was  stronger  and  considerably  larger.     They  had  also  in  the 


*Thia  was  in  the  parish  of  Unity,  in  Kittcry. — Suit.  p.  243-4. 
1 1  Hutchinson^s  Htstor}-,  p.  311. 


.^, 


Ihe  Indianf. 


TUB  uiaroRY  (Vol.  ,, 

A.  D.  M7A.  vicinity  a  mansion-houM,  mills,  out-buildings,  and  culti'  ated  fidds> 
and  over  their  whole  esublishment  they  had  aji^inted  Capt  SyU 
vanus  Davis  their  resident  and  general  agent.   They  had,  besides, 
a  trading  house  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Indian  fort,  at  Tecoo. 
net-falls; — whither  the  Canibas  Indians  had  retired  with  their 
families,  receiving  supplies  principally  from  that  house,  and  shew- 
ing no  symptoms  of  rupture,  till  after  the  burning  of  Scarborough.* 
Imprudence     In  the  great  excitement  against  the  Indians,  many  people  acted 
tiers.*    '   w:*b  shameful  indiscretion ;  threatening  wiih  violence  some  of  the 
most  benevolent  promoters  of  peace,  and  accusing  others  of  sell- 
mg,  for  the  sake  of  gain,  firearms  and  ammunition  to  kill  their 
neighbors.     Nay,  tlie  Monhegan  Islanders  offered  a  bounty  of 
£5,  for  every  Indian's  head,  that  should  be  brought  to  them, 
jeaiousietof     1"^®  jealousies  of  the  Indians  were  daily  increasing  j — to  allay 
which,  end  to  bring  home  the  guns,  powder  and  other  articles  from  i 
the  trading  house  near  Teconnet-falls,  Capt.  Davis  sent  a  mes- 1 
genger,  charging  him  to  assure  them  all,  if  they  would  remove  i 
and  live  neiur  him,  down  the  river,  they  should  be  furnished  with 
every  supply  needed,  at  the  fairest  prices.     But,  either  to  over- 
awe them,  or  to  do  mischief,  the  messenger  violated  his  iDstruc- 1 
tions,  and  told  them,  '  if  they  did  not  go  down  and  give  up  their 
'arms,  the  Englishmen  would  come  and  kill  them.'     This  so] 
alarmed  their  fears  that  they  presently  forsook  their  fort;  and  I 
going  to  Penobscot,  sent  a  runner  to  the  other  two  Etechemin  tribes,  I 
requesting  them  to  meet  in  council,  nt  the  peninsular  residence  of] 
Baron  St.  Castine :-— Possibly  he  himself  was  the  instigator  of| 
the  measure, 

fihurte'i  ^^  Abraham  Shurte,  chief  magistrate  of  the  plantation  atl 

*f»^  ^ith  Pemaquid,  who  was  a  man  of  good  sense,  and  well  acquainted! 
with  the  Indian  character,  left  no  efforts  unessayed,  till  he  had 
,  succeeded  in  having  a  parley  with  the  disaffected  Sagamores ;  fori 
which  purpose  they  were  persuaded  to  meet  him  at  his  own  viM 
lage.  In  this  interview,  he  said  to  them, — <  I  have  urged  ouij 
'  committee  of  war  to  issue  orders,  forbidding  every  body  la 
'  harm  or  even  threaten  a  peaceable  Indian ; — being  determined 
*  to  see  all  the  wrongs  you  have  suffered,  fully  redressed.' — ^Tba 
discussion  resulted  in  a  truce,  by  which  they  engaged  to  live  in 
peace  with  the  Ejtglish,  and  to  prevent,  if  poss^le,  the  Anaui 


Zii 


*  Hnbbard'i  Indian  Wars,  p.  841, 853.— Sullivan,  p.  81, 169, 173. 


ClAF.   XX.] 


OP  MAINC. 


087 


Mtkooki  from  eonmUtting  any  more  tUipredatumt,  either  iipMi  A.o.  ifiw. 
^$ettleri  w  tradert. 

An  uniform  perseverance  in  these  conciliatory  measures,  it  wn  M«>MurM  or 
believed,  might  revive  and  secure  the  amity  of  the  natives ;  and 
liierefore,  in  October,  the  General  Court,  acquainted  with  their 
dispositions  and  circumstances,  ordered  monies  to  be  disburs- 
ed from  the  public  treasury,  for  the  rehef  of  those  Indians  who 
would  become  the  subjects  or  allies  of  the  colony ;  and  appointed 
Major  Richard  Waldron  of  Dover,  and  Capt.  Nicholas  Shapleigh 
of  Kittery,  to  negotiate  a  treaty  with  the  friendly  tribes,  upon 
terms  congenial  to  their  wishes.  The  Court  also  directed  the 
eastern  trading  houses  to  be  discontinued  ;  and  made  provision 
ibr  an  expedition  into  Maine, — to  be  prepared  under  the  purvey- 
tnce  of  Maj.  Clark.  A  vessel  was  therefore  procured,  and  laden 
with  military  stores  and  provisions ;  having  also  on  board,  when 
ie  sailed  from  Boston,  a  force  of  fifty  soldiers,  commanded  by 
lieut.  Scottow^.*  It  was  a  gloomy  autumn  ;  and  on  account  of 
the  public  calamities,  a  day  of  fasting  and  prayer,  Oct.  7,  was 
observed  throughout  Massachusetts  and  Maine. 

On  that  day  a  man  was  shot  from  his  horse,  in  Newichawan-  Newichv 
nock,  and  soon  died ;  and  two  youngsters,  a  mile  off,  experienced  »gain''ai^ 

i  same  fate.     From  these  were  taken  their  guns  and  upper  gar-  '"'^''•*'- 
I  ments.f      Indeed,  this  ill-fated  settlement  seemed  to  be  more 
than  any  other,  the  object  of  savage  vengeance  and  utter  destruc- 
Ifion.    Saturday,  Oct.   16,  about  a  hundred  Indians  assailed  the 
kouse  of  Richard  Tozier,  killed  him  and  carried  his  son  into  cap- 
tivity.    Lieut.  Roger  Plaisted,  the  commander  of  the  garrison, 
who  was  an  officer  of  true  courage,  and  a  man  of  public  spirit, 
having  a  partial  view  of  the  massacre,  about  150  rods  distmt, 
despatched  nine  of  his  best  men  to  reconnoiter  the  movements  of 
I  the  enemy,  who  falling  into  an  ambush,  three  were  shot  down, 
and  the  others  with  difficulty  effected  their  escape  alive. 

A  letter  J  addressed  unto  two  gentlemen  at  Cocheco,  [Dover] 
I  communicates  the  distresses  of  the  place. 

**  Salmon  Falls,  Oct.  16,  1675. 

"  To  Mr,  Richard  Waldron  and  Lieut.  Coffin ^These  are 

"to  inform  you,  that  the  Indians  are  just  now  engaging  us  with  at 


■■mm 


*  4  Mass.  .Rec.  p.  49,  66. 
(Sulliran,  p.  349. 


•f  Hubbard's  Indian  Wan,  p  318. 


I 


528  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  I. 

A.  D.  iS7fi. "  least  one  hundred  men,  and  have  slain  four  of  our  men  already 
"  — Richard  Tozier,  James  Barrey,  Isaac  Boues,  and  Tozier*! 
*'  son  ;  and  burnt  Benoni  Hodsdon*s  house.  Sirs,  if  ever  you 
"  have  any  love  for  us  and  the  country,  now  shew  yourselves  with 
<*  men  to  help  us,  or  else  we  are  all  in  great  danger  to  be  slain 
"  unless  our  God  wonderfully  appears  for  our  deliverance.  They 
"  that  cannot  fight,  let  them  pray.  Nothing  else,  but  rest  yours  i 
"to  serve. —  ,,   "  Roger  Plaisted. 

"George  Broughton." 
To  bring  in  for  interment,  iM  bodies  of  his  slain  companions  I 
Plaisted  ordered  out  a  team,  and  led  twenty  of  his  men  into  the 
field.     Placing  first  in  the  cart,  the  body  of  Tozier,  which  was 
most  remote,  they  returned  to  take  the  others;  when  a  party  of  I 
150  savages,  rising  behind  a  stone  wall  amidst  logs  and   bushes,] 
fired  a  well-aimed  volley  upon  the  soldiers,  and  pursued  the  as-l 
sault.     The  oxen  took  friglit  and  ran  to  the  garrison.     The  en- J 
gagement  instantly  became  fierce,  though  unequal.     Plaisted  and] 
his  men  withdrew  a  few  paces,  to  a  more  eligible  spot  of  ground,! 
and  being  greatly  overmatched  by  numbers,  the  most  of  them  I 
returned.     But  he,  disdaining  either  to  fly  or  yield,  though  urged! 
again  and  again  to  surrender,  fought  with  desperate  courage,  tiil| 
literally  hewed  down  by  the  enemy's  hatchets.     A  fellow  soldierj 
and  Plaisted's  oldest  son,  unwilling  to  leave  the  intrepid  maD,| 

Kia?sied«nd  ^ought  their  retreat  too  late  and  were  slain.     Another  son,  a  fewl 
weeks  after,  died  of  his  wounds : — Such  being  the  fate  of  thisl 
Spartan  family — whose  intrepidity  deserves  a  monument  morel 
durable  than  marble.     The  father  had  represented  Kittery  fourl 
years  in  the  General  Court,  and  was  highly  respected  for  his  un-j 
common  valor,  worth,  and  piety.     He  and  his  sons  were  buri-j 
ed  on  his  own  land,  near  the  battle  ground,  full  in  view  irom  the 
highway,  leading  through  Berwick  ;   whose  lettered  tombstona 
tells  succeeding  ages, — "  JVear  this  place  lies  buried  the  hodj/  on 
"  Roger  Plaistedf  who  was  killed  by  the  Indians,  Oct.  16, 1675J 
"  aged  48  years : — jllso  the  body  of  his  son  Roger  Plaisted,  wk 
"  was  killed  at  the  same  time* 

Before  the  Indians  left  the  neighborhood,  they  set  fire  to  threel 
houses,  two  barns,  and  8  mill,  belonging  to  Mr.  Hutchinson  od 
Boston;    and  then  proceeded  to  Sturgeon-creek,  where  they^ 


fall  tons. 


*  Sullivan,  p.  350. 


I  Cur.  XX.]  OF  MAINE.  529 

I  ^ed  a  dweliinghouse  and  killed  two  men.     In  this  liamlet,  tlie  a.  d  if7*. 
house  of  Capt.  Frost,*  being  a  little  remote  from  neighbors  and  •^'•'"•''"r«n 
jflfortified,  was  marked  out  by  them  for  destruction.     He  was  at'^"*''- 
uhort  distance  from  it  when  attacked,  and  narrowly  escaped  the 
ktal  effect  of  ten  shots  aimed  at  l>im,  ere  lie  entered   his  dnior. 
There  were  only  three  boys  with  him  in  the  house,  yet  he  had 
jhe  forethought  and   prudence  to  give  out  audible  words  of  com- 
Hiand,  as  if  a  body  of  soldiers  was  with  hiu) ; — load  quick  I  firt 
mrt !  thnVs  well !  brave  men  ! — A  stratagem  which  saved  thera- 
|»lves  and  the  house.      .i-  v^nii  rr '^^^  i:,      '<         ■;     ,},??*;  ^>jrxvt 
The  next  day,  on  the  eastern  beach  opposite  to  Portsmouth 
[battery,  the  Indians  killed  a  householder ;  and  while  plundering 
hnd  setting  fire  to  his  habitation,  the  terror  of  a  cannon  shot  dis- 
persed them.     They  made  a  precipitate  retreat,  yet  by  means  of 
alizht  snow  just  fallen,  they  were  tracked  into  the  wilderness, 
ind  overtaken  near  a  great  swamp,  into  which  they  threw  them- 
jelves,  leaving  their  packs  and  plunder  »o  their  pursuers.        '   *■' 
The  last  acts  of  bloodshed  and  mischief,  committed   in  Maine  jvpreda- 
lihis  season  by  the  savages,  were  at  Wells.     Here  they  killed  Mr,  \\^\i^^ 
Cross,  Isaac  Cousins  and  the  servant-man  of  William  Symonds, 
whose  house  also  they  reduced  to  ashes.     Being  a  man  of  influ- 
leDCe,  he  was  an  object  of  their  greater  vengeance  ;  but  fortu- 
Inately,  before  this,  he  had  removed  his  family  to  the  garrison, 
which  was  in  the  more  compact  part  of  the  town. 

The  prominent  actors  in  this  year's  war  were  the  Sokokis,  the  Affairt  of 
[.inasagunticooks,  and  a  part  of  the  Canibas  tribe ;  and  never  did  ''"^  ^"' 
Ithe  wars  carried  on  by  the  clans  of  the  northern  hive  against  the 
iRomans,  partake  of  a  more  predatory  character.  Within  the 
lihort  period  of  three  months,  the  settlements  between  Piscataqua 
Imd  Kennebeck  sustained  a  loss  of  eightyf  lives,  a  large  number 
lof  dwelHnghouses  and  of  domestic  animals,  and  an  unknown 
hmount  of  other  property.  The  savages  had  every  advantage. 
JThey  had  no  buildings  to  lose — no  fields  to  be  destroyed  : — ^They 
Iffere  actuated  by  desires  of  revenge  and  rapine ;  they  fought  for 
Iplunder ;  and  they  were  gratified.  As  tenants  of  the  wilderness, 
liiey  traversed  the  rugged  country  with  facility — appalled  at  no 
jprivations  ;  for  hunger,  fatigue  and  hardships  were  their  habits  of 


'W  '•:->*f-»..' 


wmm: 


*  Afterwards  M njcr  Frost. 

i  Hubbard  tayt,  "  fifty ;"— but  by  actual  enumeration  tighly. 
Vol.  I.         *  64 


030  THE  HIHTORY  [Vot.  i. 

A.  D.  1675  life.     Unequalled  by  the  inhabitants  in  numbers,  they  chose  their 
time,  place  and  manner  of  attack;   though,  as  they  aftenvards j 
acknowledged,  their  loss  of  men  Tias  twice  that  of  the  white  I 
people.     Business  was  suspended.      Every  individual  was  seek- 
ing for  his  own  safety  and  the  security  of  his  family  ;   the  pro.] 
ductions  of  the  earth  were  not  gathered ;    dwellinghouses  were  I 
deserted  ;  and  men,  women  and  children  were  huddled  together 
in  small  garrisons,  or  the  larger  houses,  fortified  by  timbcr-walltl 
and  flankers  ; — generally  constructed  with  sentry-boxes  upon  the! 
roofs,  and  guarded  by  watchmen  day  and  night. -t  .    ■ 

To  subdue  the  Indians  in  their  fastnesses,  or  wlnter-quartersj 
into  which  it  was  supposed  ihey  were  retiring,  at  Pegwacket,  Os- 
sipee,  and  Pejepscot ;  the  General  Court  ordered  considerable  de- 
tachments to  be  detailed  from  the  New-Hampshire  and  Yorkshire 
regiments,  and  gave  the  command  to  popular  and  meritorious  of-] 
ficers.  But  the  soldiers  were  not  prepared  to  march  till  the  10th 
of  December,  at  which  time  the  snow  had  fallen  to  the  depth  < 
four  feet  upon  a  level ;  and  they,  being  unfurnished  with  snow- 
shoes,  could  not  travel  a  day's  journey  into  the  woods  without 
great  hazard  of  their  lives  ; — therefore  the  enterprize  was  aban-j 
doned.* 

A  truce.  No  event,  as  it  proved,  could  have  had  a  happier  tendency; 

for  the  Indians,  having  been  diverted  from  their  ordinary  pursuits, 
<■  had  no  provisions  on  hand, ,  nor  means  of  buying  them, — theii 

ammunition  and  plunder  were  consumed, — the  snow  was  too  deed 
for  hunting, — and  they  perceived,  that  without  peace,  ilicy  musl 
suffer  extreme  famine.  The  Sagamores  therefore  requested  ol 
the  Commissioners,  Messrs.  Waldron  and  Shapleigh,  an  armisticej 
and  then  entered  into  a  treaty  for  "  the  whole  body  of  Indian^ 
eastward  ;"f  engaging  to  be  the  submissive  subjects  of  the  govJ 
ernment,  and  to  surrender  all  captives  without  ransom.  ThesJ 
were  happily  from  time  to  time  restored,  and  their  lives  saved. 

The  dying  embers  of  war,  kept  smothered  through  seved 
succeeding  months,  might  never  have  been  disturbed,  had  m 
people,  uninfluenced  by  private  gains,  and  personal  animositiesJ 
been  governed  by  maxims  of  exact  justice  and  prudence. 


*  About  twenty  I'amilics  removed  from  Saco,  Falmouth,  and  the  ncigh^ 
borhoud,  to  Salem. 

-f  This  could  include  only  the  Indians  from  Piicataqua  to  CaHCo.— //iiI"! 
barirt  Indian  Wart,  p.  346. 


Cbi»«  »»•] 


ov  Maine. 


631 


But  during  the  winter  the  community  was  filled  with  whispers  A.  D.  itn. 
lod  jealousies.     The  eastern  traders  were  charged  in  Boston  with 
leiliag  to  the  Indians  firearms  and  ammunition ;    when  it   was 
lyorable,  they  were  procured  of  the  French.     It  was  also  re- 
ported, that  the  Sa2;amores  and  their  confidents  were   engaged 
jfl  a  deep  conspiracy  against  the  inhabitants ;  and  so  fully  was 
iliis  believed,  that  Major  VValdron  was  induced  to  issue  general  q,j,„| 
tarrants  for  seizing  every  Indian  known  to  be  a  manslayer,  «*"'•»«•• 
traitor  or  conspirator.  .        ...s. 

These  precepts,  which  afforded  every  man  a  plausible  pretext  Indian*  kid 
K)  seize  suspected  savages,  were  obtained  by  several  shipmasters  "•pp*** 
Ibr  the  most  shameful  purposes.  One  with  his  vessel  lurked 
ibout  the  shores  of  Peraaquid,  when  Mr.  Shurte,  acquainr^d 
irith  his  errand,  importunately  entreated  him  to  depart ;  assuring 
him,  the  English  and  the  natives  in  the  vicinity,  were  in  a  state  of 
profound  peace,  and  warning  the  Indians  likewise  to  beware  r^ 
bis  wiles.  Yet  he  treacherously  caught  several, — and  carrying 
iheia  into  foreign  parts,  sold  them  for  slaves.*  Another,  by 
the  name  of  Laughlin,  with  one  of  Mr.  Waldron's  warrants, 
seized  several  Mickmaks  at  Cape  Sable,  for  the  same  wretched 
purpose.  These  people,  who  had  hitherto  been  altogether  dis- 
tinct and  separate  from  the  other  eastern  tribes,  were  in  this 
manner  provoked,  to  make  the  injuries  done  the  natives  a  com- 
mon cause  of  resentment. 
Greatly  incensed  by  these  fresh  and  unprovoked  afironts,  the  Compiainti 

[Indians  complained  to  Mr.  Shurte,  whose  sincerity  and  kind  of-diaiu. 

Ifices  had  won  their  confidence  ;  stating  that  many  of  their  bro- 

I  tilers  were  missing, — possibly  miserable  slaves  in  foreign  lands. 
'Yes,  (added  they,)  and  your  people  frightened  us  away  last  fall 
'from  our  cornfields  about  Kennebeck, — ^you  have  sine*.  I'lh- 
'tiolden  powder  and  shot  from  us  ;  so  that  we  have  been  u;>able 

I 'to  kill  either  fowl  or  venison,  and  some  of  our  Indians,  too,  the 
'last  winter,  actually  perished  of  hunger.' 
To  conciliate  tliem  and  preserve  their  temper,  Mi,  Shurte  told 

lihem,  that  their  friends,  if  transported,  should  be  returned  to  their 
homes,  and  the  transgressors  arrested   and  punished;  and  that 

Uh],  Waldron  had  entered  into  a  happy  peace  with  the  Sokokis 
ud  other  Indians,  which  might  become  general,  provided  the 


■Hub.  Indian  Wars,  p.  332—844. 


582  "^HE  HBTORY  [Vol.  i. 

A.  D.  IC76.  Anasagtinticooks   and    the    Canibas  tribe  would  accede  to  it. 
Much  gratified,    apparently,  with  this  parley,  as  they  called  it,  ] 
they  presented  him  with  a  belt  of  wampam  in  token  of  amitv, 
delivered  to  him  a  captive  boy,  and,  a  short  time  after,  sent  a 
foot-post,  or  "  runner"  to  him  from  Teconnet,*  inviting  him  to  j 
meet  the  Sagamores  in  council  at  that  place. 
A  parley  ai      The  committee,  or  council  of  war,  whose  advice  he  sought,  j 
Tccounei.    j^^ociated  with  him  in  the  mission,  Capt.   Sylvanus  Davis,  and 
gave   them    instructions.      On    their    arrival  at  Teconnet,   the 
Indians   saluted   them  by  a  discharge  of  guns;  and  conductui 
them  respectfully  into  the   great  wigwam,  or  camp,  where  they  i 
found  seated   Assiminasqua,  Madockawando,  Tarumkin,  Hope- 1 
hood,  Mueg  and  a  large  assemblage  from  their  tribes.     Squando,  j 
whose  attendance,  they  were  informed,  was  expected,  had  not  yet  I 
arrived. 

Assiminasqua,    their   chief  speaker,  first  addressed  thein:— I 
Brothers,  keep  your  arms,  it  is  a  point  of  honor.     Be  at  liberUj. 
It  is  not  our  custom,  like  Mohawks,  to  seize  the  messengers  co,n-  j 
ing  unto  us.     JVny — certainly  we  never  do,  as  your  people  once  j 
did  with  fourteen  of  our  Indians,  sent  to  treat  with  you;  takinn 
away  their  guns  and  setting  a  guard  over  their  heads. — We  now 
must  tell  you,  we  have  been  in  deep  waters. — You  told  us  to  comt  I 
down  and  give  up  our  arms  and  powder,  or  you  would  kill  us.  \ 
So  to  keep  peace,  we  were  forced  to  part  tvith  our  hunting  guns; 
or  to  leave  both  onr  furt  and  our  corn.      What  we  did,  wat  a 
great  loss — we  feel  its  weight. 

*  Our  reply  to  you,'  said  the  agents,  *  is  good.     Otir  men,  who  j 
•have  done  you  wrong,  are  always  greatly  blamed.     Could  they 

•  be  reached  by  the  arm  of  our  rulers,  tiiey   would  be  punished. 

'  All  the   Indians  know  how  kindly  they  have  been  treated  ail 

*  Pemaquid.  We  come  now  to  confirm  the  peace,  especially  to 
'  treat  with  the  Anasagunticooks.  We  wish  to  see  Squando,f 
'  and  to  hear  Tarumkin  speak. 

He  then  remarked  : — /  have  bten  weMward,  where  I  fund 
three  Sagamores,  wishing  for  peace ; — many  Indians  unwilling. 
Hove  the  clear  streams  of  friendship,  that  meet  and  unite.  Ctr- 
tain,  I  myself,  choose  the  shades  of  peace,     J\Iy  heart  is  trvt ; 


*  Sull.ran,    [>.    l7I.--IIcical)(>iils    were   cvidcncei  of  '  ancient    wtll^ 
itientK,'  +  lliibbard'i  Indian  War*,  p.  ,'40. 


Cbaf.  XX. J  OF  mwnK.  633 

f)d  I  give  you  my  hand  in  pledge  of  the  truth. — Seven  of  his  A.  U.  \ili 
tribe,  also  Ho|)ehood  and  Mug^,  offered  the  same  token  of  their 
sincerity.  Had  Squando  been  present,  Shurte  and  Davis  might 
have  effected  a  treaty  with  the  Annsagimticouks.  But  Madocka- 
wando,  becomins;  impatient  of  the  distrust  and  jealousy,  which 
ihe  agents  discovered,  enquired  : — Do  we  not  meet  here  on  equal 
^ound  ?  IVhere  shall  we  buy  powder  and  shot  for  our  icinter^t 
kunting,  when  we  have  eaten  up  all  our  corn?  Shall  we  leave 
Englishmen  and  apply  to  the  French  ?  or  let  our  Indians  die '' 
ffe  have  waited  long  to  hear  you  tell  us,  and  now  we  want,  yes  ! 
or  no  ! 

'You  may,' said  the  Agents,  '  have  ammunition  for  net  essary 
•use;  but  you  say  yourselves,  there  arc  many  western  Indians, 
'who  do  not  choose  peace.  Should  you  let  them  have  the  pow- 
'der  we  sell  you,  what  do  we,  better  than  cut  our  own  throats?— 
•This  is  the  best  answer  we  are  allowed  to  return  you,  though 
'you  wait  ten  years.' 

Tiie  reply  gave  an  unfortunate  turn  to  the  parley  or  negotia- 
tion. The  chiefs  taking  umbrage,  declined  any  further  talk; 
and  the  Agents  returned  home,*  apprehending  a  speedy  renewal 
of  hostilities. 

The  death  of  King  Philip,  August  12,  IG7G,  which  occasion- 1^«''><I«  "f 

.....  .     king  Fhilip. 

il  a  jubilee  among  the  colonists  of  his  vicinity,  was  an   event  in  Aug.  is. 
its  consequences,  truly  calamitous  to  the  eastern  people.      His 
surviving   most   notorious    adherents,    strolling    away,   dispersed "'» "^''•• 
tiicinselves  among  the  Pcnacooks  and  Abenaqucs.     Though  their  -Maiu*- 
language  was  radically  the  same,  and  some  of  them  coiiKi   speak 
English,  they  were  easily  distinguished   by  their  dialect,  and  tho 
cut  of  their  hair.     The  maddened   passions  of  these  visitors  or 
emigrants,  were  in  correspondent  tone  with  those  of  Squando. 
He  took  fresh  courage.     His  angel,    without  doubt,  revealed  to 
him  unew,  the  utter  destruction  of  the  English  ;  and  he  was   im- 
patient to  sec  the  work  renewed. 

Three  of  the  most  noted  fugi.ives,  who  had  taken  or  acquired  :J|'^'^*'„j 
liie  English  names,  of  Simon,  Andrew  and   Peter,  escaping  to  **«'«'"' 
Merrimack  river,  a  short  time  before  tlit  downfall  of  their  prince, 
killed  one  Thomas  Kimball,  an  inhabitant  there,  and  took  cnptivo 
liis  wife  and  five  children.     They  then  endeavored  to  conceal 


•  I!ii1)hnrd's  Int*!.!:)  Wan*,  p.  n)t-2. 


5S4  THE  HISIVRY  P^OL.  i. 

A.  i).  1676.  themselves  among  the  Penacooks,  who  had  been  neutrals  in  the 
war.  But  as  they  were  murderers,  undeserving  hospitality,  tliev 
were  surrendered, — seized  on  one  of  Maj,  Waldron's  warrants 
and  closely  confined  at  Dover,  till  July;  when  they  effected 
their  escape,  and  went  to  Casco  bay.  They  were  all  adepts  in 
villainy  and  Simon,  surnamed  •'  the  yankee-killer,"  boasted,  that 
he  had  shot  at  many  a  white  man,  and  never  failed  but  once  of 
bringing  his  object  to  the  ground.* 

Early   in   August,    he    made   himself  familiar  at  the  housp 

rpopic  kill-  .  . 

edaiCaico.  of  Anthony  Brackett,  an  inhabitant  of  Back  Cove,  (Falmouth) 
who  in  a  few  days  after,  lost  one  of  his  cows. — '  I  can  shew  you,' 
said  Simon,  *  the  fellows  that  killed  the  creature,' — and  then  went 
away.  Suspecting  his  fidelity,  Brackett  and  his  neighbors  des- 
patched two  messengers  to  inform  Major  Waldron,  at  Dover,  of 
the  circumstance  and  their  tears.  But  before  their  return,  a  party 
of  savages  came  to  Brackett's,  August  11,  led  by  Simon,  who 
exclaimed,  '  here  are  the  Indians  that  took  your  cow,'  and  forth- 
with seizing  all  the  weapons  in  sight,  proceeded  to  bind  Mr. 
Brackett,  his  wife,  their  five  children,  and  a  negro  servant ;  when 
her  brother,  Nathaniel  Mitten,  in  resisting  their  violence,  was  in- 
stantly killed.  Next  they  despatched  with  their  tomahawks,  his 
neighbors,  Robert  Corbin,  Humphrey  Durham,  and  Benjamin 
Atwcll,  residents  at  Presumpscot,f  and  hurried  away  their  wives 
and  families  with  the  other  prisoners,  towards  the  water ;  only 
Auackon  one  woman  escaping  with  her  children  in  a  canoe.  An  alarm 
AugTii.  was  given  by  two  n)en  in  a  boat,  who  liad  fortunately  escaped 
the  shots  aimed  at  them ;  while  two  others,  coming  at  this 
juncture  to  labor  for  Brackett,  likewise  fled  away  unhurt;  and  the 
surviving  inliabitants  made  a  hasty  retreat  to  Mountjoy's  garrison 
on  the  hill.  Another  laborer,  hiding  in  the  bushes,  was  eye- 
witness to  the  death  of  Thomas  Brackett,  and  the  capture  of  his 
wife  and  children,  he  being  killed  near  his  own  house,  on  the 
touthely  side  of  the  peninsula. 

At  convenient  times,  Messrs.  Pike,  Wells,  Lewis,  Felt  and  the 
returning  messengers,  with  others,  aware  of  their  exposure  to 
certain  death  or  captivity,  if  the  fort  were  taken,  took  their  re* 


*  Hiitihani'H  Itidian  Wnn,  p.  3ni,  3*M,  3'<0. 

t  Tlicy  alw)  »liot  Jolm  Mountjoy,  »on  of  fJtorge,  and  Iiaac  Waltrly,  nn 
the  Ncrlt,  RR  t\,r\  rioMrd  over  to  Piirpcodic,  and  took  Jamei  Rom,  In 
wif*  and  children  pritoncri. 


Ctxr.  XX.]  *  OF  MAINE.  636 

ipective  families  and  removed  to  Andrews'  or  Bangs'  Island,  as  a  a.O.  |fi]fi. 
place  of  greater  safety.  Recollecting,  howtver,  tiie  powder  left  iu 
different  places,  the  men  associated,  and,  on  the  night  of  the 
iJih,  went  and  brought  off  about  two  barrels,  and  some  other  ar- 
ticles. The  peninsula  of  Casco-neck  was,  during  a  subsequent 
period,  wholly  deserted  ;*  thirty-four  persons  being  killed  in  (his 
surprisal,  or  carried  into  captivity, f  and  a  considerable  property 
iestroyed  ;  thougli  most  of  the  houses  were  loft  standing. | 

At  the  same  time,  August  13,  a  blow  was  struck  at  the  hfe  ^^,^_[J^*^'' 
and  possessions  of  Richard  Hammond  at  Stinsou's  point  [Wool- 
tfich].  He  had  been  for  a  long  time  a  trader  with  the  Indians; 
and  they  complained,  (as  they  were  wont  to  do),  of  his  cheating 
tbeni.  Once,  they  said,  he  fdled  them  with  strong  drink,  and 
took  away  their  furs  from  them  by  stealth.  Remcnihoring  his 
offences,  a  vindictive  party  of  them,  visited  the  place,  whose 
looks  and  airs  so  frightened  a  young  maid,  tliat  she  started  to  run 
affay : — But  an  Indian  brought  her  back,  and  told  her  she  had 
nothing  to  fear.  Still  more  terrified  by  the  arrival  of  a  larger 
number  of  them,  she  ef.cap  d  and  travelled  over  land  ten  miles 
10  Sheepscot  plantation,  and  told  the  story  to  the  people  there  ; 
adding,  that  she  heard,  when  at  a  distance  from  the  house,  a 
jrcat  bustle  and  heavy  blows.  It  was  true,  the  Indians,  in  the 
first  onsot,  killed  Saniuel  Smith,  Joshua  (irnnf,  and  also  Ham- 
mond himself,  setting  fire  to  his  house,  and  making  sixteen  per- 
sons, captives. 

Before  the  assailants  started  away,  thoy  divided  liicmsclvos  Arraw<iick 
into  two  bands.  One  ascended  the  river,  and  took  into  custody 
Francis  Card  and  his  family  ;  the  other  proceeded  by  water,  the 
same  night,  to  Arrowsick,  and  landed  in  great  silence  on  the 
soiuh-easterly  point  of  the  Island,  near  the  scttlciucnt  and  fort. 
A  part  of  them  cowered  down  under  the  walls  of  the  garrison, 
and  others  secreted  themselves  behind  a  large  adjoining  rock  ; — 
Ml!)cing  able  to  see  every  movement  of  the  sentinel.  As  he  retir- 
ed from  his  post,  before  the  usual  hour,  without  being  relieved, 
lie  was  unconsciously  followed  through  the  fort-gate  by  the  sav- 
a^c-spies  in  quick  succession  ;  who  instantly  cl*)sed  the  port-holes 


burnt. 


*  I'mbalilr  tho  inli.nhttant'»  did  not  rrtiim  jfrncrally  till  tlir  prare  in 
\pril.  Hi'U. —  IVUI'iM.  y   1.^2.      t  iN.Tnrly.  12  men,  «i  wotncti,  ami  IG  rliililrcn. 
;  lliil)bartl'«  Indian  Win,  33!>- SO  aoo. 


636  THF.  HISTORY  f     [Vot.  i. 

A.  D  1676,  and  assumed  to  be  masters  of  the  garrison.  Never,  perliaps 
was  consternation  preater.  The  Ene:)isli  and  Iniiians  fought  hand 
to  han<l.  Aroused  from  sleep,  Capts.  Lake,  Davis,  and  others 
soon  finding  resistance  vain,  Hod  through  a  back-door,  and  junitv 
ing  into  a  ca'  oe,  strove  to  reacli  another  Island.  Overtaken 
however,  by  ilicir  pursuers,  just  as  tln'y  were  stepping  on  shore 
Lake  was  killed  by  a  niusket-shot,  and  Davis  so  wounded  that  lie 
could  neii)»er  Hght  nor  flee.  Able  now  only  to  qreep,  he  hid 
himself  irt  a  cleft  of  the  rocks ;  and  the  beams  of  the  rising  sun 
in  the  eyes  nf  th"  assailants,  prevented  a  discovery.  Neverthe- 
less, two  dii;  s  elapsed  before  ho  could,  even  in  a  lislit  canoe 
paddle  himself  away  to  the  s^hores  of  the  main. 

About  a  dozen  other  persons,  escaping  to  the  further  end  of 
the  Island,  Ibiuid  means  to  get  oft'  in  safety.  Lake  was  an  cnter- 
prizing,  and  excellent  man  ;*  and  it  is  said,  ho  would  not  have 
been  killed,  had  he  asked  quarter,  and  not  presented  his  pistol  to 
h!i»  antajoii'.L:.  So  proud  was  the  savage  of  his  bloody  exploit, 
thothc  took  the  hat  of  his  fallen  foe,  and  wore  it  as  a  trophy,  upon 
his  own  iicad.  The  number  killed  and  carried  into  captivity,  was 
thirty-fivo  persons.  In  the  general  conflagration,  the  whole  of 
this  large  and  beautifid  establishment — the  mansion-house,  the 
fortification,  the  mills,  and  the  out-buildings — collectively  the 
works  of  years,  and  the  cost  of  several  thousand  pounds,  forming 
yesterday  the  hamlet  of  the  Islands,  exhibit  to-day  only  a  smoul- 
dering heap  of  ruins. 

News  of  the  event  rendered  Simon  and  his  bloody  compnnions 
impatient  to  be  partakers  of  the  spoils,  or  the  glory  of  the  siege; 
and,  therefore,  as  they  were  burdened  with  their  prisoners,  they 
left  Anthony  lirackelt's  wife  and  family — probably  on  Great  Se- 
bascodegan.  Here  she  fortunately  found  a  leaky  birchen  canoe, 
in  which,  after  she  had  mended  it,  she  and  her  negro  servant, 
rowed  them  all  safely  to  Black-point,  from  whence  a  vessel  gave 
them  a  passage  to  Piscatacpia. 

The  inhabitants  eastward  of  Arrowsick  bccainc  now  so  much 
dismayed,  iliat  they  durst  no  longer  abide  in  their  own  houses. 
Those  of  Shrepscot,  listening  to  the  story  of  the  fugitive  girl, 
made  an  early  retreat  to  the  fort  at  (!ape-newagen.  The  peo- 
ple of  Fcmaquid  fled  on  bpard  tiicir  vessels  j  but  being  prevent- 


llrntki'll's 
vvilK  and 
family  es- 
cape. 


Tim  propic 
A,4»t  ofHaK' 
ndahock 
Arr  tn  iho 
Iklandi. 


•  Tapt.  fiakc  wn»  llir  nncr^tor,  prrhnprn  fiithcr,  of  i^ir  Biby  FiaUc. 


fi  by  reason  of  light  at  adverse  winds  from  reaching  Monhej^aa, 
I  fiacb  they  supposed  to  be  an  bland  of  the  greatest  safety  upmi 
j  jie  coast,  they  were  under  the  necessity  of  going  ashcorc  upon 

gae  of  the  Damariscn^'w  islands.     Here,  tliey  met  with  Messrs. 

Ctilicot  and  Wiuwell  from  Casco  and  Arrowsick ;  and  all  of  them 

ibored  incessantly  for  two  days  in  constructing  a  fortification. 

However,  as  soon  as  tliey  were  favored  with  a  nortiierly  breeze, 
Uef  abandoned  this  Island ;  those  two  gentlemen  sailing  for  Bos- 

lao,  and  the  rest  proceeding  to  Monhegan.  The  Islanders  and 
Miigees  uniting  there,  appointed  a  watch  of  twenty-live  men  by 
hifbt,  and  a  sufficient  guard  by  day,  and  agreed  tliat  no  vessel 
hhould  leave  the  harbor  for  a  wcek,^  excepting  a  single  one  des- 
hned  to  go  and  bring  away  their  household-furniture  and  effects 
Lm  Pemaquid.     Yet   scarcely  was  tlie  trip  performed,  before 

iiey  saw  clouds  of  smoke  anise  over  their  burning  village,  also 

fimes  of  the  houses  at  N/ew-Harboi ,  at  Corban's  Sound  and 
hpoa  some  of  the  Islands.     Being  shortly  after  informed,  that  no 

nccors  could  be  immediately  expected  from  Boston,  they  quit 
liN  Island,  and  sailed  for  that  town,  Piscataqua  and  Salem.  On 
lihtir  passage  they  visited  one  of  the  Damariscove  Islands,  where 
Iky  found  only  the  relics  of  recent  destruction, — two  dead 
Itodies,  the  ashes  and  fragments  of  the  buildings,  and  the  carcasses 
U  the  cattle.'*^ 
In  one  month,  fifteen  leagues   of  coast   eastward  of   Casco 

[lkIc,  were  laid  waste.  The  inhabitants  were  either  massacred, 
[arried  into  captivity,  or  driven  to  the  Islands  or  remoter  places, 
liod  the  settlements  abandoned  or  in  ruins.  The  inhabitants  had 
ladured  with  forti'.ud?  a  series  of  hardships  many  years,  and 
libose  of  the  peninsula  in  particular,  could  not  entertain  the 
libought  of  altogether  abandoning  their  homes  and  their  all,  to  the 
lavage  destroyers.  Upon  Mountjoy's  Island,  two  leagues  from 
p  shore,  was  an  old  stone  house  which  was  easily  made  a  shel- 
lier  for  a  few  of  them  ;  and  upon  Jewel's  Island,  others  fortified 
It  house  and  made  preparations  for  defending  themselves. 

But  the  Indians,  flushed  with  tlieir  successes,  rushed  upon  this 
llsland,  Sept.  3,  when  the  men  were  fishing,  the  women  en^ag- 
leilin  washing  by  the  water  side,  and  the  children  scattered 
out  the  shore.     At  first,  a  brave  lad  firing  from  the  house, 


537 

A.I>.  IC36^ 


Ptnujttid 
burnt. 


Extent  of 
tlin  ravai^e*. 


Aiinrkon 

JkwcI'i 

Island. 


♦  Hubbard'»  Indian  Wars,  p.  3ftl— 4~3«0~31H). 
Vol.  1.  66 


IlS--1 


638 


THCHISTOBT 


[Vol, 


A  D.  !«';$.  killed  two  In  Kant,  and  thus  gave  the  alarm.    Mrs.  Potts  ud 
several  ot  iier  rhildren  were  quickly  seized,  when  one  of  them 
seeing  his  fati>^r  conaing  in  a  boat,  ran  towards  him,  crying  for 
help, — till  cau^^ht  by  a  savage,  upon  whom  the  father  durst  not  i 
fire,  through  fear  of  killing  his  child.     One  of  the  men  rowed 
off  his  canoe  towards  Richmond  Island    for  assistaaKe.  nnd  the 
others  with  gioat  intrepidity  rushed  into  the  .aici-ic  of  iiic  Irtlia  i^ 
and  with  the  ;  >ss  of  two  killed  and  five  nai  <  captive,  dn  7(> 
themt)  their  canoes      The  messenger,  niceiinc;  with  a  ke.:i, 
persuaded  the  master  to  'p  and  relimo  the  oisircsaerf  'siande 
and  he  finally  rimoved  tbf;n)  to  place*;  of  mo  «^  safety.     The  as- j 
s&ilants  proceeded    to  Spatwnk,   where   they   killed   two   and 
wounded  others.  !''»'k';.hI  nt^<' v  ;;.:  n;t  ?»    . 

TrooM  Mni     Amidst  these  alarming  deprt  flatio.is,  the  Heneral  Couri    hav- 
enemy!**"  ing  becn  convened,  Ordered  200  met i  to  be  enliyidd.   'uidcr  tiitl 
command  of  Captnins  William  Hicwthorn,  Joyph  bllj,  and  J, 
Huniine:,  and  dt'ectud  Major  Waldron,  anu  Mdjot  Frost,  to  make! 
dotrtciiiriCiits  Goiu  their  respective  regiments,  or  otherwise  recruiij 
as  I. -Mny  able-bodied  men  as  could  with  prudence  leave  hoine;! 
and  to  desjiatch  them  with  the  colonial  troops  against  the  enemy.l 
The  force  from  Massachusetts,  partly  formed  of  refugees  froral 
Maine,  who  were  anxious  to  return,  consisred  of  1 30  English  and 
40  Natick  Indians.     They  all  arrived  at  Cocheco,  (Dover)  SeptJ 
•^      .     6 ;  where  they  were  met  by  the  soldiery   under  Waldron  an(i| 
Frost. 

Met  at  Do-  At  the  same  place,  about  40U  Indians  from  different  tribe^ 
Indlanf.**'*'  assembled  ;  some  of  whom  were  known  to  be  malignant  fugitives 
from  the  westward  ;  others  had  treacherously  violated  the  stipula-j 
tions  of  the  treaty,  made  with  them  nine  months  before ;  and 
were  acting  in  concert  and  friendship.  As  this  assemblage  wa 
probably  not  requested,  it  was  not  expected ;  and  Waldron,  \\\ 
had  authority  to  seize  all  Indian  murderers  and  traitors,  was  m 
volved  in  a  difficult  dilemma.  Many  of  the  English  scl'^us,  eiij 
raged  nt  tho  recollection  of  savage  cruelties,  were  impatient  to  fall 
upon  them  immediately  and  indiscriminately,  with  gun  and  i)ay(> 
net ;  while  he  knew,  that  most  of  the  Indians  present  were  reposj 
ing  the  greatest  confidence,  both  in  his  honor  and  fidelity. 

Waldron,  therefore,  suggested  to  tJ:o  officers  an  expedienij 
which,  though  of  an  uncommon  character,  was  adopted.  Hj 
prof)osi.'d,  the  next  day,  to  the  embodied  Indians,  to  have  a  shanil 


CiAF.   XX.] 


or  MAIMC. 


889 


Sept  7. 


H 


l>, 


•I* 


(^t,  in  which  they  were  to  manoeuTre  on  the  one  tide,  and  the  A>  D.  icit. 

English  on  the  other.     Accordingly  the  amusement  was  continu-  ||ji*||JJj°|[, 
ti  a  short  time,  when  Waldron  induced  them  to  fire  a  erand  *■><'  f*'«  "' 

'^  ihe  offend- 

round  ;  and  the  moment  their  guns  were  discharged,  his  troops  «r* 

surrounded  the  unwary  Indians,  seized  and  disarmed  them,  with 
cut  the  loss  of  a  man  on  either  side.  To  divide  them  into  classes, 
iccording  to  their  guilt  or  innocence,  was  a  far  more  difficult  part 
of  Uiis  undertaking.  Wonnolancet  and  his  tribe,  all  adherents  to 
the  English  and  all  neutrals  in  the  war,  were  discharged.  The 
<' strange  Indians"  from  the  westward,  and  every  one  who  had 
been  guilty  of  bloodshed  or  outrage  since  the  treaty,  about  200 
in  all,  were  confined  and  conveyed  to  Boston.  The  Governor 
and  Assistants  constituted,  at  that  time,  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  colony ;  and  all  the  prisoners  who  were  convicted  of  having 
taken  life,  (being  seven  or  eight,)  suffered  death  ;  and  others  re- 
ceiving the  sentence  of  banishment,  were  transported  and  sold  in 
foreign  parts  for  slaves.  ■  I  h 

The  propriety  of  this  unprecedented  course  was  a  subject, 
which  divided  the  whole  community ;  some  applauded, — some 
doubted, — some  censured ;  but  the  government  approved.  Wal- 
dron and  Frost,  with  other  officers,  thought  it  their  duty  to  obey 
their  orders,  which  directed  them  to  kill  and  destroy  all  hostile  '     , 

Indians ;  and  to  submit  the  future  destiny  of  the  prisoners  to  the 
public  authorities.  It  was  believed,  that  those  who  were  set  at 
liberty  might  feel  highly  satisfied,  and  those  transported  would 
never  be  able  to  return.  But  the  Indians  thought  tliis  farce  of 
a  batde,  a  base  Yankee  trick,  played  off  in  direct  violation  of 
good  faith  ;  which  diey  would  neither  forget  nor  forgive. 

Next  day,  the  troops,   under  the  senior  command  of  Capt.  g     ^ 
Hawthorn,  piloted  by  Bilnd  Will,  Sagamore  of  the  Newichawan-  y''"  ""?"?• 
nocks,  and  eight  of  his  Indians,  proceeded  eastward  by  water  ;  Caico. 
and  after  visiting  Wells,  Winter-harbor,  Black-point,  and   Spur- 
wink,  disembarked,  September  20th,  upon  the  peninsula  of  Fal-         ,.„„i 
mouth.     They  had  taken  on  the  way,  only  two  prisoners,  one  of 
whom  was  killed  and  the  other  permitted  by  Blind  Will's  men, 
his  keepers,  to  escape  ;  they  probably  intending  that  every  princi- 
pal event  should  be  communicated  to  tlie  enemy. 

As  some  of  the  inhabitants  belonging  to  Casco  neck,  probably  Fort  Loyal 
returned — they   and  the  soldiery,   proceeded    to    prepare    the 


i± 


1:.,  s 


Gvent  ai 

Mmiiiijoj's 

Island. 


640  THEHIStORV    ,  fVoL. 

A.  D.  1676  foundations  for  a  public  garrison,*— to  establish  which,  the  Gen- 
eral Court  had  made  some  appropriations.  The  troops,  eneaeed 
principally  in  searching  for  the  enemy  and  in  relieving  or  removjnr 
the  settlers,  tarried  upwards  of  three  weeks  upon  the  peninsula  • 
during  which  a  few  instances  only  of  depredations  committed  bv 
the  savages  are  noticed.  By  permission  of  Cnpt.  Hawthorn 
September  23d,  seven  of  the  inhabitants  visited  Mouiitjoy's,  or 
Peak's  Island,  for  the  purpose  of  killing  and  dressing  a  fen-  sheep. 
for  the  support  of  their  families.  While  there,  they  were  en- 
countered by  an  Indian  party,  and  driven  to  the  old  stone  house 
for  shelter,  in  whicli  they  defended  themselves  with  much  valor 
till,  either  by  the  guns  of  the  enemy,  or  the  stones  tumbled  upon 
them  from  the  walls,  they  were  all  killed  except  one,  who  soon 
died  of  his  wounds.  Being  heads  ol  families  and  men  of  cour- 
age and  activity,  especially  George  Felt,  they  were  greatly  es- 
teemed and  their  deaths  deeply  lamented.       '^in,/} 

A  larger  party,  lurking  about  Wells,  the  next  day,  Sept.  24, 
shot  from  his  horse  James  Gooch,  as  he  was  returning  from  pub- 
lic worship  on  the  Lord's  day ;  and  his  wife,  who  was  on  the 
same    horse,  was  cut  to  pieces  by  them  with  their    hatchets. 
On  the  2r)th,  they  destroyed  the  settlement  at  Cape  Neddock,t 
where  forty  persons  were  slain,  or  made  the  subjects  of  a  wretch- 
ed captivity.     This  was  a  transaction,  which  bore  some  marks  of  | 
uncommon  barbarity.     For  instance, — after  dashing  out  the  brains 
of  a  nursing  mother,  they  pinned  her  infant  to  her  bosom  and 
in  this  awful  condition  was  the  babe  found  alive,  with  one  of  the 
paps  in  its  mouth.  J     Again  they  entered  Wells,  and  killed  George 
Farrow, — all  the  settlers  being  constantly  terrified  with  appre- 
K        hensions  of  instant  death. 
',,  •  „        Unable  to  meet  the  Indians,  who  were   extremely  shy,  the 
troops,  Oct.  12,  sailed  from  Casco-neck  and  continued  the  resi- 
Ofiober  14.  due  of  the  month  at  Newichawannock.     On   the   second  day 
iiuack«d."  only,  after  they  passed  Black-point,  a  body  of  120  Indians^  made 
a  furious  assault  upon  the  garrison  there ;  when  fortunately  all 
the  surviving  inhabitants  of  the  place  were  safe  within  its  walls. 
This  fortress,  which  was  commanded  by  Henry  Joscelyn,  Esq. 


Sept.  Sfi. 
Cape  Ned 
clock  ("e- 
slreyed. 


*  4  Jilaiis.  lice.  p.  7fJ. — AltorwanJs  coriiplctetl  and  called  "  Fort  Loyal." 
-See  j>ott.  A.  D.  Ifino,  rlicip.  21.        f  In  YnrU.  J  Fullivan,  p.  2(1. 

5  Card  Kn\8  "  120  tlcrli(ip,;r  men."— Hnlihard'slndi.nii  Waw,  p.  OfiS— 271 


Cmr.  XX.]  f}V  o^' MAINE.  541 

«as  strong,  and  as  easily  defeuiible  by  few  men  as  any  one  upon  a.  d.  iCTS. 
(be  coast.  Aware  of  the  fact,  ihe  arch-leader,  Muge,  told  the 
eooimander,  if  he  would  surrender,  lie  and  his  associates  should 
lie  free  to  depart  mth  all  their  goods,  without  injury  or  insult. 
During  the  parley,  Joscelyn  sutTcred  himself  to  be  drawn  out  a 
short  (iistance  from  the  garrison,  and  on  returning,  he  was  sur- 
prized to  learn  that  in  his  absence  all  the  people,  except  his  house- 
hold servants,  had  laden  tlieir  boats  and  were  gone.  In  this 
wretched  predicament,  he  was  obliged  to  surrender  at  discretion.* 
The  event  was  a  mighty  boon — in  which  Mugg  took  great  pride. 
For,  the  Indians  themselves  had  on  the  same  point,  and  in  the  vi- 
cinity, two  slender  fortifications  and  eight  wigwams  between 
iheiii ;  and  the  present  surrender,  in  addition  to  the  burning  of 
Blue-point,  the  last  year,  completed  tlie  ruin  of  Scarborough. 

To  prevent  the  Indians  from  plundering  Richmond  Island,  of  Sci«urp  of 
ail  the  valuable  property  collected   there  ;  Walter  Gendell  per-  rrcw  at 
suaded  Capt.  Fryer  of  Portsmouth,  to  proceed  with  his  vessel  island, 
and  crew,  and  remove  what  remained.     He  did  so  ;  but  as  they 
ffere  loading  their  vessel,  a  part  of  the  sailors  on  shore  were 
seized,  and  a  part  on  board  were  driven  below  deck.     Next,  by 
heaping  into  canoes,  the  bolder  savages  succeeded    in   cutting 
tlie  cables,    and    the  wind  blowing  fresh    from  the    southeast,  ,^ 

drove  the  ketch  ashore.  Surrender,  said  they,  or  flames  will  -  *••••  ' 
\ionn  make  you  prisoners  of  death.  Theirs  was  now  a  most 
wretched  choice, — either  to  die  by  fire  or  the  tomahawk ; — to 
be  thrown  into  the  deep,  or  to  commit  a  species  of  suicide,  by 
surrendering  themselves  prisoners  to  blood-thirsty  barbarians. 
But  as  Captain  Fryer  lay  wounded  and  bleeding  before  their  eyes, 
his  men  at  last  concluded  to  risque  the  lender  mer«.Ie.«5  of  the 
savages,  and  eleven  were  made  prisoners.  In  the  cirtel,  they 
I  were  to  ransom  themselves  by  delivering  a  specified  quantity  of 

ods  in  a  limited  time ; — to  procure  which,  two  of  the  prisoners 
I  were  released,  who,  departing,  returned  with  the  ransom  before  the 
lime  elapsed.     But  as  the  exacters  themselves  were  then  absent 
Ion  some  new  expedition,  their  fellows  took  it,  killed   one  of  the 


*Hubbard'i  Indian   Wan,  p.  390.— Tlic  "list  of   the  inhabitants  at 

jniack-point  garrison,  Oct.  12,  1676,"  exhibits  the  names  of  about  60  men, 

inciudinj  those  -.vithin  and  without  the  fort.  -1  Coll.  .Vaine   Uiii.  Soc.   p. 


,«,*;;<..,  i 


HI'. 


Wells. 


Nov.  1 
Excurtion 

to 


64i  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  i. 

A.  D.  i«76.  bearers,  and  retained  the  rest  of  his  companbns  in  custody  ^~ 
A  true  specimen  this,  of  Indian  faith. 

Such  a  repetition  of  uninterrupted  successes,  filled  the  natives 
with  hopes,  and  the  inhabitants  with  fears,  that  the  entire  Prov- 
ince would  soon  be  overrun  and  laid  waste.  Mugg,  sensible  of 
Oojohcr  is.ti  e  advantages  gained,  led  a  force,  Oct.  18,  against  Wells  garri- 
Aiiack  on  ^^  ^^  ^^^  town's  end,  and  sent  his  prisoner,  Walter  Gendell  to 
demand  a  capitulation.  Never,  said  the  commander,  nevtr 
shall  the  gates  be  opened,  till  eviry  one  toithin  is  dead.  Re- 
pelled  by  so  bold  a  reply,  yet  be;  it  on  mischief,  AIi!j?g  and  his 
associates  killed  two  persons,  wounded  a  third,  cut  the  throats  of 
thirteen  cattle,  from  which  they  took  only  their  tongues,  and  then 
withdrew  to  the  woods. 

Supposing  that  the  Indians  were  collecting  at  their  great  fon 
o»»?f»e.  <*"   Ossipee   river.    Captains    Hawthorn,    Sill — and   their    men 
took  up  their  march,  Nov.   1,   from  Newichawannock,  towards 
that  place ;   wading   through  deep  snows,  and  passing  several 
streams,  not  frozen  hard  enough  to  bear  a  traveller.     This  expe- 
dition of  two  montlis,  with  all  its  hardships  and  expenses,  was 
entirely  fruitless ;  not  an  Indian  being  seen,  and  nothing  more 
done,  than  burning  a  part  of  their  fort.^ 
Mu«'«  pro-      ^"5S>  *h®  '"ost  cunriing  Indian  of  the  age,  came  to  Piscaia- 
P^»  °^    qua,  bringing  in  Fryer,  dying  of  his  wounds,  and  declared  upon 
his  faith,  which  he  said  was  still  good,  that  the  prisoners  taken  at 
Richmond's  Island,  would  shortly  be  restored,  without  ransom; 
at  the  same  time,  proposing  in  behalf  of  Madockawando  to  ne- 
gotiate a  peace.     He  and  his  sagacious  master  saw  how  much 
it  consisted  with  motives  of  policy  and  the  dictates  of  prudence, 
— to  treat  with  a  discomfited,  desponding  foe, — to  present  the 
first  offer  in   behalf  of   their  tribe,  that  had  much  to  lose  and 
nothing  to  gain  by  the  war, — and  to  anticipate  the  necessities  of  j 
an  approaching  winter,  when  the  means  of  sustenance  must  be 
entirely  meager,  and  prisoners  burdensome.     In  short,  they  ex- 
pressed ardent  wishes  for  a  spoedy  return  of  peace  and  of  all 
neutral  Indians,  several  of  whom,  from  every  tribe,  even  of  the 
Canibas  and  Anasagunticonks,  had  been  absent  most  of  the  sum- 
mer ;f  suspecting  if  the  war  was  continued,  that  they  would  form 

*  Iluhbard't  Indian  Wars,  p.  376. — Day  of  tlie  return,  Januarj'  9. 
t  F.  Card's  Deposition. 


ClAP'   XX.] 


OP  MAINE. 


543 


am  ■>•■  I' 


coonexions  whh   the  Algonquins,  and  other  northern  Indiaovt  A.  D.  iC7ft. 
vfaich  could  not  be  readily   dissolved,  av  \  which  might  be  the      ,     , 
means  of  thinning  the  tribes. 

Mugg,  therefore,  through  the  agency  of  Major-General  Den- 
flison,  then  at  Piscataqua,  was  favored  with  an  immediate  passage 
to  Boston :  where  he,  in  behalf  of  Madockawando  and  Cheberrlna, 
negotiated  a  treaty,  Nov.  6,  with  the  Governor  and  Council ;  ^inv' <>•  . 
ind  signed  it,  **  The  mark  X  of  Mugg."      Its  articles  were  in  aies  •  irea- 
substance,  these  : — 1 .  All  acts  of  hostility  shall  cease  ;    2.  all  ^ 
Epglish  captives,  vessels  and  goods,  shall  be  restored  ;    3.  a   full 
satisfaction  shall  be  rendered  to  the  English  for  the  damages  they 
have  sustained ;    4.    the  Indians  shall  buy   ammunition  only  of 
liiose  whom  the  Governor  may  appoint ;  5.  the  slayers   of  Wal- 
ter Gendell  and  his  friends,  engaged  in  the  ransom  of  the  cap- 
tives at  Richmond's  Island,  if  they  are  indeed  killed,  shall  be 
surrendered  to  the  English ;   and  C.  the  Sachems  of  Penobscot 
sliail    take   arms    against    the  Anasagunticooks  and  other  eas- 
tern Indians,  if  they  do  still  persist  in  tlie  war.''^ 

'  In  faitli  of  my  sincerity  and  honor,'  said  Mugc, '  I  pledge  my- 
'self  an  hostage  i/>  your  hands,  till  the  captives,  vessels  and 
'goods  are  restored  ;  and  I  lift  my  hand  to  heaven,  in  witness  of 
'my  honest  heart  in  this  treaty.'    d!]i,:-i\.  zvn    ni  .....   !,   .  ,m', 

On  the  21st  of  the  same  month,  Capt.  Moore  was  despatched  n^^^m^ 
10  Penobscot,  in  a  vessel  with  the  Indian  emissary,  to  procure  a 
ratification  of  the  treaty  and  bring  home  the  captives.  Soon  as 
he  arrived,  Dec.  2,  the  articles  all  received  the  sanction  of  the 
Sagamore ;  Gendell  and  a  few  other  prisoners,  especially  those 
taken  at  Richmond's  Island  were  surrendered  ;  and  Mugg  declared, 
tiiat  not  more  than  50  or  60,  in  the  whole,  could  be  found  among 
ail  the  Indians.       ■  .;       ^'  t.:  s'l  ;<  .  .  .i,!<  ;>:."; 

Reluctant  as  he  pretended  to  be,  through  apprehensions  of 
injury  or  blatne  for  his  conciliatory  transactions,  he  was  induce'^ 
to  visit  the  Canibas  tribe,  with  a  mouth  full  of  persuasives  to  join 
the  peace  and  release  captives.  He  expected  to  go  as  far  as  Tc- 
connet ;  and  when  he  departed,  he  said  to  Capt.  Moore,  if  I  do 
Mi  return  in  jour  days,  you  may  conclude  1  am  certainly  bereft  of 
my  life  or  liberty.  A  week  or  more  elapsed,  and  yet  nothing  was 
lieard   of  him ;  therefore  the  Captain  returned  home.     It  was 


*  Sec  this  treaty  entire— '2  J^eal\'  JV.  fi.  p.  40:i-5. 


itifM 


■"■^jL»^-i/*'<^    "■■ 


m.  if?i 


644 


TUK  HISTORY 


(Vol. 


8ep»'i*'*'  *^**"*'"^  reported,  that  Mugg,  in  a  laughing  mi.  ad,  laid  to  tbe 
Indians  at  Teconnet, — I  know  how  toe  can  even  laurn  Boiton 


and  drive  all  the  country  before  us  : — ice  must  ^<i  .a  tii^  Juhing 
l$land»,  and  take  all  the  white  men's  vessels.* 
The  story  of  Thomas  Cobbet,  one  of  the  captives  taken  the 

T.  Cobhei.  last  autumn  at  Richmond's  Island,  who  returned  home  with  Capt. 
Moore,  is  worthy  of  particular  mention.     His  father  was  the  min- 

-fii  ister  of  Ipswich.     After  being  wounded  by  a  musket  shot,  his 

hands  were  fast  tied,  and  in  the  division  of  tbe  captives,  it  was  his 
unfortunate  lot  to  be  assigned  to  an  Indian  of  the  worst  character. 
Young  Gobbet's  first  duty  was  to  manage  the  captured  ketch  of 
Fryer,  in  sailing  to  Sheepscot,  and  from  that  place  to  paddle  a 
canoe,  carrying  his  master  and  himself,  to  Penobscot,  and  thence 
to  their  hunting  ground  at  Mount  Desert.  He  suffered  the  ex- 
tremes  of  cold,  fatigue  and  famine  ;  and  because  he  could  not 
understand  the  Indian  dialect,  the  savage  often  drew  his  knife 
upon  him,  threatening  him  with  instant  death.  In  hunting,  on  a 
day  of  severe  cold,  he  fell  down  in  the  snow,  benumbed,  famished 
and  ienseless.  Here  he  must  have  perished,  had  not  the  more 
humane  hunters  conveyed  him  to  a  wigwam  and  restored  him. 
At  another  time  his  savage  master  was  drunk  five  successive 
days,  in  which  he  was  fearfully  raving  like  a  wild  beast.  To 
such  an  alarming  degree  did  he  beat  and  abuse  his  own  squaws, 
that  Cobbet,  who  knew  himself  to  be  much  more  obnoxious  than 
they,  to  his  fury,  fled  into  the  woods  to  save  his  life ;  where  he 
made  a  fire,  formed  a  slender  covert,  and  the  squaws  fed  him. 

At  the  end  of  nine  weeks,  the  Indians  had  a  great  powow; 
and  his  master  sent  him  to  Mons.  Castine  for  ammunition  to  kill 
moose  and  deer.  He  arrived  at  a  most  opportune  hour,  just  be- 
fore Mugg's  departure  to  Teconnet,  who  readily  called  him  by 
name,  ^h !  said  Mugg,  /  saw  your  father  when  I  went  to  Bos- 
ton— and  I  told  him  his  son  should  return.  He  must  be  releas- 
ed according  to  the  treaty.  Yes,  replied  Madockawando,  but  the 
captain  mv^t  give  me  the  fine  coat  he  has  in  the  vessel ;  Jor  his 
father  wo"  great  preach-man"  or  chiej  speaker,  among  English- 
men.— ^This  request  was  granted,  and  young  Cobbet  saw  his  de- 
moniac  master  no  more.  >     ^'^     .  .:<,- 

The  late  treaty  gave  some  encouragements  of  a  settled  tran- 


*  Hubbard's  Indian  Wars,  p.  386-391. 


CbaF.  XX.]  OPMAItVC 

qailliiy»  still  the  aspect  of  Indian  affairs  was  by  no  means  free 
iironi  gloom.  The  conduct  o(  Mugg  was  suspicious ;  a  part  only 
of  the  captives  had  returned ;  some  of  the  Indians  threatened  to 
break  the  treaty ;  and  the  scalps  taken  from  the  heads  of  three 
« foreign  Indians,"  at  Cocheco,  who  were  known  by  the  cut  of 
their  hair,*  to  be  Narragansctts,  induced  the  belief  that  many  of 
those  people  had  mixed  with  the  eastern  tribes,  and  were  foment- 
ing quarrels.  At  length  a  renewal  of  hostilities  in  the  spring  was 
extensively  apprehended ;  and  the  General  Court  ordered  a  win- 
ter expedition  to  be  fitted  out  eastward. 

This,  consisting  of  150  men,  of  whom  60  were  Natick  Indians, 
sailed  from  Boston  early  in  February,  under  tlie  command  of 
Majors  Waldron  and  Frost ;  a  day  of  prayer  being  previously  ap- 
pointed for  the  success  of  the  enterprize.  The  places  of  their 
particular  destination  were  Casco  and  Kennebeck,  and  tlieir  in- 
structions were, "  to  subdue  the  Indians  in  those  parts,  and  deliver 
'*the  English  captives  detained  in  their  hands." 

The  first  intelligence  tiiey  received  concerning  the  eastern 
lodians,  was  communicated  by  John  Abbot,  at  the  Isles  of  Shoals ; 
ffho,  with  the  help  of  a  boy,  had  effected  an  escape  from  them  at 
Sheepscot  in  his  own  vessel.  He  said,  ammunition  was  uncom- 
I  monly  scarce  and  dear,  among  all  the  Indians ;— -especially  at 
Kennebeck,  powder  was  worth  32s.  by  tlie  pound,  and  some 
I  were  gone  or  going  into  Canada  to  buy  it.    -  ; 

Waldron  landed  his  troops,  Feb.  18,  upon  Mare-point  in  Bruns- 
wick, a  league  below  Maquoit,  where  they  were  presently  hailed 
by  a  party  of  Indians,  among  whom  appeared  Squando  and  Simon 
the  Yankee-killer.  A  parley  was  commenced,  in  which  Waldron 
enquired  of  Simon,  their  speaker, — From  what  place  did  you  hear 
of  us  9— At '  Purpooduck-head.'—fFAo  rowed  up  the  Indians  to  re- 
new the  war  9-—'  Oh  !— Blind  Will :— He  says  he'll  kill  Waldron.'f 
—Do  you  desire  peace  ? — '  Yes,  and  we  sent  Mugg  to  Boston  for 
'that  purpose — he  told  us  you'd  be  here.' — Can  you  tell  us,  where 
now  are  the  English  captives  ? — '  O,  may  be  under  Squando.' — 
\Are  they  well  9 — '  Yes.' — Why  don't  you  release  them  ? — Squando 
I  replied,  '  I  will  bring  them  in  the  afternoon.' 

Nothing  more  was  seen  of  the  Indians,  till  noon  the  next  day, 

*  Hubbard's  Indian  Wars,  p.  892-5.-1  Belk.  N.  H.  p.  122. 
iThis  was  probably  a  false  assertion. 
Vol,  I.  66 


546 


A.D.  IfiTT. 
A«p«ct  of 
Indiaa  sf* 
fun. 


Fel>.  7. 
Expedition 
against  tb« 
enemy. 


% 


!«l 


Feb.  18. 
Parley  at 
Mar«-|joint 
and  skir- 
Diiih. 


645  THE  HISTORY  [Vou  I. 

A.  V.  I67t.  when  a  little  flotilla  of  1 4  canoes,  was  discovered  up  the  bay 
pulling  for  the  shore;  and  presently  a  house  was  seen  in  flames. 
As  Waldron's  scout  approached  the  Indians,  they  raised  a  hideous 
shout,  and  challenged  some  of  the  soldiers  to  fight.  Maj.  Frost 
attacked  them  from  an  unexpected  quarter, — killing  or  woundinr 
several ;  and  again  presented  a  flag  of  truce,  which  produced 
another  parley.         i-     ;    .  ,.  -   uw*-,!  i*,^, 

The  Sagamores  were  now  asked, — why  they  had  not  brought 

the  captives  ?^-~-why  they  get  the  white  man^s  hotue   on  fire  9 

and  why  they  challenged  the  soldiers  ? — They  replied,  '  that  the 
'  'captives  were  a  great  way  off,  and  the  snow  and  cold  weather 
<  had  ^  I'evented  their  coming  ; — that  the  house  took  fire  by  ac- 
*cident  and  that  the  soldiers  fired  at  the  Indians  first :'— '  These 
'  are  our  answers  to  you.'  ; 

Unoblo  hero  to  fight  the  Indians  to  advantage,  or  recover 
the  captives,  Waldron  sailed  to  Sagadahock.  Disembarking  on 
the  western  shore  of  the  peninsula,  opposite  the  foot  of  Arrowsick 
Island,  and  concluding  to  settle  a  garrison  there ;  he  made 
arrangements  for  the  purpose,  and  set  about  lialf  ol  his  men  lo 
work.  With  the  others  in  two  vessels,  he  proceeded,  Feb.  2C,  to 
Pemaquid.  Meeting  at  that  place  three  or  four  Sachems  and  an 
assemblage  of  mixed  Indians,  partly  Tarratines,  he  agreed  wiiii 
them,  the  next  day,  to  lay  aside  aims  on  both  sides,  sub- 
mit to  a  mutual  search,  and  enter  upon  the  negotiation  of  a 
treaty. 

In  Its  commencement,  Waldron  desired  them  to  restore  their 
captives,  also  to  take  arms,  furnish  canoes,   and  proceed  against 
^eniticjuid.  jjjQ  Anasagunticooks,  as  a  common  enemy.     A  few  of  our  young  j 
men  only,  said  an  old  Sagamore,  who  cannot  he  restrained,  have 
had  any  concern  in  the  war.     Jill  the  prisoners  with  us,  wm  j 
received  from  the  Canibas  tribe  to  keep;  and  we  must   have  Jlr\ 
tupportiug  each  one  of  them,  12  heaver  skins,  and  some  goodl 
liquor.     Our  canoes,  you  knoiv,  arc  in  use ;  we  are  hound  if 
Penjhscot  in  ihcm. — Sufiicioui  liquor  was  then  given  ihcni,  aiu:| 
abundant  ransom  was  olfered  ;  yet  only  ilnec  prisoners  were  pro- 
duced.. ■■»•  could  be  obtained. 

Thotigh   their    .<;incority   was  suspected   and  their   trcnclifi}  I 
foared  ;  anotiicr  meeting  waa  appointeii  in  the  afternoon.     At  ilia; 
{iinc  WnlHron  espying  the  point  of  a  lanre  under  a  hoard,  search' : 
/anhcr,  when  he  found  other  weapons  hidden   also;  and  tnkii'd 


bofk 


Jf^il>.  2G. 


Fob.  ?7. 
A  Woody 
nfl'riiy  nt 


ChaF.  Wt.]  OF  MAINK.  547 

ooe,  he  brandished    it  towards  them,   exclaiming, — perfidious  a.  d.  im* 

rreiche.1 — you  intended  to  get  our  good*  and  then  kill  us,  did 

ijou'f — ^Tbey  were  thunder  struck:  Yet,  one  more  daring  than 

the  rest,  seized  the  weapon  and  strove  to  vtrest  it  from  VValdron's 

band.     A  tumult  ensued,  in  wiiich  his  life  was  much  endangered. 

Maj.  Frost,  laying  hold  ot  Megunnaway,  one  of  the  barbarous 

murderers  of  Thomas  Brackett  and  his  neighbors,  hurried  him  into 

the  hold  of  the  vessel.     Meanwhile  an  athletic  squaw  caught  up 

a  bundle  of  guns,  and  run  for  the  woods.     At  that  instant,  a  re* 

enforcement  arrived  from  the  vessels ;  when  the  Indians  scattered 

in  all  directions, — pursued  by  the  soldiers,  either  to  the  water's 

edge  or  into  the  forest. 

In  this  affray,  Sagamore  Mattahando,  also  an  old  Powow,  and 
five  Indians  were  killed.  One  canoe  was  capsized,  from  which 
five  of  them  were  drowned  ; — and  four  others  were  made  prison- 
ers. Waldron  preserved  his  goods,  and  took  from  the  Indians 
about  1,000  pounds  of  beef  and  some  other  booty.  But  the 
chastisement  partook  of  a  severity,  wiiich  the  provocation  by  no 
means  justified  ;  nor  could  it  be  dictated  by  motives  of  sound 
policy.  It  must  have  reminded  the  Indians  of  the  mock-fight  at 
Dover,  and  served  to  increase  their  prejudices.  One  of  his  pris- 
oners was  the  fi\ir  sister  of  Madockawando,  whose  influence  with 
her  brother,  had  he  not  been  absent  on  a  long  hunting  tour,  might 
have  effected  a  release  of  captives.  Megunnaway,  grown  hoary 
in  crimes,  was  shot.* 

On  their  return  to  Arrowjlck,  they  killed  two  Indian  plunderers  waWron  oi 
found  there,  put  on  board  the  large  guns,  several  anchors,  a  quan-  fo]!|XJ| 
tity  of  wheat  and  boards  \>liich  had  escaped  the  flames,  and  sent 
a  captive  squaw  to  Teconnct  fort ;  demanding  in  uieir  names  an 
exchange  of  prisoners.  Tliej  liktmiso  left,  under  Capt.  Sylva- 
nus  Davis,  a  garrison  of  40  men  upon  the  main,  where  it  was 
lately  settled,  and  returned  to  Boston,  March  11,  without  the  loss  March  II. 

.  K«turnt  t» 

of  a  man  ;  carrying  with  them  the  body  ot  Capt.  Lake,  cnttrely  Ikwioa. 
preserved  by  cold. 

As  the  Mohawks  were  in  amity  with  the  English,  and  an  uni-  TV.  Mo- 
versal  terror  to  all  the  ]\ew-hngland   tribes  ;f  it  wa;>  thought  to  inio  tenriM. 


*  Ilubbanl's  Indian  VVnrit,  p.  410. 

t  Tlio  whole  number  of  Mulawk  CigUtern,  or  warriori<  of  the  Fiv«  Na- 
tion*, A.  D.  1677,  were  citimated  at  2,150. — Chalmfn. 


,,-#43 


II 


8 


U^."^ 


Wm 


S 


m 


Blind  Will 
killed. 


548  THE  HUTORT  [VoL.  \. 

A.  D.  i«77.  c^sist  with  maxims  of  the  wisest  policy,  to  persuade  them,  if 
possible,  into  the  public  service.    The  measure  was  recommended 
by  Sir  Edmund  Andros,  the  Duke's  Governor  of  New-York  and 
Sagadahock,*  and  fifteen  of  tliem  were  at  length  taken  into  eiri- 
Mirch  ic.    ">''*7;  who  appeared,  March  16,  in  the  vicinity  of  Anioskea:- 
falis,  on  the  Merrimack.     They  first  hailed  the  son  of  Wonnoian- 
set,  who,  being  unable  to  understand  the  lansuage,  took  fright  and 
fled ;  they  all  firing  two  rounds  at  him  without  effect.     Unac- 
quainted with  the  friendly  character  of  Blind  Will,  and  the  Indians 
about  Cocheco,  they  next  attacked  him  and  eight  of  his  tribe, 
then  employed  by  Waldron  to  :nake  discoveries,  and  only  a  part 
of  them  escaped  alive.     The  death  of  Blind  Will,  one  of  the 
slain,  was  the  less   lamented,  because  of  his  supposed  duplicity ; 
though  his  general  conduct  had  always  been  in  consistency  with  his 
professions.    In  any  point  of  view,  the  event  was  unfortunate,  as  the 
introduction  of  the  Mohawks  to  our  assistance  was  altogether  im- 
politic.    Religious  people  thought  there  was  great  impropriety  in 
applying  to  the  heathen  for  hclp.f     The  news  of  their  arrival 
upon  our  frontiers  spread,  almost  with  the  rapidity  of  lightning, 
through  the  New-England  and  Nova  Scotia  tribes.    All  were  ex- 
cited to  greater  activity  and  watchfulness  ;  and  our  Indian  allies, 
in  view  of  the  late  fatality,  aggravated  by  a  report  of  their  being 
hirelings  into  the  war,  became  highly  jealous,  that  an  indiscriminate 
extermination  was  intended. J    Any  longer  retention  of  the  Mo- 
hawks in  service  was  evidently  forbidden   by  every  principle  of 
prudence — by  every  particle  of  good  sense. 

A  view  of  the  past  and  anticipations  of  the  futiu'e,  were  equally 
gloomy.  Ere  the  snow  had  entirely  disappeared,  the  ravening 
savages  had  singled  out  their  victims,  and  were  impatient  to  re- 
new the  work  of  destruction;  York,  Wells,  and  the  new  garrison 
opposite  Arrowsick,  being  the  principal  objcrts  of  their  vengeance. 
Indeed,  if  we  except  those  places,  Kiltery,  Ncwichawannock, 
and  Winter-harbor,  we  may  enquire  what  other  places  in  Maine 
were  not  already  wasted  or  deserted  ? 

To  bury  the  bodies  of  the  murdered  inhabitants,  which  had  lain 
ai'ove  ground  upon  Arrowsick,  more  than  seven  mouths,  a  large  pan 
of  the  opposite  garrison  proceeded  to  the  Island,  not  suspecting  dan- 
ger.    But  they  were  soon  fired  upon  ;  an  ambush  intercepted 


NiiM  killad 
•D  An-iw- 
tick. 


♦  1  TnimbuU'i  Conn.  p.  326. 
t  Hiil)banJ'»  N.  E.  p.  «M-!. 


t  HubbanP*  lodinn  Wart,  p 


Cur.  n.]  or  name.  549 

Ljieir  retreat  to  their  boats;  and  nine  of  theru  were  shot  down  a. o.  i6T7. 
jpon  the  spot.*  The  survivors  were  soon  after  removed  by 
order  of  government  to  other  places,  pcrliaps  to  Casco-fort, 
Black-point,  or  Winter-harbor  ;f  and  Capt.  Swainc  with  60  men, 
acluding  ten  Naticks,  was  despatched  from  Piscataqua  eastward, 
3  afford  relief,  succor,  or  support,  where  either  was  most  needed, 
/ibout  the  same  time,  April  7,  seven  men  were  killed  in   the  A|)rii7. 

r    ij       r  IT     ,  ,       r  .  Sevpn  killed 

witer  fields  of  York,  two  miles  from  town,  engaged  m  the  first  "n  Vork. 
abor  of  spring.     It  was  a  feat  which  partook  of  great  audacity  ; 
lorthat  town  Loing  more  environed  by  settlements  than  others, 
jiad  suffered  less  than  they  ;  still  supposing,  for  the  same  reason, 
no  great  danger  to  be  apprehended. 

But  the  town,  which  the  savages  seemed  to  have  marked  out  Attack  upoi» 
I  this  year  for  early  and  utter  destruction,  was  Wells.     From  their 
irst  entering  it,  April  (3,  when  they  killed  three,  to  the  end  of  the 
I  month,  they  made  attacks  upon  the  people  and  their  garrison 
jeveral  times.     On  the  13th,  John  Weld  and  Benjamin  Storer  April  ini 
were  killed  by  them.     Two  or  three  approaching  a  man  and  boy, 
who  were   fowling  in  the  marsiies,  were  first  espied  by  the  boy, 
klicn  the  man  was  half-sitting  and  fixing  his  flint.     Springing  up 
85  the  boy  spoke,  he  aimed  his  gun  directly  at  them,  crying  out, 
\iji,  you  rogues  J  fve  been  looking  for  you; — when  they,  being 
startled  by  this  bold  rebuff,  turned  and  fled.     The  fort  was  com- 
manded by  Lieut.   Swelt,  a  brave  and   vigilant  officer — always 
alert  and   active  for  the  safely  of  the  inhabitants.      Seeing  a 
strolling  Indian,  who  was  in  fact  a  decoy,  Swott  despatched    '  jven 
of  his  men  towards  the  place,  to  make  discoveries.     By  \oM»tiir- 
ing  too  far,  they  fell  into  an  ambush,  when  two  were  shot  dead, 
ami  one  mortally  wounded.      Hearing  the  rejx^rt  of  the  guns, 
Swett  sent  out  auxiliaries,  who  killed  five  or  six,  and  would  have 
done  thorough  execution,  had  not  an  Irishman  sung  out,  here 
they  be  ! — here  they  be  ! — which  so  alarmed  them,  that  they  with- 
drew and  sheltered  tlnimsclves  among  the  thick  trees  and  bushes. 

After  the  garrison  had  been  re-established  at  Black-point,  and  Mut  ir, 
\  tiie  command  of  it  accepted  by  Lieut.  Tappen,  a  man  of  great  ^VniJiTbL'- 

mrage  ;  the  Indians  beset  it,  May  16,  with  an  nnron.mon  bold- *^'j||^^'',^',||. 
!  iiess  and  pertinacity.     The  siege  was  continued  three  days  in  sue-  •*•• 


■17 


m 


'  Hiihhanrs  Indian  Wars,  p.  410. 

t  1  lic'lkntip'x  N.  H.  p.  177.  •ay*  (o  H.mliiB. 


York  an<l 
Welli  lu- 
bai>d 


550  THfi  HISTORY  fVot..  i. 

A.  D.  icn.  cession ;  the  assailants  determining  to  force  a  surrender,  or  perish 
in  the  attempt.  In  this  most  obstinate  encounter,  three  of  the 
English  were  slain  and  one  taken,  who  was  barbarously  tortured 
to  death.  One  of  the  enemy  brought  to  the  ground,  by  particu- 
lar aim,  was  then  supposed  to  be  old  Simon — afterwards  found 
to  be  the  celebrated  Mugg.  The  loss  of  this  leader  so  damped 
the  courage  of  his  companions,  that  they,  in  despair  of  victor)-, 
departed.  Mugg  had  alternately  brightened  and  shaded  his  own 
character,  until  the  most  skilful  pencil  would  Gnd  it  difficult  to 
draw  its  just  portrait.  To  the  English  this  remarkable  native  was 
friend  or  foe — rind  among  his  own  people,  counsellor,  peacemaker 
fighter,  or  emissary,  just  as  self-interest  or  the  particular  occasion 
might  dictate.  His  address  was  inspiring,  and  his  natural  good 
sense  and  sagacity  partially  inclined  him  to  be  an  advocate  for 
peace. 

By  rcjiulses,  the  Indians  learned  precaution,  though  defeat  | 
seldom  crippled  their  spirits.  The  party,  after  Mugg's  death,  di- 
vided,— eleven  canoes  full  of  Indians,  proceeded  eastward,  to  I 
glean  in  the  wastf  places  of  their  spoils,  and  five  hastened  away 
to  Wells  and  York  ;  where,  v.ithin  a  few  days,  they  killed  seven 
persons,  and  took  two  captives.  Finding  six  friendly  Indians, 
May  28th,  lying  in  a  state  of  intoxication,  they  made  prisoners 
of  them,  hut  at  last  left  them  in  the  woods,  after  n  day's  journey 
of  20  miles,  through  fear  of  the  terrible  Mohawks. 

Civil  aiTuirs.     Tliouglj  the  town  of  Kittcry  was  represented,  this  year  in  the| 
General  Court,  by  John  Wincoln,  also  York  and  Wells,  by  Sam- 
uel Wlieelwriglit,  and  the  administration  of  justice  was  continMedl 
in  Yorkshire;  ilie  inhabitants  of  Devonshire  had  left  their  homes, 
and  all  the  judicial  regulations  in  that  county  were  at  an  end. 

^.  .  For  the  defence  of  Black-point,  and  the  security  of  Winttr- 

BlMk-poiiit  *  .      "'  i 

baitia.  harbor,  the  Geo'Ji'al  Court  ordered  a  company  ol  40  men  to  M 
recruited,  200  Christian  Indians  taken  into  service,  and  all  suclil 
able-bodied  men  eidisted,  or  impressed,  as  could  be  found,  wlwl 
had  migrated  from  the  Province  of  Maine.*  The  command  oil 
ilie  forces,  including  the  Indians,  was  given  to  Capt.  Benja-I 
min  Swett  and  Lieut.  Hicliardson.     They  arrived  at  Black-pointI 

Juuo^tf.      on  the  iBtli  of  June  in  high  spirits 

It  is  H  rule  of  jiolicy  in  fi.^bting  the  Indians  to  gain  tune.    Awir' 


*  t  Mnu.  Rcr.  p.  I0»,  tl6. 


Chap,  xx.] 


OF  MAINE. 


561 


of  the  maxim,  and  informed  of  the  fact,  that  the  savages  had  a.  u.  I077. 
been  seen  hovering  aroimd  the  place,  Swett,  at  the  head  of  one 
division,  aud  Richardson  the  other,  joined  '.ly  some  of  the  inhab- 
itants,* led  out  the  whole,  the  next  morning,  'jpon  the  declivities  ju„,  oy 
of  a  neighboring  hill.  A  large  decoy,  supposed  to  be  the  main 
body  of  the  Indians,  feigned  a  retreat,  and  were  pursued  by  Swt.t' 
apd  Richardson,  till  they  found  themselves  between  a  thicket  and 
a  swamp,  in  a  most  exposed  situation.  Instantly,  from  an  am- 
bush on  each  side,  great  numbers  rising  with  a  war-whoop,  fired 
at  once  upon  the  two  divisions,  in  which  there  were  many  young 
or  inexperienced  soldiers,  and  the  whole  were  thrown  into  con- 
fusion. But  though  the  ranks  were  broken,  the  engagement  was 
sharp  and  protracted.  Richardson  w'as  presently  slain,  and  many 
Oil  both  sides  soon  shared  the  same  fate.  Swett  ibugiit  the  ene- 
my hand  to  hand  ;  displaying  upon  the  spot,  and  in  a  retreat  of 
two  miles,  great  presence  of  mind  as  well  as  personal  courage, 
in  repeated  rallies  of  his  men,  in  his  exertions  to  bring  off  the 
dead  and  wounded,  and  in  defence  of  his  rear,  upon  which  vhe 
savages  hung  with  destructive  fury.  At  last,  wounded  in 
twenty  places,  and  exhausted  by  loss  of  blood  and  by  fatigue,  he 
was  grappled,  thrown  to  the  ground,  and  barbarously  cut  in 
piec  ?s  at  the  gates  of  the  garrison.  With  this  intrepid  officer, 
fel:  sixty  of  his  men,  forty  English  and  twenty  IniMans,  being  two 
thirds  of  the  whole  number  in  die  engagement.  Seldom  is  the 
merit  of  a  military  officer  more  genuine — seldom  is  tiie  death  of 
one  more  deeply  lamented. f 

The  triumphant  savaces,  in  their  next  movement,  spread  them- The  in.iiant 
selves  along  the  seacoasi  I rom  Wells  to  disco-hay,  resolved   to  ingvcMiiU. 
try  the  favors  of  fortune   upon  the  water.     They  were   neither 
sailors  nor  skilful  oars-men  ;  yet,  by  frequenting  the   harbors  in 
the  night-time,  they  were  enabled  to  seize,  in  the  month  of  July,  .. 
about  twenty  fishing  vessels  at  anchor,— -the  greater  part  of  which 
belonged  to  Salem.  J     Each  of  thein  carried   from  three  to  six 
men,  who  might  have  made  a  successful   defcnte,   jiiid   they  not 
been  taken  by  surprize  ;  or,  as  one  author  says,  •  had  they  either 
'courage  or  skill  to  fight  any  thing  but  ^sh.'^^     In  fact,  four  did 

•  Making  9;j  F.ntrtUli  in  nil. — Fultmrn,  p.  ir?0. 

i  »wbbard*§  N.   K.  \\  0.JI.-1  Bclk.  >.  11.  p.   12?!.— rt  Coll.  Mft««.   Hi*t. 
-.f .  p.  '263.  {  6  ('«!l.  Mom.  Mifct.  S*oc,  p.  263. 

,II.il)har.l'»  V.  K.  p.  038. 


The  good 
policy  of 
•Gov.  An- 

,dro». 


662  TH  ^  HISTORY  *  > '  [Vol.  i 

A  D.  I6T7.  make  a  brave  resistance  ;  tiaving  several  men  killed,  and  carry, 
ing  nineteen  othei's  into  Salem  wounded.  Hence,  a  large  vessel 
equipped  like  a  war-ship  and  manned  with  40  seamen,  was  des- ! 

patched  to  recapture  the  prizes,  and  give  the  enemy  battle : A 

vain  enterprize — for  the  unskilful  captors,  finding  the  ketches  too  I 
heavy  to  be  managed  with  paddles,  and  being  unable  otherwise 
to  manage  them,  had  taken  out  all  the  valuable  articles  and  aban- 
doned the  whole  of  them.     If  most  of  the  ketches  were  recov-l 
ered,  it  is  certain  the  crew  of  the  cruiser  while  out,  never  saw  a  I 
single  Indian. 

Such  were  the  calamities  and  distresses  of  the  summer,  1677  i 
through  the  Province  j  when  alleviation  arose  from  an  enterprize 
unanticipated.     Fearful  that   the  Duke's    Sagadahock  Province 
in  its  present  deserted  condition,  m'pM  be  seized  upon  by  the 
French  or  other  foreign  nation,  Jir  Edmund  Andros,  in  June,* 
sent  a  military  force  from  New- York  to  Pei;:^fjuid,  with  orders 
to  take  possession  of  the  country,  and  build  a  tort  at  that  place. 
When  the  garrison  was  finished,  I^e  jilaced  in  it  "  a  considerable 
number  of  soldiers,"  established  :i  custom  house  there, -j-  and 
recommended  an  intercourse  and  traffic  with  the  natives.    The 
commander  finding  them  to  be  pacific  and  tranquil,  entered  into 
an  agreement,  early  in  August,  with  some  of  t\c  Sagamores  ;| 
in  consequence  of  which,  fifteen  captives  wert   surrendered,  and  I 
the  vessels  detained  by  them,  were  permitted  lu  return  home, 
A.  I).  KuB.     The  hannouy  which  prevailed  through  the  autumn  and  winter,] 
iCaiice.        between  the  parties,  and  the  pleasures  of  tranquillity  and  safety 
enjoyed,  strongly  induced  other  Indians  to  think  of  peace  ;§  audi 
in  the  spring,  Major  Nicholas  Shaplcigh,  of  Kittery,  wlio  had 
succeeded  Frost  in  the  command  of  the  Yorkshire  regiment,  Capt. 
Champernoon  and   Capt.   Fryer  of  Portsmouth,  were  appointed! 
commissioners  by  the  governmetu  of  Massachusetts,  to  settle  c 
peace  with  Squando  and  all  the  Sagamores  upon  the  Androscog- 
gin and  Kennebeck.     T)-  y  diet  the  Indians  oi  Ca.«co,  and  entered! 
into  articles  of  peace,  April  12ih,  iOTS,  by  which, ||    1.  the  tap* 
tivcs  present  were  to  to  be  surrendered,  and  tiiose  absent  released 
without  ransom  ;  2.  all  the  inhabitants,  on  returning  to  their  homes, 


Auguii. 


*  Diit  Uelknap't  A*.  H.  p.  130,  »ay»  it  was  "in  Auffiist." 
t  1  Hutch.  Hist.  |>.  292.  J  4  Mass.  Rcc.  p.  147 

J //u66aiv/'«  A",  L.\\H^1 — 9. — Philip's  irar  ctasi'd  tins  winter,  .iltiii-j 
westwn'd.  ||  NcaP*  N.  E.  p.  Vu 


aces  were  ri 


hygovernnnent 


Cbat.  X 


^1 


OP  MAINE. 


were  to  enjoy  their  habitations  and  possessions  unmolested  ;  but  A.  D.  icn. 
3.  they  were  to  pay  for  their  lands  to  the  Indians,  year  by  year,  a 
quit-rent  of  a  peck  of  corn  for  every  English  family,  and  for 
Major   Phillips  of  Saco,*  who  was  a  great  proprietor,  a  bushel 
of  corn. 

Though  the  close  of  king  Philip's  war  in  Maine  was  the  cause  ciom  of 
of  universal  joy,  the  terms  of  peace  were  generally  considered  ip'/w«r! ' 
bjr  the  English,  to  be  of  a  disgraceful  character, — nevertheless, 
preferable  to  a  predatory  warfare  and  its  consequent  deprivations 
lod  calamities.  Nor  were  the  exactions  of  the  Sagamores  un- 
just. The  Aborigines,  it  was  acknowledged,  had  a  possessory 
right  to  the  country ;  large  tracts  had  been  taken  from  the  Soko- 
kis,  the  Anasagunticook  and  Canibas  tribes,  as  well  by  en- 
croachment as  by  purchase;  and  their  remarkable  successes 
through  the  late  war,  might  very  properly  embolden  them  to  dic- 
ute  these  hard  conditions  of  peace. 

The  losses  sustained  through  the  country,  eastward  of  Piscat- 
aqua,  were  various  and  great.  About  260  were  known  to  have 
been  killed  or  carried  into  captivity,  from  which  they  never  re- 
turned. Tiiere  were  probably  many  others,  the  accounts  of 
whose  deaths  have  never  been  noticed,  or  transmitted  to  poster- 
ity. Numbers  were  severely  wounded,  who  survived ;  and  an 
hundred  and  fifty  or  more,  at  different  times,  were  made  captives 
who  were  released.  The  dwellinghouses  at  Cape-Neddock, 
Scarborough,  Casco,  Arrowsick,  Pemaquid  and  several  other 
places  were  reduced  to  ashes.  Possessions  were  laid  waste, 
i^omestic  animals  killed,  and  a  great  amount  of  property  plun- 
dered or  destroyed.  The  cost  of  the  war  in  Maine,  to  the  colo- 
ny government,  was  £8,000,  besides  incidental  losses.f 

♦  1  Bclk.  N.  H.  p.  IW.— Erroueouily  Pendleton. 

ti.VoM.  Rcc.  p.  147-359 — The  low  and  damaf^e  of  Philip's  war  to  all 
I  the  colonics,  are  estimated  thus : — los«t-R  of  men,  600 ;  1,200  houser, ;  8,000 
lcittle;>~cost£lSO,UOO.  Loss  to  the  Indians,  8,000  lives — Huich.  CoU  p. 
\M. 

Vol.  I.  67 


T^l~m 


.:.^^^.'ifl 


'^<t^. 


0 


654 


rrt'.  «.* 


.  "i/Si' 


THE  HMTTORT 


.rj    ■:  i'.     ii""*^  ) 


CHAPTER  XXI. 


Ifl 


A.  D,  16771 
The  pur- 
chase of 
MaiiM  dis- 

Slnaset  the 
inf. 


The  purchase  of  Maine  hy  Massachusetts  displeases  the  Ring— 
Andros,  Qavernor  of  New-York  and  Sagadahock — Affairs  of 
Maine — State  of  the  cimntry — Last  County-Court — Gorges'  char' 
ttr  rt.nmed — T.  Danforth  elected  President — Difficulties  in  tJu 
way  of  a  nfv:  administration — E.  Randolph's  demeanor — Norths 
Yarmouth  confirmed — President  Danforth  takes  possession  of 
Fort-Loyal — A  Provincial  goi'ernmcnt  established — The  Coun- 
cil— Articles  .'f  settlement — Public  Officers — An  instance  of  per. 
secution — Grant-  of  Lands — Patriots  of  Massachusetts  accused 
before  the  king — Her  Charter  vacated — Demise  of  the  croum, 
Charles  II.  succeeded  by  James  II. — Pejepscot  purchase  made- 
Troubles  with  the  Indiani  feared — Treaty  wit}  them — New  Ad- 
ministration under  Dndhy-~He  is  superseded  by  Sir  Edmund, 
Andros — His  character.  ■■  i^j 

The  purchase  of  Maine  by  the  colony  of  Massachusetts  was 
in  several  respects  an  important  tn^ent.     It  settled  a  troublesome 
controversy  with  Gorges ;  it  established  an  incontrovertible  right 
to  the  soil  of  a  country  containing  more  square  miles  than  the  j 
colony  itself;  and  formed  a  connexion  with  its  inhabitants  by 
legal  ties.      But  the  bargain  greatly  displeased  Charles  II.,  the 
reigning  king.    Desirous,  as  he  was,  to  make  provision  for  the 
Duke  of  Monmouth,  his  beloved  natural  son,    and  being  with 
that  view  engaged  in  treaty  at  the  time,  with  the  proprietor,  he 
was  so  much  affronted,  when  he  was  informed  of  the  transfer,  j 
that  he  reprimanded  the  agents  for  their  disloyal  interference,  and  j 
required  them  to  assign  it  unto  ttie  crown,  upon  payment  of  the 
lum  they  had  given.     He  even  pressed  the  demand  ;  stating  in  a 
letter  to  the  colony  government,  *  We  were  much  surprized,  while 

•  listening  to  the  complaints  of  Mr.   Gorges,  that  you  should  pre- 

•  sume,  without  asking  our  royal  p^:rmis»ion,  to  purchase  his  inter- 

'  est  in  the  Province  of  Maine ;  acquainted,  as  you  know  we  are,  j 

•  with  some  effects  of  the  severe  \nnd  you  have  holden  over  our  | 
'  subjects  there.* 


[Vol.  I.   ■  Cbat.  Xxi.J 

But  this  iuth< 
goremment  «u;<l 
to  tlieir  rightSi 
H    fr-       I*  >    ^1  desire  of  ihn  ptt 

eT.remities  by  ai 

tad  protection  tfa 

£(^  >iund  And. 

Iiocl''    :ndei  Jan 

his  miraon,  and  i 

i^ides  <.aktng  pc 

in^  a  fort  at  Pen 

monopolize  tlie  ti 

(uch  settlers,  as  i 

sachusetts.     In  tl 

by  him  ;  but  the 

'  prevent  our  peo 

'whether  upon  ti 

'tion.'* 

An  uniform  c( 
General  Court,  ( 
usual,  three  assoc 
with  magistrate's 
ibem  and  the  tov 
shire;  and  deleg 
year,  in  the  Coi 
public  attention ; 
purchase  was  fo 
Court.     In  fulfi 
ized  the  colony- 
money,  and  pled 
for  security.     Th 
Indian  war,  was  c 


*  Hutch.  Colt.  p.  491,  581. — There  had  been  a  proposition  to  convey  the 
Province  of  Maine  and  New-IIarnpuhire  to  the  king,  with  a  denigfn  df 


making'  provision  fo 
mil,  July  28,  1674. 
1 1  Doug.  p.  389.- 
mouth]  on  its  south- 
Purpooduck,  and  thi 
charge.  The  Provi 
lachuietts  7,  ioclud 
fipenta  of  the  latt.« 


A.D.  1678. 
Androi, 
Gov.  of  N. 

York  and 

Sarada* 

bock. 


But  this  wthoritatiye  address  had  no  great  influence  upoo  tlM  A.O1  mtt. 
^eminent  m'A  people  of  the  colony.  They  were  not  straogetb 
to  tlieir  rights*  The  purchase  was  open  and  fcir — made  at  the 
desire  of  ibn  provincials  themselves,  when  they  were  driven  to 
er.reniittes  by  an  Indian  war,  and  when  nearly  all  the  assistance 
aad  protection  they  were  rec<" .  log,  proceeded  itca  Massachusetts. 

E(?  lund  Andros,  ducal  Gov*'^-^.  v  of  Ncr-York  and  Sagada- 
hoc)'' :ndei  James,  the  brother  of  the  king,  was  without  doubt 
his  mirdon,  and  a  foe  to  the  proprietors  of  the  purchase.  For, 
besides  (aking  possession  of  the  provincial  territory  and  establish- 
io^  a  fort  at  Pemaquid,  Andros  manifested  a  strong  disposition  to 
monopoliie  tlie  trade  and  fishery,  and  discf-ntenance  a  return  of 
luch  settlers,  as  appeared  determined  to  yield  allegiance  to  Mas- 
jachusetts.  In  this  repulsive  policy,  her  concurrence  was  claimed 
by  him  ;  but  the  General  Court  boldly  declared, '  we  shall  never 
'prevent  our  people  from  settling  their  proprieties  in  that  section, 
'whether  upon  the  Islands  or  the  main,  within  our  jurisdic- 
'tion.'* 

An  uniform  course  of  measures  was  steadily  pursued.  The 
General  Court,  during  their  session  in  the  spring,  admitted,  as 
usual,  three  associates  for  Yorkshire  ;    invested  Major  Waldron  >i„i 

with  magistrate's  authority  to  administer  the  qualifying  oaths  to  ,..!-. 
tiiem  and  the  town  commissioners,  for  that  county  and  Devon- 
shire ;  and  delegated  Thomas  Danforth  to  preside,  the  current 
year,  in  the  County  Courts.  Maine  was  then  attracting  great 
public  attention ;  and  at  the  adjournment,  in  October,  the  late  Octobor. 
purchase  was  formally  ratified  and  confirmed  by  the  General 
Court.  In  fulfilment  of  the  stipulations,  the  legislature  author- 
ized the  colony-treasurer  to  effect  a  loan  of  the  consideration 
money,  and  pledge  the  accruing  customs,  with  the  public  credit, 
for  security.  The  assignment  being  effected  in  the  midst  of  an 
Indian  war,  was  obtained  at  a  low  price  ;f  yet  tiie  taxes,  debts. 


Moy. 
Aflairt  of 

Main*. 


making  provision  for  the  Duke  of  Monmouth.^Co//i»,i*"  Letter  to  Gov.  Lev- 
mil,  July  28,  1674.  *  4  Mass.  Rec.  p.  147,  17S,  193. 

1 1  Doug.  p.  389.— The  establiihtnent  of  Fort  Loyal  on  the  Nock,  [Fal- 
mouth] on  its  south-westerly  shors,  not  far  from  the  en  !  of  the  bridge  to 
Pjrpooduck,  and  the  maintenance  of  a  garrison  therein,  were  an  additional 
charge.  The  Province  of  Maine  agreed  to  maintain  6  soldiers  ;  aud  Mas. 
lachusetts  7,  including  the  Captain,  Sergeant,  Gunner  aud  4  privates,  th« 
ripenis  of  the  latter  being  estimated  at  £400  per  annum. 


^f*"^ 


l/in 


A.  D.  1C79. 
LHt  County 
Courix  un- 
der Massa- 
cbuMiU. 


TMB  HMTORY  1. 1  •  [V«|,.  |, 

A.  a  MTt.  burdens,  and  lb«  people'*  uncommon  indi§tnee,  boeasioned  b;<> 
tbat  war,  rendered  it 'doubtfvtl  whether  the  money  pronuaadcc^M,'! 
be  raised  without  a  re-sale  ;  so  great  was  the  sum  oi  £1,250  at 
that  le  in  view  of  a  war-worn,  exhausted  community.  The  leg- 
islatiiie  therefore,  invested  the  Governor  "i-ad  Assistants  with  dis- 
cretionary power,  to  make  a  disposition  oi'  uie  entire  Province, 
if  necessary,  either  by  transfer  or  pledge,  to  effect  a  reimburse- 
ment of  the  loan.*  There  were  no  capitalists  nor  foreign  mer- 
chants at  this  period  in  the  country^  *  New  planters  from  Eiig. 
*  Itind  had  rarely  come  over  for  many  years  past ;  nor  had  any  Iri&ii, 
( or  Scotch  foreigners  of  late  become  isettlers ;  moreover,  our  own 
'  traders  were  neither  numerous  nor  wealthy.  Few  vessels  were 
<  built  in  the  country  over  100  tons'  burthen  ^'f  and  tliere  was  a 
scarcity  of  circulating  medium. -.inj  jvI^Iihi  >i  ^^uli  ni     .?.»  .*:(«•»- 

The  gentlemen  clothed  with  judicial  authority  for  the  eastern 
Province,  in  1679,  were  Joseph  Dudley  and  Richard  Waldron, 
Commissioners — ^Edward  Rishworth,  John  Wincoln,  Joshua  Scot- 
tow,  and  Samuel  Wheelwright,  Associates ;  at  whose  last  session 
in  a  County  Court,  holden  at  York,  under  the  colony  government, 
before  the  administration  was  changed — the  circumstances  of  one 
case,  decided  in  July,  are  worthy  to  be  related.  •    »  ; 

James  Adams  of  York,  affronted  with  one  of  his  neighbors, 
Ht'iry  Simpson,  determined  to  avenge  himself  upon  two  of  his 
unoffending  sons,  whose  ages  were  between  six  and  nine  years. 
His  contrivance  and  crime  were  the  more  satanical  as  they  were 
deliberate.  In  a  solitary  place,  4  or  5  miles  from  the  dwelling- 
houses  of  the  inhabitants,  he  built  of  logs  beside  a  ledge  of  per- 
pendicular rocks,  a  pen  oi-  pound,  several  feet  in  height,  inclined 
inwards  from  the  bottom  to  the  top.  After  this,  he  decoyed  the 
boys  into  the  woods  under  a  pretence  of  looking  for  birds'  nests, 
and  had  the  art  to  draw  them  within  the  pound,];  where  he  left 
them  con6ned,  t£)  perish  with  famine  and  suffering.  The  chil- 
dren were  soon  missed,  and  the  alarmed  inhabitants  searched  the 
woods  ii>r  them  thoroughly,  more  than  forty-eight  hours  without 
success.  The  boys,  presently  aware  of  their  wretched  situation, 
made  various  trials  to  get  out,  and  at  length  by  digging  away 


jBiy. 
A  (rial. 


*  I  llulch.  IJitt,  p.  2!)6.— lie  says  "  to  reimburse  the  expense  of  defend' 
tag  it."  t  Clialiners,  p.  436, 437. 

J  The  place  has  been  since  called  "/Ae  JJcvU'i  Invtnthn."' 


f  a  h 

■  t.l: Sr,'^  J- 


CHAr.  tU.]  OPMAINB.^Mf  5(17 

fiih  tlwir  htods,  tlM  surface  of  the  earth  underneath  one  of  the  a.d.  M79. 
bottom  logfl,  effected  their  escape.   They  wandered  in  the  wooda 
three  days :  being  at  last,  attracted  to  the  seashore,  by  the  noiae 
of  the  surf,  where  they  were  found. 

Tbe  depra/ed  criuiiaal  was  soon  arrested,  and  after  conviction 
received  this  sentence.—"  Tbe  Court  having  considered  your  in- 
"  human  and  barbarous  offence  against  the  life  of  the  children, 
"and  the  great  disturbance  to  the  country,  do  sentence  you  to 
"have  thirty  stripes  well  laid  on  ;  to  pay  the  father  of  the  chil- 
"dren  £5  money— the  treasurer  of  the  rounty  £10,  out  of 
"which,  t^ie  expenses  of  postage  and  sean  town  are  to 

"be  discharged ;— also  pay  the  charges  an  prison  ; 

'  and  remain  a  close  prisoner  during  the  sure,  till 

■'  further  order."    The  same  month  sureties  ito  recog- 

nizance of  £100,  before  two  of  the  Associates,  "  conditioned  to 
"send  him,  within  twenty-one  days,  out  of  the  jurisdiction."*  s 

The  eastern  Indians  had  now  been  pacific  and  tranquil  upwards 
of  a  year ;  and  the  fugitive  inhabitants  of  the  Province  were  re- 
turning to  their  late  habitations  and  places  of  abode.  But  as 
hostilities  might  be  easily  renewed,  and  were  much  feared,  no  new 
setdement  was  permitted  to  be  commenced,  without  a  license  from 
the  Governor  and  Assistants,  or  from  the  County  Court.         '  >»- 

At  the  October  session,  the  affairs  of  Maine  were  made  tbe  Odober. 
subject  of  legislative  discussion.    The  territory  was  extensive,f  n>en?of*'^'** 
and  the  value  evidently  much  greater  than  the  price  paid.     The  *'"'°"' 
General  Court,  not  unacquainted  with  the  intrigues  of  royal  cab« 
inets,  were  jealous  that  if  they  in  any  way  parted  with  the  country, 
it  might  become  the  property  of  the  French  ;  and  finding  the  con- 
dition of  their  funds  improving,  reconsidered  their  order  passed 
a  year  since  for  selling  it,  and  resolved  to  keep  it.  ,  „ 

A  great  question  then  arose  J — how  shall  the  Province  be  gov- 
erned? It  was  argued  by  some,  that  all  the  assignable  rights  and 
interest  of  Gorges  were  pecuniary,  not  political ;  that  allegiance 
was  personal,  and  civil  power  vested  in  an  individual,  was  not 
transferable ;  and  that  a  public  functionary  could  never  delegate 
his  authority ;  the  sale  and  purchase  of  office  being  a  manifest 

•  Hon.  DaTid  Sewall,  A.  D.  1794.— 3  Coll.  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  9-10.— I 
Coll.  Maine  Hist.  Soc.  p.  235-6. 
t  Supposed  to  be  "  9,600  square  miles. "_1  Doug.  p.  390,3=80  by  120  miles, 
\  Sulliran,  p.  384, 


8:: ; ;; 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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13  WIST  MAIN  ITRMT 

WniTII.N.V.  MSM 

(71*)t7a-4S03 


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^ 


A.  D.  16M 

Fabniarjr. 

OorgM' 

cbanaru* 


4.ft  MAoolraga  opM  MFWjr  priMipla  of  ttfil  «h"ij.  n.i  ...ii  -^^j^ 
•od  trgoniMit^  tppMiing  to  be  mora  talirfucluiy,  ptnniitdv  P« 
tho  royal  duurter  to  Sir  Ferdiaando,  pund  umo  Ua,  «*  Wt  Inn 
and  assigns,**  the  jurisdiction  at  well  as  the  proper^.  MaawMfa 
setts  in  her  «<Mrporate  capaci^,  bad  by  lawful  purchase,  beeoow 
the  8<wignee  and  lord  fwoprielor  of  the  Province  ;  as  Lord  Baki. 
more  was  of  Maryland,  and  the  Penns  of  Pennsylvania.  Still, 
it  was  plam  the  Province  must  be  governed  according  to  the  pio> 
visions  and  sttpulatbns  in  the  charter— not  as  a  constituent  of 
Massachusetts  colony;  for,  1.  she  by  the  purchase  had  reoog. 
nixed  a  right  <n  Gorges;  and  2.  the  north-easterly  limits  <^  bar 
own  territory,  had,  by  a  late  decision  in  1677,  been  restricted  to 
an  imaginary  line,  tliree  miles  from  the  mouth  and  north  bank  of 
the  Merrunack,ti(:'>  sfHHtB*  rtiwom  ^mm 'nii'        ti^m*  r):lni- 

It  was  determined,  Uierefore,  by  the  General  Court,  in  Febni* 
ary,  1680,  to  assume  the  royal  charter  granted  to  Sir  Ferdinando 
Gorges ;  and  in  conformity  with  its  provisions,  to  frame  a  civil 
administration  over  the  Province.  For  this  purpose,  the  genenl 
oversight  and  direction  of  its  afiairs  were,  by  a  legislative  ordin- 
ance, committed  to  the  Governor  and  Board  of  Cobny  Assistuti. 
The  government  they  established,  was  this— 4o  have  a  ProMi> 
eial  Pretidenty  chosen  by  them  from  year  to  year,  and  two  legis- 
lative branches  ;-<^e  upper  one  was  to  be  a  Standing  ComtH 
of  eight  members,  and  the  other  to  be  a  popular  delegation,  con- 
sisting of  deputiM  chosen  by  towns  as  in  Massachusetts.  The 
Council,  who  were  to  be  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Assistants,  and 
continue  in  office  during  their  pleasure,  were  to  be  the  judges  of 
a  Supreme  Court,  and  magistrates  through  tlie  Province.  The 
legislative  body  was  to  meet  at  least  once  in  every  year. 

The  Board  of  Assistants  then  proceeded  to  elect  a  President, 
and  the  choice  fell  upon  Thomas  Danforth,  at  that  time  Deputy- 
Governor  of  Massachusetts,  f  He  was  a  gentleman  of  handsome 
talents,  and  good  education,  and  at  this  period^  possessed  a  greit 
weight  of  character.  He  was  bom  in  Englani,  A.  D.  1623, 
came  over  in  early  life,  and  before  1670*  the  first  year  of  hii 

•  4  Mut  Rec.  p  173-103. 

f  At  Mr.  Danrorth'i  ratidenca  wm  in  Cimbridfe  (Mhs.),  when  be  wu 
abaent  from  Maine,  hli  place  waa  tuppUed  bjr  a  Deputy-Prealdent,  pra 
tampore.    B.  Pendleton,  and  J.  Daria  were  Depaty-Preeidenti. 


.TWil 


Thomaa 

Uaofbrth  P 
fraaidaal. 


or  MAMilttfT 


H^-ul 


*  He  wit  after  thia  amotifp  the  most  prominent  opponents  to  Gorernor 
Aodrat*  «dminittraUon,  and  acted  ai  president  of  the  Council,  when  the 
ptepte  took  the  i^emment  from  him.  Restored  to  the  olBoe  of  Deputjr- 
Goreraor,  on  tha  re-auumption  of  colony  authorities,  he  continued  to 
ImM  it  till  tho  chartsr  of  William  and  Mary;  under  which,  in  l6Sft,  ho  waa 
•ppoinled  one  of  tho  judges  nf  the  Supreme  Court  of  Judicature,  ffa 
dttd  at  his  seat  in  Camhridge,  A.  D.  IW9,  ayed  77.  Ilis  only  son,  Samuel, 
ifraduate  at  IlarrarJ,  died  in  England,  I77l.--9ee  the  Biog.  IMttitmark* 
if  Htt.  Dr.  AlUn  wtd  Rn,  Dr.  Etlioi.    ArtirU  Dm/orlh  THomat, 

n  Hutch,  coll.  p.  Wf. 


VV! 


jiiigOyKyrOownwr,  l»  h«d  htm  twnty  jmn  ta  AHteaM.  4.A.  Mn 
BuidifMg  praiidMi  of  the  boud  of  ComniiikiiMn  of  iIm 
Uiiltd  Ctdotrfot,  be  IimI  pravioinljr  for  tevwtl  umnt  ptewlod 
'n  ibe  Coustj  Court  of  Yorkdiiro.  His  witdoaa,  fimne«  aod 
fndmnce,  ^tlified  bim  to  conduct  difficult  public  affiiirt  with 
neetM ;  and  hit  uncoropronaising  oppof itioa  to  •riftitrwy  power, 
•d  bia  high-minded  republican  politics,  rendered  him  preem- 
iieot  in  pt^ular  estimation.  He  held  the  office  of  President  of 
June,  till  the  dissolution  of  the  Massachusetts  charter.*  ' 

To  asust  President  Danforth  in  organising  and  arranging  the  Freriacv 
dfO  aflhirs  of  the  Province,  and  holding  a  term  of  the  judioia)MnT" 
courts,  the  present  season,  the  Board  of  Assistants,  after  the  Gen- 
enl  Election  in  May,  appointed  Samuel  Nowel,  a  special  commis- 
Bonerl  He  was  an  Assistant  this  year,  and  the  next,  he  waa 
ippointed  against  his  will,  to  the  office  of  joint  agent  with  Mr< 
Stoughton  to  England.  He  had  been  a  minister  of  the  gospel,f 
wtt  a  man  of  reflection  and  good  sense,  and  in  politics,  strongly 
ittached  to  the  high  republican  party  of  his  times. 

Several  obstacles  lay  in  the  way  of  their  progress,  which  the 
Gsneral  Court  found  it  difficult  to  remove.  There  were  royal- 
iM  and  episcopalians  in  the  Province  and  elsewhere,  always  com- 
plaining to  the  crown  against  Massachusetts,  and  never  willing  to 
te  her  subjects  ;  and  the  king  himself  was  still  pursuing  his  de- 
Dind  of  the  countryf  In  bis  address  to  the  General  Court,  about 
this  time,  he  says,—'  It  is  marvellous  that  you  should  exclude 
'lirom  office,  gentlemen  of  good  li»es  and  estates,  merely  because 
'they  do  not  agree  with  you  in  the  con^rc^afumo/  way ;  espe- 
'cially  since  liberty  of  conscience  was  the  principal  motive  of 
'your  first  emigration.  Nor  is  this  the  only  thing  to  be  noticed* 
'The  title-deeds  of  Maine,  we  expect  will  be  surrendeied  to  the 
'crown,  on  the  advancement  of  the  purchase*money  and  interest. 


A.f>. 


Randolpli't 
rtpraiMiM- 


jm. 


THt  fMfORY  '  '  ^mi,  I. 

iWb  VHetmiMib  nmdon  to  yd»,  «■  tlie  «eti  of  «id«  «id  im9{§^,» 
*|ltiMd  A.  0.  1678,  for  th«  whole  of  Noff-Eogbiiid,  ittd  kifbnii 

*  ycbt  ifve  htfe  appointed'  onder  them,  our  trusty  and  wdl  beloved 

*  rabject,  Edward  Randolj^h,  collector,  sunreyor,  and  Matcher.** 

Randolph,  the  evil  genius  of  the  country,  who  first  visited  it 
four  years  before,  was  already  here,  engaged  in  the  exercise  of 
his  office.  He  was  the  emissary  of  the  Lords  CTommisstoners  of 
foreign  plantations,  to  whom  he  made  long  and  exaggerated 
statements.  He  early  undertook  the  vindication  of  Edmund  An- 
dros,  in  all  his  measures  as  well  at  Sagadahock  as  New-Terk. 
To  his  judicious  management,  Randolph  imputed  the  late  peace 
with  the  Indians ;  and  represented,  that  if,  according  to  his  ad- 
vice, the  Mohawks  had  been  sooner  introduced  into  the  public 
service,  the  war  might  have  been  shortened  and  many  of  its  ci- 
lamities  averted.  He  even  presumed  to  assert  that  the  people  of 
Massachusetts,  especially  **  the  Bostoners,"  had  a  strong  antipa- 
thy to  Sir  Edmund,  and  at  one  time  had  greatly  interrupted  the 
trade  between  that  colony  and  New- York ;  and  that  while  they 
were  giving  countenance  to  an  illicit  trade  with  the  Acadians, 
they  were  exciting  among  the  eastern  inhabitants  great  jealousies  to- 
wards that  people,  and  encouraging  a  most  shameful  Indian  traffic. 
Tea,  said  he,  the  Indians  "  to  get  their  fill  of  rum  and  brandy, 
will  strip  themselves  to  their  skins ;"  and  then  the  depositaries  of 
the  law  will  whip  and  fine  them  for  drunkenness.  In  a  word, 
Massachusetts,  according  to  his  representations,  was  coining 
money,  making  laws  averse  to  th'  T  the  mother  countiy,  pur- 
chasing dominions,  and  aiming  tc       *  free  state.f 

To  such  aspersions,  the  colony  rulers  were  ready  to  repeat,  as 
often  as  it  was  expedient,  the  facts  previously  stated  to  the  min- 
istry, through  the  med'um  of  a  letter  addressed  to  the  Earl  of 
Sunderland,  in  which  they  say,  '  our  lives  and  treasures  hare 
'been  unsparingly  sacrificed  to  rescue  Maine  from  the  utter  ruin 

*  attempted  by  a  barbarous  and  bloody  enemy ;— sacrifices  for 
'  which  we  have  never  received  nor  requested  of  the  Provinciils 
'  the  least  remuneration.  We  have  from  many  of  them,  the  ful- 
'  lest  assurances  of  their  past  satisfaction  with  our  course,  and  of 

*  their  desire  still  to  be  connected  with  us,  and  their  unwilling- 


*  Letter,  dated  July  24,  1679,  entire  in  Hutch.  Coll.  p.  S19-aa. 
\  See  Randolph'i  ^Tarrative  entire.— i/uicA.  Colt.  p.  477-011. 


erimeBl. 


CvaT.  SCXI.]  OFMAItlK  H^t 

*nen  to  huard  a  ehioge :  and,  as  we  without  the  least  shadow  A.D.  fim, 
'of  disbyakjr  obtabed  title  to  the  Province,  a  twehremonth  after 
'his  Majes^  decided  it  to  be  in  Gorges,  it  is  our  duty  to  fsTor 
<  die  inhabitants  and  provide  them  with  a  free  i^stematic  admin- 
'istration.'* 

Early  in  the  year,  Messrs.  Danforth  and  Notvel  repaired  to  miim  g^' 
York  ;f  and  so  far  as  we  can  learn  from  the  mutilated  records  * 
and  slender  evidences  preserved,  the  former  proclaimed  his  au- 
thority, exhibited  his  commission  of  Provincial  President,  and 
being  assisted  by  Mr.  Nowel,  now  reported  an  administration  of 
government  consisting  of  a  Council,  and  an  Assembly  of  Deputies, 
to  be  elected  by  the  several  towns.}  But  there  were  evidently 
many  malcontents  and  objectc^s.  Some  preferred  to  be  a  con- 
stituent of  the  Massachusetts  government,  rather  than  its  colony. 
No  less  than  115  of  the  inhabitants,  resident  in  different  parts  of 
the  Province,  subscribed  and  transmitted  a  petition  to  the  king, 
complaining  of  a  tax  of  £3,000  as  an  intolerable  biurden  imposed 
oa  three  towns  only,  viz.  York,  Kittery  and  Wells,  to  defray  the 
charges  of  the  late  Indian  war,  and  prayiug  his  Majesty  *  to  re' 
'establish  among  them  his  royal  authority,  and  allow  them  to 
'have  a  government  of  their  own,  according  to  the  laws  and  con-' 
'ttitutions  of  the  Province,  till  his  pleasure  be  further  known.'^ 

It  had,  however,  been  ascertained,  that  the  principal  objection 
to  the  paramount  jurisdiction  of  Massachusetts,  would  arise  from 
the  tattem  inhabitants  of  the  Province.  Many  of  them  were 
holding  lands  under  the  Lygonian  proprietors ;  and  might  foster 
jealousies  and  fears  of  being  disturbed  in  their  possessions.  They 
had,  too,  in  the  previous  administration  of  justice,  received  some 
special  favors ;  and  a  few  were  bold  enough  to  utter  threats  of 
resistance,  unless  their  rights,  mterests  apd  privileges,  were  first 
fully  secured  to  them.       .   k"  ^       », 

Before  the  war,  they  were  entertained  with  the  prospect  of  a  North-Yv 
new  settlement  eastward  of  Falmouth,  under  a  grant  from  Sir  "^ 
Ferdinando  Gorges,  or  lus  son ;  and  the  revival  of  the  enterprise 
was  now  desired,  both  by  them  and  the  surviving  grantees.    li 

*  4  Mais.  Reo.  p.  469,  489.  '.>4 

t  1  HtUeh.  Hilt.  p.  S96.— Perhaps  the  first  meeting  was  in  March. 
I  Elliot's  Diog.  Die.  p.  149.  .  <  ,•         -  .  ^  J 

\  1  Ctll.  JIaint  ttiii.  Sec  p.  302— 8.— lee  there  the  namea.      ->  <•  •  • 
Vol.  I.  68 


jt*m'J 


t  mttl 


wA  THE  RBTOiiy  [Vol.  i. 

A.  b.  leio.  would  be  t  frontier  bftrrier  eastward,  tgatnat  the  IndUou  m 
the  event  of  a  rupture ;  and  would  offer  manj  advantages  inrhine 
to  settlers.  The  townrhip  was  described  as  origbally  lying  ten 
miles  on  the  seacoast,  or  Magocook  bay,  from  the  south-eastern 
comer  of  Falmouth,  and  extending  from  the  water,  five  miles  in 
width  on  each  side  of  Wetteeuatego*  [now  Royall*s]  river ;  and 
thence  northerly,  or  back  from  the  coast,  about  nine  or  ten  miles 
according  to  the  run  of  the  river,  or  2  and  1-2  leagues  b  di> 
rect  course  at  right  angles  from  the  shore.  As  requested,  there- 
fore, the  General  Court  at  their  spring  session  of  this  year,  con- 
firmed it  to  Joseph  Phippon  and  the  other  surviving  proprteton.f 
In  this  act  of  confirmation,  were  reserved  to  Massachusetts,  dl 
the  rights  and  royalties,  belonging  by  the  provincial  charter  to  the 
Lord  Proprietor.  It  also  required  the  proprietors,  or  their  legal 
representatives,  to  assign  to  the  President  of  the  Pirovmce,  300 
acres  for  a  farm,  in  any  part  of  the  plantation,  where  he  might 
make  the  selection ;  to  pay,  after  the  first  seven  years,  annua) 
rent-charge  of  five  beaver  skins  forever  \  and  to  settle  at  least 
thirty  families  and  a  minister  of  the  gospel  within  two  years. 

The  provincial  charter  itself  was  generally  acknowledged  (o 

be  excellent ;— containing  more  privileges,  and  less  restrictions, 

than  any  other  of  similar  character,  which  had  received  the  royal 

signature.     To  conciliate  the  people  of  Casco  bay.  Governor 

Cuco.        Bradstreet  addressed  to  them,  from  Boston,  a  letter,  dated  June 

juM  4.       4th,  in  which  he  says — <  As  we  have  become  the  proprietors  of 

*  the  royal  charter,  and  have  concluded  to  settle  a  government  in 

*  the  Province  according  to  its  provisions  tIX  any  opposing  meas- 

*  uies  will  render  the  authors  of  them  obnoxious  to  punishment. 
'  Let  die  emergency  be  avoided  ;*  for  "  you  shall  have  protec- 
"  tion,  and  ail  provision  made  for  your  security  and  improvement, 
"  consistent  with  the  principles  of  that  charter  and  your  greatest 

>>M  *Swef ttstafoe."— 4  MoMt.  B*c.  p.  373. 

tThe  firet  ut  of  truattes  coaiiatcd  of  Bartholomew  Gcdncy,  Joibaa 
Scottow,  Sjlvanui  Daris  and  Walter  Gcndeil,  appointed,  Julj  13,  1601^ 
«V.  Yttnno%ah  Rtcordt, 

I  One  account  states,  that  the  provincial  ^vernmcnt  was  settled,  March 
ITthi  188U,  and  warrants  issued  for  the  choice  of  Deputies  to  the  "  Genenl 
Assembly,"  to  be  holdcn  at  York ;  and  the  session  commenced  there, 
March  SOth,  1680.— Perhaps  the  eastern  towns  were  not  then  reconciled, 
nor  rr presented. 


•  I  Hutch.  Hist 


Chat,  xxi.]  of  maims.  f$$ 

**  good  y"-— ttnd  to  dowt  we,  **  your  kmng  firiends,  commend  jrou  a.  d.  ten 
« to  die  guidance  and  protection  of  Aimigh^  CSod.'* ' 

To  prevent,  therefore,  the  usurpations  and  encroachments  of  £<■<<?■  , 
Governor  Andros,  as  well  as  to  quiet  the  people  of  Casco,*  and 
Kitle  a  government  through  the  Province,  President  Danforth, 
Mr.  Nowel  and  Mr.  Nathaniel  Saltonstall,  another  Assistant,  em- 
birked  in  August,  fircm  Boston,  with  sixty  soldiers,  in  a  ship  and 
sloop,  and  proceeded  to  "  Fort  Loyal,**  then  commanded  by 
Capt.  Edward  Tyng.  This  was  a  public  garrison,  erected  on 
tiw  southerly  shore  of  Casco-neck,  [in  Portland],  in  pursuance 
of  a  legislative  order,  passed  four  years  before  ;f  and  now  fur- 
aisbed  with  munitions  of  war.  Here  President  Danforth  and  the 
nro  Assistants,  as  special  commissioners,  had^a  consultation  with 
tiie  inliabitants,  in  which  they  became  acquainted  with  their  wants 
ud  wishes,  and  made  to  them  a  proposition  for  convoking  a  Gen- 
edl  Assembly  of  Deputies  from  the  whole  Province,  at  York,  in  ^'^ 
I  the  ensuing  spring,  agreeably  to  the  provisions  of  the  charter.     ^ 

But  according  to  one  account,  the  freeholders  in  the  Province 
I  of  Maine,  being  summoned,  met  at  York,  March  17th,  1680;i,ira"on^"^* 
ind  a  commission,  under  the  seal  of  the  Covemor  and  Council  of 
Massachusetts,  was  openly  exhibited  and  read,  thereby  declaring 
themselves  the  lawful  assigns  of  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges ;  and 
I  prtng  notice,  that  they  had  erected  and  constituted  a  Court  and 
CouncU,  and  deputed  Thomas  Danforth,  Esq.  for  the  first  year, 
I  President : — "  to  the  end  that  the  above  named  Province  might 
"be  protected  in  the  enjoyment  of  their  just  rights  and  privileges, 
"according  to  the  rules  of  his  Majesty's  royal  charter,] granted 
"  unto  the  above  named  Sir  F.  Gorges,  Kt."  Warrants  for  the 
choice  of  deputies  to  the  General  Assembly  to  be  holden  at  York, 
were  issued  for  a  session  in  March,  or  perhaps  June.  Major 
Bryan  Pendleton  was  appointed  Deputy-President,  and  author- 
ized with  the  assistance  of  other  members  of  the  Council,  or 
Magistrates,  to  hold  intermediate  terms  of  the  Court.  Pendleton 
was  among  ibe  earliest  colonists  of  Massachusetts,  and  settled  in 
Watertown,  which  he  represented  six  years  in  the  General 
Court  of  Massachusetts;  and  in  1646,  he  commanded  the  mili- 
tary corps,  since  denominated  the  '  Ancient  and  Honorable  Ar- 
tillery Company'  in  Boston.    He  resided  in  Portsmouth  several 


*  1  Hutch.  Hist  p.  297. 


f  Se«  ante,  1876,  chap,  ys. 


iii^4  THE  HisTosy  ^     [Vol.  i. 

4.ii/i680.]r6«r8 ;  from  v/iAth  he  removed  to  Saxio,  til  1605.  He  agned  « 
petition  to  the  khig  tt  Deputy-President,  in  I680,prtyiiig  *fott\^ 
ia  rebuilding  the  towns  wasted  and  desdate,'  by  reason  of  the 
late  Indian  war.  He  died  soon  afterwards.  He  Was  succeeded 
in  the  office  of  Deputy-President,  by  John  Davis  of  York.  Dep. 
uties  were  chosen  from  year  to  year  by  towns,  and  annual  sessbu 
of  the  General  Assembly  were  holden  at  York,  for  five  or  nx 
years.* 

The  subject  of  the  new  township,  among  other  things,  was 
presented  to  the  President  and  Commissioners ;  and  the  folW* 
ing  order,  passed  at  their  adjournment,  shews  in  some  degree  the 
power  they  were  authorized  to  exercise.-—'  At  Fort  Loyal  in 
f  Falmouth,  22d  Sept.   1680;  it  is  ordered,  for  the  further  en. 

*  largement  and  encouragement  of  the  settlement  on  Westecuste* 

*  go  river'—"  that  the  waste  lands  lying  between  the  said  grant 
**  and  Falmouth,  shall  be  added  to  the  township ;  and  also  an 
"  Island  lying  between  the  sea  and  said  township,  called  New- 

iWjd  «ri  s  '*  Damariscove.    It  is  also  hereby  ordered  and  declared,  that  the 
*'"•'-'''•  name  of  the  said  plantation  shall  be  J^rorth-Yarmduth.^ 

*•  Pr.  Thobias  Danforth,  PretidenV* 


««pt.  ft. 

florih-Yar- 
moutfa. 


*  Ad  eleotton  sermon  wai  preached  at  the  commencement  of  each  ao. 
nual  session;  the  onti  in  1683,  being  delivered  by  Rev.  Shubael  Dummer  I 
of  York.  It  seems  some  towns  sent  tvvo  deputies,  and  some  one,  to  the 
General  Assembly,  Saco  seat,  in  1681,  John  Harmon  {  in  1682,  John 
Davis ;  1683,  Benjamin  Blackman ;  in  1684,  John  Sargent ;  and  in  1685, 
Geoi^e  Tnrfrey.  But  it  appears  that  Mr.  Davis,  however,  was  "  disac- 
cepted  as  a  scandalous  person,** — for  by  a  colony  ordinance  of  Massachu- 
•etts,  the  spirit  of  whicti  seems  to  have  been  transferred  hither,  a  deputy 
fnust  be  '  sound  in  the  orthodox  faith— ^nd  not  scandalous  in  conversation.'  { 

f  This  is  the  8th  town  in  Uie  Province,  (a)    Its  name  vr^  taken,  proba- 
bly, from  Yumuuth,  in  England,    The  town  records  begun,  A.  D.  1680, 1 
{lit  voL  foiioy  324  pagei,]  and  carefully  preserved,  contain  many  valaabis  I 
facts.    Three  towns  have  since  been  taken  from  North-Yarmouth  ;— viz. 
Freeport,  A.  D.  17£I9;  Pownal,  in  1808;  and  Cumberland,  in  1821.— iSti 
tSullivan,  p.  182,  191. — An  early  settler,  was  John  Mare,  at  a  point  noiriDl 
Bronswick,  called  "  Mare-point."    William  Royall  came  over  about  1630;! 
niAde  a  purchase  of  Gorges,  1648 ;  in  16(8  he  settled  on  the  cast  side  of  I 
WcMeeustego  riyer,  with  J,  Cousins,  R.  Bray,  and  John  Maine.    Afortj 
was  e&rly  built  near  the  mouth  of  Roy  ail's  river,  for  the  accommodatiogf 

(a)  ApfUdore  [sec  A.  D.  1661]  was  properly  the  8/A  tovm  established ;  I 
but  it  seems  not  to  have  retained  its  name  in  subsequent  years,  and  thcrc> 
fore  its  number  is  omitted  in  the  enumeration,  '  '  T- 


CiAr.  ixi.] 


OP  MAINE. 


605 


The  report  of  the  President  and  CommSsflioners,  Uie  general  a.  d.  igai. 
iflkin  of  the  Prorince,  and  the  expediency  of  maintatmng  a-''*''*'*'^''- 
ggrrison  at  Fort  Loyal,  were  referred  to  a  committee  of  seven  g^!^'. 
members,  at  the  January  session  of  the  General  Court,  in  1681  ; 
irben  it  was  resolved  that  a  garrison,  well  established,  would  be  an 
tsj\\xm  and  safeguard  of  the  people  on  any  sudden  incursions  of 
(he  Indians,  and  also  greatly  encourage  husbandmen  "  to  replant 
themselves  in  this  town  and  the  vicinity ;"   and  that  it  ought  to 
be  maintained  and  continued  at  the  charge  of  Massachusetts, 
provided  the  people  of  Maine  would  furnish  and  pay  six  soldiers 
to  man  it* 

Next,  a  form  of  government,  like  that  under  Sir  Ferdinando  Form  of 
Gorges,  was  fully  established,  and  a  civil  administration  organ-  m  MaJM." 
ised,  under  a  commission  from  the  Governor  and  Council  of 
Massachusetts. — ^It  seems  the  first  Provincial  Council,  consisting 
of  eight  members,  were  Bryan  Pendleton,  Charles  Frost,  T|*  *'•»"'" 
Francis    Hook,    John    Davis,    Joshua   Scottow,   Samuel 
Wheelwright,  and  John  Wincoln  ;-^Eoward  Rishwortu 
was  Secretary  of  the  Province,  or  Recorder ;  and  either  he  or 

and  defence  of  the  inhabitants.  But  they  were  compelled  by  the  Indians, 
ia  1676  and  in  1688,  to  abandon  the  lettlenient  and  the  fort.  The  town 
ns  revived  in  1680,  and  again  in  1722,  and  resettled.— [See  poal,  A.  D.  . 
1722.] — In  the  second  year  of  the  Spatdih,  orjiflh  Indian  tear,  A.  D.  1745, 
the  inhabitants  suffered  severely  by  the  eavage  enemy.  Of  the  person^ 
killed,  were  Mebsrs.  Greely  and  Eaton.  The  house  of  John  Maine,  at 
Flying-point,  was  broken  up  and  a  child  killed  in  its  mother's  arms.  This 
point  isS.  E.  of  Harraseeket  river,  in  Frceport;  and  three  or  four  miles 
eutward  of  the  settlement  oo  the  westerly  side  of  Royall's  river,  towards 
its  mouth.  Subsequent  to  the  capture  of  Canada  and  the  close  of  the  In^ 
dian  wars,  the  town  has  had  a  flourishing  growth  ;  so  that  when  '  t  ras  di^ 
Tided,  in  1789,  it  contained  upwards  of  3,000  inhabitants ;  having  a^  that 
time  a  greater  number  thai)  any  other  town  in  the  county  of  Cumberland. 
The  number  |n  Freeport,  in  1790,  was  ISSO.  The  sole  minister  of  North-i 
Yarmouth,  at  this  time,  was  Rev.  T.  Gilman.  But  on  the  2f  th  of  June, 
1794,  there  was  set  off  from  his  Society  the  Morth-west  Congregational  St^ 
ciety,  and  a  meeting-house  was  built ;  and  on  the  20th  uf  June,  1797,  a  Bap^ 
UH  Society  was  incorporated  for  North- Yarmouth  and  Freeport ;  aud  El- 
der Thomas  Green  waa  settled.  There  are  several  Islands  which  are  at- 
tached to  North-Yarmouth  ;  especially  Oreat  and  Little  Oebeag.  It  was 
first  represented  in  tho  General  Court,  in  1742,  by  Cornelius  Soule,  be- 
tween 1745  and  1766,  by  Jeremiah  Powell,  and  in  1773,  by  John  Lewis. 
Mr.  Powell  was  an  eminent  man  of  his  age,  and  many  years  a  member  of 
the  Council.  *  4  Mass.  Reo.  p.  310. 


566  THE  HMTORY  [VoL.  I. 

A.u.  1681.  EowARD  Ttno*  belonged  also  to  the  Ck>uncil.  Mtgor  PeniUton 
of  Saco,  was  chosen  Deputy-President — as  stated  by  the  former 
account  Mr.  Tyngf  a  worthy,  well-informed  and  active  citiien 
had  been  an  Assistant  in  the  legislature  of  Massachusetts.  He 
married  the  daughter  of  Thaddeus  Clark,  an  emigrant  from  Ire. 
land  to  the  peninsula  or  neck,  in  1663, — a  respectable  freeholder 
and  resident  on  what  has  since  been  called  Clark's  point  [in 
Portland.]  In  1684,  under  President  Danforth's  administratioo 
Clark  was  a  deputy  to  tlie  General  Assembly,  from  Falmouth. 
Meurs.  Frost  and  Hookf  were  both  of  Kittery ;  the  former  had 
represented  his  town  several  years  in  the  General  Court,  and  was 
now  appointed  Commandant  of  the  Regiment : — ^The  latter,  sup. 
posed  to  have  been  the  son  of  William  Hook,  one  of  Gorges' 
first  Council,  was  Province  Treasurer.  Mr.  Davis  lived  at  York, 
had  been  the  commanding  officer  of  the  militia  company,  and  m 
the  late  war  had  distinguished  himself  as  a  brave  and  discreet 
soldier.  He  succeeded  Pendleton  as  Deputy-President  in  the 
year  1681.  Mr.  Scottow,  originviWy  from  Boston,  dwelt  in  Scar- 
borough ;| — a  name  identified  with  the  author  of  "  the  old  man's 
tears."^  Mr.  Wheelwright  was  a  son  of  the  Reverend  founder 
of  Wells,  and  afterwards  a  Councillor  in  the  General  Court  of 
Massachusetts.  Mr.  Wincoln  of  Newichawannock  settlement, 
in  Kittery,  captain  of  the  town  company,  was  a  brave  officer  and 
had  been  several  years  a  deputy  to  the  General  Court. — ^These 
Councillors,  or  Magistrates,  called  themselves  Justices^  as  they 
held  the  judicial  courts  of  the  Province. 

In  June,  the  President  and  Council  met  in  General  Assembly, 
with  deputies  or  representatives  from  the  several  towns ;  where, 
after  political  subjects  were  discussed,  they  at  length  agreed  upon 
the  following  propositions,  and  adjourned  to  August.  The  num> 
her  in  the  lower  branch  this  year  is  not  ascertained ;  but  four 


A  ftwmi 
aswmbljr. 


*  10  CoU.  JHIatt.  nut.  Soc.  p.  181 If  Mr.  Tyng  was  not  of  the  Council 

the  first  year,  he  was  afterwards  Councillor.  He  was  now  Captain  of  the 
garrison. — It  is  supposed  the  members  of  the  Council  were  desigpnatcd  by 
the  Massachusetts  Board  of  Assistants,  who  acted  as  substitutes  for  the 
orig^inal  Lord  Proprietor. 

f  Hook  now  of  Saco— thence  removed  to  Kittery. 

I  Capt.  Scottow  was  a  man  of  great  public  spirit,  and  did  much  towards 
defending  Scarboroiigh  against  the  Indians.  From  his  name  is  Scottow'i 
Hill MS.  Letter  of  Rev.  A*.  Tilton.     5  8  Coll.  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  800. 


"Perhaps  thtse 


Cgir.  xw.]  <H  ry  MAme.  (jMRp 

jnm  ftfterwtrds,  tiiere  were  6  Councillore  or  Assistants^  ind  12  a.Di  imi. 
Deputies.* 

On  the  part  of  the  Protinee,  the  articles  were  these: — I.  AllArticiM«r 
public  charges  henceforth  arising  in  the  Province,  whether  f«r  ******"*"■ 
government,  protection  or  othertiise,  shall  be  defrayed  out  of  the 
provincial  treasury.  2.  A  garrison  at  Fort  Loyal,  sufficient  for 
its  defence,  shall  at  all  times  be  maintained  at  tlie  charge  of  the 
Province,  and  the  command  of  it  belong  to  the  Provincial  Pres- 
id^t.  3.  All  who  have  taken  patents  or  leases  from  Sir  Ferdi- 
mndo  Gorges,  his  heirs  or  agents,  shall  perform  their  respective 
covenants  to  Massachusetts,  the  present  chief  proprietor,  in  ac- 
knowledgement of  her  right  to  the  soil.  4.  All  other  inhabitants 
and  residents  shall  severally  pay  into  the  provincial  treasury  for 
the  use  of  the  chief  proprietor  and  the  support  of  government,  a 
stipend  for  himself  and  family,  in  this  ratio, — that  is,  if  a  person's 
single  county  or  province  tax  be  2  shillings  or  less,  he  shall  ren- 
der 1  shilling — if  it  exceed  3s.  then  3s.  will  he  exacted  of  him. 
5.  To  meet  and  defray  the  provincial  expenditure,  entitled  "  Pub- 
Ik  Charge**  all  persons,  all  estates,  and  all  landholders,  whether 
I  resident  within  or  whhout  the  Province,  shall  be  equally  rated 
and  taxed  ;  with  the  exemptions  only  of  town  commons  and  tlie 
public  lands  of  the  chief  proprietor.-— 6.  On  the  part  of  Massa- 
I  Autetts  ; — She  must  grant  and  guaranty  unto  the  inhabitants  of 
the  Province,  a  full  acquittal  and  discharge  forever,  of  all  claims 
and  demands  due  for  time  past  to  the  chief  proprietor,  by  char- 
ter or  otherwise ;  and  all  townships  and  other  tracts  granted  either 
by  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,  Massachusetts,  or  their  respective 
agents,  and  all  streams  and  mill-sites  which  may  be  hereafter 
granted,  must  be  forever  exempt  from  rent,  and  every  other 
claim  of  the  chief  proprip»C',  or  Provincial  President ;— ex- 
cepting when  the  defence  of  tlieni  shall  render  an  assessment  ne- 
|cessary  and  reasonable.f 

The  General  Assembly  of  Maine,  convening,  August  1 8,  pur-  August  is. 
huant  to  adjournment,  concluded  to  adopt  tlie  propositions  or  w9r-Mmbiy 
lrtc/e« ;  and  consequently  they  were  tacked  to  a  petition  and  trans-  arises.  * 
I  mined  to  the  General  Court  of  Massachusetts. 

All  the  articles  received  the  unqualified  approbation  of  that 
Ibody,  to  which  a  few  others  were  added.    The  Provincial  Presi- 


"  Perhaps  (liese  mcasurct  belong  to  the  year  IC80.         t  4  Mass.  Rcc, 


ProVmce 

'I'rpFsurer't 

duties. 


568  THBIUfllURT  [Vok  I. 

A.  P.  1691.  denC  wu  dlrcteted  to  execute  under  bk  oflicial  ngoature  ud  ttti 
loMvXih  to  landholders,  legal  confirmations  of  their  real  estates;  withovt 
gr^^Mrajuiy  other  exactions  at  the  time,  than  the  said  stipend  of  one  or 
niiMrt  add-  three  shillings,*  reserved  to  the  chief  proprietor,  and  paid  in  ac- 
knowledgement of  the  tenure  or  the  grantor's  right  of  soil.    AH 
suitable  exertions  shall  be  used  for  the  people's  safe^r  and  de-  j 
fence  ;f  and  the  revenue  accruing  to  the  chief  proprietor  shall 
be  appropriated  to  those  purposes.    The  arrears,  due  to  the  com- 
mander of  Fort  Lojal,  to  the  soldiers,  and  the  purveyor  of  sup- 
plies, shall  be  discharged  by  Massachusetts ;  and  after  this,  the 
charges  of  supporting  the  garrison  shall  be  defrayed  out  of  the 
revenue  arising  from  the  Indian  trade.     Every  sul)sequent  grutl 
of  lands  was  to  be  first  made  by  the  Genend  Courts  aud  then] 
confirmed  by  deed  of  the  Provincial  President. 

In  completing  the  arrangement  of  public  afiairs,  Francis  Hook,! 
the  Province  Treasurer,  was  appointed  to  receive  the  stipeodsj 
or  tenure-fees  on  the  confirmations  of  titles  to  landholders  ;|  toj 
take  possession  of  all  houses  and  real  estates,  belionging  to  thel 
chief  proprietor  or  his  agents,  or  to  the  late  servants  of  Sir  Fer-f 
dinando  Gorges,  or  his  heirs ;  to  prosecute  by  law  all  such  aa 
improperly  withhold  possession  ;  and  furthermore,  with  advice  o^ 
tlie  Provincial  President,  to  make  leases  of  such  lands  and  tene 
ments  belonging  to  the  chief  proprietor,  as  may  enure  and  be  foij 
his  sole  use  and  benefit.  -  .f,f,^  I«#?^j«->f;  Mt  n^p'nd 

The  Prendent,  according  to  the  charter,  had  the  power  of  ap-j 
pointing  the  commander  of  the  garrison ;  all  militia  officers ;  tha 
marshal ;  and  all  justices  of  the  peace.^  In  the  Council,  whica 
was  the  Supreme  Court  of  Judicature,  he  presided ;  and  in  tlid 

""Tho  lands  within  Lygonia  were  confirmed  by  the  President  to  boardi 
of  trustees,  to  be  distributed  according  to  indlTidual  ownership ;  the  tr 
tees  of  North- Yarmouth    beings  Jere.  Dummer,  Walter  Gendell,  Join 
Royal],  and  John  York ;  those  of  Falmouth,  1684,  were  Edward  Tyngj 
Sykanus  Davis,  Mr.  Gendell,  Thaddens  Clark,  Anthony  Brackett,  Th 
Jordan,  George  Brimhall,  and  Robert  Lawrence. 

f  A  garrison  was  established  at  Fort  Loyal,  (o  be  supported  partly 
Maine  and  partly  by  Massachusetts.    For  which  purpose,  all  the  saw-millj 
in  the  Province,  24  in  number,  were  taxed  about  j£92,  lOi. 

( President  Danforth  was  authorized.  May  11,  1681,  by  ao  imtrumeDl 
under  the  Colony  seal,  to  make  those  confirmations. 

{ Jusffccs  were  appointed  in  towns,  where  no  Conncillor  dwelt.   M^ 
RIackman  was  a  Justice  of  the  peace  in  Saco.    < 


Irfce  Presi- 
item's  pow 


t 

'Mb' 


ClAT.   XXI.] 


or  MAINS. 


tm 


eMCtment  of  laws,  his  approbsUon  was  requisite.  Thou^  after  A.D.  ini. 
(he  first  year,  the  towns  were  represented  in  the  General  Assembly 
by  Deputies,  and  full  powers  for  the  regulation  of  the  affairs  of 
dw  Prorince  appear  to  have  been  committed  to  the  legislative 
lody ;  its  proceedings  were  of  a  very  mixed  character.  Laws 
tore  made  and  enforced;  legal  questions  settled;  letters  of 
idfflinistration  granted,  and  wills  proved ;  roads  laid  out,  mili- 
niy  commissions  issued ;  provisions  made  for  the  public  safety  in 
case  of  war ;  the  religious  affairs  of  towns  superintended  ;  and  in 
^rt,  every  subject  of  public  and  many  of  private  interest,  ac- 
cording to  the  usage  and  example  of  Massachusetts,  came  under 
tlw  cognizance  of  the  Court.  One  act  or  order  prohibited  the 
sile  of  spirituous  liquors  to  the  Indians  under  a  penalty  of  20s.  '^ 
ibr  every  pint  sold  to  them ;  and  also  all  trade  with  them  with- 
out license  from  government  was  forbidden.  The  charter  was 
neithar  silent  nor  definite  upon  the  subject  of  religion,  in  its  let- 
I  ter  only,  paying  special  deference  to  the  Episcopal  Communion ; 
boice  the  Provincial  Rulers  were  actuated  by  the  orthodox  prin- 
ciples prevalent  in  Massachusetts.  A  single  case  will  shew  the 
Npirit  of  the  times. 

The  Baptists  made  their  first  appearance  in  Maine,  A.  D.  1681 ;  Tha  Bnp- 
wben  several  persons  in  Kittery,  embracing  their  tenets,  were  cuwoT 
baptized  by  immersion.  One  of  their  brethren,  William  Screven^ 
ffluiifesting  great  zeal  in  religion,  became  their  leader  in  worship 
and  devotion.  He  was  bom  in  England,  A.  D.  1629.  Emigrat- 
ing to  Kittery  in  early  life,  he  n?arried  Bridget  Cutts,  and  the 
fruits  of  the  union  were  eleven  children.  His  talents  were  natu- 
nUy  of  a  splendid  order.  He  possessed  a  lively  imagination, 
t  glowing  heart,  and  was  a  good  English  scholar.  Edified 
and  enlivened  by  his  rare  gifts  and  ardent  piety,  his  religious 
associates  gave  him  testimonials  of  fair  character  and  full  com- 
munion ;  representing  him  to  be  in  the  eye  of  charity ^  one  tohom 
God  had  qualified  and  furnished  toith  the  gifts  and  graces  of 
\}dt  Holy  Spirit,  to  open  and  apply  the  good  word^  which  through 
\tks  blessings  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  might  be  by  him  made  tf- 
IfwtHal  and  useful  j — commending  him  to  the  fellowship  of  their 

iptist  brethren  in  Boston.     In  his  visit  to  them  they  encouraged 
I  him  in  his  labors  of  love  and  zeal;  and  committed  him  to  the 
Vol.  I.  69 


August. 
Mri  Scre- 
ven fined. 


570  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  i. 

A.  Di  168S.  faith  and  fellowship  of  the  riaints,  whererer  God  in  his  Prori- 
dence  might  call  him  to  exercise  his  abilities. 

The  proselytes  of  this  sect,  when  their  sentiments  became 
known,  excited  so  much  notice,  that  Mr.  Hooke,  o«ie  of  the  mag- 
istrates, or  Provincial  Council,*  and  Mr.  Woodbridge,  minister  of 
the  parish,  sent  a  summons  to  all  who  had  attended  a  Baptist 
meeting,  requiring  them  to  appear  and  answer  for  their  offence. 
They  presented  tliemselves  accordingly,  when  the  magistrate 
threatened  them  with  a  fine  of  5«.,  if  they  presumed  again  to 
offend  in  that  way.'U  ^'^  '    '^»  • 

Mr.  Screven,  on  returning,  was  likewise  summoned  before  the 
General  Assembly,  at  their  August  session ;  and  after  being  ex- 
amined upon  the  subject  of  unlawful  preaching  and  holding  re- 
ligious meetings,  he  was  fined  £10,  for  his  past  offences ;  and 
ordered  never  more  to  have  any  public  religious  exercises  what- 
ever, at  his  own  house  or  elsewhere,  especially  on  the  Sabbath. 

His  refusal  to  submit  to  the  injunction,  was  deemed  a  contempt 
of  his  Majesty's  authority,   and  the   Court  awarded   sentence 
against  him ; — that  he  in  future  forbear  from  his  turbulent  and  j 
contentious  practices ; — give  bond  for  his  good  behavior ; — and 
stand  committed  till  the  judgment  of  Court  be  complied  with. 

August  17,  1682.  Edward  Rishworth,  Recorder. 

But  against  all  opposition,  a  church  of  eight  male  members 
was  embodied,  Sept.  25  ;  and  the  next  year,  they  with  Mr.  Sere- 1 
ven  and  their  families  removed  to  Cooper-river  in  South-Caro- 
lina.f     This  is  said  to  have  been  the  only  instance  of  religious  j 
persecution  within  the  limits  of  this  State.  t~''  "-»i«  »«;,;  k>  aj^. 

At  this  time  the  settlements  in  the  Province  had  greatly  re-  { 
vived.|     Scarborough,  for  instance,  which  had  been  depopulated 
in  the  late  war  and  most  of  its  houses  reduced  to  ashes,  con- 
tained, in  1681,  fifty-six  ratable  polls,  many|large  fields  and  eighty] 


August  17. 


Scarbo- 
rough. 


"  Tho  Dcputiei  or  Reprcientativci  ia  the  General  Aiiembly,  in  1682,  were 
J^ichulm  ShnpUigh  from  Kittsry  ;  Mraham  Prthlt^  and  John  Puddingitn, 
York ;  John  llarmon,  nnd  Benjamin  Blackman,  Saco ;  and  Anthony  Brackill, 
Falniuiith.  George  Tiirfrcy  wai  Deputy  for  Saco  j  and  George  In^r- 
•oil  for  Falmowtli.  A  I),  16»5.  f  Grconlcai  's  Ecc.  HUt.  p.  240—1. 

^  There  were  at  tliift  time  in  tho  Province  of  Maine,  24  saw-milli;  viz. 
in  Kittcry  5,  nnd  Quainpcfipan  1  ;  in  York  S ;  in  Welti  0 ;  in  Cape  For 
poitu  S  ;  ill  Hacu  8  ;  iind  in  Casco  3,  including  that  of  Sylvanut  Davikt  »»' 
one  nl  Prrsmnp&cot.—  Ner  antf,  p.  56li,  {nott  f). 


Ghat,  xxi.]  of  mainc. 

cows.  The  town  reoordf  were  commenced  the  same  year ;  a 
tu  of  2«.  Id.  was  assessed,  on  every  man,  in  1682,  "  for  the 
Lord  }"  and  in  1684,*  the  land-titles  were  confirmed  by  Pres- 
iiient  Danforth,  to  Capt.  Scottow  and  other  trustees  for  propri- 
etors,— according  to  the  practice  in  all  the  Lygonian  towns,  f 

Besides  the  preceding  confirmations  of  land-tides;  several 
tracts  of  a  thousand  acres  were  granted  ;  namely,  one  lot  at  Mer- 
ryconeag-neck  to  the  college ;  one  to  the  colony-treasurer,  Mr. 
Russell ;  House  Island,  to  Mary  Mountjoy ;  and  Swan  Island, 
claimed  under  an  Indian  purchase,  was  confirmed  to  Humphrey 
Davy. 

Large  tracts  of  woodland,  being  unproductive  to  individual 
proprietors,  had  never  hitherto  been  taxed.  But  their  gradual 
rise  in  value,  particularly  in  the  vicinity  of  settlements,  the  occa- 
sional appearance  of  speculators,  and  the  burdens  of  the  late 
war,  wrought  a  change  m  public  opinion ;  and  the  General  Court 
ordered  an  annual  tax  of  2s.  to  Ic  assessed  on  every  lot  of  100 
acres,  and  collected  by  the  marshal,  provided  the  land  was  ly- 
ing without  the  limits  of  a  corporate  town.  This  probably  orig- 
inated the  practice  which  prevailed  to  the  time  of  the  Separa- 
tion, of  taxing  unimproved  lands,  at  a  lower  rate  according  to 
their  value,  than  any  other  property.  J  *» 

It  was  auspicious  to  the  Province  at  this  time,  that  she  was  sep- 
arated from  Massachusetts,  harassed  as  that  colony  was  by  her 
persevering  enemies.  Even  twenty  of  her  ablest  and  most  pop- 
ular statesmen,  President  Danforth  being  one,  were  not  only  de- 
nounced by  Randolph  for  their  republican  patriotism  and  politics, 
as  basely  factious :  but  they  had  moreover  been  pursued  by  him, 
two  years,  in  articles^  of  impeachment  or  accusation  before  the 
throne;  charging  them  with  high  misdemeanors  and  offences. 
With  them  was  also  identified  the  charter  of  Massachusetts, 
which  was  assailed  with  so  much  force  and  virulence,  that  the 
General  Court  directed  their  agents  in  England,  to  resign  the 
title-deeds  of  Maine  to  the  crown,  provided  any  such  expedient 


m 

A.D.  MM. 


GninU  of 
land. 


Woodlaitf 

SntuxH. 


m: 


A  U.  I6«3. 
PrMident 
Danforth 
and  otlien 
pcnecutvd. 


*Rtv,J>f.  TiUoti'i  MS.  Letler.—A  dispute  about  setting^  (be  mecUnf- 
beuie  was  referred  to  £.  Tyng  and  F.  HuoUe,  two  of  the  Council. 

"  fThe  population  of  the  Province  at  tbii  time  mifrbt  be  6  or  7,000 ;  Now* 
Hatnpahire,  contained  4,000;  4  townships;  450  militia.— CWmer«,  p.  4M. 

{ 4  Maw.  Rec.  p.  410— 1 1.        }  Sot  th«  uiiclot.— Hvteh.  Coll.  p.  126. 


572 
A.D.  leu. 

Oetobar  tS. 


THBHltTORT 


[Vou 


A.D.  16M. 
JyiM  18. 
Cokmy 
charter  of 
MatNchu- 
wiu  vacat- 
ed. 


Kinr'i 
daaib. 


could  preserve  frtmi  wreck  the  cokmy  dWffter— yet  nev«r  to  con. 
cede  a  single  right  or  principle  it  contained. 

But  as  unconditional  submission  was  what  the  kmg  imperioudj 
required,  the  duties  of  the  agents  were  at  an  end ;  and  Oct  33, 
they  arrived  in  Boston,  closely  followed  by  Randolph,  with  a 
writ  of  Quo  Warranto,  sued  out  of  the  Chancery  Court  at 
Whitehall,  July  20th,  preceding.  The  precept  was  soon  served 
upon  the  Oovernor,  and,  being  returned,  no  facts,  no  argumeoti, 
no  influence,  could  prevent  a  decree  of  Court  against  the  charter. 
The  royal  prerogative  was  in  truth  at  war  with  all  charters,  "niat 
of  London  itself  had  been  assailed  ;  several  others  in  England 
had  been  surrendered ;  and  this  of  Massachusetts,  on  the  18th 
of  June  1684,  was  adjudged  to  be  forfeited  ;  and  the  libertiei  of 
the  colonies  were  seized  by  the  crown. 

The  decree  was  immediately  succeeded  by  the  appointment  <A 
Colonel  Kirke,  Governor  of  Massachusetts,  Plymouth,  New< 
Hampshire  and  Maine ; — a  man  of  more  opprobrious  memory, 
or  more  universally  disgusting  to  the  colonists,  could  not  have 
been  found.*  But  happily  for  them,  before  he  was  prepared  to 
embark,  a  demise  of  the  king  happened,  Feb.  16,  1685,  which 
annulled  the  appointment ;  and  his  brother  and  successor,  James 
II.  did  not  incline  to  renew  it.  '' «  ^  -     '  "%'->'- 

That  monarch  was  publicly  proclaimed  at  York,  in  April. 
The  Provincial  Assembly  of  Maine,  this  year,  consisted  of  the 
President,  Deputy-President,  six  Councillors,  Magistrates  or  Jus- 
tices, and  twelve  Deputies,  f 

*  To  undentand  what  sort  of  characters  were  sometimei  (elected  to  | 
H^overn  these  colonies,  a  few  facts  relative  to  Kirkc  may  be  mentioned. 
Ho  had  been  lately  withdrawn  from  the  Tangier  Fort,  in  Fez,  on  the  Afri- 
can shore  ;  and  entered  the  army  on  the  crown's  side  ag;ainst  the  Duke  of  I 
Monmouth.    At  one  time,  in  this  civil  war,  he  ordered  19  of  his  fellow  cit.  [ 
izens,  taken  in  arms,  to  be  hang;ed  without  the  form  of  a  trial.    Once  he 
ordered  at  every  health  he  drank,  a  person  to  be  handed.    A  yotinfi^  msid, 
flinging;  heriolf  at  his  feet,  pleaded  for  the  life  of  her  brother,  with  all 
the  persuasives  which  (he  charms  of  beauty  and  innocence  bathed  in  tein  | 
could  inspire.     Not  softened  by  love  or  olemcnry,  yet  influenced  by  dr- 
•ire,  the  tyrant  promised  to  grant  her  rcrpicNt,  provided  she  would  be  I 
equally  compliant  to  him.     The  maid  yieldod  to  the  conditions.    But  aAer 
she  had  pasted  the  night  with  him,  the  wanton  savage  showed  her  f mm 
his  window  her  brolh<>r  suspemlcd  on  a  gibbet.     In  the  midst  of  dialionor,  | 
rage  and  despair,  siio  became  distracted. — 0  llumr,  p.  216. 

t  In  1684,  the  General  As«cml)ly   nppointcd  J.   Scnttow,  F.dwani  Tjti;.| 


Sjrlvanus  Davis,  W 
repairs  of  Fort-Loj 

*  1  Doug.  Sum 
ton.  He  supposed 
miles  in  width  on  tt 
io  said  river," — prt 
erroneously  states, 
that  subsequent  | 
Rumford. 

fSeeante,  A.  D. 
p.  3B3.  I  But  1 


)r 


ICsAP.  XXI.]  or  MAINE.  573 

Bj  thuK  vacating  the  colony  charter  of  Massachusetts,  theA.iK  I6S4. 

I  ties  which  connecxc  ^  the  Provincials  of  Maine  with  that  people 
ftfe  loosened ;  a  3onie  of  them  took  fresh  encouragement  in 
iMuming  purchaiii;^  of  the  natives.  A  most  important  deed  of  ^C^ 
eooveyance  to  Richard  Wharton,  was  executed  July  7,  1684, 
b^  Warumbee,  and  five  other  Anasagunticook  Sagamores.  It 
ffu  at  first  supposed,  the  conveyance  included  the  lands  between 
Cipe  Small  Point  and  Maquoit,  thence  extending  northward  on 
die  western  side  of  the  river  Androscoggin  four  miles  in  width  to 
the  Upper  Falls  ;*  and  from  these,  five  miles  in  width  on  the 
other  side  of  the  river,  down  to  Merrymeeting  bay,  including  the 
Islands  upon  the  coast.  The  deed  itself  premised,  that  Thomas 
Purchas,  the  first  possessor  of  the  tract,  settled  near  the  center 
of  it  about  60  years  before,  and  obtained,  accordbg  to  report,  a 
patent  from  England  ;f  that  Nicholas  Shapleigh  had  at  some  .„; 

time  purchased  of  the  Sagamores  Merryconeag  peninsula,^  Se- 
bascodegan  Island,  and  the  other  Islands  betw^een  Cape  Small 
Point  and  Maquoit,  and  had  died  seized  of  them  ;  that  the  wid- 
ows and  heirs  of  Purchas  and  Shapleigh,  after  a  few  reserva- 
tions, had  joined  in  a  quit-claim  of  the  whole  to  Wharton ;  and 
that  the  six  Sagamore  grantors,  wishing  to  encourage  him  in  set- 
tling there  an  English  town,  and  in  promoting  the  salmon  and 
sturgeon  fishery,  as  well  as  in  consideration  of  the  money  they 
had  received,  did  grant  and  confirm  to  him  the  aforedescribed 
tract.  The  deed  was  acknowledged  by  the  Sagamores,  July  21 , 
before  Edward  Tyng,  Esq.  of  Falmouth ;  a  lorraal  possession  hav- 
ing been  given  '*  at  the  Fort  of  Pejepscot,"  the  day  the  deed  was 
dated.    But  they  reserved  to  themselves  the  use  of  all  their  an- 

SjrWanuB  Davin,  Walter  Gendell  and  Nathaniel  Fryer,  to  »upcrintend  tb« 
repairs  of  Fort-Loyal,  and  aettle  a  chief  ofiBcer  orer  the  {garrison. 

*  1  Doug.  Sum.  p.  390.— He  says  Mr.  Wharton  waa  a  merchant  of  Bot- 
tOD.  He  luppoied  the  purcliaae  embraced  "  500,000  acrei  y*  and  waa  Jiv* 
miiet  in  widtti  on  the  wcat  side  of  the  river,  ^nd  extended  to  a  "  certain  fall 
Id  laid  river,"— probably  much  above  Lowiiton  Falls ;  thence,  as  Douglaas 
trroneouily  ttatcs,  "  northeast,  about  144  miles  to  Kennebec."  It  is  triM 
(bat  subsequent  proprietors  have  claimed  as  high  os  the  Groat  Falls  in 
Rumford. 

^See  ante,  A.  D.  16S6, 1642.  Post,  A,  D.  1715.— 1  lirit.  Horn.  JV.  Amtr. 
p.  292.  \  But  1000  acres  of  this  had  just  been  granted  to  Hanr.  Col. 


m^i. 


674 


THE  HurroftT 


[Vol. 


1. 


July 


u.  USM  cient  planting  grounds,  and  the  accustomed  privileges  of  huntior 

'"  and  fishing. 

This  has  been  denominated  "  the  Pgepseot  Purehate;"  and 
owing  to  the  indefinite  description  of  the  boundaries  in  the  deod 
and  to  the  long  controverted  question,  tDhat  "fatts"  were  intend* 
ed  ; — no  other  proprietary  purchase  or  patent  in  the  State,  has 
caused  so  much  discussion  and  controversy.  For  should  the 
tract  be  bounded  westward  on  North- Yarmouth,  and  restricted 
by  diagonal  lines,  extending  easterly  and  westerly  fix>m  a  point  at 
the  head  of  the  second  [or  Lewiston]  Falls,  the  purchase  em- 
braced only  the  territory  of  eight  or  nine  townships,  perhaps  in 
all  200,000  acres  ;*  less  than  half  what  Mr.  Wharton  might  ex- 
pect the  purchase  to  contain,     'di  h  / 

It  is  evident,  that  under  the  presidency  of  Mr.  Danforth,  a  legis- 
lative body  had  annual  meetings ;  and  government,  as  well  as  jus- 
tice, was  satisfactorily  administered  for  six  years.f  To  maintain 
a  garrison  at  Fort  Loyal,  which  appears  to  have  been  an  object 
of  general  concern,  a  tax  was  laid  upon  all  the  saw-miUs  in  the 
Province.  In  this  way  there  were  raised,  by  the  year,  £93 ; 
and  at  a  session  of  "  the  Council  and  Representatives  of  the  sev- 
"  eral  towns,  assembled  at  York,  May  24th,  1682,"  they  agreed 
with  Anthony  Brackett,  for  one  year,  to  take  the  charge  and  com- 
mand of  the  garrison,  furnish  provisions,  ammunition,  and  every 
necessary  article,  and  man  it  with  six  men  in  sununer  and  four  in 
the  winter,  for  £160.  Another  important  subject  was  that  of 
confirming  the  land-titles,  as  mentioned  in  the.  4th  article  of  set- 
tlement; for  which  purpose.  President  Danforth,  in  1684,  con- 
veyed to  several  boards  of  trust,  the  townships  of  Scarborough, 
Falmouth  and  North-Yarmouth  ;  reserving  to  the  chief  proprie- 


;h  !■* 


Danrorlh'i 
«dminiftra' 
(ion. 


*  A  (icrof  towns  on  eacli  side  of  Androscofr^iD,  viz.  on  the  west  side, 
Harpswell,  Brunswick,  Durham,  Danville,  [lately  Pejepscot]  Poland,  and 
part  of  Minot: — on  the  eastern  side,  Topsham,  part  of  Bowdoin,  Lisbon, 
and  I'Swiston. — See  Statement  of  Kennebtck  ClainUf  p.  8-11. 

^otc. — Possession  was  given  by  the  Sagamores  to  John  Blaney  and  hit 
wife,  who  administered  on  the  estate  of  Purcbas ;  and  they,  for  the  hein, 
passed  the  seizin  to  Wharton.  '  .t     •     "'«»;'•      '    ■  - 

t  Deputies  from  Falmouth  to  the  Genor.il  Assembly  of  the  Province,  in 
1681  and  2,  Anthony  Brackett ;  in  1684,  Thaddeus  Clark ;  and  in  1683  and  5. 
George  Ingcrsoil.— Saco,  in  16S3,  Benjamin  Blackman;  in  1684,  John  Sar- 
gent ;  and  in  1685,  George  Turfrey. 


CntX'  kxi.] 


or  MAINC 


675 


tor  a  small  quit-rent.     The  trustees  then  proceeded  to  make  A.  D.  levi 
lurveys  and  assignments  to  settlers  and  proprietors  according  to 
their  just  claims  and  rights ;  whereby  they  became  quieted  both 
IS  to  titles  and  lines. 

Great  precaution  was  used  in  the  establishment  of  new  plants-  Jf^lll!*! 
tionSj  by  reason  of  the  fearful  apprehensions  conceived  of  another  <•'•"*• 
rapture  with  the  Indians.  For  in  the  spring  of  1685,*  they  dis- 
closed unusual  resdessness,  also  some  symptoms  of  malignity. 
Their  jealousies  were  moreover  disturbed  by  a  terrific  story  sent 
into  circulation,  that '  two  hundred  Mohawks  were  comin^i;  to  ex- 
'terminate  the  eastern  Indians.'f  So  much  did  John  Hagkins, 
Sagamore  of  the  Penacooks,  believe  tlie  report,  that  he  was  in- 
duced to  address  a  letter  to  the  Crovernor  of  New-Hampshire, 
May  15,  praying  for  protection,  and  adding,  if  you  never  let 
^^Mohogs"  kill  tu,  weUl  be  stAmissive  to  your  worship  forever:-* 

Indeed,  a  renewal  of  hostilities  was  from  month  to  month  August  is. 
»reatly  and  justly  feared.  Francis  Hook  sent  a  letter  from  his 
residence  in  Kittery,  August  13,  to  Cnpt.  Barefoot  at  Portsmouth, 
representing  to  him,  from  information  received  by  a  foot-post, 
that  there  were  just  grounds  for  apprehending  some  sudden  de- 
sign of  the  "heathen"  against  the  inhabitants.  'They  have 
'lately,'  said  he,  'been  guilty  of  affronts  in  the  vicinity  of  Saco, 
'threatening  the  people  and  killing  their  dogs;  and  within  the 
'last  three  days,  they  have  gathered  all  their  corn,  and  moved  off 
"pack  and  baggage."  "  A  word  to  the  wise  is  sufficient."  •*  The 
"proverb  is,  forewarned,  forearmed."  'Myself  and  the  rest  in 
'commission  with  us  are  setting  ourselves  in  a  posture  of  defence ; 
'and  to-morrow  our  Council  meet  to  consider  what  is  needful  to 
*  be  done.' 

But  by  timely  and  energetic  measures,  which  eventuated  in  a  a  Tntaiy 
treaty,  the  attack  or  mischief  was  averted.  The  Abenaques  Trib^,. ' 
tribes  were  requested  to  attend  the  negotiation;  and  on  the  8th '^'''^' 

*  In  1685,  the  General  Assembly  ordered,  that  Fort  Loyal  be  the  gaol 
or  prison  for  the  four  associate  towns  of  Uaco,  Scarborough,  Falmouth  and 
North -Yarmouth,  and  that  "  tlic  justices  in  the  respective  towns,  direct 
their  mittimuses  to  the  kce|>er  of  the  gaol"  tiicrc, — '  the  charges  for  sot- 
■ilinf;  iind  keeping  the  same,  to  be  paid  from  the  common  or  Provincial 

treasury.'— »Ff7/u' //iW.  i'or//«»irf,  |».  isi.  '     '  W. 

n  Bolknap'sN.  II.  p.  334.  310.  .         .    '. 


>W'  --n 


l^-'\a     ' 


m 

If 

'i4 

<■'}'  i*4»i^^;, 

1    <!  A 

tl  >.itl 

ill  "'  't  . 

;^1 

576 

A.D. 


X\  U«,t>r-' 


CohtBjr  of 
MuHmMi- 


A.D.  16M 
May  IS. 

Naw  admin' 
iHralioii. 


J.  Dndlay 
ItwidMM. 


THE  HUTOEY  [V«L.  |. 

•  of  September,  the  treaty  wu  concluded  and  signed  by  Lieut 
Got.  Walter  Barefoot  and  three  of  his  Council,  on  the  part  ttf 
New-Hampshire ;  and  Francis  Hook  and  John  Davis,  two  of 
the  Provincial  Councillors  of  Maine ;  also  at  dilSerent  times  by 
twelve  Sagamores  and  Chiefs*  from  Penacook,  Saco,  Andros- 
coggin and  Kennebeck.  By  this  it  was  agreed,  1.  that  there 
should  be  lasting  friendship  between  the  English  and  the  Indians* 
3.  that  if  either  harm  the  other,  the  English  shall  be  tried  and 
punished  by  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  and  the  Indians  by  their 
Sagamore  ;  3.  that  whenever  any  Indian  shall  manifest  designs 
of  mischief,  the  other  Indians  inhabiting  these  Provinces  shall 
give  notice  to  the  English  and  assist  them  ;  4.  that  all  the  tribes, 
while  in  friendship,  shall  be  protected  against  the  Mohawks ;  and 
6.  that  whenever  the  Indians  shall  remove  with  their  wives  and 
children,  without  giving  timely  notice  to  the  English,  they  may 
be  apprehended,  or  war  may  be  made  upon  them  till  the  Saga- 
mores render  satisfaction,  f 

This  event  was  rendered  more  important  by  occurring  amidst  I 
a  revolution  in  the  civil  affairs  of  Massachusetts ;  as  her  destiny 
would  probably  have  an  essential  influence  upon  the  political  state 
of  the  Provincials  in  Maine.  Symptoms  of  an  expiring  adminis- 
tration in  that  colony  were  apparent  through  the  season.  The 
charter  was  a  dead  letter ;  and  it  was  even  doubtful,  if  an  act 
passed  this  year,  giving  the  magistrates  a  chancery  jurisdiction,  j 
was  valid. 

In  the  organization!  of  the  government,  under  the  declining  I 
shadow  of  the  colony  charter,  May  12,  1686,  only  36  Deputies 
took  their  seats ;  and  the  arrival  of  a  commission  from  the  king  to 
Joseph  Dudley,  put  an  end  to  the  General  Court,  on  the  third 
day  of  the  session.^  Mr.  Dudley  was  a  native  of  Massachusetts,] 
son  to  the  first  Deputy-Governor  of  the  colony,  a  graduate  of  Harv. 
college,  in  1666,  and  an  Assistant  as  early  as  1676  : — He  possess- 1 

*  Kancamagfui,  [John  Hagkins  or  Hawkins]  ;  Wahowah,  or  Hopehood, 
Xemubttk  ;  Natambomet  of  Saco.,  andothcra. 

1 1  Belk.  N.  H.  App.  p.  848.  ,    ,       ii,.<ut 

I  Hutch.  Coll.  p.  S48. — Bill  of  nomination. 

\  Mr.  Danforth  was  now  removed  from  the  office  of  President  in  Maine  sod  | 
a  Court  substituted,  which  was  composed  of  Hon.  William  Stoufbton,  Judp; 
John  Usher  and  Edward  Tyng,  Esqrs.  Assistants  or  Councillors ;  and  a  Jut- 1 
tice  was  appointed  in  each  town.    The  Court  sat  at  York  in  October. 


a  eminert  talerilir,  ahd  hi*  aspiring  amiMnietkom  nM  viWWf^.^'^- 
equal. 

He  was  commissioned  President  of  Massachusetts,  NeW'^ 
Hampshire,  Maine*  and  Rhode-Island  ;  and  to  assist  him  in  the 
admioistration  of  government,  fifteen  mandamus  Councillors  were 
appointed  by  the  crown.  Edward  Randolph  was  one  ;  and  the 
two  designated  for  Maine  were  Edward  Tyng,  and  Bartholomew 
Gedney.*  Though  the  latter  lived  in  Salem,  he  had  property, 
frequent  agencies,  and  occasional  residence  in  Maine. 

To  the  President  and  Council  were  committed  the  power  of 
managing  and  directing  all  the  political  and  judiciary  affairs  of 
these  several  colonies,  without  any  house  of  deputies,  or  other  ** 
co-ordinate  branch  of  government.  A  majority  of  the  Council  con- 
stituted the  Superior  Court,  which  was  to  set  three  times  in  the 
year,  probably  in  Boston,  for  the  whole  country.  The  County 
Courts  were  to  be  holden  by  a  member  of  the  Council,  assisted 
by  associate  justices,  commissioned  for  the  purpose  ;  from  whose 
decisions  appeals  were  allowable  to  the  Council.  The  courts  of 
probate  were  to  be  holden  for  Massachusetts  at  Boston,  by  the 
President  himself  as  ordinary ;  and  in  each  other  Colony  or 
Province,  now  considered  a  county,  by  a  surrogate  or  substitute.  , 

I  Juries  were  to  be  "  pricked"  in    each  county,  by  the  marshal 
1  and  one  justice  of  the  peace,  from  a  hst  given  them  by  the  select- 
men of  the  towns.f 

In  general,  all  legal  usages  were  observed.  But  Dudley's  ad-^"*"^"bT 
i  ministration  was  short,  and  though  unpopular,  it  was  not  grievous.  Oov.  An- 
It  lasted  only  four  months  and  26  days ;  when  he  was  superseded 
by  Sir  Edmund  Andros.  This  man  arrived  at  Boston,  Dec.  20 ; 
and  on  the  same  day  published  his  commission.  He  possessed 
a  despotic  disposhion,  and  was  strongly  attached  to  the  interests  of 
|ihe  crown.  Between  1674,  and  1682,  a  period  of  eight  years,^ 
he  had  been  ducal  Governor  of  New- York  and  Sagadahock  j— 
an  office  wherein  his  temper,  imperious  manners,  and  arbitrary 

*  The  other  members  of  the  Council  were,  William  Stoughton,  Simon 

I  Bradstreet,  John  Pyncbon,  Peter  Biilkloy,  Nathaniel  Saltonstall,   John 

Fitj:  Winthrop,    Wait  Winthrop,  John   Usher,  Jonathan  Tyng,  Robert 

Maton,  Richard  Wharton,  Dudley  Bradstreet  and  John  Hinckes.— When 

I  the  board  was  full,  twenty  eight — Eliot,  p.  SI. 

t  1  Hutch.  Hist.  316.- 1  Belk.  N.  H.  p.  186. 

1 1  Doug.  p.  4.10.— He  says  '•  seyen  years." 
Vol.  I.  60 


THE  uurroRY  [Vol.  i. 

U.  1681.  polities,  had  rendered  his  name  odious  to  many  io  the  former 
Province;  and  his  character  unpopular,  among  all  classes  in 
Massachusetts  and  Maine.  Nevertheless,  his  master,  James  II. 
bad  now  greatly  enlarged  his  political  sphere,  by  givbg  him  a 
commission  of  Captain-General  and  Governor  in  Chief,  over  all 
bis  colonial  dominions  in  New-England,  without  excepting  Ply. 
mouth  or  Connecticut. 


^m- 


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V:  fHsiJr*»ffs  mci'M^- 


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^^'*ti!m»> 


) 


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yj  v>«  *».>  'i '»«  wf  'fc-."3  t  <  '^i 


/JikgJ  ,  rft^ijwja  i*  lv>v«^'>(ljtf'uO  i 


if  f.*^/""  '''*'? "  ^  »,•>««"'  ?^n«i'  /l*'^'-*  '^'*-^i 


jUi   «f,^|-y>Al  U''d         f  ^."•'^! 


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'i/ly^v. 


if    ,j(ilJ   ,*:^-?VH.v:   ->«ui-t'3iMf!l  .i-q^^r.k't;  ?:   --'  ■• 


.-^f 


h   1-.  ■  -im^ 


,,;,,.  '  '.  .  •'      .■i':i'..i\i'     '•'      V 


♦  ;■■ 


Cv*r.  xsii.] 


OPMAIIVB. 


m 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

The  French  in  Nova  Scotia  and  at  Penobscot — Dutch  there — Um* 
brage  taken  by  thePrench  Governor — Dutch  seize  upon  Pemiscot 
—Expelled — Andros  succeeded  by  Dungan — He  appoints  Com' 
mssioners  to  Sagadahock — Their  measures — Andros  commissioned 
Governor  of  New-England — His  administration — He  plunders 
Castine  at  'Biguyduce — Has  a  parley  with  the  Indians  at  Pema- 
quid — Orders  the  fort  there  to  be  repaired — His  treatment  of  the 
Indians — His  eastern  expedition — Garrisons  established  in  Maine 
— Andros  and  his  adherents  thrown  into  prison — Council  of  Safety 
•—Government  under  the  Colony  Charter  resumed— James  II.  a6> 
dicates  the  throne — William  and  Mary  proclaimed — Government 
nf  Maine  reorganized — War  between  Fremce  and  England- 
Policy  of  the  Canadians — Nova  Scotia  subdued  by  Phips — His 
expedition  to  Canada — First  paper  money^Charter  of  William 
and  Mary. 

To  preserve  the  country  of  Nova  Scotia,  or  Acadia,  against  a.  d.  iffTO, 
the  incursions  of  adventitious  invaders,  the  French  after  a  repos-  Nova 
session,*  established  forts  at  Port-Royal,  Chcdabucto,  St.  John*'.   """' 
La  Heve  and  Penobscot.     Mons.  Mourillon  de  Bourg,  acted  as 
Governor ;  a  profitable  trade  was  pursued  in  furs,  peltry  and  fish ; 
French  visitors  and  traders  were  multiplied  ;  and  the  Jesuit  mis- 
sionaries labored  with  renewed  zeal  to  christianize  the  natives. 
In  other  respects  the  country,  for  several  years,  was  treated  with 
great  inattention  ;f  Canada  appearing  to  afford  the  principal  at- 
tractions to  the  enterprize  of  the  French.     Meanwhile,  the  whole 
coast  between  Penobscot  and  St.  Croix  remained  untouched  by 
the  arts  of  culture  and  improvement,  and  almost  without  inhab- 
itants. ''  ■  ■  ■  '    "  '  *■**'  •^^■^' 

The  Dutch  had  manifested  early  and  great  desires  to  share  the  Tbe  Dutch 
North  American  coast  with  the  English  and  French.     Commer- 
cial in  their  pursuits,  they  knew  how  to  set  an  adequate  value 
upon  water  privileges ;  and  after  their  treaty  with  England,  A.  D. 


*  Ante,  A.  D.  1668-9-1670,  ia  Chap.  xv.—Huich.  Coll.  p.  489. 

1 40  Universal  Hitt.  p.  9.— Population  only  900  whites  in  Nora  Scotia. 


080  THCUISTORV  [VoL.1. 

A.  D.  1674. 1674,  being  atill  at  war  with  France,  they  despatched  an  armed 
ship  to  seize  upon  the  fort  at  Penobscot.  In  the  capture,  there 
was  a  loss  of  men  on  both  sides.*  The  success  was  not  pursu- 
ed, — ^the  cnterprize  offered  no  considerable  gains, — and  the  pos- 
session acquired  was  not  long  retained. 

The  country  was  open  and  inviting  to  various  adventurers. 
The  Indian  trade,  masting  and  fishing,  offered  encouragcraents 
•to  entcrprize;  and  several  small  vessels  were  employed  in  a 
.friendly  intercourse  and  trade  between  the  Acadians,  and  the  peo- 
ple of  New-England.  The  cod-fishery  upon  tlie  Acadian  coast 
was  free :  and  nothhig  interrupted  the  subsisting  harmony  and 
mutual  correspondence,  enjoyed  by  de  Bourg,  and  the  inhabit- 
ants  of  New-Hampshire,  Maine  and  the  Duke's  Province,  until 
the  commencement  of  king  Philip's  war.f 

A.D.  1673.  By  enquiries  how  the  Indians  could  be  so  generally  equipped 
and  supplied  with  arms  and  means  for  assailing  the  English ;  it 
was  sufficiently  ascertained  that  they  procured  guns  and  ammuni- 
tion of  the  Acadian  traders,  probably  with  the  Governor's  appro- 
bation ;  and  the  English  colonists,  from  this  circumstance,  ven- 
tured to  accuse,  or  at  least  suspect  him  of  instigating  the  Indians 
to  hostilities.  De  Bourg,  affecting  to  be  highly  incensed  towards 
the  authors  of  these  surmises  and  invectives,  strictly  inhibited  his 
people  from  having  any  trade  or  intercourse  with  the  English; 
and  ordered  an  impost  of  400  codfish  to  be  demanded  and  taken 
of  every  vessel,  found  fishing  upon  the  coast :  and  if  they  refused 
to  render  the  number  exacted,  their  fish  and  provisions  should  be 
seized  and  taken  from  them. J 

Dutch  again     Such  was  the  peculiar  antipathy  generally  entertained  towards 

Peno^o"  the  principles  and  manners  of  the  French,  that  any  seizure  of 
theirdominions,  it  might  be  well  supposed,  would  excite  gratitude 
as  well  as  pleasure  among  the  English  colonists.  Possibly  influenc- 
ed by  this  motive — certainly  by  a  perpetual  desire  of  possessing  a 

A  D  167C  ^"®  unoccupied  region,  the  Dutch,  again  in  the  spring  of  1076, 
sent  a  man-of-war  to  Penobscot,  and  captured  the  French  fortifi- 
cation there ;  determining  now  to  keep  possession  of  the  coun- 
try. But,  as  this  was  a  part  of  New-England,  smd  within  tlie 
Duke's  Province  ;  and  as  anticipations  were  entertained  of  its  r 
turning,  amid  some  future  events,  to  the  English  or  their  colonist', 


De  Boury 
lakM  af- 
front. 


i'v 


*  Hutch.  Coll.  p.  464.    t  1  Hi'tch.  Hist.  p.  2SC',    \  Ilufch.  Coll.  p.  4l;i. 


CbaT.    XXII.] 


OP  MAINE. 


Wl 


either  by  putcba»e,  recesstoo,  or  reconquest ;  two  or  three  VM-  A.  n.  I67«. 
gels  were  despatched  thither  from  Boston,  which  drove  the  Dutch 
(Irom  the  peninsula.*    To  the  Frencli  this  must  hare  afforded 
the  greater  satisfaction,  because  the  English  captors  did  not  tarry, 
but  immediately  abandoned  the  place. 

These  events  and  circumstances  drew  the  attention  of  Gov- ^  d.  I6T7. 
emor  Andros  to  his  master's  Sagadahock  Province  ;  and  in  con- ,\°^'  „'» 
oexion  with  other  reasons  induced  him,  in  1677,  to  take  formal  ^''*'*^"' 
possession  of  the  country — likewise,  as  previously  8tated,f  to  erect 
a  fort  at  Peniaquid.     He  was  a  man  of  activity ;    yet,  through 
i)is  whole  administration,  his  aim  at  monopoly  and  usurpation, 
rendered  his  conduct  a  subject  of  common  animadversion. 

He   was   succeeded   in   the   government  of    New- York   and  ^  ^  ,ggj 
Sagadahock,  August,  1G83,  by  Col.  Thomas  Dungan ;   whose  Au^jl^J- 


sue- 


A.  D.  1G84, 


appointment,  by  the  Duke  of  York,  was  on  the  30tli  of  the  pre-  fpd'd  »>> 
ceding  September.     Though  a  papist,  inflexible  as  his  master,  ho 
is  reputed  to  have  been  "  a  man  of  integrity,  moderation  and 
genteel   manners."{      He   entertained   correct  notions  of  civil 
liberty,  and  was  the  first  Governor,  who   convoked  a  Legislative 
Assembly  in  the  Province  of   New-York.      He  was  a  man  of 
good  sense  and  judgment.     When  a  rupture  of  the  eastern  In- 
dians was  apprehended,  in    1684,  his  opinion  was  consulted  by 
the  government  of  New-Hampshire,  upon  the  wisdom  and  ex- 
pediency of  inviting  the  Mohawks  into  the  public  service.'^    For, 
though  the  French  could  neitJier  subdue  that  brave  people,  nor 
treat  with  them,  he  secured  their  friendship  to  the   English  this 
year  by   treaty — which  was  succeeded,  thirteen  months  and  a  /^  0^  jggj^ 
half  afterwards,  by  another  with  the  Abenaques  before  described. 
Receiving  his  commission  from   the  Duke  of  York,  he  was 
unaffected  by  the  demise  of  the  crown,  as  before  mentioned,  Deaih  of 
Feb.  16,   1685; — still  exercising   the  power  and  enjoying  the 
emoluments  of  the  office,  until  reappointed  the  next  year,  by  the  ^  j).  lesc. 
same  royal  person,  now  James  II.      In  the  confirmation  of  his 


♦  I  Hutch.  Uist.  p.  280,  353.— President  Danfortli  snys, 'it  were  better 
»to  expend  £3,0L'0,  to  gain  Canada  itself,  than  lliat  either  tho  French 
'or  Dutch  should  have  it;  such  is  the  value  of  the  fishery,  masting',  and 
« the  fur  trade.' 
t  Ante,  p.  552.  '  "v    ••  \  1  Holmes'  A.  Ann.  p.  401-3-4' 

\  1  licik:  JV.  H.  p.  1S3,  322. — For  the  Mohawks  were  better  acquainted 
with  the  "  Indians'  ? knlliing  fight." 


682 

A.  I).  1686. 
Dung  an  re- 
coraminion- 
•d. 

Falmer  him) 
Wetl,  rom* 
mittinners 
nf  the 
Duke'a 
Province, 


Tlieir  con- 
duct • 


i'%K'i 


THE  HISTORY  [Vot.  |. 

official  authority,  Dungan  entered  upon  new  projeeu  of  admin- 
inration  eastward. 

To  fuperintend  and  manage  the  ducal  Province  at  Sagadt- 
hock,  he  appointed  two  commissioners,  John  Palmer,*  one  of  the 
Council  in  his  Majesty's  plantation  and  colony  of  New-York, 
and  John  West,  one  of  his  partisans  and  favorites,  both  eager  of 
wealth  and  distinction ;  nnd,  investing  them  ^rith  plenary  pow- 
ers, he  sent  them  into  the  Province.  They  repaired  to  Pema- 
quid,  early  in  the  summer  of  1686,  and  published  their  com- 
mission. Here  they  found  most  of  the  inhabitants  returned  to 
their  places  of  abode,  which  had  been  forsaken  in  the  late  war ; 
and  Abraham  Shurte,  exercising  the  office  of  town  clerk.  They 
visited  Sheepscot,  New-Dartmouth,  the  other  settlements,  ;'.  J 
the  Islands ;  considering  the  provincial  territory,  as  a  coiuuy  Hy 
the  former  name  of  Cornwall.  ''^  s^ 

Next,  they  proceeded  to  rcgrant  or  confirm  the  h\rh  lo  the 
settlers,  and  to  other  claimants  or  possessors.  1r\  this  transaction, 
they  were  not  only  guilty  of  mean  and  cruel  avarice  ;  "  they 
were,"  as  a  cotemporary  author  expresses  himself,  "  arbitrary  as 
the  grand  Turk  j"f — the  basest  oppressors  of  a  poor,  warworn, 
distressed  people.  In  the  single  town  or  plantation  of  New-Dart- 
mouth, it  is  stated,  they  executed  about  140  leaseholds  ;|  re- 
serving an  annual  quitrent  of  6s.  for  every  100  acre  lot— or  other- 
wise a  bushel  of  merchantable  wheat,  or  its  value  in  money. 
The  several  tracts  so  leased  to  individuals,  were  generally  intend- 
ed to  contain  100  acres,  yet  some  were  allowed  only  house-lots 
of  3  or  4  acres,  and  for  executing  any  leasehold  of  100  acres 
of  woodland  and  20  of  marsh,  they  exacted  the  enormous  fees 
of  £2.  10s.,  and  probably  a  proportionate  sum  for  less  or  larger 
quantities.  For  themselves  they  made  ample  provisions,  without 
much  regard  to  the  rights  of  any  one  j  surveying  to  each  other 
1 0,000  acres,  also  to  Mr.  Graham  the  Attorney-General  of  Massa- 
chusetts and  to  some  others,  very  hr^e  nud  ruluable  tracts  of  G  or 


*  Palmer  was  ako  one  of  Andros'  C<"'i\.->^   —p. .japs  a  JiiOgc  likewise. 

t  2  Math.  Mag.  p.  510. 

\  See  one  of  these  deeds,  in  Sullivan^s  liitt.  p.  162-4  — It  seems  that 
Palmer  acted  by  commission  from  <'  Rt,  Hon.  Col.  Thomas  Dungan,"  Gov- 
ernor in  behalf  "  of  our  most  grticioiis  sovereign,"  King  James  II.  supreme 
liord  of  the  Colony  ; — given  under  "  the  seal  of  the  Colony  ;"  and  signed, 
"  J.  r.imer."— .lohn  Velf,  Deputy  Secretary. 


8,000  acres, 
ed  to  the  Islaa 
Monhegan,  fou 
13,  a  leasehold 

Besides  the 
filched  in  this 
the  emissaries  < 
citing  among  it. 
ibeir  lands  and 
the  fees ;  and  i 
S8  their  purchas 
!(•  (  ascribed,  tl 

!fliiv.3  might  sti 
bies  1)6  tlieir  un 
strained  them  t( 
most  evils  from 
leaseholders  in 
of  tliein  ever  pi 
Elbridge  and  A 

In  the  furthei 
them,  Palmer 
'  country  as  far 
the  Duke's  pate 
ernment,  to  the 
(acts,  a  shipmas 
ceeded  to  Penol 
ed  under  an  ide 
tory.  But  beet 
house  at  Pemac 
and  seized  ther 
and  the  people 
issued  a  general 
habitants  of  Ne 
venture  upon  th 
and  compelled  t 

♦  Hutch.  Coll.  p 

t  Sullitan,  p.  162 

'no  claims  under 

'rights  of  settler 

I  Hutch.  Coll.  p 


CHAr.  XXII.] 


OF  MAINE. 


588 


i> 


■-v.' 


8,000  acres.     From  the  settlements  upon  tlie  main,  they  proceed'  A.O.  M86. 
ed  to  the  Islands ;  and  even  John  Dalling,  an  old   inhabitant  of 
Monhegan,  found  his  only     fety  in  taking  from  Palmer,  Sept. 
13,  a  leasehold  of  his  own  Ixjuiestead  upon  that  Island. 

Besides  the  amount  of  inoney,  being  not  less  than  5  or  £600,  xh«  wflVr- 
filched  in  this  way  from  a  d  n  eased  and  eiilerprizing  people  ; 'J^,°^  "^ 
the  emissaries  of  the  comin'  siuners  w  '  busily  engaged  in  ex- 
citing among  the  timid  settler::,  the  fears  of  bclii^  ejected  from 
ibeir  lands  and  homes,  if  they  delayer!  to  take  the  deeds  jnd  pay 
the  fees ;  and  many  were  thus  terrified  into  the  incMure.*  But, 
u  their  purchases  were  not  surveyed  nor  the  boundaries  definitive- 
l;r  (l'7scribed,  the  soundness  of  their  titles  and  extent  of  thc.r 
,  '(»ii!.g  might  still  be  questioned,  and  future  contentions  and  trou- 
bles oe  tlieir  unhappy  doom : — a  dilemma,  which  necessarily  con- 
strained them  to  enquire,  whether  they  ought  to  apprehend  the 
most  evils  from  the  savages,  or  from  these  harpies.  Nor  did  the 
leaseholders  in  fact,  derive  by  these  instruments  any  titles  ;  none 
of  them  ever  prevailing  against  Indian  deeds,  or  the  grants  under 
Elbridge  and  Aldsworth.f 

In  the  further  execution  of  the  power  and  trust  committed  to  Tho  com* 
them.  Palmer  and  West  were  directed  '  to   lay   claim   to   the  Uize  •  car' 
'country  as  far  eastward  as  the  river  St.  Croix,' J — the  limit  of  u°Penob^ 
the  Duke's  patent ;  and  exercise  over  it  the  prerogatives  of  go,-**^'"* 
eroment,  to  the  extent  of  his  power  and  right.   Unadvised  of  these 
ikcts,  a  shipmaster  from  Piscataqua,  in  the  course  of  trade,  pro- 
ceeded to  Penobscot,  with  a  cargo  of  wines,  where  they  were  land- 
ed under  an  idea,  that  the  place  was  within  the  French  terri- 
tory.    But  because  they  had  not  been  entered  in  the  custom- 
house at  Pemaquid,  and  the  duties  paid ;  Palmer  and  West  sent 
and  seized  them.    This  gave  great  affront  both  to  the  French 
I  and  the  people  of  New-England.     The  government  at  Boston 
issued  a  general  circular  to  all  fishermen  and  likewise  to  the  in- 
habitants of  New-Hampshire  and  Maine,  warning  them  not  to 
venture  upon  the  eastern  coasts,  lest  they  should  be  surprized 
and  compelled  to  answer  for  injuries  or  damages,  done  even  by 


•  Hutch.  Coll.  p.  547-563-5. 

\  Sullivan,  p.  162. — The  Commissioners,  {Jl.  D.  1811,  Report,  p.  23,)  say, 
'no  claims  under  these  leaseholds  or  grants  were  before  them,  except  the 
'rights  of  settlers,  who  held  their  possession  under  such  deeds,' 

t  Hutch.  Coll.  p.  548. 


584 

A.  U.  I68G. 


admiiiislra- 
lion  un- 
popular. 
A.  I).  1637. 


Andros, 
<jov.  of 
New-Kiijf- 
IhikI;  niid 
Ills  ndminis- 
tratioa. 


March, 
A.D.  I6881 


THE  HISTOKY  .         [VoL.  I. 

Other.'.     However,  through  the  influence  of  the  French  ambas- 
sador at  the  English  court,  a  restoration  of  the  wines  was  o.dered 
and  the  difficulty  healed. 

In  Dungan's  administration  of  five  years,  which  terminated 
with  the  month  of  March,  1 688,  "  he  removed  many  Dutch 
"  families  from  the  banks  of  the  Hudson — to  this  Province ;" 
whose  residence  was  continued  till  the  subsequent  Indian  war.* 
All  his  measures  in  this  region,  were  rendered  extremely  unpopu- 
lar, by  the  cupidity,  and  arbitrary  procedure  of  his  agents, 
Palmer,  West  and  Graham ;  for  "  tliey  placed  and  displaced  at 
"  pleasure,"  and  some  of  the  first  settlers  were  denied  grants  of 
their  own  homesteads  ;  while  these  men  were  wickedly  dividing 
some  *  of  the  best  improved  lands  among  themselves.'f 

At  length  the  appointment  of  Sir  Edmund  Andros,  A.  D.  1687, 
Governor  of  "  Alassachusetts,  Connecticut,J  New-Hampshire, 
Maine,  Plymouth,  Pemaquid,  and  JNarragansett"  or  Rhode-Island, 
seemed  to  suspend  or  nullify  Dungan's  authority  in  the  province 
of  Sagadahock,  and  bring  its  jurisdiction  into  competition  be- 
tween the  two  rivals.  Yet  the  dispute  was  soon  settled,  by  a  new 
commission  in  March,  1688,  to  Andros;  appointing  him  Captain- 
General  and  Vice-Admiral  over  the  whole  of  New-England, 
New-York,  and  the  Jersies.§  His  Council  consisted  of  thirty- 
nine  members,||  any  five  of  whom  constituted  a  quorum.  Ed- 
ward Randolph  was  commissioned  Secretary. 

♦  Sullivan,  p.  291;  t  Hutch.  Coll.  p.  5G3. 

J  1  Duti'j;.  p.  374. — lie  says,  "  CnnneclicuC^  was  named  in  tlic  coniniisBion. 
But  Chalmcrxf  p.  419,  docs  not  mention  that  colony. 

»  I  nolmcs'  A.  Ann.  p.  473.  i      '' 

II  A  list  of  Gov.  Andres'  Council : — [.See  8  Coll.  Jldss,  Hist.  Sue.  p.  1h2. 
Jsieio  Serict.]  J^lniitnchuictt» — Joseph  Dudley,  Willinni  Stoiighton,  Join 
Pynchon,  P.irhnrd  Wharton,  Jonathan  Tyng;,  William  Brown,  and  Edward 
Randolph.— Jl/n/nr — Bartholomew  Ctcdncy  and  Edward  Tyng-.— JWw- 
Hampshire— Jvihn  l-'i>her,  Kohcrt  Mason,  Samuel  Fltrimpton  and  John 
liinckcs. —  I'h/mottlk — Thomas  Ilinklcy,  Barnabas  Lalhrop,  William  Brad- 
ford, Panicl  Hmith,  John  Spraguo,  John  Walloy,  Nathaniel  Clark,  and 
John  Cothill.—/?/io(/i-/«/aH</— Walter  Clark,  Walter  Newbury,  John 
Green,  Richard  Arnold,  Richard  Smith,  and  J.  Alhorow.— Comifdicn/- 
Robcrt  Treat,  J.  F.  Winthrop,  Wait  Winthiop,  and  John  Allen.— .Vcic. 
York — A.  Hrorkholt,  Francis  Nicholson,  Lt.  Gorernor,  Frederic  Philipic. 
Anthony  Baxter,  Henry  Couillard,  John  Young',  and  John  I'almer.— A>h 
Jtrify—Ni  ''^las  B;iynrd.  Thry  arc  arran(jcd  by  colonics  so  far  as  can  be 
ascertained,  thoufirh  it  is  believed  W.  Winthrop  was  of  Boston«  Col.Gcd- 
ney  resided  some  time  at  York,— usually,  at  Salem. 


ChaF.  XXII.]  b^  MAINE.     '  (585 

The  cominisrion  blended  the  itevbra!  departttients  of  gbVerti- A.  b.  icos. 
ment,  legislattvle,  executive  and  judicial ;  admitting  the  interposU  Qot.  Am 
tion  of  no  popular  branchy  and  prescribing  no  particular  foi-m  of  minitinf 
administration.     Nor  were  the  Governor  and  Council  guided  by  ' 
any  other  instructions,  or  mandatory  precepts,  than  the  rules  and 
formulas  of  their  ovm  will  and  discretion.     All  statute-laws  were 
at  their  feet ;  all  taxes  were  subject  to  their  command  ;  and  land- 
titles  might  be  made  their  playthings. 

It  is  true,  Governor  Andros  at  first,  like  king  James,  his  mus- 
ter, made  plausible  professions.  He  gave  sanction  to  all  colonial 
laws  not  inconsistent  with  his  commission  ;  he  directed  taxes  to 
be  assessed  agreeably  to  former  usages  ;*  and  ordered  a  regular 
administration  of  justice,  according  to  antecedent  practices  and 
the  customs  of  the  country. 

But  he  soon  proved  himself  a  fit  instrument  of  despotism,  and  Grie»«iic*. 
a  just  object  of  general  execration.  Palmer,  Mason,  Brockholt, 
Usher  and  Randolph,  of  the  Council,  were  his  principal  advisers, 
and  West,  Graham,  and  Bullivant^  were  his  parasites  and  confi- 
dants Seldom  did  he  convene  more  than  six  or  seven  of  the 
Council  on  any  occasion ,^-even  when  his  orders  and  measures 
touched  the  vital  interests  of  the  community*  The  people  were 
permitted  to  meet  in  their  primary  assemblies,  only  once  in  a  year, 
at  the  usual  time  of  choosing  their  town  officers.  Those  wor- 
shippmg  In  the  congregational  way,  were  threatened  with  the  loss 
of  their  meeting-houses,  unless  they  reformed.  No  marriage  was 
allowed  to  be  solemnized,  unless  the  parties  or  their  friends  were 
first  bound  in  a  bond  with  a  penalty,  to  be  forfeited  unto  the  gov- 
ernment, should  any  lawful  impediment  come  to  light.  The  press 
was  restrained ;  and  land-titles  were  directly  and  fatally  assailed. 
The  doctrine  was  industriously  spread  and  strenuously  urged,  that 
the  inhabitants  must  have  new  patents  of  their  real  estate.  Indian 
deeds  were  pronounced  to  be  no  better  than  "  the  scratch  of  a 
bear's  paw."  Nor  could  any  old  deeds  of  lands,  or  ancient  tides 
to  real  estate,  it  was  said,  possibly  be  valid,  in  coloniei  where  the 
rbnrters  were  vacated ;— according  to  a  pretended  law-maxim  of 


♦  A  tax  for  1688,  wai  apportioned  thus,  KitUry,  £10, 3».  6d. ;  York;  £fi, 
1».  lOrf.  ;  fVeUt,  £«,  3«.  4c/. ;  Saco,  £3,  I9«.  2(/.  .•  Scarborough,  £3,  1«#. 
Id.;  FabHoulk,  £l.  l«#.  4d.  ;  Cap»  Poryoitr,  £l,  0«.  lOd. ;  hit  rf  Shoali, 
£l,Of.  10fi.=»£4l,  1  J».  id.  total;— at  one  half-penny  lax,  for  £l  valuation. 

Vol..  I.  ttl 


dr 


V. 'I,-  i7>li 


686  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  i. 

A.  D.  1688.  the  day — the  unborn  young  die$  wUh  the  expiring  ilctm.—- Hence, 
OrtevMCM  jQ  procure  a  new  assurance  of  land,  it  was  necessary  to  file  a 
petition,  describing  the  lot  and  the  claim,  and  praying  for  a  con- 
firmation ;  to  obtain  a  favorable  report  from  the  committee  to 
whom  tlie  petition  was  referred ;  to  take  a  warrant  for  a  survcy 
and  cause  it  to  be  effected,  and  a  descriptive  report  to  be  made  ;  I 
and  then,  and  not  till  then,  could  a  deed  be  obtained  : — large 
fees  being  exacted  in  every  step  and  stage  of  the  process.*— 
Sometimes  it  cost  £30,  to  obtain  a  single  deed,  and  £2,  1  Oi 
wern  demanded  for  the  probate  of  a  single  will : — while  Andros,  | 
the  supreme  ordinary  or  judge,  and  Dudley,  his  deputy,  divid- 
ed the  emoluments  between  them. — However,  it  must  be  acknowl- 
edged that  they,  in  managing  the  business  of  the  probate  depart- 
ment, were  the  authors  of  considerable  improvement,  for  they 
introduced  the  forms  adopted  in  the  spiritual  or  ecclesiastical 
courts  of  England,  which  have  subsequently  prevailed  in  our 
courts  of  probate. 

Andros  was  as  much  determined  upon  the  enlargement  of  ju- 
risdiction, as  upon  the  unlimited  exercise  of  power,  and  the  ac- 
cumulation of  wealth.  He  could  not  be  a  stranger  to  the  rapid 
changes  of  public  opinion  in  England.  Party  spirit  ran  high; 
and  in  the  counter  currents  of  politics,  one  was  setting  strongly  in  { 
favor  of  Holland,  and  another  with  equal  force  against  France. 
Nay,  though  he  was  the  creature  of  Jame  II.,  who  was  a  papist, 
he  possessed  neither  love  nor  veneration  for  papal  domination,  nor 
for  French  Catholicism.  He  feared  the  Dutch,  and  might  sup- 
pose, if  they  again  seized  upon  the  open  country  between  Penob- ' 
scot  aiid  St.  Croix,  which  was  both  in  his  commission  and  in  the ! 
ducal  patent,  they  might,  with  the  present  temper  of  the  nation 
in  their  favor,  be  permitted  to  hold  it.  He  was  fully  sensible  how 
much  a  repossession  of  it  would  give  him  credit  among  the  peo- 
ple of  New-England  ;  and  he  had  reason  to  believe,  the  order 
for  restoring  the  wines  seized  at  Penobscot,  was  rather  an  act  oi  j 
justice  to  the  colonists,  than  of  partiality  to  tlio  French. 

V'ith  these  views,  he  resolved  to  seize  upon  Penobscot ;   and  I 


•  Through  tlio  iiifliiencf  and  persuasion  of  I^wapJ  'I'yng,  ono  of  Sir 
Etlmund's  Council,  and  Kylvanus  Davis  of  Fnlinoutli,  many  of  thn  inliali- 
itants  of  (lint  town  took  deeds  of  (heir  lands,  in  IC87  nnJ  8;    who  after- { 
wards  became  incensed  townids  llioitc  men,  for  uiginff  them  to  such  :» '• 
and  cx|>cn«c. 


CbAF.  IXTI.] 


f  ■■ 


Ic^'iiAnre. 


•;.,  I'Kl 


io  March  or  Aprfl  ordered  Capt.  George,  commuider  of  the  A.  D.  ten. 
frigate  Rose,  then  at  Pemaquid,  to  be  prepared  for  the  expedi-  ^^\^ 
tioD,  by  the  time  he  and  his  attendants  should  arrive  there.     Pro-  *''<*  ****** 
ceeding  to  Piscataqua  by  land,  he  sent  a  message  from  that  place,  notMcoi. 
and  directed  Col.  Mason,  who  was  then  examining  into  the  state 
of  the  provincial  militia  of  Maine,  to  meet  him  on  the  eastern    ^' 
margin  of  Casco  bay ;  as  hfe  was  about  embarking  for  the  east- 
ward, in  a  sloop  attended  by  a  commodious  barge.     His  passage 
among  the  Islands  of  that  bay,  afforded  him  much  pleasure.    He 
visited  Mr.  Wharton's  possessions  at  Pejepscot, — ascended  the 
Kennebeck  several  leagues — and  returning,  joined  Capt.  George 
at  Pemaquid  ;  and  both  sailed  for  the  peninsula  of  'Biguyduce.* 

Soon  as  the  frigate  was  conveniently  anchored  in  the  harboi', 
I  near  the  old  fort  and  habitation  of  Baron  de  St.  Castlne ;  the 
Governor  transmitted  to  him  by  a  Lieutenant,  due  notice  of  his 
being  on  board,  ready  for  an  interview  if  desired.  But  the  Baron, 
too  wary  to  be  made  a  prisoner  by  surprize,  had  already  taken 
his  family  and  retired  to  the  woods ;  leaving  all  to  the  will  of  the 
unexpected  visitors.  They  found  household  furniture,  firearms, 
unmunition  and  coarse  cloths — all  which  they  put  on  board  the 
frigate ;  in  nowise  injuring  his  catholic  altar,  chapel-service,  pic- 
jtures,  ornaments,  or  buildings. 

In  this  expedition,  the  Governor  had  brought  witli  him  carpen- 
jters  and  materials,  to  repair  the  fortification  and  render  it  fit  for 

garrison.     But  it  had  been  originally  constructed  in  greater 
I  part,  of  stones  and  turf;  and  had  fallen  so  much  into  ruins,  that 
he  concluded  to  spare  the  expense,  and  abandon  the  undertaking 
I  and  the  place. 

He  returned  to  Pemaquid,  where,  agreeably  to  previous  invita-  Reiurm  u 
I  lion,  he  was  met  by  several  Indians.     In  a  parley — he  warned  a^parlayi 
(Am  never  to  follow,  nor  yet  fear  the  French.     Call  home,  $aid  \^^^, 
\a,  all  your  young  men ;  he  quiet ;  live  in  peace ;  and  we  will 
\mitt  and  protect  you.     Turning  to  a  Tarratine  Sachem,  he  ad- 
ded,— yes,  and  you  tell  your  Jriend  Cattine,  if  he  will  render 
\loyal  obedience  to  the  king  of  England,  every  article  taken  from 
Him  shall  be  restored  at  this  place.     Hoping  to  win  their  good  will 
by  courteous  talk  and  kind  offices,  he  then  treated  them  witli  ar- 


*  Hulcliinai>n'9  Coll.  p.  ft6t-3-«. 


■kK 


4.  a  t^  dwt  .i^irit^  8n4  distributed  amoDg  them  shirty  and  some  other 
presents. 

The  situation,  harbor  and  bay,  appeared  to  so  great  adrantage 
fr)  his  eye,  he  thought  Pen)ac|uid  naig^it  be  tliq  principal  mart  Iq 
the  eastern  country,  Finding,  however,  (hat  the  fort,  built  by  his 
directions  eleven  years  before,  had  ^ne  greatly  to  decay,  he  or- 
dered it  to  be  thoroughly  repaired,  ,  To  lijii),  son^e  of  the  inhabi- 
tants  made  complaint  against  the  mismanagement  of  Palmer  and 
West,  ^nd  prayed  him  (o  confirm  their  original  rights  and  pos- 
sessions to  tliem,  This  is  unnecessary,  aaid  he,  fo|:  pH  that  Pudt 
gan's  commissioners  did,  is  of  no  effect,  Puriog  the  spring,  aq 
account  was  taken  of  the  inhabitants  scattered  along  the  easterq 
coast  from  Penobscot  to  St,  Croix* — after  which,  his  attention  was 
for  several  months  diverted  from  thiis  country,  by  publip  business, 
which  called  him  to  New-York.t 
Putine'aar-  The  treatment  which  Castinp  had  received  gave  him  great 
pocied^wiih  umbrage,  tic  cousidored  the  plunder  of  his  house  a  wanton 
«ar!  *"^'""  OMtrage  upon  him,  being  fully  able,  as  he  believed  he  was,  to 
Justify  all  his  conduct  tQvyards  the  English  ;  and  fully  determined 
never  to  submit  to  their  domination.  Nor  had  ho  any  great  re- 
gard for  the  government  of  France.  He  preferred  to  be  the  ruler 
of  the  Indians — and  indeed  hjs  influence  among  (hem  was  sur 

P  '  ,  .coiii'j'   'i:'\h\:  [>\ 

Moved  by  motives,  which  are  hereafter  to  be  more  fully  stated, 

though  somewhat  connected  with  his  advice,  the  Indians  com- 
menced hostilities  in  August,  Immediately  every  fort,  between 
Piscataqua  and  Penobscot,  was  repaired  and  put  in  the  best  pos^ 


*  .^t  Penoiicot — Daroa  Custiiie,  liis  family^  qiid  Ivaune,  Uis  servant. — Al 
HJgtmoragnn  Reach — Charles  St.  Robin,  Lis  son  nnJ  daujliti-r,  and  La 
Flour  and  liis  wife— ./?< '» ^yfnunt  Dtiarff,^'  viz.  (H  PiUt  Plmiantt,  Ijowry, 
wife  and  oliild,  [French]  \  Hinds,  irife  and  4  cliildron>  [Ungiith] ;  %nd  on 
th$  east  tide  of  .t/uuyU  DttC't,  '■'■  at  ll'uuchcag  fiay"  Cadilac  and  wife— 
At  Machiat — Marlci,  John  Drctoon,  wiff,  and  a  cliild  of  Jersey  |  Latlrc, 
wiffi,  and  JJ  cliililrpn, — .K  Patsniiui(jti-jdJy  end  St,  Croix — St  Robin,  wife 
and  «on ;  Lfftrcllj  Jolm  Minus,  ^vife  nnd  4  filiililrm;  Lambert,  snJ 
Jolly  Cive,  liia  servant;  Zorza,  and  Lrna,  bi^  seryant ; — perhaps  -IB  souls 
^e«,  1  Coll.  Jtau.  Hilt.  Sor.  p.  iii-\i.  ltd.  Siriv$. 

+  In  July,  ICOa,  Xiduda*  Jlannin^',  Esq.  was  appoinlcd  by  Governor  .Vi- 
dros, Chief  Magistrate  ;.,.il  Jtidffo  of  tbo  Court,  in  the  Province  of  tin 
Piikc  of  York,  rallod  S,iijad;iliof  U,  or  tbo  County  "  of  Cornwall ;'"  [.*>i! 
f^ntf,  Af  D   1C65,1  pro^i^l^^  Henry  ,'oscclyn  ytw  not  present. 


CflA?.   XXU,]  OF  MAINE.  5^ 

ture  of  defeofe ;  and  ia  September,  soldiers  were  enlisted  or  A.  D.  l«88. 
detached,  for  aa  eastern  expedition. 

But  when  Governor  Andros  returned  to  Boston,  he  wholly  dis-  ^^^  ^^ 
approved  of  the  measure,  and  utterly  refused  to  have  war  d9-'''°f'n'«*'«* 
daredf  He  bebeved  a  kind  and  generous  course  of  conduct 
{awards  tlie  Indians,  was  better  policy  ;  and  on  the  20th  of  Oc-  oci.  so. 
tober,  he  issued  his  Proclamation,  by  w^hich  he  ordered  all  tbe< 
Indian  prisoners  to  be  discharged  ;  and  commanded  the  savage 
aggressors  immediately  to  set  at  liberty  every  one  of  his  Majesty's 
subjects,  they  had  taken,  and  to  surrender  for  the  purpose  of 
trial  and  punishment,  by  Nov.  U,  every  Indian  concerned  in 
the  late  homicide.  He  also  strongly  encouraged  the  tribes,  if 
they  were  desirous  of  peace  and  safety,  to  dwell  near  the  Eng- 
lish totvns  and  settlements,  and  give  early  proof  of  their  mutual 
or  friendly  dispositions.  But  they  paid  no  regard  to  his  mandates 
or  encouragements,— rour  prisoners  being  released,  while  theirs 
nrere  retained ;  and  soiije  of  them  in  Uieir  barbarous  frolics, 
were  actually  put  to  death, 

Perceiving  war  to  be  inevitable,  he  rushed  into  the  opposite  ex-  Hii  Aauent 
treme.  Determined  now  to  subdue  the  savages,  or  frighten 
them  into  terms,  he  collected  a  force  of  800  men  \*  and,  late  in 
November,  he  led  them  into  the  eastern  country,  breathing  threati 
and  slaughter,  The  expedition  was  opposed  by  all  the  more 
wise  and  considerate,  and  like  most  of  his  projects,  proved  in  the 
end  to  be  abortive.  His  soldiers  suffered  incredibly  with  cold 
and  fatigue,  and  several  of  them  perished.  Never  had  an  officer 
juster  cause  of  chagrin  than  he ;  for  in  all  his  excursions,  he 
neither  killed  a  savage,  nor  took  a  captive.  ■n<i-fl.Uj}  j  ;».>,..  ..ii>  ni 

To  cloak  and  varnish  tliis  ingbrious  adventure,  he  proceeded 
to  establish  garrisons  through  the  eastern .  country ;  and  if  we 
may  credit  his  own  statements, eleven  were  manned  and  well  sup- H^^ii* 
plied.  1 .  At  Petnaquid,  he  stationed  two  new  companies  of  60  K*n'>'<»»r 
men  each,  under  Col.  E.  Tyng  and  Capt.  Minot,  joined  by  36  reg- 
ulars ;  and  gave  the  command  of  the  garrison  to  Capt.  Brockholt 
anH  Lieut,  Wcems.  2.  In  New-Dartmouth  fort,  now  Newcastle, 
he  placed  24  of  the  regular  soldiery  under  Lieut,  John  Jordan ; 


i-:A  M  .A 


expeilitioi|. 


'>i!»'(A 

iUil  Ml- 


*1  Holmti    A.   Ann.   p.  474 — Btlknap    say*  700;- Eliot  sajs  1,000; 
ml  it  18  added  by  Prcsidunt  DanTortb,  that  i:i    Kdmuud  had  as  niatij  ii} 


ay  in  1089. 


590 

A.  U.  1688. 


AK" 


A. D.  1689 


Thii  eipe- 
dition  fruit- 


AndrM*  ad- 
miiiitiration 
Usu  only 
1  year  and 
imonlht. 


THE  HISTORY  [VOL.  I, 

also  CapL  Withiflgton's  company  of  60  men.  3.  The  little  fort 
on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Shtepscot,  [one  account  says  Damaru- 
rotta,]  was  to  be  relieved  every  week  from  the  garrison  at  New. 
Partmouth.  4.  At  Sagadahock ;  5.  at  ^eu/ton  on  Arrowsick 
Island  ;  6.  at  Fort  Anne  ;*  and  7.  at  Pejepscott  he  distributed 
40  of  the  regular  troops,  and  two  militia  companies  of  60  men 
each ;  and  gave  the  command  to  Lieut.  Col.  McGregory,  Mai. 
Thomas  Savage  and  Capt.  Manning.  8.  At  Falmouth^ — Fost 
LoTAL  was  commanded  by  Capt.  George  Lockhart,  and  manned 
by  his  company  of  60  soldiers.  9.  At  Saco,  Andros  stationed 
Capt.  Lloyd  and  his  company,  also  a  detachment  of  28  men, 
from  the  troops  under  the  command  of  Maj.  Henchman  and 
Capt.  Bull.  10.  The  fort  at  Kennebunk,  commanded  by  Capt. 
Puddington,  was  to  be  relieved  from  Saco.  11.  And  lastly  the 
fort  at  Wells  was  to  be  relieved  in  the  same  manner.  The  whole 
number,  in  service  and  under  pay  through  the  winter,  and  dis- 
tributed among  the  forts,  was  566  men.f  The  Governor  caused 
several  forts  to  be  repaired,  particularly  at  New-Dartmouth  and  at 
Pejepscot  [or  Brunswick  lower  falls] ;  and  put  in  requisition  three 
government  vessels,  the  sloop  Mary,  sloop  Speedwell,  and  brig> 
antine  Samuel.}  All  this  was  merely  a  military  movement  or 
display — neither  the  result  of  wisdom,  experience,  or  sound 
judgment  $  nor  yet  promotive  of  any  considerable  public  good.^ 
Had  he  been  in  the  least  acquainted  with  the  habits  of  the  In- 
dians, or  listened  even  to  the  statements  of  hunters ;  he  would 
have  known,  that  these  tenants  of  the  forest  retire  in  the  autumn 
from  the  seaoboard,  and  pass  the  winter  upon  their  hunting  births 
in  the  interior  wilderness. 

An  administration  of  sixteen  months,  closed  the  career  of  An- 
dros in  New- England.  Unfortunately  for  his  purpose,  he  found 
himself  in  the  midst  of  a  generation,  constituted  of  the  first  emi- 
grants and  their  patriot  sons ;  who  were  schooled  to  the  doctrine 
of  principles  and  consistent  measures, — and  alive  to  every  senti- 


*"  Perhaps  this  was  on  the  peninsula,  at  Popham's  ancient  fort. 

]  Mr.  Eliot  says  Andros  returned  "■  with  a  part  of  his  army,  having^  put 
the  remainder  into  winter  quarters  in  two  forts,  viz.  one  at  Sheepscot  and 
the  other  at  Pejepscot  falls." — Biog,  p.  34. 

\  They  were  commnndeil  by  Jolin  Alden,  John  Wiswell  and  J.  Hook. 

)  The  iifarrisnns  mig'ht  deter  the  savap^es  from  incursions. — Chalmert,  p. 
)29. 


CbAP.  XXII.]  ^  OP  MAINJB. 

meat  of  UberQr,  civil,  religious  and  rational.  Equality  of  ri^rts 
was  a  maxim  inscribed  upon  the  tables  of  their  hearts.  But  by 
tame  submission,  to  rulers  in  whose  appointment  their  wishes  were 
not  consulted ;  to  laws,  in  making  which  they  had  no  voice  ;  to 
taxes,  imposed  and  appropriated  without  their  consent;*  to  at- 
tacks upon  the  sacred  rights  of  conscience,  and  the  title-deeds 
of  their  homes,  without  resistance, — were  to  put  on  at  once,  and 
tamely  wear  the  chains  of  slavery.  The  popular  and  mighty 
struggle  in  the  mother  country  against  popish  hierarchy  and  des- 
potic domination,  under  king  James  and  his  adherents,  was  well 
understood  through  the  colonies ;  and  the  triumphs  of  liberty  and 
privilege  were  news  most  ardently  desired  and  daily  expected. 
Such  a  prospect  must  have  inspired  our  provincial  patriots  and 
statesmen  here^  with  a  bolder  spirit  of  reform.  In  the  spring  a 
general  murmur  of  discontent  spread  through  the  community ; 
which  was  followed  by  the  flashes  of  a  rumor,  that  the  Gov- 
ernor's guards  were  to  be  let  loose  upon  Boston.  Half-smothered 
indignation  could  no  longer  be  suppressed.  The  smitten  spark 
set  the  public  in  flames;  and  early  in  the  morning  of  April  18th, 
the  populace  threw  the  Governor  and  thirty  of  his  most  obnox- 
ious partisans  into  confinement.  Several  of  them,  such  as  An- 
dros,  Dudley,  Randolph,  West,  Palmer,  Graham,  Sherlock  and 
Farwell,  were  not  allowed  to  be  enlarged,  on  any  bail  that  could 
be  offered. f    j      ,.,    >     •■,  .•,,...,   ; .  .  .    .  ,      ■  .,i- 

Next,  through  the  united  solicitation  of  the  town's  people,  and 
hundreds  who  immediately  rushed  in  from  the  country,  Simon 
Bradstreet,  late  Governor,  Thomas  Danforth,  late  Deputy-Gov- 
ernor and  President  of  Maine,  and  thirteen  other  men  of  firm- 
ness and  distinction,  were  induced  to  take  the  direction  of  the 
revolutionary  changes,  and  to  interpose  their  influence  for  pre- 
venting, if  possible,  all  extravagances  in  the  reforms  undertaken ; 
and  they  at  last  prevailed  upon  Andros,  to  surrender  the  keys  of 
government,  and  the  command  of  the  fortiiications.^      On  tlra 


591 

A.D.  leap. 


April  IS. 

The  rcvolo- 
tiun. 


-.■,■'■' 

I'rovisioiial 

govern- 

niuiit. 


♦  Men  in  Ipswich  were  fincJ  and  Imprieoricil,  bccaiipc  rales  were  I'c* 
fused,  to  be  assessed  or  pail.  —  1  //o/»ic.?' .^.  .Inn.  p.  4711.      '■'•"        '■■   '■      ' 

t  Some  of  them  were  in  close  prison  20  wceUs  — 1  Hutch.  Ilitt.  p,  318. 

}  Hutch.  Coll.  y,  570.— I'lesidpnt  D.Tnfc^rth  snys,  in  a  letter,  July  30.  io 
Mr.  INIatlicr,  (lie  clianjjcs  in  r,n{rlanil  makes  "  tlio  arbitrary  r()inmi!.si(>iv 
il  tir  J^liiiiind,  null  and  void."  ps  nn  a  dcinive  of  (he  ercnvn. 


<i 


i:M 


April  SO. 
A  conven- 
tion and 
council  of 
safely. 


5d2  THE  HISTORY  I ' '  ^"(Voi..  |. 

A.  D.  1689.  third  6ny  the  tumult  ceased  ;  though  the  shock  contintied  to  be 
felt  in  every  part  of  the  administration,  for  a  much  longer  time. 
A  general  convention  of  the  people  having  assembled,  April 
20,  for  the  purpose  of  considering  the  broken  state  of  public 

affairs,  appointed    Messrs.  Bradstreet,  Dan/orth  and  35  others 

"  A  Council  for  the  safety  or  the  people  and  cojtserva- 
"  TiON  OF  THE  PEACE,"  and  cHosc  Isaac  Addington,  clerk,  and 
Wait  Winthrop,  Commander-in-chief  of  the  militia.  On  recom- 
mendation of  this  Council,  delegates  were  chosen  by  towns,  to 
the  number  of  66 ;  and  convening  in  assembly.  May  2,  con- 
firmed the  new  provisional  government,  and  advised  to  a  meeting 
of  the  General  Court,  which  was  consequently  holden  at  Boston 
on  the  22d  of  the  same  month,  by  representatives  from  54 
towns.  In  session,  the  House  determined  "  to  resume  the  gov- 
ernment according  to  charter  rights  ;"  and  on  the  3d  day, 
Governor  Bradstreet,  Danforth,  Deputy-Governor,  and  the  As- 
sistants, chosen  in  May,  1686,  were  prevailed  upon  to  signify  in 
writing  their  *  acceptance  of  the  care  and  government  of  the  peo- 

*  pie,  according  to  the  rules  of  the  charter,  until  by  direction 

•  from  England,*  there  be  an  orderly  settlement  of  government.' 
The  report  of  a  great  political  overturn  in  England,  which  had 

been  so  strongly  anticipated,  during  the  late  revolutionary  chan- 
ges in  the  colony,  was  fully  confirmed  by  an  arrival,  May  26,  to 
the  great  and  general  joy  of  all  New-England.  It  was  now  cer- 
tain, that  James  II,  had  abdicated  the  English  throne  on  the  12tb 
of  December  pasl,f  and  gone  to  France ;  and  that  his  son-in- 
law,  William,  Prince  of  Orange,  Stadtholder  of  Holland,  and 
Mary  his  wife,  the  king's  daughter,  were  proclaimed,  Feb.  16, 
king  and  queen  of  England, 

During  the  past  three  years,  the  Provmce  of  Maine  had  ex- 
perienced pccuhar  vicissitudes.  A  new  and  promising  administra- 
tion, commenced  under  the  executive  magistracy  of  President 
Danforth,  had  been  exceedingly  weakened,  if  not  entirely  paraliz- 
ed  ;  for  by  vacating  the  charter  of  Massachusetts,  abolishing  the 
legislative  power  that  appointed  him  to  office,  and  shi.'ting  the 
paramount  command  into  other  hands,  the  authority,  at  least,  oi 


Hay  2 


May  22. 

May  24 
Charier 
fis^lils  re- 
Kanied. 


*i  ;.* 


Revolution 
m  Englancl. 
— James  11 
retires  to 
France. — 
William 
and  Mary 
proclaimod. 


Affairs  in 
Mainci 


I"  The  cicclion  was  afterwards  annually  continued,  till  the  arrival  of  the 
now  charter, 
t  Or,  "  December  23d,  1608."— 1  Holmi:,'i''  A.  Ann.  p*  474. 


Chap,  xxii.]  of  maing. 

tin  President  became  problematical.  Nevertheless,  the  towns 
ind  settlements  were  constantly  filling  with  inhabitants,  till  the  late 
ravages  of  the  Indians  had  somewhat  damped  tlie  spirits  of  th " 
people,  and  possibly  given  a  check  to  enterprize.  At  any  rate, 
erery  thing  was  deranged  and  unsafe ;  for  though  the  country 
d  been  garrisoned  at  great  expense,  the  people  considered  them- 

I  selves  in  jeopardy ;  and  surely,  no  other  colony  or  province  in 
New-England  ever  suffered  an  equal  complication  of  evils  with 

I  Maine,  merely  through  want  of  a  settled  efficient  government. 
The  news  of  the  revolutionary  changes  in  Boston,  when  they 

I  reached  the  eastern  garrisons,  occasioned  great  disturbances.— 
From  some  of  them  the  soldiers  withdrew  and  went  home  ;*  in 
others  they  seized  their  officers,  particularly  Brockholt,  M'Greg- 
oty,  and  Lockhart,f  and  sent  them  to  Boston ;  and  in  no  one 
vas  there  due  subordination.  To  rectify,  therefore,  and  settle 
liie  military,  'the  Council  of  Safety,'  immediately  after  the  Board 
iras  constituted,  appointed  Major  Charles  Frost,  io  command  the 

kesterii,  and  Col.  Edward  Tyng,  the  eastern  regiment;  and  it 
seems,  they  also  had  the  superintendance  of  the  garrisons,  ex- 
cepting the  one  at  Pemaquid.  This,  at  tlie  request  of  the  in- 
babitants,  was  still  kept  by  Lieut.  Weems,  who  was  directed  by 
Massachusetts  to  take  charge  of  all  the  public  stores  belonging  to 
that  important  post,  till  orders,  daily  expected,  be  received  from 

I  England.! 

The  Council  of  Safety,  May  15th,  confirmed  the  former  Coun- 
I  cillors  oi  the  Province, — viz.  Charles  Frost,  Francis  Hook,  Ed- 
Uard  Tyng,  John  Davis,  Joshua  Scottotv,  Samuel  Wheelwright, 
mi  John  Wincoln;  all  of  whom  were  afterwards  established  in 

their  official  trust  by  the  General  Court,  on  the  24»5th  of  the 

same  month  ;  and  Mr.  Danforth  was  fully  restored  to  the  office 
I  and  authority  of  Provincial  President. 
Our  Council  were  *  empowered  and  directed  to  consult,  advise, 

'determine  and  put  in  execution,  whatever  they  should  judge 
I 'necessary  for  the  public  peace  and  safety,   and  the  common 

'good,  in  the  present  exigency  of  affairs ;  or,  upon  any  emergen- 

*  2  Math.  JVagnal.  p.  610.— Some,  lie  saj  «,  took  occasion  «*  to  desert  their 
I  stations  in  the  army."  +  6  Mass.  Rec.  p.  6. 

\6M<ut.  Rec.  p.  20,  22.— >By  this  it  appears,  that  Massachusetts  assumed 
I  a  command  over  tlie  late  ducal  province. 
Vol.  I.  G2 


093 
A.  D.  isia 


C.Froitand 
E.  Tynr 
command* 
ants  of  the 

B 

eaitcm 
militia. 

m 

Govern* 
mantof 
Maine  re- 
confiratadi 


694  THE  HISTOEY  [VoL   |. 

A.  D.  1689.  ( cy  which  might  occur  within  tlie  Province  ;  and  all  the  officers 

*  and  people  therein,  were  commanded  to  observe  the  orders  of 

*  the  President  and  Council. 

DetMniien  About  this  time,  Madockawando,  from  Penobscot,  accompanied 
Jjwnihe  by  several  Indians  and  an  interpreter,  visited  Boston.  They  stat- 
ed that  Castine  was  highly  affronted  with  the  English  for  plun- 
dering his  house  ;  and  that  a  great  war  was  apprehended.  The 
government  treated  them  with  the  greatest  courtesy — loaded  them 
with  presents — made  them  repeated  promises  of  protection  and 
kindness,  if  they  continued  peaceable — and  gave  them  a  passage 
home  in  the  colony  sloop.  To  Castine,  a  very  respectful  address 
was  prepared  by  the  government  and  sent  by  Capt.  Alden,  the 
master,  exculpating  the  present  administration  from  all  censure  on 
account  of  the  ill-treatment  he  had  received,  and  making  propo- 
sals of  an  amnesty  upon  generous  terms.  Presents  were  also 
prepared  for  Wonnolancet  and  his  tribe,  at  Penacook ;  and  more- 
■  over,  Capt.  Noah  Wiswell,  with  30  friendly  Indians,  well  armed 

and  equipped,  was  despatched  eastward  to  protect  York,  Wells, 
and  other  unfortified  places.* 

A  gracious  address,  received  from  king  William,  entirely  al- 
layed the  anxieties  of  the  public,  occasioned  by  the  late  revolu- 
tion. In  a  royal  instruction  issued  by  him,  Aug.  12,  "  to  the 
Governor,  Council  and  Cowontion  of  Representatives"  in  Mas- 
sachusetts ;  he  authorized  tnem  '  to  continue  their  care  and  trust, 

*  in  the  administration  of  government  and  preservation  of  the 

*  public  peace,  till  further  directions  be  received  ;'— commanding 
them  to  send  over  Andros  and  his  accomplices,  to  answer  in  the 
kingdom  for  his  mal-adrainistration.  On  their  arrival  at  Court, 
they  were  slightly  examined  before  the  privy  Council,  and  then 
discharged.  Andros  was  afterwards  appointed  Governor  of  Vir- 
ginia; and  Dudley,  chief  justice  of  New- York. f 

All  the  prospects  and  hopes,  which  had  been  entertained,  that 
an  Indian  war  might  be  avoided,  were  at  length  shrouded  a  hi 
deep  gloom,  by  the  gathering  storm  in  Europe.      France  hadi 
received  king  James  into  her  bosom,  and  was  warmly  espousin 
his  cause  against  William  and  Mary.     Hence,  usurpers — hugue-l 

*  6  Mass.  Rcc.  p.  12. 

1 1  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  347-8-350.— £/?o/'*  Biog.  Die.  onlj-  names  AndrcJ 
Dudley  and  Randolph.  There  are  no  government-records  found  in  DoiJ 
ton,  as  made  during  Andros'  administratiun. 


A  letter 
from  kine 
Willian. 


A  rupture 
feii,reiid  l>e- 
tween  the 
English  and 
Frciichi 


Chap,  xxii.] 


y  OP  MAINE. 


6d. 


Bots>-«xecrable  transgressors  of  all  laws,  human  and  divme,  a.D.  us 
binding  upon  filial  love  and  obedience-— were  the  most  elegant 
epithets  bestowed  upon  them.  In  return,  James  was  denounced 
as  a  despot, — a  papist, — a  traitor, — unworthy  to  rule  or  live 
uDong  the  lovers  of  true  liberty  or  religion.  Connect  these  for- 
tuitous circumstances  with  a  long-existing  rivalship  between 
France  and  England,  fed  by  jealousy  and  pride,  and  enfuriated 
by  the  flames  of  religious  dissensions  ;  and  we  are  not  surprised 
to  find  war  inevitable  between  the  two  kingdoms.  Nay,  war  be- 
tween popery  and  protestantism — between  power  and  right,  had 
already  commenced  ;  and  the  first  sparks  of  this  electric  effer- 
rescence  were  felt  to  the  extremities  of  their  respective  dominions. 
The  French  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic,  seemed  to  commence 
aggressions  with  an  eager  haste,  and  pursue  them  with  malignant 
fury.  The  Canadians  took  the  lead  by  instigating  the  Indian 
tribes  to  join  them,  and  fall  with  exterminating  rapacity,  upon  the 
outer  settlements  of  New-England — ^particularly  in  New-Hamp- 
shire and  Maine.  Sou{herly,  the  French  privateers  were  infesting 
the  Acadian  coast,  and  taking  all  the  English  colonial  vessels 
which  fell  In  their  way.^     In  the  interior,  the  Jesuit  missionaries  • 

vere   inflaming  the  resentments  of  the  savages  against  the  en-  >^ 

croaching  settlers,  calling  them  "  English  heretics."     Some  at- 
tacks and  captures  had  already  been  made ;  and  as  soon  as  war 
was  proclaimed  at   Boston,   Dec.   7,f   between   England   and  cia?m^ 
France,  the  General  Court  resolved  upon  a  course  of  measures  ^**'" '" 
and  preparations,  for  regaining  Nova  Scotia  and  reducing  Que- 

Early  in  the  spring,  therefore,  eight  vessels  and  700  men  be-  a.D.  I690, 
hides  boys,  were  in  readiness  for  the  meditated  expedition.     In  against  N? 
[the  public  estimation,  the  fittest  man  to  take  the  command  was 
Sir  William  Phips ;  and  to  him  *.tie  commission  was  given. 

Sir  William  was  a  native  of  this  State,  born  in  Woolwich  upon  Sir  Wini, 
the  Sheepscot,  Feb.  2,  1650; — one  of  the  youngest  of  his  moth- 
er's 26  children,  21  being  sons.     Bereaved  of  his  father,  when  a 
child,  he  passed  his  boyhood  with  his  mother  till  he  was  18  ;  af- 
terwards learning  the  trade  of  a  ship-carpenter,  and  acquiring  some 


Phipt. 


*  1  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  352. 

t  In  England,  war  was  declared  against  France,  May  7, 1689. 
I  The  French,  settled  in  New-France,  were  now  11,249   persons,* 
Vnivtrtal  Hiit.  p.  47. 


THIS  HMTORY 


696 

A.U.  1C90.  education.  About  the  time  of  Philip's  war,  he  buik  a  ibip  in 
Sheepscot  river ;  and  being  driven  away  bjr  the  Indians,  he  be- 
came  a  seafaring  adventurer.  In  some  of  his  voyages,  he  heard 
that  a  Spanish  ship  laden  with  silver,  had  been  wrecked  and 
sunk  half  a  century  ^3fore,  not  far  from  tlie  Bahama  Islands. 
He  told  the  interesting  story  to  the  Duke  of  Albemarle ;  and  en- 
tering into  an  agreement  with  him,  sailed  twice  under  his  auspi- 
ces, from  England  into  those  waters,  in  search  of  the  wreck, 
During  the  second  voyage,  in  1687,  after  indefatigable  efforts,  he 
found  it,  between  40  and  50  feet  under  water ;  and  took  from  it 
the  immense  treasure  of  34  tons  of  silver,  besides  gold,  pearls 
and  jewels— ^equivalent  in  value  to  $1,350,000.  Of  this  treas- 
ure his  part  exceeded  $70,000,  besides  a  golden  cup  wortli 
$4,000  presented  to  his  wife  by  his  noble  patron.  For  his  en- 
terprize,  success  and  honesty,  king  James  II.  conferred  upon  him 
the  order  of  knighthood,  and  appointed  him  high-sheriff  of  New- 
England.  This  was  during  the  administration  of  Andros,  with 
whom  he  differed  so  widely  in  politics,  that  he  declined  the  of- 
fice,* 

To  command  the  present  expedition,  he  was  thought  to  pos- 
sess every  qualification.  His  little  squadron,  destined  against 
Nova  Scotia,  left  Boston  harbor  on  the  28tli  of  April.  It  con- 
sisted of  seven  sail-»a  frigate  of  40  guds,  two  sloops,  one  of  16, 
the  other  of  8  guns,  and  four  ketches.f  Sir  William  proceeded 
directly  to  Port-Royal,  which  being  in  no  capacity  to  stand  a 
siege,  surrendered  at  discretion.  He  then  put  on  board  his  frigate 
Maneval,  the  Governor,  a  military  officer  and  38  soldiers ;  and 
in  visiting  Cbidabucto,  Isle  Perce,  St  John,  and  other  French 
settlements,  he  took  formal  possession  of  the  whole  country  and 
*'  coast  to  Penobscot,  including  the  Islands,  He  appointed  a  Gov- 
ernor over  the  Province,  assigned  him  a  council  of  six  raem- 
mm'.K-ii'    bers,|  and  returned  to  Boston,  May  30,  with  his  prisoners,  also 

*  Phipa  married  a  daug;litcr  of  Roger  Spencer  of  Saco,  a  youngs  widow, 
late  cotiuort  of  John  Hull,  merchant  of  Boston,  wlicrc  he  dwelt  for  a  peri* 
od,  after  his  r«moral  from  Shcopscot  river.  He  had  no  child.  Spencer  Pliips 
was  his  nephew  and  adopted  son.  The  specie  found,  consisted  of  pieces  of  I 
eigfht,  bullion,  and  solid  ingots  of  silver,  which  Dr.  Mather  says  were  call- 
ed "  sows  and  pigfs," — See  his  2  Jlagnal.  p.  !.">  1-208. — Dan/nrth^i  Leller, 
April,  1690.— 1  Hulck.  IIUL  p.  353.  f  40  Univ.  Hist.  p.  62. 

J  1  Holmes'  A.  Ann.  p.  47S, 


r^ou  I.   H  Chap,  xxii.] 


Conquest 
of  Nov* 
Beo(ia< 


MtySO^ 


.■1    •»: 


CHhf.  XXII.]  opMAme.  597 

irith  plunder  tlmught  to  be  sufficient  in  amount,  to  defray  tbeA.Utifiic. 
trhole  expense  of  this  short  expedition.*  It  was  supposed,  the 
French  popuiatioii  at  this  time  in  the  entire  Province  did  not  ex- 
ceed 2  or  3,U0U  souls. f  Sir  William  was  now  holdon  in  high 
estimation ;  and,  at  the  general  election  this  spring,  he  was  for 
the  first  time  chosen  into  the  Massachusetts  Board  of  Assistants. 

The  easy  rnuquest  of  Nova  Scotia  inspired  the  colonists  with  Kxp<><rnioa 
fresh  courage  and  renovated  zeal,  in  the  premeditated  enterprise  "■'^'iRiia. 
of  reducing  Canada  to  a  British  Province.  In  consideration  of  the 
fishing,  the  fur-trade,  the  masting-business,  and  the  deep-rooted 
enmity  of  the  Canadians  towards  the  English  colonies  ;  it  were 
far  better  policy,  as  many  argued,  for  the  crown  to  expend  tliou- 
sands  of  pounds  in  conquering  the  country,  than  to  let  it  remain 
io  possession  of  the  French.^  The  idea  was  well  conceived  ; 
and  never  was  sagacity  more  truly  prophetic  of  what  New-Eng- 
land would  find  to  be  her  true  interest.  .•; '. 

The  magnitude  of  the  enterprize  was  universally  realized.-— 
New-England  and  New- York  agreed  to  join  in  preparing  40 
armed  vessels,  and  raising  4,000  men.  Half  of  them  were  to 
embark  on  board  the  fleet,  under  Sir  William,  the  Commodore, 
who  was  to  attack  Quebec ;  and  tlie  other  half  were  ordered  to 
take  up  their  march  by  land,  under  the  command  of  Maj,  Gen.  >  -'■■ 

John  Winthrop,  of  Connecticut,  who  was  to  lead  them  against 
Montreal.     Most  earnest  solicitations  were  also  sent  to  England 
by  express,  and  presented  to  the  king,  for  several  fr'gates  and  a       i,  -  .: 
supply  of  arms  and  ammunition  ;  and  such  were  the  uncommon       *      '' 
exertions  of  the  people,  that  in  two  months,  the  colony  forces 
were  in  readiness  to  be  put  in  motion. 

But,  unhappily,  no  naval  armament  nor  military  stores  arrived 
from  England ;  while  the  best  part  of  the  season  was  wasting, 
and  the  enemy  was  probably  gaining  every  advantage  by  the  de-^ 
lay.  Influenced  by  these  considerations,  Sir  William  sailed,  Au- 
gust 9th ;  and  Gen.  Winthrop  arrived  at  Wood-creek,  near  the  ^"J^""  ^* 
southerly  end  of  Lake  Champlain,  early  in  tlie  same  month. — 
Here  he  met  with  great  discouragements.     Only  70  Mohawk 

*  2  Math.  Magnal.  p  522. 

\2  Hutch.  Hi8t.  p.  13.— I  Holmes'  A.  Ann-  p.  474,-3  or  4,000;  but  Ilali- 
biirton  (ays,  vol.  1.  p.  68,  only  900  on  the  Pcnintiula  of  Nova  Scotia. 

t  Danforth's  Letter,  A.  D.  1«»0. 


598  THEHI810RY  .  j        [VoL.  i. 

A.  U.  1690.  \varriors  had  appeared  to  join  him  ;  die  number  of  batteaux  and 
canoes  provided,  was  not  half  enough  to  transport  his  men  across 
the  lake ;  his  provisions  and  supplies  were  short ;  and  after  due 
deliberation  he  ordered  a  retreat,  or  rather  return,  of  his  whole 
army.* 

October  ft.  I'he  fleet,  retarded  by  fortuitous  incidents  and  events,  did  not 
arrive  before  Quebec,  till  the  5th  of  October.  Next  morning 
i  the  Commodore  addressed  a  note  to  Count  Frontenac,  the  Gov- 
ernor, demanding  a  surrender.  But  the  haughty  nobleman,  ren- 
dered more  insolent  by  tidings  from  Wood-creek,  returned  a  con- 
temptuous answer,  adding, — You  and  your  countrymen  are  her- 
etics and  traitors.  JVew-Engkmd  and  Canada  would  be  one, 
had  not  the  amity  been  prevented  by  your  Revolution.^  Phips, 
though  thwarted  by  contrary  winds,  was  able,  on  the  8th,  to  ef- 
fect a  landing  of  about  thirteen  hundred  effective  men,  upon  the 
Isle  of  Orleans,  four  miles  below  the  town  ;  and  to  commence  a 
cannonade  from  his  shipping,  among  which  were  frigates  carrying 
44  guns.  But  their  approach  was  repelled  and  prevented  by  the 
long  guns  in  the  French  batteries  ;  and  the  land  forces  were  vio- 
lently assailed  and  harassed  by  the  French  and  Indians  from  the 
woods.    Amidst  these  and  other  discouragements,  the  Commo- 

Octob«r  ll.dore,  on  the  11th,  learned  from  a  deserter,  the  condition  and  great 
strength  of  the  place  ;  and  the  same  day  he  and  his  troops  re- 
embarked  with  precipitation.  siis^i.ii  ?'  i  •  v  j  i  :;]/  .'  • 
The  fleet,  overtaken  in  the  St.  Lawrence  by  a  violent  tempest, 
was  dispersed ;  two  or  three  vessels  were  sunk ;  one  was  wreck- 
ed upon  Antirosta ;  some  were  blown  off  to  the  West  Indies ; 
and  the  residue  of  tiic  shattered  squadron  were  more  than  a 
month  on  their  way  home ;  Sir  William  himself  not  arriving  in 
Boston  till  the  19th  of  November.  His  losses  by  the  smallpox, 
the  camp-distemper  and  other  sickness,  by  the  enemy  and  by  ship- 
wreck, were  two  or  three  hundred  men  ;  and  the  expenses  of 
the  expedition,  like  its  disasters,  were  great.  In  a  few  weeks  Sir 
William  sailed  for  England,  to  solicit  the  king's  assistance  towards 
another  expedition. 

So  confident  had  the  public  been  of  success,  that  no  adequate 
provision  had  been  made  for  the  payment  of  the  troops.     The 


Repulse 
and  diui- 


icra. 


•  1  TrnmbHil'ii  Conn.  p.  .1M 1  Williamt'  Vt.  p.  tM 2  Mather'i  Mi.(f- 

nnlia,  p.  522.— lie  K.-tys,  >•  32  «ail."  f  1  Hulcbinion's  History,  p.  3S6. 


CnkT.  XXII.] 


OP  MAINS.: 


599 


administration  of  Andros  had  emptied  the  treasury  ;  an  Indian  a.  d.  1690. 
war,  which  had  now  raged  more  than  two  years  in  Maine,  had 
filled  that  Province  with  embarrassments,  and  Massachusetts  with 
perplexities  ;  and  the  late  disasters,  without  booty  or  glory,  were 
lying  with  oppressive  weight  upon  the  government.  Nay,  though 
"  ten  single  rates"  had  been  levied  and  assessed  the  preceding 
spring,  there  was  no  money  in  the  public  chest,  to  pay  the  sol- 
diery ;  and  it  is  said,  there  was  considerable  danger  of  a 
mutiny.  ■■  ,  ^  *  ,;v^jri 

In  this  extremity,  the  General  Court  of  Massachusetts,  Dec.  Fir^i  pape? 
10,  laid  upon  the  people  a  tax  of  £40,000;  and   in  anticipation"""'*^' 
of  payment  issued  '^  Bills  of  Credit,"  or  public  notes,  as  a  sub-      .   .., .? 
slitute  for  money,  differing  in  amount  trom  2s.  to  £10. ;— 'the       "'"..• 
first  ever  sent  into  circulation  by  any  of  the  colonics.     These,      '  '^ 
paid  out  in  discharge  of  public  debts,  it  was  expected,  would  be 
collected  by  the  tax-gatlierers  and  shortly  returned  into  the  treasu- 
ry.— Such  is  the  origin  of  paper  money  ;  till  which,  the  colonial 
currency  was  sterling. 

It  soon  depreciated  in  value,  so  that  four  dollars  in  the  bills 
could  be  purchased  by  three  in  specie  ;  though  it  was  afterwards        , 
equal  to  gold  and  silver,  and  so  continued  while  the  sums  issued         ,",, 
from  year  to  year  were  not  large.*  "     '  ' 

At  the  May-election,  in  1G91,  the  government  was  organized,  M«y,  IC9I. 
under  the  declining  shades  of  the  colonial  charter,  (or  the  last  '.nK:!',"! 
time.    Bradstreet  was  re-elected  Governor,  and  Danforth,  Deputy-  "'"'•'■  '•!" 

'  '  1       /     rnlnii^'clia 

Governor  and  President  of  Maine ;  the  present  being  the  twelfth  '•^^'■• 
year,  since  Danforlh's  first  appointment  or  election,  to  that  oflice. 
Though  his  residence  was  in  Cambridge,  he  was  often  in  the 
Province,  frequently  consuhed  with  his  Council,  and  at  stipu- 
lated times,  met  them  and  the  General  Assembly  of  Councillors 
and  Deputies,  under  the  provisions  of  the  charter  to  Gorges. 
He  had  rendered  himself  highly  acceptable  to  the  Provincials, 
by  his  republican  politics,  his  rigid  virtues  and  his  untiring  exer- 
tions to  promote  their  best  interests,  and  to  preserve  the  people 
from  the  ravages  of  the  Indians.  Among  his  oflicial  labors,  the 
current  spring,  one  was  an  endeavor  to  negotiate  peace  with  some 
of  the  tribes  ;  aud  another  was  an  examination  of  the  garrisons. 

•  1  IJutch.  Illit.  p.  357. — Wlicaf  wai  spl  at  .">*.,•  rvc   Am;  corn  3f.   6d. ; 
oats  U  6f/.  per  biiiihrl.— 5  Mats   Il{<\  p.  IJ2. 


ar- 


600 

A.D.  1691 


Orloher  7. 
Charier  of 
William 
nnd  Mary 
fjranled. 


The  IVov- 
imos  and 

Islriiidn  it 
•iiibruce*. 


THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  I. 

The  people  of  Massachusetts  were  so  strongly  attached  to  the 
colonial  charter,  that  they  sent  tliree  agents  to  England  and  em- 
ployed  Sir  Henry  Ashurst  of  the  realm,  for  two  years,  to  urge 
their  pleas  before  the  king  in  council,  for  its  restoration,  with  some 
additional  privileges.  But  their  arguments  and  solicitations  were 
pressed  in  vain.  A  new  draft  was  reported,  June  8th,  by  a  com* 
mittee  of  Council,  and  shewn  to  the  agents,  who  presented  written 
objections  to  several  of  its  particulars ;  and  hence  a  decision  was  de- 
layed tlirce  months,  owing,  however,  principally  to  the  king's 
absence  in  Flanders.*  In  the  meantime,  its  provisions  were  fully 
considered  and  discussed  by  the  committee  and  the  agents ;  and 
after  his  return,  the  important  instrument,  denominated  the  Char- 
ter OF  William  and  Mary,  or  the  Provincial  Charter,  pass- 
ed the  seals,  October  7th,  1691,  and  received  the  royal  sanction. 
It  was  the  celebrated  Prescript,  which  was  afterwards,  for  89  years, 
the  constitutional  foundation  and  ordinance  of  civil  government,  for 
the  united  territories  and  people  of  Massachusetts,  Plymouth, 
Maine,  and  Sagadaliock ;— collectively  called  *  the  Royal  Province 
of  Massachusetts  Bay.* 

The  Province  of  Maine,  in  consequence  of  the  purchase,  was 
made  a  constituent  part  without  objection,  according  to  the  boun- 
daries in  the  charter  to  Gorges,f  together  with  the  Jive  northerly 
Isles  of  Shoals,  as  originally  belonging  to  his  patent.  The  coun- 
try, situated  '  between  the  river  Sagadaliock  [or  Kennebeck]  and 
Nova  Scotia,'  and  extending  '  northward  to  the  river  of  Canada,'J 
or  48th  degree  of  latitude,  was  inserted  in  the  charter  without 
any  specific  name,  though  usually  called  the  Province  of  Saga- 
dahock, — now  so  much  enlarged,  beyond  what  primarily  bor«i 
the  same  territorial  name.  It  embraced  the  second  principality  in 
the  twelve  great  Divisions  of  1035,'^  lying  between  Kennebeck 
and  Pemaquid,  and  between  the  coast  and  a  northern  line  run- 
ning westerly  from  the  head  of  the  latter  river  to  Swan  Island,  in 
tii'^  Kennebeck ; — also,  the  ducal  province  of  James  II.,  being 
the  residue  of  the  whole  territory  between  the  last  mentioned 
river,  and  St.  Croix, ||  Schoodic  or  Nova  Scotia,  whose  pro- 
vince had  reverted  to  the  crown  on  his  abdication.     ITMoreover, 


*  1  Math.  Mag.  p.  170,  181 0  Coll.  Man.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  273-4. 

t  Hco  nnlo,  A.  D.  1G39.  {  1  Doug.  Sum.  p.  382. 

)  SCO  ante,  A.  I).  1635.  ||  Ante,  A.  D.  1664  nnd  1671. 

If  So  mnny  have   lirrn    the  rlianp^cs  nn  to  the  pfovernnionts  within  tin' 
prikinl  htatc  oT  Mninf,  prior  tn  the  rliartcr  of  William  and  Mary,  that  ii 


^•tt- 


Chat,  xxii.]  of  mmne.  001 

to  prevent  the  French  from    aving  a  repossession  of  Acadia,  or  A.  Ik  mu 
Sova  Scotia^  which,  though  it  were  resigned  to  them  under  tb^ 
tPBtty  of  Bredft,  (1667,)  had  been  lately  captured  by  Phipsj— 

becomes  expedient,  for  the  sake  of  perspicuity  and  reference  to  g^ve  a 
tjnopsis  of  them  in  this  place — as  it  respects,  I.  the  Pnmnce  of  Maine  ,- 
and,  II.  Sagndaktcky  as  dirided  by  the  Petuibicoly  into  two  great  uotionav 
tie  Weriem  and  Eatlem, — I.  As  to  the  Province  if  Maine, — 1.  Sir  Fsrdi- 
oaiulo  taking  tlie  3d  and  4th  of  the  12  divisions,  In  1636,  which  be  called 
.Ve«B-iSomer<e/«Atrc,  formed  a  government  therein  under  William  Gorge*. 
-2.  Ilis  charter  of  Maine  and  administration,  in  1639-40. — 3.  The  divia- 
ion  of  the  Province  by  the  river  Kenntbunk,  under  Ripby's  claim,  and  hi* 
rule  of  Lygonia,  after  1646,  by  Cleaves. — 4.  Massachusetts,  in  16&2-3,  at- 
tumea  to  govern  Gorges'  part;  and,  in  1658,  Rigby's  part  also.— 5.  The 
kiag*s  three  commissioners,  in  16G3,  took  command  of  the  whole. — 6.  Ma>- 
uchtisctts,  in  1668,  resumed  the  government  of  the  entire  Province,  and 
in  1677,  purchased  it. — 7.  An  administration,  in  1679-80,  is  established  an- 

I  der  the  executive  trust  of  President  Danforth. — 8.  In  168r>.  President  Dad- 
ley,  and,  after  him.  Governor  Andros,  were'  comraissiuned    to  govern 

I  it  and  other  Provinces.— 9.  Massachusetts,  in  1689,  ousted  Andros  of  his 
power,  and  soon  recommitted  the  government  to  Danforth. — II.  (First,) 
Wettem  Sagadahock,  was— 1.  after  1631,  principally  under  the  rule  of  the 
Ptmnquid  proprietors.— 2.  James,  the  Duke  of  York,  in  1664,  took  his 
patent ;  and  the  king's  three  Commissioners,  the  next  year,  assumed  the 
^vernment  within  it. — 'J.  .Massachusetts,  in  1674,  established  there,  the 
county  of  Dcvonshiro  ;  and  the  same  year  the  Duke  took  a  new  patent ; 
Andros  being  ducal  Governor,  who  assumed  possession  in  1680.  In  1688, 
Governor  Dungan  succeeded  him,  who  managed  it  by  his  agents.  Palmer 
aod  West 4,  Andros,  in  1686,  was  commissioned  Governor  of  New- 
England,  including  Maine  and  Sagadahock.— 8.  In  May,  1689,  Massachu- 
Ktts  took  the  government  from  him.— (Secondly,)  Eattem  Sagadahock^ 
was,  1.  embraced  by  the  New-England  patent,  of  1620.— 2.  After  the 
treaty  of  St.  Germains,  in  1632,  it  was  claimed  by  the  French,  as  a  part 
of  Nova  Scotia.— 3.  The  whole,  in  1654,  was  reduced  to  the  possession  of 
the  English,  by  Major  Sedgwick,  under  Lord  Cromwell,  and  the  govern- 
oent  of  it  given  to  Col.  Temple. — 1.  Under  the  treaty  of  Breda,  conclud- 
fd  in  1667,  it  was  claimed  and  possessed  by  France,  as  a  part  of  Nova 
Scotia.— 5.  In  1688,  Penobscot  was  seized  upon  by  Governor  Androa,  and 
the  repossession  of  it  completed  by  the  English  arms,  under  Phipa,  in  1690. 
-8.  The  charter  of  William  and  Mary,  in  1691,  embraces  it — 7.  It  was 
claimed  by  the  French,  as  a  pn-t  of  Nova  Scotia,  under  the  treaty  of  Rya- 
wick,  1697.— 8.  Possession  of  Nova  Scotia  was  recovered  by  the  English 
fcrccsunderNicholson,  in  1710;— and  the  charter  of  William  and  Mary, 
c»er  after  made  effectual,  as  far  east  as  St.  Croix— the  original  extent  of 
Ijunsdiction  claimed. 

Vol.  I.  63 


1674. 
'ithin  till' 
y,  that  ii 


Ramarki. 


($0!f  THE  HISTORY  l^^^^fVoi..  i, 

A.i>^,  i^t'that  Province  was  also  inserted  in  the  charter.*  In  a  few  years, 
however,  it  was  conceded  by  the  Province  of  Massachusetts,  to 
the  entire  exclusive  dominion  of  the  English  crown.  Ae«- 
Hampshire,  according  to  the  wishes  of  her  inhabitants,  would 
have  been  put  into  the  same  charter,  had  it  not  been  recently 
purchased  of  Mason's  heirs,  by  Samuel  Allen  of  Tendon,  who 
prevented  its  insertion.f  In  fine,  the  charter  also  included  "all 
*'  Islands  and  inlets  lying  within  ten  leagues  directly  opposite  the 
"  main  land  within  the  said  bounds  ;"  reserving  to  the  crown, 
admiralty-jurisdiction  and  one  fifth  of  all  gold  and  silver  ore  and 
precious  stones  found  therein ;  and  to  all  English  subjects,  a 
common  right  of  fishery  upon  the  seacoast,  or  "  in  any  arms  of 
the  sea,  or  salt  water  rivers." 

By  tlie  union  of  these  colonial  territories,  a  collective  strengtli 
and  importance  were  given  to  the  Province,  which  might  be  con- 
sidered a  counterbalance  to  some  abridegment  of  privilege. 
Though  the  charter  on  its  arrival  was  encountered  by  several 
strong  objections,  it  met  with  general  acceptance ;  there  being 
great  solicitude  for  the  establishment  of  a  stable  government. 
The  last  General  Court  of  the  colonial  administration  closed  its 
session,  May  6,  1 G92  ;];  when  all  the  public  offices  in  the  con- 
stituent sections  of  the  new   Province  became  extinct  ',^  and, 

■♦  40  Univ.  Hist.  p.  62.— The  Clievalier  Villebon  hoisted  the  French  flag 
at  Port-Royal,  Nov.  26,  1691 ;  having  arrived  from  France  to  assume  the 
command  of  Nova  Scotia.  t  1  Bclk,  N.  H.  p.  192. 

I  The  wliole  number  of  Deputies  in  the  Massachusetts  General  Court, 
was  now  only  29. — The  last  Court  holdcn  at  York,  July  15th,  1690,  under 
the  administration  of  President  Danforth,  consisted  of  Major  John  Davit, 
Deputy-President,  Captain  Francit  Hook,  Major  Charki  Frotl,  and  Captain 
John  fVincoln,  magistrates,  or  justices ;  when  they  *«  ordered,"  that  if  aii\ 
ordinary  or  tavern-keeper  sliuuid  sell  any  rum,  flip  or  other  strong  liquor  j 
to  an  inhabitant  of  his  town,  except  in  case  of  sickness  or  other  necessity,  j 
or  more  than  one  gill  to  a  stranger,  he  should  forfeit  his  license. 

(  It  is  sail,  that  during  this  contest,  about  the  old  and  the  new  chartrr,  I 
originated,  in  Massachusetts,  the  two  great  political  yiartiea,  Iiepuhlicani\ 
and  Loyaliitt. — Their  politics,  though  assuming,  subsequently,  new  aiipj-l- 
lations,  continued  unchanged  to  the  Revolution.    The  warm  adherents  to  | 
the  democratic  principles  in  the  old  charter,  were  very  highly  esteemed  bv 
the  jieoplc.  ns /i/)cr<i/-»if« ;  their  opponents,  professing  to  be  more  loyol\ 
subjects, — enjo3ing,  also,  more  of  the  king's  favor,  were  denominated  rcy 
alitti,  or  prtrogaiivc-men. 


Chap,  xxii 

the  retuming 
darkened  by 
which  was  al 
bloodshed  an 


Mole  l—For 
'due  from  Mat 
>nuney;  and t 
'  tubordinaU  to . 
'  the  Tieatury. 
•  wrder  of  the  G 
Jfott  2. — Mn 
"  The  deposii 
abouts,  taith — 
«  That  in  the 
Brittol,  uierchai 
power  to  him  to 
oiogi  of  Plymou 
conference  with 
and  (he  patent  I 
AUworth;  which 
The  deponent  fui 
him  by  the  afore 
granted  by  tlie  pi 
with  all  Ulanda,  il 
wa*  appointed  Ct 
bounded  the  twel 
of  the  river  of  D 
between  it  to  the 
erery  lerrant,  tl 
over,  one  hundre( 
of  land,  for  the  tc 
twelve  thousand  t 
wu  included,  an 
lying  within  thre 
Thomaa  Elbridye 
did  belong  and  a 
iohabitanti  of  M 
Sailing,  paying  a 
"  Sworn  to,  thci 

"  Boston,  Marcl 
Book  of  Patents,  f 


Chap,  xxii.]  op  Maine.  q03, 

the  returning  prospect  of  political  quiet  and  prosperity,  wns  only  a.D.  16bi. 
darkened  by  a  storm  of  savage  warfare  in  the  eastern  region, 
which  was  already  oppressing  the  inhabitants  with  intermingled 
bloodshed  and  distress. 


MM  1. — Form  of  an  old-tenor  bill.—'  Thit  indenUd  bUl  of pounds, 

'  due  from  MatiackiuetU  colony  to  the  potsestor,  thail  he  in  vaiue  equal  U 
>  maney  ;  and  thali  be  nceordingly  accepted  by  the  Treasurer,  ctnd  Receivers 
'  fu6«rdmate  to  him,  in  all  public  payments,  and  for  any  stock  at  any  tinu  in 
t  the  Treasury.  Boston,  in  New-England,  February  the  third,  im> ; — By 
•  order  of  the  General  Court.* 

Jfote  2. — AbrcJiam  Shurte,  Esq.  died  at  Prmaquid,  about  1680. 

"  The  deposition  of  Abraiiam  Shurte,  aged  fourscore  years,  or  there* 
abouts,  saith — 

u  That  in  the  year  1626,  Alderman  Als worth  and  Mr.  Giles  Elbridge  of 
Bristol,  merchants,  sent  over  this  deponent  for  their  agent,  and  gave 
power  to  him  to  buy  Monhegan,  which  then  belonged  to  Mr.  Abraham  Jen< 
DiDgs  of  Plymoutii,  who  they  understood  was  willing  to  sell  it ;  and  having 
conference  with  his  agent,  about  the  price  thereof;  agreed  to  fifty  pounds, 
and  the  patent  to  be  delivered  up ;  and  gave  him  a  bill  upon  Alderman 
Alsworth ;  which  bill  being  presented,  was  paid,  as  the  aforesaid  wrote  roe. 
The  deponent  further  saith,  that  about  the  year  1629,  was  sent  over  unto 
bim  by  the  aforenamed  Alderman  Alsworth  and  Mr.  Elbridge,  a  patent 
granted  by  tlie  patentees,  for  twelve  thousand  acres  of  land  at  Pemaquid» 
with  all  Islands,  islets  adjacent,  within  three  leagues ;  and  for  the  delivery, 
was  appointed  Capt.  Walter  Nealc,  who  gave  me  possession  thereof;  and 
bounded  the  twelve  thousand  acres  for  the  use  above  named,  from  the  head 
of  the  river  of  Damariscotta,  to  the  head  of  the  river  of  Musoongus,  and 
between  it  to  the  sea.  Moreover,  it  was  granted  by  the  same  patent ;  that 
every  servant,  that  they.  Alderman  Alsworth  and  Mr.  Elbridge  did  send 
over,  one  hundred  acres  of  land,  and  to  every  one  there  born,  fifty  acres 
of  land,  for  the  term  of  the  first  Bcven  y^ars ;  and  to  be  added  to  the  former 
twelve  thousand  acres — Likewise  this  deponent  saith,  that  Damariscove 
wu  included,  and  belonging  to  Pcmaquid  i  it  being  an  Island,  situate  and  <«'.M  .((.a 
lying  within  three  leagues  of  Pcmaquid  point ;  and  some  years  after,  Mr. 
Thomu  Elbridge  coming  to  PemaquiJ,  to  whom  the  patent  by  possession 
did  belong  and  appertain,  called  a  Court,  unto  which  divers  of  the  then 
inhabitants  of  Monhegan  and  Damariscove  repaired,  and  continued  their 
fiiliing,  paying  a  certain  acknowledgement — and  farther  saith  not." 

"  Sworn  to,  the  26th  December,  1662,  by  Abraiiam  Shurte.  "   !^»U 

••  Before  me,  Richard  Russell,  JUagittraU. 

*' Boston,  March  38,  1774,  recorded  in  the  Secretary's  Office,  ia  the 
Book  of  Patents, /o/.  169. 

•     *  J.  yfiLLKUD,  Secretary. '* 


>  .ntul 


,  fUil 


itk 


.*■'    ;■■;-■•  ;  (if 


THt  HISTORY  '        [Vou  l. 


11 


A.D.  1688 
Kins  Wil- 
liam't  war. 


The  Euf- 

liih  and  lii' 
diana. 


CHAPTER  XXIIl. 


Xing'  WilUam's  war — 7^«  settlers  and  natives — Causes  of  the  tear 
— FHrst  skirmish  at  North- Yarmouth — Indians  arrested — Rf 
prisals — New- Dartmouth  and  Shecpscot  overthroton — Measttrts 
of  Gov.  Andros — Change  of  administration — Destruction  of 
Dover — Captives  first  sold  in  Canada — Skirmish  at  Saco — Ptm- 
aquid  destroyed — The  eastern  people  all  withdraw  to  Falmouth 
—  The  eastern  expeditions  oj  Swain  and  Church — The  Mohawks — 
Church  has  a  battle  with  the  enemy  at  Casco— Berwick  destroyed 
— Capture  of  Fort  Loyal  and  fall  of  Falmouth — The  inhtdti- 
tants  between  the  peninsula  and  Wells,  withdraw  to  the  latter — 
Sufferings  of  captives — Attacks  of  the  Indians  at  Wells,  Btr- 
wick  and  Kiltery — Church's  2d  expedition — He  destroys  the  forts 
at  Pejcpscot — A  truce — Only  4  eastern  toiens  remain — Cope 
Neddock  burnt — Four  companies  in  the  public  service — A  part 
of  York  burnt — Wells  attacked  and  defended  with  great  bravery 
— Gov.  Phips  builds  Fort  William  Henry — Church's  9d  eastern 
expedition — JVelson  at  Qucbci  gives  information  of  French  w- 
peditions  anticipated — Saco  fort  built — A  treaty — The  Jesuits— 
Their  imposition  upon  the  Indians — Conduct  of  Capt.  Chubb— 
He  surrenders  Fort  William  Henry — Church's  4th  eastern  ctpt' 
dition — He  is  sujwseded  by  Hawthorn — Meg.  Frost  killed — Last 
hostile  acts  of  the  Savages — Peace  of  Ryswick — Treaty  with 
the  Indians — Losses. 

The  second  war  with  the  Indians,  long  and  distressing,  com- 
monly called  " king  William^a  war"  developes  great  varieties 
and  strong  features  of  character.  To  nimibers  living  in  that  gea- 
eration,  both  colonists  and  natives,  the  wilds  and  solitudes  of  the 
country  unbroken,  were  fresh  in  recollection.  Born  neighbors, 
they  were  more  than  half-acquainted  with  each  other's  disposi- 
tions, language  and  habits.  In  their  intercourse,  there  were  some 
instances  of  mutual  confidence  and  particular  friendship ;  odicr- 
wise,  Uie  two  people  generally  disagreed  in  every  thing,  except  in 
the  common  endowments  of  nature. 

An  interval  of  ten  years'  peace  iiad  enabled  the  returning  in- 
habitants of  Alainc,  to  repair  tlio  ruins  of  the  last  war,  and  in 
some  degree  to  enlarge  the   borders  of  their  settlements.     Tiiej' 


irning  in- 
and  ill 
,     Thev 


ChaF.   XXIIl.]  OP  MAINE       i  605 

seemed  to  exult  in  their  yearly  advances  upon  the  boavy-wooded  a.D.  icoa, 
forest ;  in  tlieir  fenced,  though  rough  inclosures,  and  in  their  log< 
house  cottages ;  being  quite  contented  in  the  enjoyment  of  civils    '..' 
and  reh'gious  liberty,  with  the  merest  competency,  the  humblest 
comforts    and    their    limited    improvements — as    the  fruits  oTi  juxm.vK 
their  own  emerprize,  fortitude  and  toil.     Yet  they  were  destitute 
of   sanctuaries  for    divine  worsliip,  schools  for   their  children,, 
mills,  bridges,  and  even  passable  roads.     Framed  houses,  smooth; 
fields,  and  large  stocks  of  catdc,  when  the   instances  occurred^r 
were  in  this  age  accounted  wealth  and  luxury.     Yes,  and  happily^; 
for  them,  their  successes  in  times  past,  and  the  encouraging  an-r 
ticipations  of  the  future  gave  an  inspiring  influence  to  motives  of 
courage   and   emulation.     Apprehensions    of  attack   or    injury 
from  the  Indians,  were  the  sources  of  their  greatest  troubles ;  as 
a  few  garrisons  and  fortified  habitations  were,  under  the  Divine 
protection,  their  principal,  if  not  their  only  safeguard  and  shield. 

The  natives,  on  the  contrary,  ever  contemning  the  arts  of; 
discipline  and  culture,  were  enraged  to  see  the  breaches  between  • 
the  waters  and  the  woods,  continually  widened  by  the  axe  and  i 
the  toils  of  the  white  men ;  and  to  notice  tlie  advances  of  civ- 
ilization stealing  upon  them  like  approaching  flames.  Though 
it  be  true  that  the  western  Indians,  by  a  coalition  and  intermar- 
riages with  them  had  partly  sustained  a  declining  population  :  ye% 
in  a  much  greater  degree,  these  emigrants  had  been  exciting  the 
resentments  of  the  eastern  Sagamores,  and  inflaming  them  against 
the  settlers.  ,   , 

An  union  most  remarkable,  and  altogether  without  precedent,  ti,,  saga 
was  found  now  to  exist  among  the  natives  themselves.     Most  of  [jj^-jf^'"* 
the  Newichawannocks,  were  lost  among  the  Penacooks ;  both  of  p'"'"*** 
them  being  disposed  to  regard  no  longer  the  dying   advice  of 
Passaconaway  and  Rowles,*  who  had  charged  them  to   keep 
peace  with  the  English.     If  Wonnolancet  himself  wisely  observr 
ed  his  father's  council ;  Kancamagus,  another  Saganiore  of  the 
tribe,  surnamed  John  Hagkins,f  could  not  forget  the  seizure  of 
the  400  Indians,  and  the  fatal  attack  of  the  Mohawks,  in   the 
employ  of  the  English.     Taking  affront  also,  from  some  ill  usage 
he  thought  he  had  received,  he  paid  no  great  attention   to  any 
tlissuasives,  nor  to  tiio  presents  made  him  by  Massachusetts  ;  for 


•com- 


•  Anfr,  Cliap.  17.     f  Alsu  rnlloil  John  Hnwkins— I  Pelk.  A'.  If.  p.  316. 


"  -'m 


6O0>  THE  HISTORY  f.        [VoL.  i. 

A.  Dt  less,  he  had  resolved  to  take  arms.  J^TetonUiometj*  the  successor  of 
Squando,  complained,  that  the  English  interrupted  the  fishery 
,.  belonging  to  his  tribe  in  the  Saco  river  j  and  he  and  Robin  Do- 
net/,  a  Sachem  of  the  same  tribe,  were  determined  to  avenge  their 
Safamorei.  injuries.  The  Anasagunticook  Sagamore,  Wammhte,  who  had 
succeeded  Tarumkin,  being  encountered  in  his  objections  to  en- 
croachments, by  his  own  grant  to  Wharton,  in  1684,  was  ready 
to  exclaim  boldly  and  loudly  against  the  new  neighboring  setde- 
ment  at  North- Yarmouth ;  for  by  the  treaty  of  1678,  it  was  pre- 
tended, the  English  were  only  to  enjoy  their  former  possessions, 
not  enlarge  them.  Hopehood,  still  living,  Moxua  and  BomoKeny 
Sagamores  of  the  Canibas  tribe,  and  Toxut,^  a  Sachem,  w 
chief  among  the  Indians  about  Norridgewock,  were  cherishing 
strong  suspicions,  that  in  the  conveyances  of  lands  upon  Kenne- 
beck  river  by  Monquine,  Robinhood,  Abagadusset  and  others, 
there  was  much  deception  practised.  The  Wawenocks,  after 
the  extensive  sales  of  territory  by  their  Sachems,  Josle,  Witte- 
nose,  Obias,  and  others,  became  identified  with  the  Canibas 
tribe ;  and  Jack  Padding  or  Sheepscot  John,  is  the  only  Saga- 
more of  theirs,  mentioned  at  this  period.  '^  The  celebrated  Ma- 
dockawando  was  at  first  an  advocate  for  peace,  engaging  to  nego- 
tiate a  treaty,  in  which  "  EgeremetX  of  Machias,"  and  the  three 
Etechemin  tribes,  would  in  all  likelihood  have  joined ;  had  not 
the  movement  been  prevented  by  Baron  de  Castine. 

All  the  Abenaques  tribes,  instigated  by  the  French,  moreover, 
uttered  grievous  complaints,  that  the  corn,  promised  by  the  last 
«-.«>  ^  i  1  tteaty,  had  not  been  paid,  and  yet  their  own  was  destroyed  by  the 
cattle  of  the  English ;  and  that  they,  being  deprived  of  their 
hunting  and  fishing  births,  and  their  lands,  were  liable  to  perish 
of  hunger.— No  changes  affected  by  the  cultivator's  hand, 
yielded  any  beauties  to  tlieir  eye.  The  wild  scenery  of  nature, 
untouched  by  art,  so  captivating  to  the  poet,  the  painter,  and  the 
rattibler,  must,  for  reasons  self-evident,  afford  the  imtutored  savage 
the  only  desirable  places  of  residence.  It  was  the  land  of  their 
birth,  their  childhood  and  their  fathers'  graves.  Bound  to  their 
native  country  by  a  thousand  attachments,  they  resolved  not  to 

*  Called  also  by  otiicr  nanica.  f  2  Hutch.  HM.  p.  80-1. 

X  Moxus  had  also  the  name  Edg^creinct.— 2  JI/a^.-S30-543.— Su//.  p.  147. 
«  Htite/k.  f/W.  p.  859.  ,  ,_ 


CauMf  of 
war. 


il.Kl  ■' 


CHAr.   XXItl 

leave  it  with( 
turbed  them 
The  plants 
a  direct  encri 
ing  the  rising 
shore  of  Ro) 
cattle,  about  t 
indications  of 
doubled  effor 
waylaid  two  v 
.-nent,  in  searc 
them  both  prii 
rushing  from  1 
to  work  at  the 
and  began  to 
scuffle,  in  whi( 
push,  who  in 
While  in  the  a 
dian,  whom  Bi 
axe ;  and  the  : 
sides. 

The  EnglislJ 
foes,  withdrew 
river,  where 
their  ammuniti 
Capt.  Walter 
had  long  been 
the  very  frienc 
would  not  kno' 
ceased  firing, 
servant  and  a 
servant  paddle 
they  were  entii 
by  particular  ai 
ing  only  time 
life  in  your  se 

*  One  account 
Magnalia,  p.  509 
Sliecpscot,  "  was 
mistaken  the  vr? 


ChAF.   XXIII.]  .   OF  MAINE. 

]eare  it  without  a  most  desperate  struggle.  Hence,  nothing  dis- 
turbed them  more,  than  new  settlements  and  fortifications. 

The  plantation  begun  at  North-Yarmouth,  tliey  tliought  to  be 
a  direct  encroachment.  To  deter  the  inhabitants  from  complet- 
ing the  rising  garrison,  which  they  were  building  on  the  eastern 
shore  of  Royall's  river;  the  Indians  proceeded  to  kill  several 
cattle,  about  the  settlement  o*-  he  opposite  side,  and  gave  other 
indications  of  hostility.  As  the  work  still  progressed  with  re- 
doubled efforts ;  a  small  party,  about  the  middle  of  August,* 
waylaid  two  workmen,  as  they  went  one  morning  from  the  settle- 
.-nent,  in  search  of  their  oxen,  to  labor  on  the  garrison,  and  made 
them  both  prisoners.  The  rest  of  the  savage  party,  well  armed, 
rushing  from  the  bushes  towards  the  otlier  men,  who  were  going 
to  work  at  the  same  place,  accosted  them  with  insolent  language, 
and  began  to  provoke  a  quarrel.  Words  were  followed  by  a 
scuffle,  in  which  at  first  an  Indian  gave  one  Larabee  a  violent 
push,  who  instantly  raising  his  gun,  shot  his  assailant  dead. 
While  in  the  act  of  firing,  he  was  seized  by  anotlier  sturdy  In- 
dian, whom  Benedic  Pulcifer  struck  with  the  edge  of  his  broad- 
axe  ;  and  the  skirmish  became  general,  and  some  fell  on  botl> 
sides.         :  ■"'  .m-,.  .  ,  -     ■....  ;:,r-r.;.- 

The  English,  perceiving  themselves  inferior  in  number  to  their 
foes,  withdrew  to  a  place  of  less  exposure  under  the  bank  of  the 
river,  where  they  defended  themselves  with  great  bravery,  till 
their  ammunition  was  nearly  expended.  To  a  part  of  the  contest, 
Capt.  Walter  Gendell,  at  the  garrison,  was  an  eyewitness.  He 
had  long  been  a  fur  trader  with  the  Indians,  and  supposed,  from 
the  very  friendly  intercourse  he  had  always  had  with  them,  they 
would  not  knowingly  hurt  him.  Observing  now  his  friends  had 
ceased  firing,  he  took  a  bag  of  ammunition,  and  hastened  with  a 
servant  and  a  float  to  their  assistance ;  standing  upright,  as  the 
servant  paddled,  that  the  Indians  might  know  him.  But  before 
they  were  entirely  across,  each  received  a  fatal  shot  in  his  body, 
by  particular  aim  ;  and  Gendell  threw  tiie  ammunition  ashore,  hav- 
ing only  time  to  say  before  he  breathed  his  last,  "  I  have  lost  my 
lite  in  your  service."     Thus  supplied,  the  planters  were  enabled 


609 
A.D.  um' 


Aiiaekii|MM» 

Nortk-Yiir- 

moaih. 


AuguH  13. 
The  bwn- 
nin)f  or  that 
war. 


*  One  account  says  this  was  .Jiil_v. —  Itulr.h.  Coll.  p.  5fi6. — Diit,  2  Math. 
J'/n^'na/ert,  p.  509,  sajs  it  was  in  f^cpteml)or  ;  yet  he  s.iys,  the  attack  on 
J^iecpscot,  "was  soon  after;"  which  wns  t-'cp(emher  5lh. — Sullivan,  p.  ISft, 
misJakes  the  vfar. — >>«  I  Hrtt<-h.  flint.  ,».  .T3.5.  .  .  , 


^m. 


•le-/-.. 


':t  t'ii:si'f 


Jewel's 
Island. 


Twenty  In- 


808  THE  HISTORY  (VoUl. 

A.  U.  less,  to  maintain  tbeir  ground — tho  engagement  continuing  till  duak 
when  the  Indians  retreated.*  Our  loss  was  two  killed,  besides 
Capt.  Gendell,  whose  death  was  deeply  lamented.  He  was  one 
of  the  trustees,  to  whom  the  township  had  been  confirmed,  ud 
a  man  of  enter  prize  and  worth.  Several  of  the  Indians  were 
killed,  and  the  survivors  passed  the  night  upon  Lane's  Island. 
Here  they  had  a  horrid  carousal,  in  which  they  butchered  the 
two  wretched  men  taken  in  tiic  morning,  and  another  brought 
with  them ;  leaving  their  mangled  bodies  above  ground.     It  is 

iwli'v  m! -'  ^^^^  *°  h&ve  been  an  usage  among  the  savages,  to  make  as  many 
''"'  of  their  prisoners  victims,  as  they  lost  of  their  own  men  in  battle. 
This  attack  wholly  frustrated  and  prevented  the  settlement  of 
North-Yarmouth  for  several  years.  The  inhabitants  soon  remov- 
ed from  the  garrison  to  Jewel's  Island — in  hopes  by  repairing  the 
fort  there,  to  render  themselves  secure.  But  they  were  pursued 
by  their  inveterate  enemies,  and  were  barely  able  to  defend  them- 
selves successfully,  against  a  violent  attack.  They  were  after- 
wards taken  off  by  a  vessel,  and  carried  to  Boston. 

This  bloody  affair  alarmed  and  aroused  the  people  upon  the 

eifaiSaco.^^ole  coast.  The  temper,  and  some  threats  of  the  Sokokis,  ex- 
cited strong  suspicions  against  them ;  and  it  was  believed,  they 
had,  contrary  to  the  treaty,  withholden  the  knowledge  they  pos- 
sessed of  the  intended  rupture.  To  bring  them  to  terms,  and 
discover  more  perfectly  the  secret  springs  of  these  hostile  move- 
ments, Benjamin  Blackman,  Esq.  a  justice  of  the  pence  at  Saco, 
issued  a  warrant  to  Capt.  John  Sargent,  by  whom  about  eighteen 
or  twenty  of  them  were  arrested,  especially  those  who  were  the 
known  ringleaders  in  the  last  war,  and  all  were  sent  under  a 
strong  guard  to  Fort  Loyal.  They  were  subsequently  transported 
to  Boston,  and  there  discharged  by  Gov.  Andros. 

Reprisnig  at  To  Counteract  this  policy,  the  Indians  began  to  make  reprisals. 
Nine  were  made  prisoners  about  Sagadahock  ;  the  houses  on  the 
north  margin  of  Merrymeeting  bay  were  plundered  ;  and  the  in- 
habitants, who  made  resistance,  were  murdered  in  a  barbarous 
manner.     The  Indians  soon  after  killed  several  of  their  captives 

*  Mr.  Willis  states,  that  Capt.  GendcU  was  sent  thither  with  a  compa- 
ny  of  men,  to  construct  stockades  on  both  sides  of  Roy  all's  river,  where  lie 
was  attacked  by  70  or  80  Indians  ;  and  in  the  skirmish,  several  were  killed  od 
both  sides — and  John  Uoyail  was  taken  prisoner,  and  ransomed  by  Castine. 
—  1  Coll.  JIaine  IlisL  Sor,  p.  195. 


Hoeada' 
Iwck 


*  1  Ilutchinsoi 
I  Sullivan,  [p. 
of  profound  pea< 
Andres  placed  ( 
Ian  and  60  milit 
revolution,  in  A 
men  were  drawi 
carried  him  a  pi 
Vot.  !. 


CUAT,  XXIIl.] 


OP  MAIN!. 


609 


.«»« 


jD  a  draoken  frolic,*  and  sent  the  rest  to  Teconnet.  Next,  th^A.D.  iMa 
proceeded  to  New-Dartmouth  [Newcastlel — a  town  which  had 
become  remarkably  flourishing.  It  had  been  patronized  by  Gov- 
ernor Dungan,  and  much  enlarged  and  improved  by  Dutch  emi- 
grants ;  being  accounted,  as  one  author  says,  "  the  garden  of  the 
•ast."f  Within  it  was  also  a  fortification,  which  proved  to  most  of 
the  inhabitants  a  timely  asylum.  In  approaching  the  place,  the 
Indians,  September  5th,  first  secured  Henry  Smith  and  his  fam-Sepi.S.S. 
ijy,  and  deferred  a  further  attack  till  the  next  day  ;  when  they 
made  Edward  Taylor  and  his  family  prisoners.  To  this  interval 
evidently,  may  be  ascribed,  under  Providence,  the  preservation 
of  the  people ;  for  they  all  had  retired  to  the  garrison,  when  the  New-nnrt. 
onset  was  made ;  and  the  Indians,  flouting  in  disappointment,  set  |V'""''  ""«* 
fire  to  the  deserted  houses,  and  reduced  the  whole  of  them  ex-  <ie«(n>>c<i' 
cept  two  or  tliree  to  ruins.  As  an  instance  of  their  perfidy  and 
barbarism,  they  abused  the  man  sent  from  ;he  fort  to  treat  with 
them,  and  then  assassinated  him.  There  was  a  fort  on  the  banks 
of  the  Sheepscot  river,  which,  with  all  the  buildings  were  destroy- 
ed about  this  time];  and  the  settlement  entirely  broken  up.  The 
overthrow  of  these  ancient  plantations  was  truly  a  fatal  catastro- 
phe. The  Dutch  settlers  migrated  from  this  quarter,  never  to  re- 
turn ;  and  the  places  themselves,  so  lately  and  so  long  inhabited 
and  flourishing,  lay  waste  about  thirty  years.  The  concluding 
outrage  of  this  year,  was  tlie  captivity  of  Barrow  and  Bussey, 
with  their  families,  between  Winter-harbor  and  Kennebunk,  who 
were  probably  carried  to  Teconnet,  the  general  depository  of 
prisoners. 

The  interposition  and  policy  of  Governor  Andros,  in  this  emer-  Moaiarai  of 
gency,  were  attended  with  no  memorable  advantages.     His  dis-  droi! 
missal  of  the  Indian  prisoners — his  proclamation,  October  20th, 
commanding  the  Sagamores  to  surrender  the  guilty  Indians-— his 
deputation  sent  to  Falmouth  and  Maquoit  for  the  purpose  of  treat- 

*  1  Hutchinson's  History,  p.  326.       f  2  Mather's  Magnalia,  p.  607-9. 

\  Sullivan,  [p.  165]  by  mistake,  says  "  1680;"  but  that  year  was  a  time 
of  profound  peace.— In  the  winter  following,  [viz.  in  A.  D.  1688-9]  Got. 
Andros  placed  a  garrison  at  New-Dartmouth,  or  Newcastle,  of  24  reg^u- 
lars  and  60  militia ;  he  also  left  men  in  the  fort  at  Sheepscot.  Upon  the 
revolution,  in  April,  1689,  he  says,  of  the  fort  at  Newca^slle,  most  of  the 
men  were  drawn  off,  and  others,  debauched — they  seized  their  oflScer  and 
carried  him  a  prisoner  to  Bo^tton,  and  thereupon  (he  fort  was  deserted. 
Vol..  I.  64 


!(■ 


!a 


tin.    ("...Mil 


610  TH«MI1T0RT  '  [Voui. 

A.  D.  1619.  iag  with  them— his  army  of  7  or  800,  led  by  him  into  the  eittcn 
country— accomplished  nothing.  Only  the  establishment  of  gtr. 
risous,  as  previously  stated,*  were  productive  of  any  good  effects. 
The  Indians  were  scattered  through  the  interior  wilderness  durior 
the  winter ;  and  in  the  spring,  the  reins  of  government,  amidst  a 
sudden  revolution,  as  before  noticed,  were  changed  into  otiier 
hands. 

April.  In  April,  the  administration  of  public  affairs  in  Maine,  under 

udminiMra-  the  direction  of  Massachusetts,  was  resumed  by  President  Dan- 
lion.  J  .(  M 

forth  and  the  Provincial  Council ;  Maj.  Frost  and  Col.  Tyng 
were  appointed  to  command  the  western  and  the  eastern  regl* 
ments ;  and  the  forts  underwent  a  review  and  thorough  revision. 
Though  Castine,  according  to  report,  had  the  preceding  year, 
instigated  tlie  Indian  fighters  to  hostilities,  by  furnishing  every 
one  of  them  with  a  roll  of  tubacco,  a  pound  of  powder  and  two 
pounds  of  lead  ;  it  was  still  thought  by  many,  that  good  manage* 
ment  might  prevent  a  war.  Madockawando,  his  neighbor,  a 
Sagamore  of  great  power  and  influence,  had  strongly  expressed 
himself  in  favor  of  peace,  and  promised  to  negotiate  a  treatyf . 

But  the  awful  destruction  of  Cocheco  [now  Dover]  J  in  New- 
Hampshire,  June  7,  blasted  every  expectation.  The  seizure  of 
400  Indians  at  that  place,  more  than  twelve  years  before,  was  a 
transaction  never  to  be  forgotten, — ^never  to  be  forgiven  by  sav- 
ages.  Lapse  of  time  had  only  wrought  their  resentments  into 
animosities,  malice  and  rage  ;  and  an  opportunity  now  offered,  to 
satiate  their  revenge.  Two  squaws,  that  fatal  night,  begged  lodg- 
ings  within  the  garrison ;  and  when  all  was  quiet,  they  opened 
the  gates  and  gave  the  signals.  In  a  moment,  every  apartment 
was  full  of  Indians,  and  several  rushed  towards  the  door  of  the 
room,  in  which  Major  Waldron  was  asleep.  Aroused  by  the 
noise,  he  sprang  out  of  bed,  though  eighty  years  of  age,  and 
drove  them  through  two  doors  with  his  sword.  Turning  back 
for  his  pistols,  he  was  stunned  by  the  blow  of  a  hatchet,  dragged 
into  the  hall,  and  seated  in  an  elbow  chair  upon  a  long  table. 
They  then  cut  long  gashes  across  his  breast  and  loins  with 
their  knives,  exclaiming  with  every  stroke  "  I  cross  out  ray  ac- 
count." His  nose  and  ears  they  slashed  off,  and  forced  them 
into  his  mouth ;  and  when,  through  anguish  and  loss  of  blood, 


JmwT. 

DetiniGlioD 
of  Dover. 


"•^  ft*!'; 


*  Ante,  chap.  xxii.  A.  D.  1689. 

I  2  Math.  Ma^.  p.  Sll 1  Bclk  N.  M.  200. 


1 6  Mais.  Rec.  p.  8. 


ChapIxxIII.]  <    OPMAiriB.  611 

be  was  falling  from  the  table,  one  held  his  own  sword  under  him,  A.D.  int. 
which  put  an  end  to  his  life  and  his  misery.*     Besides  setting  ,,. 

fire  to  the  mills  and  five  dwellinehouses,  which   were  consumed.        "' 
they  killed  twenty-three  of  the  inhabitants  and  took  twenty-nine 
captive,  whom  they  carried  into  Canada  and  sold  to  the  French. 

This  merchandize  of  prisoners  gave  to  Indian  warfare  and  c»pti*itt 
Indian   captivities,  a  new  character.     To  prevent  bloodshed,  to  c«lildli^ 
preserve  life,  to  take  captive  the  greater  number  uninjured,  and 
to  treat  them  better, — these  were  some  of  the  effects  incident  to 
the  practice,  when  it  became  one  ;  for  the  premiums,  which  the 
Indians  received  of  the  French  for  a  captive,  bore  some  propor-     .*        a 
I  lion  to  his  appearance  and  worth.     The  sale,  however,  was  not 
ao  unhappy  event  either  to  the  country  or  to  the  captives  them- 
I  selves,  especially  if  they  had  the  fortune  to  become  family-ser- 
vants.    Still  they  were  not  unfrequently  urged  and  pressed  by 
I  every  seducing  art,  to  embrace  the  popish  religion,  and  some- 
times they  were  kept  in  confinement,  until  they  were  ransomed. 

The  inhabitants  were  always  in  danger  of  being  killed  or  taken  Manner  of 
I  captive  unawares.  For  the  Indians  never  intended  to  be  dis-  fare'"  *"' 
[covered,  before  they  did  execution.  Their  courage  was  not 
manly — they  feared  to  face  their  foes,  or  fight  in  the  open  field. 
By  *  skulking'  under  fences  near  the  doors  of  dvvellinghouses,  and 
lying  in  wait  behind  logs  and  bushes  about  woodland  paths,  they 
achieved  their  principal  exploits.  The  time  of  attack  was  usu- 
ally at  an  early  hour  in  the  morning ;  and  it  has  been  known  by 
their  own  confession,  after  they  have  assaulted  a  house  or  sacked 
a  neighborhood,  that  they  have  lain  in  ambush  for  days  together, 
watching  the  people  s  motions,  and  considering  the  most  favora- 
ble moment  for  making  an  attack.  They  were  sparing  of  their 
I  ammunition — therelwre   their   guns  made  a  small  report. f     In 


*  Major  Richard  VValdron,  a  native  of  Eng:land,  was  one  of  the  early 
I  settlers  in  New-Hampshire.  He  had  represented  Dover  in  the  General 
Court  of  Massachusetts,  25  years,  and  was  sometimes  speaker  of  the  house. 
Id  1679,  he  was  elected  by  the  inhabitants  of  Kittsry,  their  deputy,  thoug[h 
aDon-resident.  He  was  a  man  of  true  courage  and  r  itary  merit;  and 
along  time  commanded  the  New-Hampshire  regiment.  He  was  Vice- 
President  under  Mr.  Cults ;  and  in  1631,  at  the  head  of  that  Province. 
Seldom  is  a  man  more  deserving-,  seldom  more  beloved. — See  hit  Character 
\mtke  Orafton  Journal,  JV.  H.  June,  1825. 

t  Soon  after  the  revolution,  the  troops  stationed  at  Fort  Loyal,  it  ap. 
I  pcara,  were  withdrawn ;  and  the  fort  left  to  the  care  of  the  people.    In 


^1 


i!3 


^U 


Ill  THBHlBTORy  t>it:  (VoL.  |. 

A.  0. 1C89.  the  bolder  assaults,  they  often  yelled  and  shouted.    One  of  their 
. . ,  secret  feats  was  at  Saco.    Four  young  men  going  out,  in  July, 

A  Kkirmioh  to  catch  and  bridle  their  horses,  fell  into  ah  ambush,  and  were  all 
killed  at  the  first  shot.  To  bury  the  slain,  a  company  of  twenty- 
four  men,  well  anned,  proceeded  to  the  place,  upon  whom  a 
,^,:  body  of  Indians  fired  from  their  covert,  and  sprang  forward  to  the 
attack.  A  severe  encounter  ensued,  in  which  they  were  at  first 
driven  to  a  swamp ;  then  returning  with  an  auxiliary  force  and 
'  infuriated  spirits,  they  compelled  their  antagonists  to  retreat,  with 

a  loss  of  six  left  upon  the  ground.* 

The  garrison  at  Pemaquid,  under  the  command  of  Captain 
Weems,  was  a  particular  object  of  savage  vengeance.  Being 
only  a  kind  of  resting  place  for  the  inhabitants,  it  was  poorly 
manned,  since  Brockholt  and  all  the  men,  except  Weems  and  15 
men,  had  left  it,  and  in  quite  an  unfit  condition  to  repel  an  assault. 
One  Starkie,  in  passing  from  it,  Aug.  2,  to  New-Harbor,  was 
seized  by  a  party  of  Indians,  who  threatened  him,  yet  promised 
him  favor,  if  he  would  tell  them  what  he  knew  about  the  fort. 
To  save  his  own  life,  he  told  them  whh  too  much  truth,  that  Mr. 
Giles  and  fourteen  men  were  then  gone  to  his  farm  at  the  falls ; 
and  that  the  people  were  scattered  about  the  fort,  and  few  in  it 
able  to  fight.  The  Indians  then  divided  into  two  bands ;  one 
went  and  cut  off  Giles  and  his  companions,  and  the  other  attack* 
ed  the  garrison  witli  a  fierceness  and  perseverance,  that  forced  a 


Aapitt  2. 
Frinnquid 
detiro^ed. 


June,  they  stated  to  g-ovcrnmcnt  that  tho  men  in  the  fort  were  few  and 
worn  down  with  futitjiie  and  that  they  had  only  20  balls  fur  the  g^real  gum, 
and  3  1-2  bbls  of  powder, — but  no  provisiion — nor  a  inu&kct  bclong^inj;  (u  I 
the  g^arrison.— 1  Cull.  »lfaine  Hitt.  Soc.  p.  197. 

*2JHat/i.  Xagnal.  p.  812. — About  this  time,  the  g'arrison-honse  of  Do< 
ininicufi  Jordan,  son  of  Ucv.  Robert  Jordan,  at  Spurwink,  wai  violentlj 
assailod  by  the  tavacrs,  which  he  defended  with  bravery  and  •ticocii.  To  I 
intimidate  him,  ao  Indian  railed  to  him  louJIy,  '  wc  are  ten  hundred  ia 
•  number;'— »•  1  don't  care,"  replied  Jordan,  >' if  you  are  ten  thoiuand.' 
A  few  years  afterwards,  perhaps  at  tho  cummcncement  of  tlic  third  Indian 
war,  several  Indians  vinitin^  his  housie,  were  received  with  familiaritr, 
common  in  time  of  peace ;  when  one  inflirtod  a  mortal  blow  upon  his  hrn>l, 
exclaiming', '  Ihrrc,  Duminicut .'  now  kilt  *tm  ten  (Aoiifand  Jndinn !  Tlic 
family  wero  all  mudo  prisoners  and  carried  lu  Canada  ;  and  .Mary-Ann,  nho 
married  a  Frenchman,  at  Trois  lletieres,  never  returned.  A  son,  of  liii 
father's  name,  DoiniiiiciK,  lived  on  tho  old  estate,  at  Spurwink,  and  wai 
representative  from  Kalnioutk  in  tho  General  Court,  several  years.  He  duJ 
ia  1749,  »god  CO.    Samuel,  his  lirotbcr,  ictUed  io  baoo FoUuin,  p.  181. 


Mil,  Clark,  Ga 


J' 


.-1  ,  ^^T« 


ChaF.  XXIII.]  OF  MAINE.    '^  613 

larreiider.  The  terms  of  capitulation  were  life,  liber^  indA.D.  icn. 
safety— <i]l  which  were  violated  ;  the  savages  butchering  some, 
and  making  prisoners  of  others.  About  the  same  time,  Captains 
Skinner  and  Farnham,  coming  to  the  shore,  from  a  neighboring 
Island,  were  shot  dead  as  they  were  stepping  from  their  boat  upon 
the  ledge ;  and  Capt.  Pateshall,  whose  ve&sel  was  lybg  in  the 
barbacan,  was  also  taken  and  killed.*  u%  ni<^  riS 

Reduced  to  despair  by  these  fatalities,  which  were  aggravated  The  rastem 
by  fresh  depredations  of  the  Indians  upon  the  Kennebeck,  and  by  withdraw  t» 
Acadian  privateers  upon  the  coast,  the  inhabitants  eastward  ©f  *^''"^'''" 
Falmouth  withdrew  to  that  town,  or  removed  to  other  places  of 
more  security.     The  forts  eastward  were  abandoned,  and  a  wide 
country,  lately  adorned  with  settlements,  herds  and  fields,  exhib- 
ited all  the  forms  and  facts  of  a  melancholy  waste. f  a 

In  defence  of  the  remaining  towns  and  settlements  of  the  ^!>"i"!i''t^ 
Province,  President  Danforth,  his  Council,  and  the  people,  resolv- 
ed to  use  every  precaution  and  effort.  He  appointed  in  each  of 
them  a  committee  of  six  men,;]:  whom  he  empowered  and  direct- 
ed to  order  scouts  and  watches ;  to  regulate  and  equip  their  mili- 
tia ;  to  dispose  of  the  people  in  forts  and  fortifled  houses ;  and 
to  do  whatever  else  they  in  the  exercise  of  sound  discretion 
might  judge  expedient  for  the  public  safety.  He  also  directed 
an  account  to  be  taken,  of  all  the  resident  inhabitants  within 
the  Province,  and  of  all  who  had  left  it.  ■  '> 

To  confirm,  moreover,  the  fortitude  of  the  people,  and  protect  nf„„ci,„. 
them — ^to  overawe  or  fright  the  enemy — and  to  settle  and  strength-  ^*  •*^'*' 
en  the  garrisons  ;  Massachusetts  ordered  600  men  to  be  raised,  eMi>»*rd. 
by  detachments  from  the  militia  or  by  voluntary  enlistments,  and 
gave  the  command  to  Muj.  Swaine.     His  place  of  rendezvous 
was   at  Newichawannock,  from  which    his  forces,  Aug.  28th,  Aufuit  ts. 

♦  1  Hukh.  Ui*t.  p.  852.— CAar/erojJ  [2  to/.  ofX.  F.  p.  417]  saji,  the  In- 
dians  posscBscJ  tlicinsclvcs  of  ten  or  twelve  stone  houses  and  a  street ;  and 
tt  night  summoned  the  commander  of  the  fort  to  surrender;  when  an 
En^^iisliman  lunf^  out,  '>  I  am  fa(if;fucd  and  must  sleep  first." — It  was  under, 
stood  there  were  about  an  hundred  peo|>lc  that  belonged  to  the  fort  and 
village  ;  but  when  they  surrendered,  (as  he  states,  on  the  20th  of  August,) 
the  commander  appeared  at  tlie  head  of  fourteen  men  only,  beings  all  that 
remained  of  the  men,  attended  by  some  women,  and  a  few  children. 

t  Math.  Mag.  p.  312. 

I  Those  of  Falmouth  were  Capt.  Sylvanus  Davis,  and  nrackett,  logar. 
•oil,  Clark,  Gallison  and  Andrews.— 6  Matt.  Rtc.  p.  68-9. 


■<jirf» 


% 


014 


THE  HISTORY 


Benjamia 
Cburcli. 


S«pt.  6. 


PrcKident 

Danrorlli'i 

ord«ri. 


A.l>.  i<89.  took  up  their  march  eastward.  One  of  his  officers  was  the  bnT« 
Capt.  Hall^  who  had  distinguished  himself  in  king  Philip's  war ; 
and  one  of  his  companies,  consisting  of  90  Natick  Indians,  wu 
commanded  by  Captain  Lightfoot.  The  garrisons  were  now  sup> 
plied  with  soldiers,  and  furnished  with  ammunition,  *  corn,  rye, 
biscuit,  salt,  and  clothing  ;*  and  Swaine  happily  arrived  in  season 
to  drive  the  enemy  from  Blue-point  and  Falmouth.  In  chasing 
the  savages  from  Fort  Loyal,  Capt.  Hall  lost  about  ten  of  his 
best  soldiers. 

Swaine  was  soon  followed  into  the  Province,  and  a  part  of  his 
forces  joined,  by  the  celebrated  Benjamin  Church,^  at  the  head 
of  250  volunteers,  English  and  Indians,  whom  he  had  enlisted  in 
New-Plymouth  and  Rhode  Island.  He  was  commissioned,  Sep- 
tember 6th,  by  the  government  of  Massachusetts,  with  the  rank 
of  Major,  to  the  chief  command  of  all  the  troops  in  service.  It 
appears  furthermore,  that  President  Danforth,  then  presiding  in  a 
session  at  Boston,  holden  by  the  Commissioners  of  the  United 
Colonies,!  superadded  a  mandatory  order,  addressed  to  all  the 
authorities  of  the  Province,  which  he  presented  to  Major  Church, 
in  these  words. 
.:  r-.r»   .1  >    f  "  Boston,  Sepiembery  16th,  1689. 

"  To  all  sheriffs,  marshals,  constables,  and  other  officers,  mili« 
"  tary  and  civil,  in  their  Majesties'  Province  of  Maine. 

**  Whereas,  pursuant  to  an  agreement  of  the  Commissioners  of 
"  the  United  Colonies,  Major  Benjamin  Church  is  commission- 
"  ed  Commander-in-Chief,  over  that  part  of  their  Majesties' 
"  forces,  levied  for  the  present  expedition  against  the  common 
"  enemy,  whoso  head-quarters  are  appointed  to  be  at  Falmouth, 
"  in  Casco  bay  : —  '    :    •  *,': 

"  In  their  Majesties'  names,  you,  and  every  of  you,  are 
"  required  to  be  aiding  and  assisting,  to  the  said  Major  Church  in 
"  his  pursuit  of  the  enemy,  as  any  emergency  shall  require ;  and 
"so  impress  boats  and  other  vessels,  carts,  carriages,  horses, 
"  oxen,  provisions,  ammunition,  men  for  guides,  &cc.  as  you  shall 


Stpi.  16. 


*  He  vrat  born  ni  Diixbury,  A.  D.  1039,  and  died  in  171U  ;  a  man  of  iniU 
itary  talents,  piety  -'nd  influcncu.  No  ono'i  namo  itruck  greater  terror  to 
the  Indian*. 

t  The  Board  coniiitcd  o{  Thoma*  Daoforth,  President  and  Elisha  Cook, 
from  Massachiisotls;  Thomas  Mioiiiey  and  John  Walley,  of  Plymouth  ooU 
ouj  i  and  Samuel  Mason  and  WiUiam  Pitkin,  of  Cnoneotiout. 


Chat.  KXIIl.]  OFMAINB. 

« receive  wvnntf  fipom  the.  said  chief  Commander,  or  big  lieu-  4.D.  iff 
« tenant  so  to  do.    You  may  not  fail  to  do  the  same  speedily  and 
"effectually,  as  you  will  answer  your  neglect  and  contempt  of 
"dieir  Majesties'  authority  and  service  at  your  utmost  peril. 

"  Given  under  my  hand  and  seal,  the  day  and  year  above 
''mitten,  JinnoqueRegniy  Regis  et  Reginae  fVUlidmi  et  Ma- 
tvu  ptvno,      ,--spi-»T?^  .scsa'-.r-  .■"#■■■ 

^    ..^        "  By  Thomas  Danfobth,  President         ^.m 

"  of  the  Province  of  Maine." 
The  United  Colonies  of  New-England  now  made  the  war  a  TnitmriioM 
common  cause,  and  on  the  18th,  gave  the  commander  his  insuuc- u?,uedc«i, 
tions.     By  these,  he  was  directed  to  keep  out  scouts  and  a  for-  °"'**" 
lorn  hope  before  his  main   body,   to  avoid   every   ambush,  to  ^ 

promise  the  soldiery,  besides  their  stipulated  wages,  the  benefit 
of  all  the  captives  and  lawful  plunder  taken,  and  a  further  reward 
of  £8  for  every  Indian  6gliting-man  slain ;  and  in  general  topuL- 
ish  all  drunkenness  and  profanity,  and  see  that  the  army  observe 
the  worship  of  Almighty  God,  by  morning  and  evening  prayers 
:^      ;    sanctification  of  the  Sabbath.     He  was  also  instructed  to 

■  '..te  with  Major  Swaine,  in  all  practicable  cases;  and  to 
consult  with  Capt.  Sylvanus  Davis,  of  Falmouth — a  man  of  ac- 
knowledged acquaintance  with  the  Indians  and  the  eastern  affairs.* 

T'e  Commissioners  furthermore  endeavoured  to  persuade  theMohAwka 
brave  Mohawks  into  the  eastern  service  : — it  might,  as  it  was  ob-  ie,j,ig'j,*!Jr 
served  to  theni,  open  a  new  field  of  glory.     But  they  said,  Ao —  Jj^'»^«''»'»« 
we  have  fought  our  own  battles  with  the  French,  and  burnt  Mon- 
treal to  the  ground.     We  are  by  treaty  the  allies  of  the  English  ;        ' 
vie  promise  to  preserve  the  chain  unbroken.    Amity  is  a  river  re- 
freshing  to  us  as  to  you — and  we  wish  the  sun  ever  to  shine   in 
peace  over  our  heads.     We  have  no  will  to  go  with  gun  and 
hatchet    against  the   "  Onagounges,"f — as  the  eastern  Indians 
were  collectively  called  by  them. 

The  successes  and  cruelties  of  the  Mohawks,  and  their  un- 
changing friendship  for  the  English,  from  whom  they  received  a 
supply  of  weapons  and  ammunition,  produced  among  the  Cana- 
dians the  sharpest  and  most  inveterate  feelings  of  revenge.  M. 
de  Callicres,  the  military  commander  of  the  country,  having  con- 


I't'iv^ 


*  Church*!  Es()edition,  (edition  1710)  p.  06. 

t  6  Mana.  Rcc.  p.  71.  — 1  Hulnic*'  A.  Ann.  p.  477. 


(1816  TUEHISTORT  *J.;'»' ^^CV«L.  |. 

Ail).  I6a9.cetved  the  project  of  subduing  the  entire  PrOviMeoT  New^Yoii 
by  an  stuck  upon  the  northern  parts,  with  an  army,  and  upon  the 
south,  by  a  naval  force,  went  to  France,  and  prevailed  upon  the 
,  king  to  afford  the  assistance  requested.     The  fleet  aud  troops 

arrived  at  Chebucta  in  Nova  Scotia,  and  himself  and  Count 
Frontenac,  who  had  lately  been  reappointed  Governor  of  Cana- 
da, reached  Quebec  soon  after  the  destruction  of  Montreal. 
Astonished  and  dismayed  at  the  calamities  and  confusion  of  the 
country,  they  immediately  feh  the  imperious  necessity  of  aban- 
w^      '  tiOning   the  expedition   altogether;   and   the   fleet  returned  to 

France. 
SepiRmhrr.  Major  Ciiurch  arrived  at  Falmouth  in  the  latter  part  of  Sep- 
sii'irmishM  tcmbcr,  though*  not  before  Major  Swaine  and  a  part  of  his 
fn  ^li  force  iiud  retired,  to  the  rendezvous  at  Newichawannock.  Land- 
ing his  men  near  Fort  Loyal  in  the  dusk  of  the  evening,  Church 
disposed  of  them  in  the  garrison  and  neighboring  houses.  Hall, 
Southworth  and  Davis,  were  some  of  his  Captains ;  and  Num- 
posh  commanded  the  Seconet  and  Cape  Indians.  The  principal 
intelligence,  he  received  of  the  enemy,  was  from  Mrs.  Lee,  Maj. 
Waldron's  daughter,  who,  after  being  made  a  captive  at  Cocheco, 
had  been  rescued  by  a  colonial  privateer.  She  stated,  that  the 
army  of  Indians  she  left,  had  80  canoes,  and  they  said  their 
company  consisted  of  700  men.  She  saw  several  Frenchmen 
among  them,  and  understood,  the  whole  force  was  preparing  to 
attack  Fort  Loyal.  The  trutli  of  her  story  was  confirmed  by 
the  report  of  a  spy  or  scout,  who  said  he  had  the  preceding  day, 
seen  at  a  distance  a  large  body  of  the  enemy. 

Church;  fully  acquainted  with  the  Indian  modes  of  war  and 
fighting,  marched  his  forces,  an  hour  before  day,  towards  the 
woods  not  far  from  the  head  of  Back  Cove,  and  halted  them  in 
•  thicket,  about  half  a  mile  northwesterly  from  the  garrison. 
The  Indians  had  already  landed  upon  the  other  or  westerly  side 
of  the  Cove,  and  a  scout  had  taken  Anthony  Brackett,f  one  of 
the  principal  inhabitants,  a  prisoner.  A  brisk  firing  was  com- 
menced in  his  orchard,  by  an  advanced  force  under  Capt.  Hall, 


mi)"  t  1' 


*Tiiis  (imo  is  supponed  to  bo  correct  from  the  whole  narrative;  though 
Church  in  hit  "  ExpeditioDi"  is  not  particular  at  io  time  or  place.  Got- 
(roor  Sulliran  haiueicribod  some  of  the  places. — Sull.  p.  202. 

t  Son  of  the  one  killed  in  the  Inst  war 3  JtfiiUA.  Mag.  p.  5t8. 


t^ 


ClUV.  Mill.]  •  OF  MAINC  0|7 

after  tliejr  had  forded  orer,  which  alarmed  the  town,  and  draw  a.  ik  MM. 
10  him  a  reenforcement  under  Church  himself,  with  an  additional  ^|IJ|^ 
Rippljr  of  ammunition.  It  seems  the  cove  at  this  place  was"***""*' 
Dsrrow,  and  the  Indians  on  the  farther  side  were  so  near  i's  mar- 
gin, that  Church's  men  were  able  to  reach  the  enemy  with  their 
shots,  over  the  heads  of  Hall's  soldiers.  Church  next  proceeded 
io  haste  up  .he  cove  80  or  100  rods,  determined  to  pass  over  to 
die  same  side,  join  Hall,  and  attack  the  Indians  in  the  rear.  The 
latter,  desirous  to  pruvent  it,  met  him  and  his  troops,  and  advanced 
to  attack  them ;  manoeuvring  to  prevent  their  junction  with 
Capt.  Hall,  but  being  unable,  they  retreated  into  tht  woods. 
Major  Church  at  this  juncture,  finding  the  bullets  two  large  for 
the  caliber  of  the  guns,  ordered  casks  of  them  to  be  cut  into 
slugs, — still  resolved  to  pursue  the  enemy.  But  as  the  day  wat 
far  spent,  he  concluded  finally  to  return,  with  his  dead  and  wound- 
ed, to  the  fort. — ^The  campanions  of  Southv^orth  and  Numposh, 
afTorded  Hall  and  his  company  timely  and  signal  assistance. 
In  the  midst  of  the  action,  the  Indian  Captain  Lightfoot,  perceiv-  ..^  ,.r.f 
ing,  that  their  ammunition  was  nearly  exhausted,  passed  over,  ,r<>"^ 
and  taking  a  cask  of  powder  upon  his  head,  and  a  kettle  of  bullets 
in  each  hand,  repassed  to  them  in  safety.  Church  represents 
the  enemy  to  have  conducted  with  courage  and  considerable 
policy,  during  the  action.  They  divided,  and  a  party  construct- 
ed an  opposing  breastwork  of  logs,  which  they  stuck  full  of 
bushes  to  screen  them  from  view,  and  prevent  his  cooperation 
with  Hall  and  his  company.  The  Indians  in  their  flight  threw 
themselves  into  a  cedar-swamp ;  and  the  reason  assigned  by 
Church,  why  he  did  i:ot  intercept  their  retreat,  was  the  intervening 
rough  and  bushy  grounds.  The  loss  to  the  English  is  said  to 
have  been  31  or  22  killed  and  wounded ;— of  the  former,  six  be- 
longed to  Capt.  Hall's  company,  and  of  the  latter,  six  were  In- 
dian friends.* 

Major  Church  then  proceeded  to  Kennebeck,  which  he  ascend-  Th«  iiiurm 
ed  several  leagues ;  and  returning,  ranged  the  coast,  revisited  the  ,,ie.  "  ^*^ 
garrisons  and  sailed  for  Boston  ;  leaving  60  soldiers  quartered  at 
Fort  Loyal,  under  the  brave  Capt.  Hall.    Many  of  the  suffering 
people  entreated^  him  to  take  them  away  in  his  transports ;  and 

*  Chnrch'i  Expedition,  p.  89-loe— and  Letter  to  the  Oovemor  of  Mtaea* 
chnsett*.— Su//tvcm,  p.  20S-3. 
Vol.  I.  05 


tij...  ' 


9t» 

A.  D.  icn 


ThfM 

Frrneh 

«spediiions 

plaaued. 


THEHIffrORY 


tjr^'i 


'  <.Id90 
l!ki<«nocia- 
Ay  ilMiroy- 
ed. 


March  18. 

Berwick 

dutroyed. 


Capt.  Scottow  of  Black-point,  who  accompanied  him,  eomphui. 
ed,  that  President  Danforth,  by  requiring  of  them  prortsions  for 
a  supply  of  the  military,  had  brought  them  into  great  distress. 

Count  Frontenac,  anxious  to  raise  his  credit  among  the  Cana- 
dians  and  Indians,  and  to  distinguish  himself  by  some  enterprises 
against  the  American  subjects  of  king  William,  with  whom  his 
master  was  at  war  in  Europe,  projected  three  expeditions  against 
the  English  colonists.  One  of  them,  despatdied  from  Montreal, 
destroyed  Schenectady,  a  Dutch  village  on  the  Mohawk  river, 
Feb.  8th,  1690  ;  committing  the  most  atrocious  cruehies.*  The 
other  two  proceeded  against  the  outer  settlements  of  Maine. 

Until  this  period,  the  frontiers  had  a  respite  from  Indian  war- 
fare,  during  the  winter  months;  as  the  deep  snows  and  cold 
weather  were  a  security  against  incursions.  But  the  French  had 
now  joined  the  Indians,  and  became  actors  and  partakers  in 
scenes,  which  ought  to  put  every  mortal,  calling  himself  a  chris- 
tian, to  the  blush. 

Newichawannock,  [Berwick]  which  suffered  so  much  in  the 
last  war,  had  more  then  revived — as  it  contaiued,  according  to 
Charlevoix,  37  houses.  To  destroy  this  flourishing,  plantation,  a 
party  arrived,  March  1 8th,  from  Trois  Revieres,  under  the  corn* 
mand  of  the  Sieur  Hartel,  or  Artel,  a  Canadian  o/Hcer  of  distin- 
guished reputation.  The  whole  number  was  fifty-two  men,  of 
whom  twenty-five  were  Indians,  under  the  famous  Hopehood. 
They  commenced  the  assault  at  daybreak,  in  three  different 
places.  The  people,  though  entirely  surprized,  flew  to  arms,  and 
defended  themselves  in  their  garrisoned  houses,  with  a  bravery 
applauded  by  Hartel  himself.  They  fought  till  thirty-four  of  the 
men  were  killed  ;  but  in  this,  as  in  most  other  such  onsets,  the 
assaiiunts  baving  altogether  the  advantage,  forced  the  people  to 
surrender  at  discretion.  The  number  of  prisoners  were  54,  of 
whom  the  greater  part  were  women  and  children.  The  assailants 
then  took  all  the  plunder  they  could  consume  or  carry  away,  and 
sot  on  fire  most  of  the  houses,  the  mills  and  barns,  which  with  a 
great  number  of  cattle  were  consumed. 

The  party  with  their  prisoners  and  booty  now  retreated,  pursu- 
ed by  about  150  men,  in  the  vicinity,  aroused  to  arms  by  the 
smoke  of  the  burning  village ;  who  came  up  with   Hartel  in  the 


CatP.'txm.' 


•  Wjlliairt'  Vormoef   p  293. 


■  •? 


Quw.txnu]  irworMAiNB.  .,  6lf 

nAemoon,  tt  a  narrow  bridge  ov'er  Wooster  river.  Expecting  an  a.  D.  MO. 
ittack,  the  latter  posted  his  men  adTantageousIy  on  the  opposite 
iMnk,  when  a  sharp  engagement  ensued,  which  lasted  till  night. 
Four  or  five  of  the  pursuers  were  killed,  and  the  enemy  lost 
three  men,  two  of  whom  were  Indians,  and  the  other  Hartel'a 
nephew ;  his  son,  also,  was  wounded.  Another  Frenchman  was 
taken  prisoner,  who  was  treated  so  tenderly,  that  he  remained 
with  the  English  and  embraced  the  protestant  faith.  He  said  the 
French  and  Indians  were  severally  receiving  from  the  Canadiaa 


I 


government,  the  monthly  wages  of  ten  livres.* 


^r-'H'.nh  cr 


norC 


The  third  expedition,  meditated  by  Frontenac,  was  sent  against  Mny. 
Falmouth.     There  were  at  that  time  upon  the  peninsula,  three  Tnd  Fwf 
fortifications    besides  Fort  Loyal.     One  was  near  the  present  Ig^^jJ,"' 
burying-ground  ;  another  was  on  the  rocky  elevation  southerly  of 
the  new  court-house,  almost  indefensible ;   and  the  third,  in  a  " 
better  condition,  was  further  westward,  near  the  water-side.   The       3.  .,•< 
public  garrison  had  been  under  the  command  of  Capt.  Willard, 
of  Salem  ;  but,  on  his  being  ordered  abroad,  to  pursue  the  ene* 
ny,  he  was  succeeded  by  Capt.  Sylvanus  Davis,  who,  it  seems, 
had  only  a  small  number  of  regular  troops  left  with  him. 

The  body  of  FrencI'  -^nd  Indians,  collected  to  destroy  this 
I  place,  was  sent  unde:  .uO  command  of  M.  Burneife,  and  con- 
sisted of  4  or  500  men.f  His  Lieutenant  wns  M.  Cort^  de 
March,  who  was  a  leader  in  taking  Schenectady.  The  greater 
part  of  the  Frenchmen  were  from  Quebec,  under  one  M.  de 
Portneuf;  55  men  were  mustered  at  Trois  Revieres,  of  whom 
25  were  Algonquins|  and  Sokokis;  and  all,  it  is  stated,  were  met 
by  Hartel  on  his  return,  and  reenforced  by  a  part  of  his  men. 
To  these  were  united  an  unknown  number  of  Indians  from 
the  eastward,  under  Castine<^  and  Madockawando.  The  whole 
were  seen  passing  over  Casco  bay,  in  a  great  flotilla  of  canoes, 
early  in  May ;  and  were,  it  seems,  deterred  from  an  immediate 
I  attack,  by  a  knowledge,  and  possibly  a  view  of  the  squadron  un- 

*  1  Otlk.  JV.  //.  p.  2i)l .—Charlevoix  »a3's2,OC'0  head  of  cattle  were  burnt 
I  Id  the  barns.     This  must  be  an  cxafi^gcration. 

t  Mr.  Mother,  (2  Magnal.  p.  524,)  says  400.    But  Capt.  Davis  says  4  or 
.^00  French  and  Indians  set  upon  the  fort,  May  16th,  1690.— /it«  Letter,  I 
I  Coi7.  Mait.  Hitt.  Soc.  p.  104-5,  3d  ferte«.— Out  Charlevoix  says  Portneuf 
I  commanded.    He  also  siys  there  were  four  small  forts  near  the  (rarrisoo. 

{40  UoirerMl  History,  p.  66-7.  { Cburob's  Exp«ditieD,  p.  lOH, 


ISO 

A.O.  1690, 


AUMh  upon 
Maj  10. 


May  16. 


.*  THE  HISTORY  [VoL* ). 

der  Commodore  Pbips,  which  must  have  pasted  these  cows 
towards  Nova  Scotia,  about  the  same  time. 

Nothing  more  was  heard  of  the  enemy  till  about  the  10th  of 
the  month ;  when  a  bold  party  approached  within  three  or  four 
miles  of  Fort  Loyal,  probably  in  the  north-westerly  skirts  of  Fal- 
mouth,  and  drove  off  twenty  cattle,  supposed  afterwards  to  be 
slaughtered  for  the  use  of  the  army.  The  inhabitants  conjectur- 
ed from  this  circumstance,  that  the  head-quarters  of  the  Indians 
must  be  in  that  direction ;  and  President  Danforth  ordered  Major 
Frost  to  detach,  without  delay,  100  men  from  the  provincial 
militia,  to  be  joined  by  a  party  from  the  garrison  ;  all  of  whom, 
under  Captain  Willard,  were  directed  to  proceed  in  the  search 
and  pursuit  of  the  enemy.*  When  they  departed,  the  command 
of  Fori  Loyal  was  assumed  by  Captain  Sylvanus  Davis,  as  pre» 
viously  mentioned. 

Early  in  the  morning  of  the  16th,  one  Robert  Greason,  going 
from  home,  at  Presumpscot  river,  was  seized  by  an  Indian  scout 
and  made  a  prisoner.  This  bold  arrest  induced  the  general  sus- 
picion, that  the  enemy  was  watching  in  that  quarter  for  an  advaa- 
tageous  surprize  ol  the  town.  To  make  discoveries,  therefore, 
about  thirty  young  volunteer  soldiers,  under  Lieut.  Thaddeus 
Clark,  proceeded  from  ths  garrison,  about  half  a  mile,  to  an  em- 
inence, evidently  Mquntjoy's  hill ;  and  entered  a  lane  which  was 
fenced  on  each  side,  and  led  to  a  block  house  in  the  margin  of 
the  woods.  Observing  the  stare  of  the  cattio  in  the  field,  they 
suspected  an  ambusli  behind  the  fence,  and  yet  all  rashly  ran 
towards  the  place,  raising  the  shout,  huzza !  huzza !  But  the 
aim  of  the  cowering  spies  was  too  sure  and  deadly ;  for  they 
brought  Clark  and  tiiirteen  of  his  comrades  to  the  ground  at  the 
first  shot ;  the  rest  fleeing,  upon  a  second  charge,  to  one  of  the 
forts.  Flushed  with  this  success,  the  French  and  Indians  rush- 
ed into  town,  and  beset  the  several  fortifications,  except  Fort 
Loyal,  with  great  fury.  All  the  people,  who  were  unable  to 
make  good  their  retreat  within  the  wails,  were  slain.  After  a 
manly  defence  through  the  day,  the  volunteers  and  inhabitants 
finding  their  ammunition  nearly  exhausted,  and  despairing  of  re* 


•  It  was  a  miBfurtunc  to  Casco,  tlioiigh  not  to  Willard,  tliat  be,  so  qiiali- 
fied  an  officer,  shoul'l  (  c  "  culIcJ  off  (wo  or  throe  days  before"  the  attack. 
^  2  Malkti  '#  .Vagnalia,  p  62 1. 


',*■«* 


'•':J"!A 


ClUr.  ICtlU.]  OP  MALNfcW?  •  621 

eruits  or  supplies,  retired  under  the  covert  of  dirkoess  to  the  pub-  a.  d.  uso. 
lie  garrison. 

The  assailants,  next  morning,  finding  the  village  abandoned, 
plundered  the  houses  and  set  them  on  fire.  Tliey  then  proceeded 
to  storm  the  garrison.  Thwarted  in  this  attempt,  and  sustaining 
considerable  loss  from  the  fort  guns,  they  entered  a  deep  contig- 
uous gully,  too  low  to  be  reached  by  the  shots  of  their  antago- 
nists, and  began  the  work,  at  some  distance,  of  undermining  the 
walls.  Four  days  and  nights,  they  wrought  with  indefatigable 
end  incessant  exertion,  till  within  a  few  feet  of  the  fort,  when 
they  demanded  a  surrender. 

It  was  a  crisis  trying  in  the  extreme  to  all  within  tlie  walls. 
They  were  exhausted  with  fatigue  and  anxiety.  The  greater 
part  of  the  men  were  killed  or  wounded.  Capt  Lawrence  had 
received  a  shot  which  was  mortal.  All  thoughts  of  outward  suc- 
cor or  relief  were  fraught  with  deep  despair  ;  and  on  the  20th* 
a  parley  was  commenced,  which  terminated  in  articles  of  capitu- 
lation. By  these  it  was  stipulated,  that  all  within  the  garrison 
should  receive  kind  treatment,  and  be  allowed  to  go  into  the 
nearest  provincial  towns  under  the  protection  of  a  guard : — to 
the  faith  and  observance  of  which  Castine  *'  lifted  his  hand  and 
swore  by  the  everlasting  God."  Tlie  gates  were  then  opened, 
when  a  scene  ensued,  which  shocks  humanity.  The  prisoners,  who 
were  seventy  in  number,  besides  women  and  children,  were  called 
heretics,  rebels  and  traitors,  the  dupes  of  a  Dutch  usurper,  and 
treated  with  every  insult  and  abuse.  No  part  of  the  articles  was 
regarded.  Capt.  Davis,  who  was  one  of  tlie  prisoners,  says,  '  the 
'  French  suffered  our  women  and  children  and  especially  the 
'  wounded  men,  to  be  cruelly  murderedf  or  destroyed  after  the 
'  surrender ;  and  the  rest,  being  3  or  4  with  himself,  took  up  a 
*  march  of  24  days  to  Quebec.'^     The  whole  number  of  prison- 


nnrrison  of 
Fort  L<>\al 
capitulate*. 


»!.!>•  20. 


*  Charlevoix  says  27th  May  ;  but  Capt.  Davis  says  tlie  enemy  forced  a 
surrender  the  20tli  of  May.  lie  liimsclf  was  at  Quebec  4  months ;  and  was 
finally  exchanged  for  a  Frenchman  taken  by  Sir  William  Phips. — Charle- 
voix [3  vol.  JV.  F.  p.  135]  says  the  Canibas  and  other  Abenaques  Indians 
«'  laid  waste  30  leagues  of  country,"  this  year, 

f  Nathaniel  White,  the  Indians  tied  to  a  stake,  "  and  out  ofTone  of  his 
cars  and  made  him  eat  it  raw." 

I  Capt.  Davis  says,  "  Frontenac  blamed  Burncffc  for  breaking  (heir 
oatht." 


^li 


622 

A.M.  M90. 

Falmouth 
dettroyetl. 


All  tlioeatt' 
ern  people 
wiiliilrnw 
(0  Wells. 


1^  tir*: 


Sufleriiigs 
of  captives. 


Robrrt 
Roger*. 


THB  HI9TORT  [•«•    [VoL.    |, 

era,  'ncluding  some  taken  in  the  vicinity,  was  about  a  hundred. 
Cap  .  Willard  and  his  men  had  not  returned.  The  fortificatiou 
\rer  all  laid  waste,  and  the  dead  bodies  of  the  inhabitants  were 
left  o  bleach  and  moulder  above  ground.  Such  was  fallen  Fal- 
moi  th — a  spectacle  of  homicide,  ruin  and  melancholy.* 

The  capture  of  Fort  Loyal  was  considered  a  great  calamity. 
The  victorious  enemy,  ranging  through  the  country,' and  rioting  on 
the  spoils,  threatened  the  destruction  of  the  entire  Province. 
All  within  the  fortifications  of  Purpooduck,  Spurwink,  Black< 
point  and  Blue-point,  departed  without  orders,  to  Saco,  thence 
proceeded  in  a  few  days  to  Wells  [Kennebunk]  and  thence  to 
Storer's  garrison.  Here  they  were  reenforced  and  ordered  by 
government  to  abide  and  resist  all  attacks. 

To  mention  the  hardships  and  sufferings  of  a  few  captives, 
taken  at  Newichawannock  and  Falmouth,  will  give  some  idea, 
though  a  faint  one,  of  an  Indian  captivity.  They  were  com- 
pelled to  travel  through  pathless  deserts  and  deep  swamps ;  over 
craggy  mountains  and  windfalls ;  in  rain,  cold  and  snow ;  and 
oftentimes  barefoot,  half-naked  and  half-starved.  By  day  and 
by  night  they  were  exposed  to  all  tlie  inclemencies  of  the  weather 
and  always  oppressed  with  the  excruciating  pains  of  mind,  aris- 
ing from  remembrance  of  lost  homes,  friends  and  social  scenes. 
In  travelling,  they  were  loaded  with  burdens,  pushed  forward  by 
the  points  of  weapons — ^not  unfrequently  tortured,  or  made  the 
victims  of  instant  death.         .  s.  >   ;   s.i.'i':'*  .s-^f 

Robert  Rogers,  a  corpulent  man,  taken  at  Newichawannock, 
the  March  previous,  being  unable  to  carry  his  burden  further, 
threw  it  down,  fled  and  secreted  himself.  The  Indians  found  him 
by  his  footsteps,  hidden  in  a  iiollow  tree.  They  stript  him,  beat 
him  most  cruelly,  pricked  him  with  the  points  of  their  swords 
and  knives  and  tied  him  to  a  tree ;  then  building  a  fire  near  him, 
bidding  him  take  leave  of  his  friends  and  say  his  prayers, 
they  pushed  up  the  fire  to  his  flesh,  danced  around  him,  and, 
cutting  collops  from  his  body,  threw  them  bleeding  into  his  face. 
With  his  back  to  the  stake,  they  left  him  broiling  in  the  fire,  till 
he  was  consumed. 

*  Charlevoix  [8  vol.  Jf.  F,  p.  73]  says  there  were  eight  pieces  of  cannon 
mounted  in  the  fort.  No  want  of  ammunition  ;  and  when  the  prisoner* 
marched  out  of  the  fort,  60  in  all,  the  savages  raised  a  shout,  fell  upon  them 
miih  hatchet  and  sword  and  killed  all  except  four,  and  these  wer«  wounded. 


IfaryPlai! 
three  weeks  t 
ground  and  o 
After  travelli 
logs,  rocks  j 
Her  Indian  n 
off  its  rags,  d 
the  river.  N 
'  can  walk  fas 

To  mentioi 
the  preceding 
a  girl  of  15, 
back,  that  she 
step.  An  In( 
holding  up  thi 
you  dare  cry  i 

Hopehood, 
appeared  with 
vince.  In  Ju! 
ty  under  Capi 
wards  NewicI 
that  ill-fated  s 
ing  several  bu 
man  and  took 
Hampshire ;  1 
the  people  we 
Hopehood. 
dians,  who  mi 
specimen  of  1 
instance  of  hi 
the  captives  t: 
quite  broken- 
still  the  little 
both  his  arms 
till  he  was  cov 
eye,  which  H 
him,  he  turnei 
"  I  hear  you 

*  2  Mitber's  ] 


-It 


till 


.eaiKin'% 


Mary  Fur- 


Chat,  txiii.]  orirAt!«B.K 

Mtry  Plaisted,  made  a  captire  at  the  aame  time  and  phee,  a.  o, 
three  weeks  after  confinement,  was  compelled  to  tie  on  the  cold  ^f  ^^*^ 
ground  and  open  air  with  her  infant,  both  quivering  and  starring. 
After  travelling  many  days  through  swamps  and  snows— over 
logs,  rocks  and  mountains,  she  could  not  mcve  another  step. 
Her  Indian  master  coming  to  her,  seized  her  infant,  and,  stripping 
off  its  rags,  dashed  out  its  brains  against  a  tree  and  threw  it  into 
the  river.  Now,  said  he,  ♦  you  are  eased  of  your  burden — ^you 
•can  walk  faster.'  i*  .bki  .*» 

To  mention  the  painful  case  of  one  other  sufferer,  taken  with 
the  preceding  two,*  will  suffice  for  this  place.  Mary  Furguson,  R'"*" 
a  girl  of  15,  was  so  overburdened  with  plunder,  laid  upon  her 
back,  that  she  burst  into  tears  and  said  she  could  not  go  another 
step.  An  Indian  led  her  aside,  cut  off  her  head  and  scalped  it ; 
holding  up  the  scalp  and  exclaiming,  so  HI  do  with  you  allf  if 
you  dare  cry  or  complain.   >?;>'»♦     "    ^  .  t*  ..  .^i'--i--:-ss:^fyi  'e^^^ii^ 

Hopehood,  one  of  the  most  bloody  warriors  of  the  age,  again  ,j. . 
appeared  with  a  gang  of  desparadoes,  prowling  through  the  Pro-  ■»  ^^^r''*' 
vince.     In  July,  they  had  a  severe  skiiinish  at  Wells,  with  a  par- anH  SpiJce 

creek* 

ty  under  Capt.  Sherburne.     Fired  with  uncommon  revenee  to- 
wards  Newichawannock,  they  proceeded  to  reduce  the  remains  of      >ijM.i* 
that  ill-fated  settlement  to  utter  ruin ;  shooting  one  man  and  burn- 
ing several  buildings.   At  Spruce-creek  [Eliot]  they  killed  an  old 
man  and  took  a  woman  captive.     Next,  they  pushed  into  New- 
Hampshire  ;  killing,  burning  and  destroying  in  every  place,  where 
the  people  were  unguarded.     But  these  were  the  last  feats  of 
Hopehood.     He  was  soon  after  killed  by  a  party  of  Canada  In-  Hop^hcod 
dians,  who  mistook  him  for  one  of  the  Mohawks.f     As  a  further  '''"'«*• 
specimen  of  his  character,  it  may  not  be  improper  to  notice  an 
instance  of  his  cruelty.     James  Key,  a  boy  of  five  years,  one  of 
the  captives  taken  by  him  at  Newichawannock,  in  Merch,  being 
quite  broken-hearted,  had  spells  of  crying  to  see  his  parents.    To 
still  the  little   sufferer,  the  savage  stripped  him  naked,  lashed 
both  his  arms  around  a  tree,  and  whipped  him  from  head  to  foot, 
till  he  was  covered  with  blood.     Soon  after,  the  child  had  a  sore 
eye,  which  Hopehood  said  was  caused  by  crying ;   and  seizing 
him,  he  turned  it  from|the  socket  with  his  thumb,  exclaiming,  "  if 
"  I  hear  you  cry  again,  I'll  do  so  by  'tother.'*     One  day,  becauser 


'liirmisltrs 


*  2  Mitbcr's  MajDiIia,  p.  617 


+  2  Mather's  Majnalia,  p.  524-  5. 


Snpl.  2. 
n  Churrh'k 
Sd  expecli- 
linn. 


(HU  THE  HISTORY  [V«u  1, 

A.  D.  MM.  the  child  ia  travelling  wti  unable  to  keep  up,  the  mootter  at  once 

iprang  and  cut  bis  head  to  pieces  with  his  hatchet. 
_^  After  the  conquest  of  Nova  Scotia  by  Phips,  was  completed, 

jeft  hy  ui«  and  the  expedition  planned  against  Canada  was  known  at  Que- 
bec, the  Indians*  were  left  chiefly  to  themselves,  in  the  ntftnage- 
ment  of  the  war  against  the  English  frontiers  ;  for  Count  Fron- 
tenac  was  needing  all  his  men  and  means  at  home.  This  was 
considered  a  favorable  period  for  chastising  the  eastern  tribes; 
and  while  the  fleet  was  gone  to  reduce  Quebec,  Major  Benjamin 
Church  was  again,  September  2,  taken  into  the  public  service. 

About  300  men  were. placed  under  his  command,  consisting  of 
enlistments  in  Plymouth  Colony,  and  troops  from  Massachusetts. 
This  government  furnished  him  with  the  necessary  shipping  and 
supplies ;  and.  the  General  Court  and  Commissioners  of  the 
United  Colonies  gave  him  instructions.  He  was  directed  to  visit 
Casco,  Pejepscot,  and  any  other  places  in  the  vicinity,  where  the 
French  and  Indians  had  their  head-quarters,  and,  if  possible,  to 
kill  them  or  drive  them  from  the  country  ;  also  to  ransom,  rescue, 
or  in  some  way  recover  the  captives.  .«,  ,,*>, 

He  first  landed  his  men  at  Maquoit  and  led  them  across  land, 
before  daylight,f  towards  Pejepscot-fort,  on  the  western  side  of 
the  Lower  Falls  in  the  river  Androscoggin.  He  and  iiis  advanced 
guard  first  saw  young  Doney,  a  Sokokis,  his  wife  and  two  cap- 
tives, about  a  mile  from  the  fort,  on  the  further  side  of  a  stream 
and  marsh  full  of  water,  which  they  were  obliged  to  ford,  though 
it  were  to  their  armpits.  Doney  ran  for  the  fort ;  and  Church, 
though  retarded  by  wading  through  the  water,  closely  pursued 
him.  As  the  fleet-footed  Indian  entered  the  gate,  he  cried,  Eng- 
lishmen I  Englishmen  I — when  all  within  it,  flew  precipitantly 
in  different  directions ;  some  leaped  into  the  river  and  were 
drowned  ;  a  few  fled  under  the  falls  and  were  seen  no  more ; 
and  several  ran  unwarily  into  the  very  arms  of  Church  and  his 
men,  who  by  this  time  had  arrived  at  the  place,  expecting  a  skir- 
mish. But  there  was  no  resistance.  The  English  captives  re- 
covered, were  in  a  starving,  wretched  condition.  The  prison- 
ers taken,  consisted  of  one  Indian, — the  wives  of  Kancamagus 
and  Warumbee, — several  other  squaws, — and  a  great  number  of 


He  visits 
Mnqiinit 
'SikI  Ppjep' 
<cut 


>M>. 


*  Only  about  .i  third  part  remained,  and  these  were  Protestants.—! 
Brit.  Emp.  p.  I7C.  f  2  Jilath.  Mag.  p.  622,  be  lays  •  by  night.' 


CHA».    XXIII.]  OP  MAIlfK  ^ 

bdian  children.    The  life  of  the  native   was  spared,  through  A.  D. 
the  importunity  of  two  female  captives,  who  said,  he  had  been         <' 
tbe  means  of  their  preservation,  and  that  of  many  others.     He 
represented,  that  the  Indians  were  abroad,  engaged  in  drawing 
the  Marechites   of  St.  John's  river  into  the  war.     The  wives  of 
the  two  Sagamores  and  their  children  were  saved  and  sent  on  * 

board  his  vessels,  in  consideration  of  a  solemn  promise  made  by  <^ 

the  women,  that  eighty  English  prisoners  should  be  restored. 
But  it  is  painful  to  relate,  and  nowise  creditable  to  the  usual  hu- 
manity of  Major  Church,  that  the  rest  of  the  females,  except  two 
or  three  old  Squaws,  also  the  unoffending  children,  were  put  to 
the  tomahawk  or  sword. — ^The  old  women,  he  left  with  some 
necessaries  and  this  errand, — *  tell  the  Sagamores,  they  may  find 
•their  wives  and  children  at  Wells.'* 

Major  Church,  the  next  day,  proceeded  with  nis  men,  forty 
miles  up  the  Androscoggin,  to  the  Indian  fort,  where  he  recovered 
seven  captives,  killed  twenly-one  of  the  enemy,  r-^d  took  one 
prisoner.  After  plundering  the  fort,  which  contained  some  valua- 
ble property,  he  left  it  in  flames.  His  prisoner  was  Agamcus, 
called  from  his  size  Great  Tom,  who  was  a  sullen  fellow,  o^'d  on 
the  march  had  the  cunning  to  escape  from  his  careless  k  .epti 'S. 
Flying  to  some  of  the  Sagamores,  he  told  them  such  frightiul  sto- 
ries about  the  tremendous  Church  and  his  forces,  that  the  Indians 
fled  into  the  woods,  leaving  Brackett,  taken  the  previous  year  at 
Falmouth,  who  arrived  at  Maquoit,  about  the  time  Church  was 
reembarking  his  troops.f 

Church   proceeded   to    Winter-harbor,  where,  in  a  skirmish  ^  ikirmith 
which  a  party  of  his  men  had  with  old  Doney  and  the  enemy,  j[  qIJI"^^ 
near  Scammon's  fort,J  he  killed  two  savages  and  recovered  an 
English  captive,  who  informed  him,  that  the  Indians  were  collect- 
ing at  Pejepscot,  to  go  against  Wells.     In  his  .<"  i.-n  to  that  place, 
he  was  only  able  to  take  some  additional  plunde. .     He  next  an- 
chored at  Purpooduck,  Sept.  21 ,  and  landed  three  companies  upon  Stpu  Si. 
the  peninsula.    Here  he  had  a  smart  eng;:;^ement  with  the  Indians, 
in  which  he  lost  five  of  his  Plymouth  soldiers,  killing  8  or  10  of 
the  enemy,  and  taking  13  canoes.    A  returning  captive  told  tliat 


•  Church's  Expedition,  p.  107-117.  f  2  Math.  Mag.  p.  52S-9. 

I  Scammon's  garrison  was  on  tbe  east  side  of  tbe  Saoo,  3  miles  b«low  tlM 
faUs. 

Vol.  I.  66 


!S^i' 


A  view  of 
hiR^d  ex- 
pediiioa. 


|89||  THEHUrrOKY  [^'<M>.  I. 

4.  0. 169Q.  the  Indtaas,  in  consequence  of  their  lo3s,  butchered,  occordbg  to 
cusiucn,  as  many  of  their  prisoners.  He  collected  and  buried 
the  mouldering  bodies  of  the  people  slain  in  the  capture  of  Fal- 
mouth, and  r<^turncd  home,  leaving  100  uf  his  men  at  Wells 
under  Capu  Con^'crse''^  and  Lieut.  Plaisted. 

Although  Major  Church  acquired  so  much  honor  in  king 
Philip's  war,  he  added  to  it  few  laurels  in  this  expedition. 
The  government  of  Massachusetts  thougtit  his  exploits  were  wholly 
of  a  negative  character,  unworthy  of  applause.  Some  of  the  dis- 
affected castorn  Provincials  basely  charged  him  with  putting  their 
cattle  into  barrels,  and  selling  it  in  Boston  for  plunder.  He  him- 
self complained,  that  the  grievous  report  about  the  '  Eastward 

*  Expedition,  rolled  home  upon  him,  like  a  snow  ball,  gathering 
'  size  at  every  turn,  till  he  was  quite   overshadowed,  and  hidden 

*  from  all  favorable  view  of  his  friends.'  But  he  had  lived  long 
enough  to  know,  that  military  njerit  is  measured  by  successes ; 
and  though  suspicion  paints  in  the  darkest  colors,  a  conscious- 
ness of  having  performed  well  and  wisely  all  that  could  be  done, 
was  a  better  security  to  reputation,  than  inscriptions  on  brass  or 
marble.  He  magnanimously  collected  a  considerable  contribu- 
tion in  Ph  mouth  Colony,  which  he  transmitted  to  the  eastern 
Provincials,  accompanied  by  an  address  to  Major  Frost,  John 
Wheelwright,  Esq.  and  others,  encouraging  their  expectations  of 
still  farther  relief. 

His  policy  at  Pejcpscot  had  the  anticipated  effect  upon  the 
Sagamores.  For,  in  October,  ten  of  them  came  to  Wells,  where 
they  were  extravagantly  gratified,  in  the  restoration  of  the  cap- 
tive wives  and  children.  Being  in  a  mood  to  talk  with  open 
heart,  they  said,  the  French  had  made,  fools  of  ihem,  and  three 
limes  repented  these  words — "  fVe  will  go  to  war  against  you 
no  more  ,*" — '•  JFe  are  ready  to  meet  your  head-men^  at  any  time 
and  place  you   appoint,  and  enter  into  a  treaty." 

On  the  29tli  of  November,  at  Sagadahock,  a  truce  was  signed 
by  commissioners  from  Massachusetts, — viz.  Majors  Hutchinson 
and  Pike,  two  of  the  Assistants,  and  Ciipt.  Townoend,  Master  oi 
Uie  Province  sloop ;  and  by  six  Sagan>urcs,f  in  behalf  of  all  the 


Nw.59. 
A  Iriire  9 
■walU. 


•«.—  «:>- 


•  Utif  Cliufcli  Kiy^  ('.iiivtTiift  wont  witli  tilm  to  Hoiitan. — Expedilkn,\\ 
123.— It  \vu»  oiilv  II  trip,  p.  12!). 

't 'i  huao  were  Notombomct,  (or  Nnitumbiiit,)  of  Saco;  Wammbce,  o; 
Andro(rog;gin  ;  Jolin  IIajjUin«,  alias  Knnkamafin,  of  Prnacook  ;  Eilgcre- 


CVAJ^.   XXIII.] 


^'  OP  nAine. 


4l«i»«i 


;i.l,^. 


Abraiques  tribes,  including  the  Penacooks.  But  it  tras,  bovr-  A.D»  leit. 
erer,  preceded  by  a  conference  of  no  less  than  six  days,  and  wa» 
finally  subscribed  by  the  Sagamores  while  tliry  were  in  their 
canoes;  nor  was  it  to  continue  beyond  the  first  of  the  ensuing 
May.  Still;  they  stipulated  and  agreed  to  do  no  injury  in  the 
mean  time  to  the  English,  to  deliver  up  all  the  prisoners  present, 
and  on  the  first  day  of  May,  surrender  at  Storcr's  garrison,  in 
Wells,  all  the  otiiers, — and  there  make  a  lasting  peace.  They  also 
promised  to  give  the  English  timely  notice,  should  the  French  plot 
any  mischief  against  them.  Ten  English  captives  were  then  re- 
leased, with  one  of  whom,  Mrs.  Hall,  they  parted  very  reluctantly, 
because  she  wrote  well  and  served  them  as  a  secretary.         -- ^-- 

This  was  almost  the  only  good  fortune  of  tie  autumn,  which  p^^^.  ,^^jj^ 
could  counteract  the  fate  of  the  Canada  expedition  and  the  great  "■•""•'"• 
discomfiture  of  the  public.     Never  had  Maine  witnessed  a  darker 
season.     Only  four  towns  remained, — viz.  Wells,  York,  Kittery,  »vr 

and  Appledore  or  the  Isles  of  Shonls ;  and  these,  the  enemy  had 
evidently  marked  out  for  utter  and  speedy  destruction. 

There  were  in  Wells,  between  the  prcsont  highway  and  the 
beach,  several  houses,  constructed  of  hewn  timber,  with  flankers,  riwii. 
and  on  each  a  watchtower — all  of  which  were  fortified,  and  might 
be  occupied  and  used  as  garrisons.  One  of  the  largest  and 
strongest  was  Mr.  Storcr's,  situated  near  the  old  meeting-house, 
and  about  100  rods  from  the  present  onc,^-considered  at  this 
period  a  public  fortification.  -    ** 

At  the  time  appointed.  May  1st,  1691,  President  Danfortb,  „ 
attended  by  several  gentlemen,  besides  some  of  his  Council,  *••>  i. 
and  guarded  by  a  troop  of  horse,  visited  Wells,  in  anticipation  of 
meeting  the  Indians  and  forming  a  treaty.  But  not  one  ot  them 
appeared  ; — being  evidently  deterred,  through  French  influence. 
A  few  of  them,  however,  who  weie  in  the  neighborhood,  were 
brought  in  by  order  of  Capt.  Converr-^  and  asked,  why  the  Sag- 
amores were  not  present  to  enter  up  in  a  treaty,  according  to 
promise. — •  ff c  no  remember  the  time,* — said  they. — •  But  $tiU 
•  we  now  give  up  tivo  captives;  and  we  promise,  certain,  to  bring 
'  the  rest  in  ten  days.* — To  try  their  faith  and  honor,  they  were 


met,  alias,  Moxtii,  Toqualmot,  and  Watornbnmct,  probably  of  Kcnncbeck. 
•~St9  1  Hutch.  Hilt.  p.  856,  wbero  lome  o(  (he  naineit  are  diflcrcnilj  tpclt. 
-.2  JVathtr't  Magnalia,  p.  629,  643.— 1  Coll.  Jilait.  Hut.  Soc.  p.  104-6,  id 
uriu. — Sullitan,  p.  147. 


•aoe  9. 


Cap* 
Jickl 


tiuriit. 


July. 

Fimr  rom- 
pnni«!i  prn- 
cwd  10  Pe- 
Jnptcot, 


0^  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  L 

A.  D.  1691*  then  dismissed  ;  yet  nothing  more  was  seen  of  the  Inditus<-« 
Hence,  President  Danforth  anil  bis  associates,  thus  disappoiot* 
ed,  and  despairing  of  a  negotiation,  soon  returned  to  York  ;  prom, 
ising  as  he  departed,  to  send  a  reenforcement  to  Converse 
consisting  of  35  soldiers,  from  the  county  of  Essex.  They  ar> 
rived  June  9ih ;  and  in  one  half  hour  afterwards,  the  garrison 
was  furiously  beset  by  Moxus  and  two  hundred  Indians.  Being 
repulsed,  they  presently  withdrew  and  proceeded  to  Cape  Ned- 
dock,  in  York.  Here  they  attacked  a  vessel  and  killed  the 
greater  part  of  the  crew,  set  the  little  hamlet  on  fire,  and  then 
scattered  in  different  directions.  Madockawando  remarked,  as 
related  by  a  ca|)tive,  '  Moxus  miss  it  this  time, — next  year  Til 
*  have  the  dog  Converse  out  his  den.* 

Four  companies,  commanded  by  March,  King,  Sherburne, 
and  Walton,  the  first  being  the  senior  ofiicer,  were  despatched, 
late  in  July,  into  the  eastern  service,  who  landed  at  Maquoit  and 
proceeded  to  Pejepscot-falis.  Returning  to  their  vessels,  they 
had  a  sharp  skirmish  with  a  large  body  of  Indians,  in  which 
Capt.  Sherburne  was  killed.  Nothing  was  effected  by  this  ex> 
pedition — it  only  deterred  the  Indians  from  their  premeditated  at- 
tack upon  the  Isles  of  Shoals.  Unassisted  now  by  the  French, 
they  diverted  themselves  in  roving  through  the  country,  during 
the  autumn, — shooting  individuals  when  alone,* — and  robbing 
or  burning  solitary  houses. 

.     Their  attempts  upon  the  village  of  York,  in  the  last  and  the 
present  war,  had  been  remarkably  delayed.      Spread  along  the 
eastern  side  of  Agamenticus  river,  near  the  margin  of  the  salt 
water,  it  was  in  some  degree  sheltered  from  the  enemy,  by  the 
frontier  settlements.     It  had  been,  for  many  years,  one  of  the 
provincial  seats  of  government   and  justice,  and  since  A.  D. 
1673,  had  been  favored  with  the  able  and  pious  ministry  of  Rev. 
Shubael  Dummer.     Several  houses  were  strongly  fortified,  and 
the  people  kept  a  constant  and  vigilant  watch,  excepting  in  the 
heart  of  winter.     Unfortunately  this  was  the  season,  ascertained 
by  the  enemy,  to  be  most  favorable  for  cfTecting  its  destruction 
Early  in  the  morning  of  Monday,  Feb.  5,  1C92,  at  the  signal 


York  utail 
•d. 


•  Dr.  Mather,  (2  Nat;nal  'i,  p.  03U,)  «ny»,  •'  on  Sept.  28th,  icven  person* 
«♦  w«re  murdered  or  captured  at  Dcririclt ;"— engaged,  probably,  in  tak- 
iof  tome  uf  the  remains  from  lliat  placs. 


CSAT.  XXIII.3 


OF  MAINE. 


of  t  gun  6red,  the  town  was  furiously  assaulted  at  different  places,  a.  d.  mm. 
by  a  body  of  two  or  three  hundred  Indians,  led  on  and  embold- 
ened by  sereral  Canadian  Frenchmen  ; — all  uf  them  having 
taken  up  their  march  thither  upon  snow-shoes.  The  surprise  of 
the  town  was  altogether  unexpected  and  amazing,  nnd  conse- 
quently the  more  fatal.  A  scene  of  most  horrid  carnage  and 
capture  instantly  ensued ;  and  in  one  half  hour,  more  than  an 
hundred  and  sixty  of  tlie  inhabitants  were  expiring  victims  or 
trembhng  suppliants,  at  the  feet  of  their  enraged  enemies.  The 
rest  had  the  good  fortune  to  escape  with  their  lives  into  Preble's, 
Harman's,  Alcock's  and  Norton's  garrisoned  iiouses,  the  best  for- 
tifications in  town.  Though  well  secured  within  tiic  walls,  and 
bravely  defending  themselves  against  their  assailants,  they  were 
several  times  summoned  to  surrender : — Acrcr,  said  they,  vever, 
till  we  have  shed  the  last  drop  of  blood.  About  75  of  the  people 
were  killed ;  yet  despairing  of  conquest  or  capitulation,  the  vin- 
dictive destroyers  set  fire  to  nearly  all  the  unfortified  houses  on 
the  north-east  side  of  the  river,  which  with  a  large  amount  of  prop- 
erty left,  besides  the  plunder  taken,  were  laid  in  ashes. — Appre- 
hensive of  being  overtaken  by  avenging  pursuers,  they  hasten- 
ed their  retreat  into  the  woods ;  taking  with  them  as  much 
booty  as  they  could  carry  away,  and,  as  Doct.  Mather  says,* 
••  near  an  hundred  of  that  unhappy  people,"  prisoners.  Nay,  it 
was  now  their  hard  destiny,  to  enter  upon  a  long  journey, f  amidst 
a  thousand  hardships  and  sufferings,  aggravated  by  severe  weather, 
snow,  famine,  abuse,  and  every  .species  of  wretchedness. 

About  one  half  of  the  inhabitants,  it  has  been  supposed,  were 
either  slain  or  carried  away  captive.  Mr.  Dummer  was  found  Rev.  Mr. 
by  some  of  his  surviving  neighbors,  fallen  dead  upon  his  face,  near  kiiud, 
his  own  door ;  being  shot,  as  he  was  about  starling  on  horseback 
to  make  a  pastoral  visit.  Ho  was  a  well  educated  divine,  now  in 
his  60th  year ;  greatly  beloved  by  his  charge ;  and  so  eminent  a 
man  of  God,  that  Doct.  Mather  supposes,  an  appropriate  emblem 
in  his  coat  of  arms  would  have  been,  a  lamb  In  n  flaming  bush.'l 


*  2  Magnnl   p.  630-1.     f  It  is  tupponoil  llicy  were  carried  to  Sag^ndahock. 

I  His  lidusc  W118  by  llic  sonshore,  not  far  from  tlie  "  Itoarin;  Uocli." 
He  wai  a  frradii;iln  of  Iliirvnnl  ("ollcjrf",  A.  I).  IfiSfl,  kikI  ma.  rird  tlio  »aino 
vrar.  Flo  was,  one  nay*.  '•  not  onh  well  drscrnded,  well  tempered  nnd 
w*n  ediivatcd,"— but  tettlcd  amoiif  a  people  ttronj^ly  attached  to  him ; 
•rboM  faitlifnl  nuniitry  had  b«pn  greatly  lilcimcd  amopg^  them.     By  rcawn 


■  if*  3 


••»M?5 


H¥\ 


^m 


fettf' 


630  ^      ^        rwen!8W)RT  ■      'fVii.  u 

A.  D.  im.  His  wife,  the  daughter  of  Edward  Rishworth,  Esq.  was  Hinonr 
the  captives,  who  being  heart-broken,  and  exhausted  with  fatigue, 
soon  sunk  in  death.  But  truth  and  6d^!ity  require  the  writer  to 
mention  in  this  place,  an  instance  of  Indian  gratefulness,  among 
several  of  a  kindred  character,  occurring  at  other  limes  in  our 
wars  ;vith  the  natives.  To  recompense  the  English  for  sparing 
the  lives  of  4  or  5  Indian  females,  and  a  brood  of  their  children  at 
Pejcpscot,  they  disniissed  some  elderly  women,  and  several  chil- 
dren between  tlie  ages  of  three  and  seven  years,  and  returned 
then  safely  to  one  of  the  garrison-houses  ;* — a  circumstance 
wh'vh  fi'jo  confirms  the  opinion,  that  the  Penacooks  and  the 
An,  sagunticooks  were  concerned  in  this  attack.  A  party  in- 
stantly rallied  at  Portsmouth,  as  soon  as  the  news  reached  the 
place,  and  went  in  pursuit  of  the  enemy  ;  too  late,  however,  to 
effect  a  rescue  of  tha  prisoners,  or  to  give  the  savages  batlh. 
In  derision  of  the  puritan  ministers,  towards  whom  the  Indians, 
full  of  Romish  prejudices,  entertained  the  greatest  antipathy; 
one  of  them,  on  a  Sunday  of  their  march  through  the  wilderness, 
diessed  himself  in  the  ministerial  attire  of  Mr.  Dummer,  and  in 
mock  dignity,  stalked  among  the  prisoners,  several  of  whom  were 
members  of  his  churchy — '  a  demon,'  according  to  Mr.  Mather's 
view  of  him,  •  transformed  into  an  angel  of  light.' 

The  massacre  in  York  and  burning  of  the  town,  were  the  more 
deeply  and  extensively  lamented,  because  of  the  antiquity  and  pre- 
eminence of  the  place,  and  especially  the  excellent  character  of 
the  people.  "  Many,"  says  an  eminent  cotemporary  writer, 
"  were  the  tears,  that  were  dropped  throughout  New-England  on 
"  this  occasion."  It  had  experienced  so  fatal  a  blow,  that  the 
remaining  inhabitants  entertained,  afterwards,  serious  thoughts  of 
abandoning  it  altogether,  while  the  war  continued.  But  Massa- 
chusetts, in  her  generosity,  administered  to  the  people,  by  the 
hands  of   Captains  Converse  and  Greenleaf,  immediate  relief, 


The  inclan 
rlmly  <on- 
clition  o( 
York 


of  their  (listrosfies,  he  "  spent  much  of  liin  patrimony"  in  his  o«rn  iiipport. 
\N  hen  scllit.'J,  lie  prcachcil  the  urilinatioii  discourse  from  Psal.  8J  c.  14  r. 
He  was  bucccedcd,  A.  I).  17C0,  by  Uev.  Samuel  Moody— who  coutinuod  in 
(he  ministry  48  years  ;  and  whoso  fatiie  equalled  that  of  cny  gentleman  of 
the  clerpy  in  that  affc.— f/ow.  J5.  SevialL—'d  Cull,  Mati.  IJitt.  Sue.  p.  1(X 
— CtrffnUaf*  t^'CC.  Hiaf.  [),  \).  t 

*  One  of  them  wni  the  fumoui  Col.  .Teromiab  Moulton,  who  died,  A.  D. 
I7U — 1  Coll.  Jlnint  Ilut.  Soc.  p.  104.— Sr«  ante,  A  D.  ie90> 


,^;.j: 


Cmf  •  X»"-]  OFMAINB.'  681 

with  luch  full  encouragements  of  protection,  as  determined  tbem  A.n.  ir>SA 
to  abide  and  risque  future  events.  Major  Eiisha  Hutchinson 
was  appointed  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  provincial  militia, 
and  of  the  three  companies  in  the  eastern  service,  under  Captains 
Converse,  Floyd,  and  Thaxter  ;  by  whose  united  and  prudent 
conduct  iiic  frontiers  vverc  so  well  guarded,  and  the  posts  so  read- 
ily corresponded  with  each  other,  through  the  medium  of  ranging  .*a  <<«bV 
parties,  that  it  became  impossible  for  the  enemy  to  attack,  in  the 
usual  way  by  surprise.  Several  of  the  captives  taken  at  York, 
were  recovered  in  the  course  of  the  spring,  by  a  vessel  sent  foi^ 
the  purpose  to  Sagadahock.  ^ 

Wells  was  next  the  object  of  attack  by  the  Indians.     The  in-  wviude- 
habitants  were  dispersed  among  the  fortified  houses, — in  neces-  ['^,',I;'^',||^*^ 
sitous  circumstances ;  while  Capt.   Converse  and  fifteen  soldiers""*' '*"""• 
were  all  the  fensible  men  then  in  Storer's  garrison.     To  supply 
them  and  the  people  with  ammunition  and  provisions,  two  sloops, 
commanded  by  Samuel  Storer  and  James  Gouge,  attended  by  a 
shallop,  well  laden,  arrived  in  the  harbor,  Friday,  June  9th,  '^av-j^^^g 
ing  on  board  14  men.     About  the  same  hour,  the  cattle,  much 
affrighted,  ran  bleeding  into  the  settlement,  from  the  woods  ;  for- 
tunately  giving  the  alarm  of  an  approaching  enemy.      Captain 
Converse  instantly  issued  commands  to  the  vessels,  and  to  the 
people  in  all  quarters,  to  be  on  their  guard  ;  and  the  whole  night 
was  passed  in  anxious  and  trembling  watchfulness. 

Next  morning,  before  break  of  day,  John  Diamond,  a  passen- j^^^^^  ,q 
ger  in  the  shallop,  on  his  way  to  the  garrison,  distant  from  ^'>®^"LVri^ 
sloop  a  gunshot,  was  seized  by  Indian  spies  and  dragged  away  a"ii  indium. 
by  his  hair.     An  army  of  about  500  French  and   Indians  pres- 
ently appeared,  under  Burneffo,  their  superior  officer,  who  was 
chiei  ui  command  at  the  capture  of  Falmouth — Labrocree,  an-  ,    ; 

other  French  General,  of  some  military  reputation — and  a  lew 
other  Frenchmen  of  rank  ;  attended  by  JMadockanando,  Egere- 
met,*  Moxus,  Warumhee,  and  several  other  Sngamores.  They 
closely  examined  Diamond,  who  told  them  what  he  knew ;  only, 
by  mistake,  or  design,  he  said  there  were  in  the  garrison  with 
Capt.  Converse,  thirty  brave  men,  well  armed.  Flushed  with 
the  certainty  of  conquest,  tiiey  apportioned  the  soldiers,  the  in- 
habitants, Mr.  Wheelwright  by  name,  the  women  and  the  childrr.u 


'"f'M 


*  Kgercmct  wa*  from  Ma«htat  or  Paiaaniaquotldj'. 


SBUt  THE  Hiffumy  [V^l.  i. 

A.U.  lC9t.of  the  ?)jwa,  the  sailors,  and  the  plunder,  among  the  officnv,  the 
Sagamores,  and  their  host ;  when  one  habited  like  a  gentleman, 
made  a  speech  in  English  to  tliem,  in  which  he  exhorted  them 
to  be  active  und  fearless ;  assuring  them,  if  t!i?y  courageously  at- 
tacked 'he  Englbh  fortresses,  all  would  be  *i)eiv^^ — tie  heretics 
must  :;'!rrender. 

JuMlO.  Instantly  raising  a  hideous  shout,  ihcy  assailed  t!;'  ^'^r^ison 
with  greu  fury,  and  coniinied  the  i  ^suuk  uur'nj^  th.!  ^  y.  A 
party  constructed,  m  the  meantime,  a  '  reastwork  of  plank,  hay, 
posts  and  rails,  over  .■  JMch  they  Gred  upon  the  vebsels,  secured 
only  by  o  l)V:,ii  bank,  tuo  far  distant  for  men  to  spring  o"  board. 
Being  only  a  dozen  rods  froi^  the  floops,  they  wevr  able  to  set 
:  th»-;>a  on  fire  sjoveral  times  vvi?'i  fire-anows  ;  th'>c:eiv-'.  extinguish- 

ing the  flames,  by  wet  mops  ijon  the  enii:  of  po'»  s,  and  firing  also 
with  an  aim  ami  briskness,  which  at  length  compelled  them  to  with- 
draw. One  of  the  Indians,  more  daring  than  his  fellows,  then 
apptoached  with  a  plank  for  a  shield,  whom  a  \.'  arksman  by  a  single 
shot  Irought  to  the  ground.  Next,  a  kind  of  cart,  rigged  and 
trimmed,  with  a  platform  and  breastwork  shot-proof,  was  rolled 
forward  from  the  woods,  till  witi.ia  fifteen  yards  of  the  sloops; 
when  one  of  the  wheels  sinking  into  the  oozy  earth,  a  Frenchman 
stepped  to  heave  it  forward  with  his  blioulder,  and  was  shot  dead, 
and  another  taking  his  place,  shared  the  same  fate.  The  firing 
was  continued  upon  the  sloops  with  the  repeated  demand,  sur- 
render !  surrender  ! — which  was  only  retorted  by  loud  laughter. 
At  night  they  called  out,  who^s  your  commander? — "We  have, 
.1  (said  they,)  a  great  many  commanders."  You  /le,— cried  an 
Indian, — You  have  none  but  Converse,  and  weHl  have  him  before 
morning. 

JuMlli  ^  scout  of  six  men,  sent  by  Capt.  Converse,  towards  Newich- 

uwannock,  a  few  hours  before  the  enemy  first  api^et'red,  return- 
ing about  the  dawn  of  day,  being  Sabbath-morning ;  were  un- 
warily exposed,  on  their  arrival,  to  certain  death.  But  with 
great  presence  of  mind,  the  corporal  loudly  bespoke  Captain 
Converse,  ns  ii  near  him,  wheel  your  men  around  the  hill  and 
these  few  dogs  are  ovrs.  The  enemy  supposing  Converse 
was  at  their  heels,  hastily  (led,  aiul  the  scout  entered  the  gates 
ur.hurt. 

The  French  and  Indians,  now  embodied  themselves,  and  be- 
gan to  move  with  great  regularity   towards  the  garrison ;  when 


■■'^*f 


>  .4* 


Chav.  sxiii.]  uf  MAwe.  638 

one  of  tht  Capuin's  soldiers  sighed  a  surrender  .*— *  titter  the  a.  d.  tm, 
word  again,  said  he,  and  you  are  a  dead  raan :' — *•  all  lis  close— A'**^^ 
"  fire  not  a  gun,  till  it  will  do  execution."    As  the  besiegers  with  v^km. 
a  firm  step  approached,  they  gave  three  hideous  shouts— «oe    «  *> .  .'r^vf 
crying  out  in  English, /re  and  fall  on,  brave  &oy«;—- and  the  nhoAn 
body  opening    into  three  ranks,  discharged    their  guns  all   at 
once.    A  blaze  of  fire  was  returned,  both  from  the  small  arms 
and  the  cannon,  some  two  or  three  of  which  were  12  pound- 
ers ;  the  women  in  the  garrison  handing  ammunition,  and  several 
times  touching  off  the  pieces  at  the  enemy.     It  was  a  crisis  of 
life  or  death,  and  the  repulse  was  so  complete,  that  the  attack 
was  not  renewed.  .  -        ■■  ^  :;.:•; 

One  farther  attempt,  however,  was  made  upon  the  vessels,  which 
were  still  lying  lashed  together  in  the  best  posture  possible  for 
defence.  The  enemy  now  constructed  a  fire>float,  18  or  20  feet 
square,  and  filling  it  with  combustibles,  and  setting  tliem  on  fire, 
towed  it  as  far  as  was  safe,  directly  towards  the  sloops,  in  tlie 
current  of  the  tide,  and  left  it  to  fleet  in  flames  against  them. 
To  avoid  or  to  extinguish  this  burning  magazine,  appeared  im* 
possible,  and  their  fate  inevitable.  But  by  the  interposition  of 
Divine  Providence,  as  the  anxious  mariners  viewed  it,  a  fresh 
counter  breeze  was  breathed  upon  them,  which  drove  it  aground 
on  the  opposite  shore,  where  it  split  and  filled  with  water. 

Completely  v/orsted  in  every  efifort  made,  and  unable  by  rea-  RmmIm 
son  of  the  levelness  of  the  ground  to  undermine  the  garrison,  the  or  iba 
enemy  despaired  of  forcing  or  inducing  a  capitulation ;  having  *"**"^' 
killed  none  in  the  fort,  and  no  more  than  a  single  one  of  the 
mariners.     Some  of  the  enemy,  however,  after  this  proceeded 
over  the  river  and  made  havock  among  the  cattle ;  while  the 
leaders  sent  a  flag  of  truce,  and  began  a  parley ;  oflfering  Captain 
Converse  the  most  seducing  terms,  if  he  would  surrender.   '  No,' 
said  he,  *  1  want  nothing  of  you*  A  short  dialogue  ensued,*  aftmr 


*  Th«  dialogpue  was  of  this  purport.— Converse  told  them,  *  I  want  noth- 
ing but  men  to  fight'  Thtn  t/*you,  Convertf.,  are  to  tlout,  why  don't  y«ti 
come  ou^  andfigfU  in  thtjltld  likt  a  man,  and  not  ttay  in  agarriim,  like  a 
ifuato?—' What  fools  are  you!  Think  you,  (said  he,)  my  thirty  are  a 
'  match  for  your  fire  hundred  ?  Come  upon  the  plain  with  only  thirty,  and 
'  I  an  ready  for  you.'— JVo,  no,  tee  Uunk  English  fashion,  (cried  a  grim  Id* 
diaa],aiion«/oo/:  you  Ml  nu—m*  kUl  you  t—Jfol  so,—bttUr  H»  eowM* 
Vol.  I.  «7 


the  »ipge. 


634  THE  HISTORY  (Tob.  |. 

A«D.  I69t.  which  the  Indian  bearing  the  flag,  threw  it  upon  the  ground,  and 
fled.    A  few  scattermg  guns  were  at  intervals  discharged  till  dusk, 
"'       and  about  ten  in  the  evening,  the  enemy  ail  withdrew. 

Incirfenu  of  The  good  management  and  great  bravery  of  Capt.  Converse 
and  his  men,  and  of  the  shipmasters  and  tlieir  crews,  were  not 
exceeded  during  the  war.  A  siege  of  forty-eight  hours,  prosecuted 
by  a  host  against  a  handful^  was  in  the  sequel  no  less  a  disgrace 
and  discouragement  to  the  one,  than  anin  ting  and  glorious  to 
the  other.  Several  of  the  enemy  fell — one  was  Labrocree,  who 
had  about  his  neck  when  found,  a  satchel  inclosing  Romish  re* 
liques,  and  a  printed  manual  of  indulgences.  To  avenge  his 
death,  the  savages  put  their  only  captive,  John  Diamond,  to  the 
torture.  They  stripped,  scalped  and  maimed  him  ;  slit  bis  hands 
and  feet  between  the  fingers  and  toes ;  cut  deep  gashes  in  the 
fleshy  parts  of  his  body,  and  then  stuck  the  wounds  full  of  lighted 
torches ;  leaving  him  to  die  by  piecemeal  in  the  agonie?  pf  jcoq- 
suming  fire.*  •'  - 

Onv.  Phipt'  It  was  this  spring,  in  which  the  new  administration  commenced 
under  the  charter  of  William  and  Mary ;  Sir  William  Phips, 
being  commissioned  the  royal  Governor.  To  the  first  legislature, 
which  convened  June  8,  eight  representatives  were  returned 
from  the  late  Province  of  Maine.  Sir  William,  in  his  speech 
to  the  two  branches,  stated  that  monies  nncessary  to  defend  their 
Majesties'  eastern  subjects  must  be  raised ;  and  that  the  war 
against  the  French  and  Indians  ought  to  be  prosecuted  with  more 

A  hoard  of  *y*tem,  and  with  renewed  vigor.  A  board  of  war  was  established, 
consisting  of  three  military  men,  for  v'lom  a  stipend  or  salary 
was  provided  of  £100  by  the  year.  The  Governor  was  author- 
ized by  the  charter,  and  advised  by  the  legislature,  to  march 
the  militia,  if  it  were  necessary,  against  the  common  enemy.f 

The  eastern  coast  at  this  time  was  infested  with  piratical  sea- 
rovers  and  freebooters,  who  were  committing  depredations  with 
fearful  boldness.  Nor  was  this  the  only  trouble.  The  French, 
it  is  well  known,  were  eager  to  attain  o.  repossession  of  the  ex- 
tensive territory  between  Sagadahcck  and  Nova  Scotia,  now  em- 


■dminiilra 
lion. 


June  8. 


Ism' ' 


war. 


wheret  and  thout  f'm  Englithman,  when  he  no  «*,  thai'i  the  bed  soldier.— 
Anothfir  exclaimed.  l)—n  you,  we'll  rut  you  tmall  as  lobncco,  befort  mom- 
ing.    *  Hasta  then,'  retorted  Converse,  <  I  want  buitaeta.* 

*3  Math.  Mag.  p.  832-6.-2  riutch.  Hisf  |>.  C7. 
t  i  Mat*.  Roc.  p.  231.— Prov.  Lawt,  p.  734. 


♦Church's  I 
t  Hero  thel 
I  BrU.  Doi 
^lilt  laid  I 


CbaV.   XXIII.] 


OP  MAINE 


es5 


braced  in  the  new  charter  and  overrun  by  the  triumphant  tar-  a.o.  i6I&. 
ages. 

To  fight  tlie  enemy,  and  keep  possession  of  the  eastern  coun-  5,*^'"*}?'* 
try,  the  Governor  detached  several  companies  from  the  militia,  >>«*••• 
issued  orders  for  some  enlistments,  and  commissioned  Benjamin 
Church,  July  5,  Major-commandant  of  the  forces  ;  who  himself  ifuijr  A. 
enlisted  a  company  of  volunteers  and  a  party  of  friendly  or  pray- 
ing Indians.     There  was   another  enterprize,  wl.ich  the  Gover- 
nor had  in  view,  and  for  accomplishing  which,  he  had  the  king's 
special  instructions ;  this  was  the  erection  and  establishment  of  a 
strong  public  fortress  at  Pemaquid. 

The  Governor  in  person,  attended  by  Major  Church  and  450  i."''yj-., 
men,  embarked  earlv  in  August,  at  Boston,  for  that  place  :  touch-  >'xm  H^n- 

T^  .  ■         ".       .  .  /T.    ,  »      »  ..«•>•  built  at 

mg  at  t  almonth  and  takmg  on  the  great  guns.*  In  exammmg  iVmaquid. 
the  ground,  he  determined  upon  a  site  near  the  old  stockade- 
fort,  built  by  order  oi  Edmund  Andros,  and  destroyed  three 
years  before,  by  the  Indians.  The  plat  selected  was  twenty  rods  ,  ..,.'. 
from  highwater  mark,f  on  the  east  side  of  the  river,  a  league 
above  Pemaquid  point.  The  form  adopted  was  quadrangular,| 
in  compass  747  feet,  measuring  around  the  exterior  contemplated 
wall;  the  inner  square,  including  the  citadel,  being  108  feet> 
across.  •  •.  .  ?    v 

The  building  of  the  garrison  was  committed  to  the  superin- 
tendance  and  direction  of  Captains  Wing  and  Bancroft,  and  was 
finished  under  Captain  March ;  two  companies  being  retained  to 
do  the  work.  Major  Church  was  despatched,  August  11,  with 
the  rest  of  the  troops,  on  a  cruise  to  Penobscot  and  other  places 
in  quest  of  the  enemy ;  and  the  GoverLor  himself  returned  to 
Boston. 

The  walls  were  constructed  of  stone,^  cemented  in  lime-mor- 
tar. Their  height  on  the  south  side  fronting  the  sea,  was  33 
feet,  on  tlis  west  18,  on  the  north  10  and  on  the  east  13  feet; 
and  the  great  flanker,  or  round  tower,  at  the  south-western  cor- 
ner, was  in  height  29  feet.||  Eight  feet  from  the  ground,  where 
the  walls  were  6  feet  in  thickness,  there  was  a  uor  of  33  port- 

*  Church's  8d  Expedition,  p.  ISS.  '' 

t  Hero  the  tide  ritet  from  14  to  16  feet 

{  Brii.  Dom.  in  Amtr.  sayt,  p.  \Si  **  tnaog^uUr"  '    .- 

{  U  is  I'ltd  to  hare  taken  2,CiOO  cart-loads  of  stooe. 

B  S  N«ars  N.  E.  p.  48^.— a  Math.  Maf .  p.  6Se-7. 


'Wgfe 


*«*;;-:ii; 


*■       <  ■lit 


I-*;' 


Cscunmns 
of  Major 
Cburcii  at 


6^<l  THEHisTtnty  ..    f.      [Vol.  I. 

A.D.  1I9S.  holes.  The  gtrrwon  was  finished  ra  a  few  months  9— 4be  whole 
cost  of  which  is  said  to  have  been  £20,000.  Between  14  and 
18  guns  were  mounted,  six  of  which  were  18  pounders;  it  was 
manned  with  60  men,  and  called  Fort  William  Henrt. 

The  charge  of  building  this  fortification  and  keeping  it  garri* 
soned,  cau.  ed  much  dissatisfaction,  and  even  complaints  among 
the  people.  It  was  thougtit  by  many,  not  to  be  a  convenient  post 
for  ranging  parties,  nor  /i  well  chosen  asylum  for  the  retreat  of 
frontier  settlers,  in  times  of  rupture.  Remotely  situated,  it  was 
Kable  to  be  captured,  and  might  in  war,  become  a  strong  hold  of 
the  enemy.  If  the  establishment  answered  no  other  purpose  than 
to  protect  a  single  harbor,  and  keep  nominal  possession  of  the 
country,  the  expenses  were  altogether  disproportionate.  But,  as  it 
was  entirely  designed  for  the  public  good,  many,  on  the  other  hand, 
thought  the  objections  arose  from  a  reprehensible  parsimony  and 
shortsighted  policy.    '     ''i   '      .     a  .  j-^tc    i 

The  expedition  was  immediately  known  by  the  Indians ;  for 
Major  Church,  on  landing  with  a  party  of  his  men  on  one  of  the 

•n"*K«Dn«.  Islands  in  Penobscot  bay,  now  called  "  seven  hundred  acre  Isl- 
and,"  was  informed  by  two  or  three  French  residents,  who  were 
living  with  Indian  wives  and  had  families ;  that  a  "  great  company" 
of  Indians,  were  on  a  neighboring  Island  [evidently  Long  h\- 
and]  and,  having  descried  the  vessels,  had  hastened  away  in 
their  canoes.  Unable,  without  whale-boats,  to  pursue  them  be> 
yond  the  vicinity  of  the  peninsula ;  he  took  five  Indians,  also  a 
quantity  of  com,  beaver  and  moose-skins,  and  returned  to  Pema* 
quid.  Afterwards,  in  ascending  the  Kenneheck  waters,  he  liad  a 
skirmish  with  a  party  of  Indians,  some  of  whom  he  drove  to  the 
woods,  while  others  fled  away  in  their  canoes,  up  the  river  to 
their  fort  at  Teconnet.  As  soon  as  they  discovered  him  and  his 
men  in  pursuit,  they  set  fire  to  their  huts  in  the  fort,  and  ran 
away,  burying  themselves  in  the  thickets.  Whatever  was  not 
already  on  fire,  particularly  some  cribs  of  corn,  he  committed  to 
the  flames  ;  and  returning  to  Boston,  concluded  his  third  *  East- 
ern Expedition  ;'*  rendered  memorable  by  no  exploit  of  any 
great  moment. 

The  Sa^-;amores  were  highly  exasperated  by  these  enterprizes ; 
and  at  the  same   time,  greatly  dissatisfied  with  the  meagre  aid 


Church's  5d  Expedition,  p.  131-137. 


:fi.A 


CHAt.  SUII.J  y,    OF  MAINS. 

•od  recompense,  tbey  were  re'  »ivuig  from  the  Frendi.   Medock-  A.  o.  icsft 
awando,  io  August*  made  a  jou. iiey  to  Quebec.    In  an  interview  pr^^^  ^^ 
with  Count  Frontenac,  he  presented  him  with  five  English  pris-  J|U*^-J^ 
oners,  and  received  in  return  the  reward  expected.    It  was  ah»  Hf "|'"* 
agreed  between  them,  that  the  Governor  should  send  two  ships  of 
war  and  200  Canadians  to  Penobscot,  and  there  be  reenforced 
bjT  2  or  300  Indians  under  Madockawando ;  and  that  the  whole 
force,  when  conjoined,  should  proceed  to  destroy  Wells,  the  Isles 
of   Shoals,  the  plantations  of   Piscataqua,    including  Kittery, 
likewise  the  town  of  York,  and   then  demolish  Fort  William 
Henry. 

This  enterprize  was  a  topic  of  too  much  conversation  to  be  pjej,o, 
kept  a  secret.  John  Nelson,*  appointed  after  the  conquest  of|fjlJ*  ^ 
Nova  Scotia  by  Phips,  the  Governor  or  commander  of  the  Pro-  ***»***»»• 
vince,  but  being  taken  prisoner  on,  or  after  his  passage  thither, 
from  Boston,  was  now  detained  in  Quebec.  Having  oppor- 
tunity to  talk  with  Madockawando,  he  amused  him  with  the  pro- 
ject of  ipttling  a  trading  house  at  "  Negas,"  [possibly  Kendus- 
keag]  *  up  the  Penobscot,'  and  drew  from  him  some  information. 
To  communicate  intelligence,  Nelson  bribed  two  Frenchmen  and 
sent  a  letter  by  them  to  Boston,  in  which  he  informed  the  govern- 
ment that  a  French  frigate  of  34  guns,  I'Envieux,  and  a  Dutch  cap- 
tured ship  of  38  guns,  le  Poli,  were  about  to  be  sent,  under  Iberville, 
to  Port-Royal  and  Penobscot,  for  the  purpose  of  sweeping  the 
eastern  waters  of  all  the  vessels  they  could  find  ;  and  that  he  ex- 
pected, in  his  undertaking  and  movements,  to  have  the  coopera- 
tion and  assistance  of  the  Chevalier  Villebon,  tlie  French  Gov- 
ernor of  Nova  Scotia.  The  two  French  messengers,  on  their 
return,  being  detected,  weic  for  their  perfidy  afterwards  shot; 
and  the  patriotic  Nelson,  for  sending  the  letter,  was  transported 
to  France  and  imprisoned  in  the  Bastile  five  years.  At  the  close 
of  the  war,  and  not  before,  he  returned  home,  after  tsn  years' 
absence.  ;. 

*  He  was  the  son  of  William  Nelson,  and  devisee  of  Sir  Thomas  Temple, 
former  proprietor  of  Nova  Scotia.— 1  Coll.  Mcut.  Hitt.  Soc.  p.  136, 3d  itritt. 
John  Nelson  was  one  of  the  high  republicans,  who  required  Edmund  An- 
dros  to  surrender  his  adminiitration.  His  letter  to  the  Court  of  Massa* 
cliuKCtts,  was  d^ted  Aug^iist  2C!h,  1692.  He  was  made  an  eyewitness  to  the 
execution  of  his  two  French  messengers,  and  expected  the  same  fate. 
After  he  was  transported,  he  was  released  from  the  Bastile,  through  the 
influence  of  Sir  Purbec  Temple,  (Eng.)— EliotV  Biog.  p.  832. 


^5**'' 


638 

A.U.  I69S. 

Fort  Wi|. 
liaiu  UtB* 


TUB  HISTORY 


[Vol. 


1. 


A.n.  ir>93. 

AInJor  <'on- 
VTMi  huild* 
Saco  Fort. 


Aufuit  11. 
A  treaty. 


The  tcrmi 
«f  it. 


Late  in  the  autumn,  Iberville,  arrivinr  i*  F^nobtcot,  wu  join- 
ed by  Villebon  and  a  great  body  oi  -.tidiati*;  and  all  pro* 
ceeded  to  attempt  the  reduction  of  Fort  William  Henry.  Struck 
with  its  apparent  strength,  and  finding  an  English  vessel  riding  at 
anchor  under  the  guns  of  the  fort,  the  commanders  concluded  to 
abandon  the  cnterprize ;  the  Indians  stamping  the  ground  in  dis> 
appointment. 

The  next  spring,  the  intrepid  Converse  was  commissioned 
Major  and  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  eastern  forces,  including 
the  garrison  soldiers  and  350  new  levies.  He  ranged  the  country 
in  quest  of  the  enemy  ;  was  at  Piscataqua,  at  Wells,  at  Sheepscot, 
at  Pemaquid,  at  Teconnet,  and  on  tiie  west  side  of  the  Saco, 
near  the  falls,  he,  with  the  aid  of  Major  Hook  and  Capt.  Hill, 
erected  a  very  strong  stone-fort.^  The  Indians  were  in  distress 
and  despair.  They  felt  themselves  hunted  to  the  mountains  by 
the  terrifying  Converse ;  they  feared  an  attack  from  the  Mo- 
hawks ;  the  French  had  left  them  to  feed  on  empty  promises ; 
several  of  their  principal  men  were  detained  among  the  English, 
as  prisoners,  who  were  extremely  impatient  to  be  released ;  and 
on  the  11th  of  August,  thirteen  Sagamoresf  representing  all  the 
tribes  from  Passamaquocldy  to  Saco,  inclusive,  came  into  the  new 
garrison,  at  Pemaquid,  and  negotiated  a  treaty  with  the  English 
commissioners  John  Wing,  Nicholas  Manning,  and  Benjamin 
Jackson.  ■  <    -••'•"--■■t  ii;,  nt',\  i.j'j.,-,.-,- .•■?.  ;.'.;•  id;,,' 

In  this  the  Sagamores  conceded  more  than  in  former  treaties. 
They  declared  their  hearty  subjection  and  obedience  to  the  crown 
of  England ;  and  said  they  had  been  instigated  by  the  French 
to  make  war,  whose  interest  they  had  determined  to  abandon 
forever.  They  agreed  to  release  all  captives  without  ransom ; 
to  resign  unto  tlie  English  inhabitants  all  their  possessions  and  im- 
provements, and  leave  them  unmolested  and  free  of  all  Indian 
claims ;  to  traffic  with  the  English  at  the  trading  houses,  which 


*  The  remains  are  still  visible.  It  was  a  fortress  of  gpreat  streng^th  ;  in 
trbich  several  soldiers  were  stationed,  under  Capt.  Georg^e  Turfrey  and 
Lieut,  P.  Fletcher. 

f  Among^  those  who  sig^ned  the  treaty  were  Eg^ercmct  of  Macbias ;  Ma. 
dockawando  and  Abenquid  of  Penobscot;  Wasaambomet  and  Ketterramo. 
gis  of  Norridgewock ;  Boinaseen,  Wenobton  "  of  Teconnet,  in  behalf  of 
Moxut;"  Nitamemet  or  Nitombomet,  and  Robin  Doney  of  Saco;  and 
others.         -        . ,  .  ■  ._    . 


or  MAWtt^f^ 


039 


should  be  established  by  government  and  regulated  hj  law ;  and  A.  0. 1691 
have  every  controversy  between  the  English  and  Indians  decided 
in  due  course  of  justice.  It  was  a  treaty  of  perpetual  peace  and 
friendship,  sanctioned  by  the  most  solemn  asseverations  of  the 
parties,  in  faith  of  which  the  Sagamores  delivered  to  tlie  English 
five  hostages,*  who  were  to  be  exchanged  at  any  time,  on  re- 
quest, for  others  of  equal  rank.f 

A  respite  from  war  and  returns  from  captivity  without  ransom 
must  be  themes  and  causes  of  uncommon  joy,  to  a  people  war- 
worn, bleeding,  scattered  and  sinking  in  ruins.  This  peace,  had 
tlie  Indians  been  left  to  themselves,  might  have  been  permanent 
and  lasting.  For  constant  as  they  were  in  notliing  but  change, 
they  were  soon  tired  with  uniformity  and  perseverance,  especially, 
if  attended  with  anxious  toils  or  dangers.  Prisoners  had  not 
been  taken  by  them  of  late  without  great  difficulty,  and  plunder 
could  not  be  easily  obtained,    i      '        '•-   i  .  rr,.      7t  .   */ 

Count  Frontenac,  now  engaged  in  a  most  bloody,  though  un-  Th«  FrMfh. 
successful  war  with  the  Mohawks,  or  *  Five  Nations,*  was  under  'iil"""^'*  "* 
die  necessity  of  calling  home  to  his  assistance  every  Frenchman 
able  to  bear  arms.  He  was  troubled  on  every  side,  and  must 
even  have  stood  the  siege  of  Quebec,  this  season,  had  not  the 
mortal  sickness  on  board  the  royal  English  fleet,  under  Sir 
Francis  Wheeler,  prevented  an  attack.  To  suffer  the  Abena- 
ques  and  Tarratine  tribes  to  be  at  peace  with  their  neighbors, 
would  in  eflfect,  as  the  Count  perceived,  grerftiy  serve  to  embold- 
en the  English  in  their  projects  against  Quebec ;  snu  therefore 
he  employed  his  emissaries  to  dissuade  the  Indians  from  restoring 
their  prisoners  or  fulfilling  the  treaty.  Hostages,  he  told  them, 
were  no  great  security  or  pledge,  so  long  as  the  Indians  had  in 
their  custody  a  greater  number  of  captives. 

Fit  instruments  to  effect  his  purpose  were  the  French  mis-  Jesuit  mii> 
sionaries.    The  four  or  five  who  were  preeminent  in  his  service,  «mong*tiia 
were  M.  Thury,  Vincent  and  Jaques  Bigot  and  Sebastian  Ral'  **"''""*• 
/e;{ — all  of  whom  were   ardent  and   bold   enthusiasts,  always       "'  " 
ready,  with  tearful  eye,  to  preach  from  a  text  in  their  creed, — that 
"  it  is  no  sin  to  break  faith  with  heretics."     Thury  and  Vincent 


I'ace. 


rii'pih 


M'* 


*  One  was  Sheepicot  John  ;  another  was  tho  cousin  of  Madockanr%ndo; 
and  a  third  tbe  brother  of  Egeremct.  ■*••    ■  >» 

t  See  this  treaty  entire.— 2  Malh,  Mag.  p.  512-3. 
X  There  was  one  at  Aodroscogi^'iu — 2  JVatk.  Mag.  p.  5ft7. 


\     t 


r. 


Villiru  at 
Peiiobicoi. 


Indianii  d«> 


940  THE  HISTORY  '■         [Vte.  l. 

A.D.  1699.  Bigot  had  been  a  long  time  among  the  Tarratines,  and  were  weD 
acquainted  with  their  dispositions,  language  and  habits.  Ralle,* 
fent  from  France  into  the  French  colonies  by  the  society  of  Jes- 
uits, passed  about  four  years  among  the  tribes  in  the  vicinity  of 
Canada  ;  and  in  1693  ch /se  Norridgewock  for  his  abode,  where 
he  dwelt  26  years.  His  entire  devotion  to  the  religious  interests 
of  the  Indians,  gave  him  an  unlimited  ascendancy  over  them. 
Another  select  agent  of  Frontenac,  was  Sieur  de  Villieu,  who 
was  now  appointed  resident  commander  at  Penobscot.  He  was 
an  officer  who  had  acquired  some  merit  at  Quebec,  when  it  was 
rttacked  by  Phips ;  and,  what  was  an  additional  qualification  for 
his  post,  he  cherished  an  inveterate  hatred  of  the  puritans. 
Determined  to  open  anew  the  sluices  of  war,  he  collected  a 

■troy  «»*o»^'i,Qjy  Qj  250  Indians,  under  Madockawando,  Bomaseen,  and 
Toxus,  who,  on  the  1 8th  of  July,  again  destroyed  Dover,  in 
New-Hampsliire  ;  and.  after  plundering  places  further  westward, 

jiuKuM30.  returned  to  Piscataqua,  August    20th,  when  a  large  party  of 

lackf.  them  crossed  over  into  Kittery,  with  intent,  manifestly,  to  complete 
the  ruin  of  Maine.     At  Spruce-creek  they  killed  three,  and  at 

Auguit  a.  York  one,  where  they  also  took  a  lad  prisoner.  On  the  fifth  day 
of  their  visit,  they  made  a  bold  attack  upon  Kittery,  slew  eight 
persons,  and  scalped  in  a  barbarous  manner  a  little  girl ;  who, 
though  left  bleeding  and  apparently  dying,  was  found  alive  the 
next  morning,  and  ultimately  recovered,  notwithstanding  her  skull 
was  badly  fractured. 

This  sudden  outrageous  violation  of  the  treaty  and  every  prin- 
ciple of  plighted  faith,  rendered  any  retaliatory  act  warrantable, 
in  the  opinion  of  an  abused  people,  however  severe  such  act  might 
be.  When,  therefore,  Robin  Doney  and  three  of  his  companions 
sauntered  into  the  new  fort  at  Saco,  pretending  great  regret  for 
the  late  rupture,  they  being  known  criminals,  were  detained  in 
custody.  In  the  same  mannei*,  Bomaseen  and  two  other  Indians, 
November  I9th,  visited  the  garrison  at  Pemaquid,  then  under  the 
command  of  Capt.  March,  feigning  themselves  to  be  travellers 
immediately  from  Canada,  and  strangers  to  the  recent  massficre. 
T*ut  they,  being  known,  were  seized,  and  Bomaseen  was  soon  sent 
to  Boston.  These  acts  were  not  censured  by  government,  though 
lerious  minds  have  animadverted  upon  them  with  some  severity. 


Seven  ln> 
dian*  Mis* 
•d. 


Nor.  19. 


*  •  Coll,  Man.  Hi»t.  8oc,  p.  360-9,  M.  Mnsh 


Chat,  xxiii.]  tn    of  Maine.  641 

To  show  what  arts  and  deceptions  were  practised  by  the  A.  o.  lem. 
French  fanatics,  upon  the  ignorance  and  superstition  of  theJewit 
natives ;  a  few  facts  may  be  allowed  here  to  be  slated.  In  con- 
versing  with  a  clergyman  of  Boston,  Bomaseen  said,  the  Indians 
understand  the  Virgin  Mary  was  a  French  lady,  and  her  son,  '•  »"-t 
Jesus  Christ,  the  blessed,  was  murdered  by  the  English;  but  has 
since  risen  and  gone  to  heaven,  and  all  who  would  gain  his  favor 
must  avenge  his  blood. — ^The  divine,  taking  a  tankard,  said  to 
bim,  Jesus  Christ  gives  us  good  religion,  like  the  good  wine 
in  this  cup ;  God's  book  is  the  Bible,  which  holds  this  good 
drink  ;  the  French  put  poison  in  it,  and  then  give  it  to  the  In- 
dians ; — Englishmen  give  it  to  them  pure ; — that  is,  we  present 
the  holy  Book  to  you,  in  your  own  language.  French  priests 
hear  you  confess  sins,  and  take  beaver  for  it.  Englishmen  never 
sell  pardons ;  they  are  free  and  come  from  God  only. — TTien, 
said  Bomaseen,  Indians  will  spit  up  all  French  poison ; — En- 
glishman's God  the  best  God.  ».  J,  .iii 

Bomaseen  and  his  accomplices  were  continued  in  confmement,  a.  D.  1695. 
and  the  hostages  remained  with  the  English,  tlirough  the  winter,  the  ludiau. 
Being  persons  of  distinction,  their  liberation  would  have  com- 
manded almost  any  ransom,  had  the  Indians  any  thii<^  to  pay. 
But  such  were  their  uncommon  miseries,  that  humanity  weeps 
over  them.     Besides  famine,  in  which  their  English  prisoners 
were  the  most  wretched  sharers, — a  mortal  sickness  was  ragu>g 
among  them.     Pushed  forward  by  hunger  and  revenge,  some  of 
them  were  able  occasionally  to  take  life,  or  a  little  plunder.     In 
March,  one  of  thu   soldiers  was  killed  and  another  taken  near  March. 
Saco  fort ; — other  acts  of  mischief  were  also  committed, — acts 
which  were  the  height  of  folly :  For,  if  they  would  turn  a  deaf 
ear  to  the  deceptive  French,  and  consult  their  own  interest,  it 
must  be  the  wisest  measure  practicable,  for  them  to  cease  depre- 
dations and  to  restore  their  captives  according  to  the  treaty,  us 
the  return  of  them  was  filling  relations  and  even  the  conmmnity 
itself  with  extreme  anxiety ; — and  then  they  miglu  hope  for  relief. 

To  mediate  an  exchange,  Shccpscot  John,    one  of  the  host-  a  •«•*•• 
ages,  was  sent  to  the  eastern  tribes  ;  tlirough  whose  wifluence  a 
body  of  Indians  in  a  flotilla  of  fifty  canoes,   May   20,  met  some  May  20. 
of  our  men,  belonging  to  Fort  William    Henry,  at  Rutherford's 
Island,  situated  a  league  from  the  garrison.      Here  the  Saga- 
Voi,.  I.  68 


e  ,* 


WOtiwtM'l  tit  J 


."Ml 


^^%\% 


042 

A.  D.  169A. 


Junn  19. 
A  parley. 


THE  HISTORY 


[Vol. 


f. 


Sept.  9. 
iSohiiert 
killed  at 
Peinaquid. 


A.  D.  1696, 
Feb.  16. 

Chubb  kills 
and  seizes 
Indians  at 
Peniaquid 
under  aflag< 


mores  confessed  their  wrongs,  released  eight  captives,  and  en- 
tered into  a  truce  for  tliirty  days ;  promising  to  meet  commis. 
sioners  in  the  garrison  at  the  end  of  a  month,  and  ratify  the 
treaty. 

A  conference  was  subsequently  had  according  to  appointment ; 
but  the  Commissioners,  Col.  Pliiilips,  Lieut.  Cul.  Hawthorn  and 
Major  Converse,  refused  to  treat,  till  the  English  prisoners  were 
produced.  This  pro-requisite  was  thought  by  the  Sagamores 
unfair ;  for,  said  they,  you  have  not  brought  Bomaseen,  Robin 
Doney  J  and  our  friends : — fVeHl  talk  no  more;  and  rising  ab- 
ruptly, departed.  The  parley  was  thus  fraught  with  danger ;  for 
after  this,  tlie  forts  and  frontiers  were  infested  by  prowling  savages 
through  the  summer.  Major  Hammond,  who  belonged  to  Kit- 
tery  was  seized,  July  0,  near  Saco-fort,  and  carried  to  Canada ; 
and  within  three  months,  about  40  were  killed  or  taken  captive, 
m  the  northern  parts  of  JVevv-England.  Among  them,  a  soldier 
was  shot  at  Saco,  and  four  were  killed  und  six  wounded,  at 
Pemaquid,  Sept.  9,  as  they  were  rowing  a  gondola  around  a 
high  rocky  point,  above  the  barbacan  opposite  to  the  garrison. 

Five  months  after  this,  Egeremet,  Toxus,  Abenquid,  and  a 
party  of  their  associates,  came  into  the  same  garrison,  Feb.  I'i, 
[1G9G],  for  the  purpose,  as  they  said,  of  effecting  an  exchange 
of  prisoners.  The  commander  at  this  time  was  Capt.  Chubb, 
whose  men  were  not  yet  fully  healed  of  the  wounds,  they  had  late- 
ly received.  Their  resentments  were  also  inflamed  by  the  recol- 
lection of  those,  who  were  actually  slain  at  the  same  time  ;  and 
in  the  midst  of  the  parley,  they  suddenly  fell  upon  the  Indians, 
killed  Egeremet,  Abenquid,  and  two  others,  and  took  some  of 
them  prisoners  ;*  Toxus  and  a  few  of  his  more  athletic  comrades 
effecting  their  escape,  to  tell  the  awful  story,  and  add  new  fuel 
to  the  flames  of  war.  It  was  a  shameful  breach  of  good  faith— 
nowise  justifiable  by  the  perfidy  of  the  Indians,  though  they 
had  previously  violated  tlie  treaty  they  had  signed.  To  kill 
emissaries  in  the  midst  of  negotiations,  for  tliLir  fellows'  crimes, 
is  an  act  unknown  even  to  the  worst  of  savages ;  for  they  never 
murder  during  a  parley.  If  the  conduct  of  Captain  March  1  'i 
months  before,  was  blameworthy  ;  Chubb  richly  deserved  all  th' 

*  Charkrtiirl  3  vol.  A".  F.  p.  2'J3.]  aa)",  Hirer  »vcr(!  nonf  tn  Bo&ton.-  il 
rnrnplain^  of  thin  act* 


liain  Heary. 


Cha*.  XXIII.]  op  MADfE^IT  64) 

censure,  a  sensitive  public  was  disposed  so  liberally  to  reflect  A.  D.  mb6. 
upon  him. 

There  was  nothing  to  cheer  this  spring,  except  the  late  return  '«"•,. 
of  Major  Hammond  and  about  thirty  captives  from  Canada.  In  munwd— 
June,  upwards  of  twenty  people  were  slain  or  taken  about  Ports- 
moutli — several  houses  were  burned — also  three  men  and  their 
wives  who  were  sisters,  in  passing  from  York  to  Wells  were  as- 
sailed ; — Thomas  Cole  and  his  wife,  two  of  the  six,  being  shot 
down,  the  others  barely  escaping  a  second  discharge. 

Fort  William  Henry  had  now  become  a  noted  public  garrison.  Tli«  Frandi 
Tlie  French  conceived  it  controlled  all  the  western  parts  of  Ac-  Fon  Wii- 
adia,  and  resolved  to  reduce  it.  For  this  purpose,  Iberville  was 
despatched  from  Quebec,  with  two  men  of  war  and  two  com- 
panies of  soldiers, — directed  to  form  a  junction  with  Villebon 
aad  a  company  of  50  Mickmaks,  at  St.  John  or  Port  Royal,  also 
with  Castine  and  his  Indians  at  Penobscot,  and  drive  the  English 
from  the  garrison.  It  was  as  unfortunate  as  it  was  accidental, 
that  about  the  same  time,  two  British  ships,  the  Sorlings,  Captain 
Eames,  and  the  Newport,  Captain  Paxen,  also  the  Province  ten- 
der, saikd  from  Boston  for  the  bay  of  Fundy,  to  intercept  the 
stores  supposed  to  be  on  their  passage  from  Quebec  to  Villebon. 
For,  as  the  two  squadrons  met  and  encountered  each  other  in  the 
bay,  the  Newport,  in  the  engagement,  lost  her  topmast  and  sur- 
rendered and  the  other  two  were,  under  the  cover  of  a  fog, 
only  able  to  effect  their  escape. 

Reenforced  by  this  prize,  which  Iberville  repaired  at  St.  John, 
he  and  Villebon,  with  his  Mickmaks,  p.oceeu  to  Pemaquid  ; 
taking  on  board  at  Penobscot,  Baron  tie  Castine,  who  was  fol- 
lowed by  200  Indians*  in  canoes.  The  whole  force  invested 
the  garrison,  July  I4th,  when  Iberville  sent  Capt.  Chubb  a  sum- July  u 
mons  to  surrender.  But  as  he  had  15(|,uns  well  mounted,  95 
men  double  armed,  and  abiindance  of  ammunition  and  provisions, 
and  was  able  to  stand  a  long  siege  against  treble  his  number  of 
soldiers ; — he  promptly  replied,  /  shall  not  give  vp  the  fort, 
though  the  $ea  be  covered  with  Frei%ch  veiseU,  and  the  land  toith 


*  CharlrvoiXf  (3  vol.  .V.  F.  p.  260-2,)  iay»  Caitinc  waa  with  200  savngci . 
and  Iberville  distributed  presents  (a  them.  In  tlie  absault  the  FrcDcb  lost 
two  mnn,  killed  by  pistols ;  and  twu  others,  wiioie  lives  cost  the  Eiigriitb 
"  tens  of  two." 


M 


W" 


ml 

i  I 

4 


'  ti 


garritoB. 


044!  THE  HISTOEY  |»«H  fVoL.  I. 

A.D.  1S9C.  tnld  Indiana.   Hence  a  (ew  discharges  of  musquetiy  and  canooo 

closed  the  first  day. 
July  15.  Before  the  next  inorning,  the  French  landed  their  cacnon  and 

ri'nderfThe  mortars  J  and  by  three  in  liic  afternoon,  had  so  far  raised  their 

batteries,  as  to  be  able  to  throw  five  or  six  bombs  into  the  fort. 

Aniidst  the  consternation  these  occasioned,  Castinc  found   means 

to  convey  a  letter  to  Capt.  Chubb,  telling  him  '  if  he  delayed  a 

*  surrender  till  an  assault  was  made,  he  would  have  to   deal  with 

*  Savages,  and  must  expect  no  quarter,  for  Iberville,  according 
'  to  the  king's  order,  was  to  give  none.'  This  menacing  address 
effected  all  that  was  desired  ;  the  chamade  v;as  beat,  and  tiie 
terras  of  capitulation  stipulated,  by  which  ail  within  the  garrison 
were  to  be  conveyed  to  Boston,  and  as  many  Freucli  and  In- 
dians returned  ;  and  till  their  removal,  ihcy  were  to  be  protected 
from  all  injury  and  insult.  The  gates  were  then  opened,  when 
the  Indians,  finding  one  of  their  people  in  irons,  were  so  ex- 
asperated by  tiie  story  of  his  sufterings  and  of  Chubb's  baseness 
to  the  others  of  his  companions,  that  tliey  actually  massa- 
cred at  once,  several  of  the  English  soldiery.  To  preserve 
the  rest  of  the  prisoners  from  falling  victims  to  wild,  ungoverna- 
ble resentments,  Ibervilk-  removed  them  to  an  Island  and  placed 
around  them  a  strong  guard. 

The  French  supposed  that  the  garrison,  through  cowardice, 
compelled  Chubb  to  capitulate  against  his  will.  But  he  was  him- 
self censured  with  great  severity, — and  afterwards  put  under  ar- 
rest, tried  and  cashiered.*  The  French  thought  this  a  great 
achievement. — The  fortification,  which  had  cost  Massachusetts  an 
immen.se  sum  of  money,  in  the  estimation  of  that  day — to  build  it 
and  garrison  it  4  years,  was  now  phmdered  by  the  captors,  and 
then  for  the  most  part  demolished.  They  set  sail  on  the  18th, 
for  Penobscot,  where  they  coniinued  till  September  3d  ;  inciting 
the  Indians  to  a  renewal  of  hostilities. 

When  the  news  of  this  disaster  arrived  al   Boston,  it  was  ap- 

Chiirciiwiiiiprehended,  the  French  and  Indians  might  proceed   as  far  west- 

proerrds      ward  as  Piscataqua,  and  take  or  destroy  all  that  might  fall  in  their 

way.     To  resist  or  encounter  them,  therefore,  iNlassacbusetis  im- 

modiateiy  raised  500  men  ;  «nd   Lieut.  Gov.   Stoughton,  Com- 


Chubb 
Cailiicred. 


July  18. 


Major 


*  The  rrvengc  nf  (In    liuli.iiis  ivns  «.-iliatcd   upon  Chnbli,  in  Frb.'169li, 
by  killing  li'in  at  his  re»iilctice  in  AnJovtr. 


Chap.  *xxi]i.]  of  Maine.  ^4MP 

mander-in-Chief,  since  the  recaJ  and  subsequent  deatii  of  Gov.  A-  D.  ICM. 
Phips,  gave  Benjamin  Church,  August  3d,  a  commission   byAuguttS. 
which  he  was  appointed  Major-commandant  of  the  expedition.* 
At  Piscataqun,  his  plac^  of  rendezvous,    he  concentrated   his 
forces  ;  assigning  to  his  Captains,  Graham,  Bracket!,  Hunnewell, 
and  Larkin,  their  rank  and  duty,  and  despatched  to  Col,  Ged- 
ney,  at  York,  a  reenforcement  of  his  Indian  soldier?,  for  the  de- 
fence of  that  town  and  the  vicinity.      Several  days  elapsed  ere    m.-A- 
Major  Church  heard  n  lisp  of  the  enemy ;    and  consequently 
concluded  he  had  gone  eastward. f  ■'*'^  i**^*  »"*«f  Mj^^v^fi**? 

A  squadron  of  three  British  men  of  war,  the  Arundel,  the  a  iquadmr'^ 
Orford,  and  the  Sorlings,  furnished  with  militia  men  to  serve  as  5"™"  ' 
marines,  and  attended  by  a  merchant  ship  of  20 guns,and  a  fire- 
sliip,  proceeding  to  sea,  was  only  able  to  reach  Penobscot  in  time 
to  see  the  enemy  set  sail.  The  pursuit  was  pressed  till  dark ; 
and  the  next  morning  the  squadron  in  a  thick  fog,  lost  sight  of 
the  I'renchmen,  and  returned,  bringing  to  Boston  a  shallop  taken, 
which  had  on   board    Villeau    and   23    French   soldiers.     The  i 

French  ships  visited  St.  John  and  the  southerly  ports  of  the 
great  peninsula,  also  Cape  Breton,  and  finally  reduced  New- 
foundland to  the  dominion  of  the  crown. J  - 

Major  Church,  the  last  week  in  August,  embarked  at  Piscata-  Church  u. 
qua  ;  and  after  rangmg  the  eastern  coast,  came  to  anchor  at  the  Peaobtnx,  ; 
Island  Monhegan.  From  this  place  hi  proceeded  into  Penob- 
scot bay,  and  when  abreast  "  Mathebestuck  Hills"  [or  Camden 
heights],  he  took  in  John  York,  to  pilot  him  through  these  waters 
and  up  tlie  river.  York  informed  him,  that  when  he  was  a  pris- 
oner with  the  Tndians,  four  years  before,  they  had  a  fort  built 
upon  a  little  Island  50  or  fiO  miles  up  the  rivrr  at  the  falb, 
which  was  a  place  of  general  resort,  [probably  the  Island  Lett,"^ 
or  Old  Town]  ;||  and  in  the  vicinity  they  "  planted  a  great  quan- 
tity of  corn."  Church  and  his  men  ascended  the  river  to  the 
•'  Bend,"ir  then  leaving  their  boats  travelled  on  the  western  side 
two  or  three  miles,  passing  places  where  the  Indians  had   dwelt. 

*  Cliurcli'R  4th  Eastern  FiXfiedition.  p.  138-167. 

i  C'liurch's  4th  ICislern  r.xppdition,  J).  111-2.  -         '    '  '  ' 

I  ;'  [lijtcli.  Hist.  p.  80-9).  5  Pcnhallon's  InJian  Wars. 

II  Fur  llio  pilot  tolil  Cliurcli  "  tlifro  was  no  i^ptting;  to  it,  but  in  canoci, 
"  or  on  icu  in  the  winter  time;"  and  "  there  was  kio  g<m\ng  fiirtlier  with 
"  large  boats."  1!  At  EJdinjfton. 


««*»,fw 


!,iii-. 


.■'3(fi, 


Kt* 


1 


■",'*i 


IS  lupcr- 
s«dec. 

s«pt.  es 


646  THE  HiaroRY  [Vol.  i. 

A.D.  i69G.In  this  excursion,  thciy  killed  and  wounded  four  or  five  Indians, 
i.4V'A<.and  took  anotlier,  who  told  Major  Church,  the  men  of  the  tribe 
had  gone  to  Canada,  and  the  French  were  about  fortifying  them- 
selves, at  the  noouth  of  tiie  river  St.  John.  On  his  return,  he 
found,  in  difierent  places,  abandoned  iiabitations,  fields  of  com, 
and  patches  of  turnips  and  pumpkins,  particularly  on  the  Isle  of 
Penobscot  [now  Orphan  Island]  ;  below  which  he  reembarked 
and  sailed  for  the  bay  of  Fundy.  k^-  ,.  ^  ,    . 

Church  Among  the  settlements  on  the  north  shore  of  tliat  bay,  he  made 

Fundy 'iiiKi  great  destruction  and  took  considerable  plunder ;  yet,  while  under 
sail  homeward,  he  was  met  in  the  waters  of  the  Passamaquoddy, 
Sept.  28,  by  a  squadron  from  Boston,  the  Arundel,  Capt.  Hig- 
gins,  the  Province  galley,  Capt.  Southwick,  and  a  transport ;  the 
command  of  the  whole  expeditvon,  including  the  forces  under 
Major  Church,  being  given  to  Col.  Hawthorn,  one  of  the  Council. 
Chtirch,  though  superseded,  was  submissive  *.o  orders,  and 
jobed  the  squadron,  which  proceeded  s\  .ih  intent  lO  drive  Vi!- 
leboD  from  the  garrison  at  St.  John  But  the  enterprize  was 
attended  witli  no  success,  and  uie  fleet  veturned. 
J,      Wherever  there  were  any  remaining   people  in  Maine,  they 

fi  killed  at   were  constantly  liable  to  lose  their  lives,  or  be  made  captives  by 

the  hands  of  lurking  savages.     At  Saco,  five  of  the  soldiers, 

a;d.  1697. October  13th,  were  killed;*  and  the  winter  of  1696-7  was  a 
Awffonn^  '  ' 

wnier.  most  trying  one,  as  well  to  savages  as  to  their  nnransomed  pris- 
oners ;f  it  never  having  been  more  intensely  cold  in  New-Eng- 
land, nor  the  scarcity  and  price  of  provisions  greater,  since  the 
arrival  of  the  first  colonists.  ,,,}  --    f,y/,,. 

July  4,  I'i'C  Indians  having  entertained  a  great  antipathy  towards  Maj. 

m'^  wife"**'  Frost  of  Kittery,  ever  since  the  100  were  arrested   at  Coche- 

Jtiiled.  j,Q .  jjjjj  detormined  to  imbrue  their  hands  in  his  blood  ;  a  party 
secreted  themselves  on  the  way  side,  five  miles  from  his  house, 
by  hiding  under  a  large  log,  in  which  they  had  stuck  a  row  of 
green  boughs.  It  was  the  Lord's  day,  July  4,  1 697.  They  per- 
mitted his  two  sons,  returning  from  meeting,  to  pass  unhurt ;  and 
aiming  their  puns  at  him,  his  wife  and  an  attending  footman,  they 


'*  2  Matlior's  Maj^nnlia,  p.  550, — '2  HutchiDsorrs  History,  p.  0.5. 

t  In  the  winter  of  1697-fl,  likiMrisc,  •'  many,  both  Indians  and  Enfflish 
prisoners  were  starved  to  death."— 2  J»/a/A.  .1/a/r.  p.  556.—"  Nine  Indian*/* 
liiinting^, » ale  their  dogs  and  cats,  and  then'  "  died  horribly  famishad." 


CbaF.  XXIII.]  OF  MAINE,     r  M7 

killed  all  three  at  the  first  shot.  He  was  a  man  of  piety  and  A  D.  lem. 
public  spirit.  Several  years,  he  had  represented  his  tovrn  in  the 
legislature,  and  been  Major-commandant  of  the  Yorkshire  regi- 
ment. He  was  one  of  the  Provincial  Council  under  Danforth's 
administration  ;  and  at  the  election  preceding  his  deati),  he  was, 
for  the  fourth  time,  chosen  into  tiie  Council  of  Massachusetts 
and  Maine,  united  under  the  late  charter.  'x''*    "■    '  t^*' 

Two  young  men,  going  with  ilie  tidings  to  Weils  garrison,  were  Mi«chief  at 
waylaid  and  killed  on  their  return  ;  also  a  man  was  taken  cap-  York/Oer- 

wiclk    find 

tive  in  York.     Four  men,  who  were  mowing  in  New  ichawannock  saco'. 
meadows,  were  next  attacked  with  the  tomahawk,  three  were 
cut  down,  and  the  fourth,  in  a  personal  encounter  with  a  savage, 
slew  him.     A  man  standing  sentry,  while  his  neighbors  were  get- 
ting hay  in  the  marshes  of  Wells,  was  shot  down,  and  anoilier, 
carried  away  half  a  league,  was  roasted  to  deatli.     Saco-fort,  so  ■        "' 
much  the  object  of  savage  vengeance,  seemed  to  lie  almost  per- 
petually under  the  eye  of  lurking  spies.     Lieut.  Fletcher  and  a 
small  party  went  upon  Cow  Island  to  procure  fuel,  where  three 
of  his  men,  while  cutting  wood,  were  killed,  and  he  and  his  two 
sons,  acting  as  sentinels,  were  seized  and  carried  down  the  river 
in  one  of  the  Indians'  canoes.     Discovered  by  Lieut.  Larrabee 
and  a  few  soldiers,  on  a  scout,  three  of  the  Indians  in  the  fore-  "   "' 
most  canoe,  were  shot  and  fell  into  the  water,  others  being  killed 
or  wounded,  and  one  prisoner  rescued.*     '  '        '    •  '  ^•t-'*'^'^n; 

It  was  now  rumored,  that  the  French  were  determined  to  im-  iVojcriN  or 
prove  their  good  fortune  of  the  last  year,  which  gave  thciu  Pem-  iruitiJ»«."^ 
aquid,  the  Island  of  Newfoundland,  and  tin;  repossession  of  Nova 
Scotia ;  and  therefore,  were  about  to  send  a  large  fleet  to  Amer- 
ica, with  orders  to  make  a  general  sweep  upon  tlie  waters  and 
coasts  as  far  as  Boston ;    and  to  employ  1  500  French  and  In- 
dians in  the  work  of  universal  destruction  upon  the  New-England 
frontiers.     These  were  jjrodigious  enterprizes,  and  excited  fear- 
ful apprehensions.     Massachusetts  adopted  the  earliest  and  best 
possibki  measures  for  defence.     All  fortifications  were  strength-         •'  • 
ened  and  supj)liiul ;  the  militia  were  put  upon  the  rolls  of  minute 
men;  aid  a  force  of  500  soldiers  was  j.Ia'-cd  under  the  com- 
mand of  Major  March,  a  popular  and  prudent  ofTiccr,  who  was 

•  lliimplircy  bcaminon,  111*  nilu  and   twu  suns  wcro  carrieil  away  caj). 
live  from  Sam  intd  ('.itmda.  nhrrc  tlicy  wcroHplaim  '  ••"  't,e  next  yuar. 


i 


l****nL 


Ifii 


.,...,.,  ..j,j 


'lift 


m 


048 

A.D.  ion. 


Bept.  9. 
March  at- 
tacked  al 
Damaris- 
colta. 


Peace  of 
Ryswlc'*, 
tiept.  !1. 


A.D.  1698. 
CloM  of  the 
Sd  ludiaii 
war. 


M«j  9. 


October  14. 
A  confer- 
ence at  I'e> 
iiobicot. 


THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  I, 

directed  to  protect  tlie  eastern  fortis  auci  frontiers,  by  ranging  par- 
ties, and  by  every  other  possible  expedient.  It  is  true,  a  French 
fleet  did  arrive  at  Newfoundland,  July  24th,  but  it  proceeded  no 
further,  and  every  pan  of  the  enterprize  failed, 

March  ranged  the  eastern  coast,  and,  September  9di,  landc  ' 
his  men  at  Damariscolta.  But  ere  they  were  fully  ashore,  a 
body  of  Indians,  rising  unawares,  from  their  covert,  with  ihe 
usual  war-whoop,  poured  in  a  full  volley  upon  the  troops; — in- 
stantly receiving  a  repulsive  cliarge,  as  well  aimed,  which  drove 
them  either  to  the  woods  or  to  their  canoes,  leaving  their  dead 
behind  them.  Our  loss  was  about  12  or  13  killed  and  a.s  many 
wounded  ;* — a  bloody  skir/uisl),  which  closed  this  year's  predi'- 
tory  war  in  Maine. 

The  glad  news  ot  a  peace,  concluded  at  Ryswick,  September 
lltb,  between  England,  France,  and  the  nations  engaged  with 
them  in  war,  was  proclaimed  in  Boston,  on  the  10th  of  Decem- 
ber. It  was  an  everu  much  more  joyful,  because  of  the  devout 
belief  entertained,  that  it  woidd  close  the  avenues  of  blood  in 
America.  The  Cani.c'ian  French  could  no  longer  take  any 
open  part  in  hostilities,  though  they  might  take  some  malignant 
satisfaction,  in  seeing  the  '  heretic  puritans'  worried  or  destroyed 
by  the  savages.  Several  acts  of  their  barbarity  and  homicide, 
were  in  fact,  committed  in  the  succeeding  spring  at  different 
places  ;f  but  the  last  and  only  instances  of  Indian  ferocity  in 
Maine,  during  the  year,  1698,  occurred  at  Spruce-creek  (Kit- 
tery).  Here  an  old  man  was  literally  murdered,  May  9 ;  for 
his  life  was  taken  by  a  gigantic  savage,  after  he  had  surrendered  : 
His  two  sons,  also,  were  hurried  away  into  captivity.  But  the 
giant,  who  is  reputed  to  have  been  seven  feet  in  height,  was,  in 
a  few  hours,  shot  dead  by  his  own  gun,  as  he  grasped  the  bar- 
rel reversed,  and  was  endeavoring  to  pull  his  canoe  tov/ards  him 
at  the  s'lore. 

The  Indians  gave  intimations,  at  our  outposts,  in  the  summer 
months,  of  their  desire  for  peace.  A  conference  was  holden  at 
Penobscot,  Oct.  14,  betwee  i  Commissioners  from  Massachusetts, 
viz.  Major  Converse  and  Capt.    Alden,  and  six  Sagamores,  at- 


•  2  Mather's  Mag-nalia,  p.  553. 

t  See  llic  glory  of  Ilaunah  Dtislan.— 2  Math,  Mag.  p.  550-2. — 2  Hutch. 
nitty.  101. 


I 


in 


J  Hutch. 


Chat,  xxin.]  of  Maine.  04Q 

tended  by  a  great  number  of  their  Indians.  These  sang  iheA.o.  itM. 
soKj^s  of  peace ;  though  then  in  mourning  for  Madockawando 
and  "  iieveral  other  Sachems  of  the  east"— who  had  lately  fallen 
victims  to  **  the  grievous  unknown  disease,  which,"  aceording 
to  Doct.  Mather,  **  consumed  them  wonderfully."  They  said, 
Frontersc  told  .uctt,  there  was  to  be  war  no  longer,  and  all  pris- 
one's:  must  be  relea^t.J  ;  and  they  had  resolved  to  fight  no  more* 
Jin  the  parley,  the  Commissioners  insisted  upon  a  return  of  att 
the  prisoners,  and  a  removal  cf  the  resident  missionaries  at  Pe-  «»>;ar,j 
nobscot,  Norridgewock,  and  Androscoggin ;  lest  a  treaty,  if 
made,  would  be  violated  as  heretofore  through  their  instigation. 
They  replied,  the  white  prisoners  will  be  free  to  go  home,  or  stay 
widi  their  Indian  frfends }  but  the  good  Missionaries  must  not  be 
f^rivenaway.  ;?;••,!':(■'•(    >■.!    ^^■ye^»-•    :  -    :<Lj    sjM«:-itMa»ntt 

Tht)  Commissioners  from   Massachusetts,  Col.  Phillips  and  a  treaty 
Major  Converse,  taking  passage  from  Boston  in  the  Province Marepoim. 
galley,  met  the  Sagamores  of  Penobscot,^  K«%nnebeck,  Andros- 
coggin and  Saco,  at  Mare-point   [now  in  Brunswick] ;   and  on 
thti  7th  of  January,  1 699,  signed  and  ratified  the  treaty  of  Au-     ^  ,g^ 
gus^  11,  1693,  with  additional  articles.    They  cast  many  reflec- 
tions upon  the  French,  and  confessed  their  own  follies  and  offen- 
ces to  be  great ;  saying,   *  we  do  most  humbly  throw  ourselves 
>  upon  the  king's  Majesty  and  mercy,  and  ask  his  pardon  and 
'  protection.     We  renew  our  allegiance  to  him,  and  promise  to 
'  fulfil  every  article    in  the  recited  treaty.' — All  the  prisoners 
present  were  then  exchanged  ;  amon|;  whom  was  Bomaseen,  and 
the  rest  were  to  be  restored  in  the  spring,  f     Great  numbers  of 
scalps  had  been,  from  time  to  time,  carried  to  Canada,  for  which 
the  French  government  gave  considerable  premiums. 

In  this  long  and  bloody  war,  which  lasted  ten  years,  all  the  incidenu  of 
tribes  eastward  of  the  river  Merrimack,  inclusive,  without  excepting 
even  the  Mickmaks,  were  partakers,  either  of  self-will  or  through 
the  influence  of  the  French.  The  Sokokis  and  Anasagunti- 
cooks  were  the  most  forward  to  comm?nce  hostilities,  and  the 
Canibas,  the  most  reluctant,  to  make  peace.      War  is  always  a 


*  Tliose  of  Penobscot  not  expressed  but  included. — 2  JV>a/'»  Jf.  E.  p. 
539— 561.— 2  Jlath.  JIag.  p.  656-7. 

f  Bomaseen  and  two  others  were  on  Snard  the  g^alley,  wlto  were  not  to 
be  restored  till  the  English  captives  wcro  flclirerod.— 6  Matt.  Rec.  p. 
6S2. 

Vol.  I.  69 


''lii^ia 


;":i;iiSi3 


'<i.^i 


\m 


I"  ^'  k 


650 


THE  11I3T0RY  OF  MAINE. 


r.w 


LoMCt. 


[Vol.,. 

A.D.  I<99.  heavy  tax  upon  tin  population  of  the  Indians.  Fights,  iutii;ue, 
famine  and  sickness,  occasion  wastes  which  the  natural  it>crease 
among  them  in  seasons  of  tranquillity  never  repair.  Fur  scalps 
i.nd  jriunder  they  chiefly  received  arms  and  ammunition  from  the 
French— not  unfrequently  provisions  ».!? '  wages,  and  always  en- 
couragement. Yet  the  Indians,  ov*  the  whole,  gain  notliing  by 
war,  and  the  English  lose  everything  but  their  character. 

If  the  people  in  Maine  had  some  public  garrisons,  several 
stockaded  forts,  and  a  great  number  of  fortified  houses  construct- 
ed of  timber,  shot  proof  to  musquetry,  with  flankers  at  oppo- 
site angles,  and  also  exterior  entrenchments; — these  could  not 
withstand  a  long  siege,  a  few  of  them  only  remaining  undemolished. 
They  afforded  tolerable  asylums  for  the  inhabitants ;  but  were 
uncomfortable  dwelling-places  for  families;  so  much  were 
the  people  crowded  when  within  the  walls.  Many  resigned 
their  possessions  to  the  destroyers,  and  departing,  returned 
no  more.  All  the  towns  and  settlements,  except  Wells,  York, 
Kittery  and  the  Isles  of  Shoals,  '  were  overrun  ;*  and  an 
untold  number  of  domestic  animals,  was  destroyed  by  a  rapa- 
cious enemy.  More  dwellinghouses,  in  proportion  to  other  losses, 
were,  however,  left  unconsumed  and  standing,  than  in  the  for- 
mer war — though  now  tottering  in  ruins.  About  460  people 
were  either  murdered,  killed  in  battle  or  died  of  their  wounds  ;f 
and  as  many  as  250,  were,  during  the  war,  carried  into  captivi- 
ty ;  some  of  whom  perished  of  famine,  hardships  or  disease.  A 
few  however,  who  were  captured  in  their  childhood,  becoming 
.attached  to  the  society  of  the  savages,  chose  to  remain  with 
them,  and  never  would  leave  the  tribes. J  '  '  '    ?»'' 


",  tr.- 


.i>i'M    ' 


!..• 


.1'  •• 


*  Assacombiiit,  liimself  a  bloody  warrior,  it  is  said,  had  "  killed  and  talt- 
"  en  in  tliis  war  150  men,  women  and  chidren." 

t  2  Mather's  Jilagnalia,  558.— Dut  lie  and  JVfo/,  [2  vol.  JV.  E,  544-662] 
are  too  low.     By  enumeration  our  loss  was  more  than  700. 

I  An  ■finecdole.. — Several  Indian  women,  sufFering  with  hunger  in  the  late 
war,  and  seeing'  horses  upon  the  peninsula  of  Casco,  requested  their 
husbands,  to  slioot  a  few  of  them,  '  for  wc,  said  Ihcy,  want  some  roast 
moat,'  One,  driven  into  a  corner,  was  cauppht,  which  a  youiij  Indtait 
wished  to  have  the  pleasure  of  riding;.  Tiic  inane  and  \z.\\  were  dipt  and 
twisted  intn  a  halter,  and  tiic  savays  mounted.  Fearful  of  beinjj  thrown, 
he  had  his  feet  tied  f  ist  tf)g;t  tlior  under  the  body  of  the  horse  ;  when  the 
unbroken  animal  being  let  p;-o,  qfalloped  olF  with  such  furious  speed,  that  both 
were  presently  out  of  sight,  .nnd  nothinpf  was  over  found  of  either,  except 
one  of  tlic  rider'k  iinilir.,  wliich  ihc  ludiuns  bui-ieJ  in  C'u{>t.  Hrackctl'h  cellar. 


I.IEVTE<«ANr  Gi.ti 

Henry,  by 
To  our  dear  a 
ordinary  of  ot 
labor,  since  c 
to  maintain  ar 
splendor ;  to  i 
the  boundaries 
situation   and 
— moved  herei 
vout  and  firm 
assistance  of 
Kingdoms  and 
instructed  in  C 
Faith  and  Rel 
ent  a  barbarou! 
draw  them  froi 
Having   also  fi 
chants  and  oth( 
trafficked  with 
how  profitable, 
subjects,  the  po 
for  the  great  ar 
frequentation  a 
fick  and  comra( 
and  negotiated, 
prudence,  and 
dition,  and  situ 
vers  voyages, 
and  others,  nei 
this  our    resell 
)ou  will  be  abh 
valorously|to  ex 
have  expressly 


APPENDIX.      ^'«^'«'^/''^"  ^* 


.'iJv;:     .^rj 


1.1. 


si  nU 


,ir  t 


"'■'"'  ""      No.  1.   ''"■^•'  •>»"^^-«^' '  v.^.    ^m 

"^       .■.■'■■-. ,  •  ■       t 

LETTERS  PATENT  TO  SIEUR  DE  MONTS,  ','*  ' 

LuuTCNANr  GtNr.nAL  o»  Acadia  and  thb  ciucimjaiint  countby,    Novcmi»  8,  1609. 
[Translated  from  VEscnrboCs  Hisl'ri/ nf  JWio-Ft-ance.] 

Henry,  by  the  Grace  of  God,  King  of  France  and  Navarre  : — 


Monts,  Gentleman  in 

itir  greatest  care  and 

always  has  been, 

gnity,  greatness  and 

awfully  may  be  done, 


To  our  dear  and  well  beloved  the  ' 

ordinary  of  our  Bed-Chamber,  Gr* 
labor,  since  our  accession  to  this 
to  maintain  and  preserve  it  in  it» 
splendor  ;  to  extend  and  enlarge,  as  far  a^ 
the  boundaries  and  limits  thereof;  We,  being  long  informed  of  the 
situation  and  condition  of  the  country  and  territory  of  Acadia; 
— moved  hereunto  above  all  things  by  a  peculiar  zeal,  and  a  de> 
vout  and  firm  resolution,  which  wc  have  taken  with  the  aid  and 
assistance  of  God,  the  Author,  Distributor  and  Protector  of  all 
Kingdoms  and  States  ;  to  cause  to  be  converted,  brought  over  and 
instructed  in  Christianity,  and  in  the  belief  and  profession  of  our 
Faith  and  Religion, — the  people  who  inhabit  that  country,  at  pres* 
ent  a  barbarous  race,  atheists,  without  Faith  or  Religion ;  and  to 
draw  them  from  the  ignorance  and  infidelity  wh^^ein  they  now  are. 
Having  also  from  the  reports  of  Captains  of  vessels,  pilots,  mer- 
chants and  others,  who  a  long  time  ago  have  visited,  frequented  and 
trafficked  with  the  people  who  are  found  there,  long  understood 
how  profitable,  convenient  and  useful  may  be  to  us,  to  our  States  and 
subjects,  the  possession,  residence  and  occupancy  of  those  places, 
for  the  great  and  apparent  benefit  which  will  accrue  from  the  great 
frequentation  and  connection  with  the  people  there ,  and  the  traf- 
fick  and  commerce  which  may  by  this  means  be  safely  carried  on 
and  negotiated.— We,  for  these  causes,  fully  confiding  in  your  great 
prudence,  and  in  the  knowledge  you  possess  of  the  quality,  con- 
dition, and  situation  of  the  said  country  of  Acadia ;  from  the  di- 
vers voyages,  travels  and  visits  you  have  made  into  those  parts, 
and  others,  neighboring  and  circumjacent, — assuring  ourself  that 
this  our  resolution  and  intention  being  made  known  unto  you, 
you  will  be  able  attentively,  diligently,  and  not  less  courageously  and 
valorously[to  execute,  and  bring  to  the  perfection  we  desire ;  we 
have  expressly  appointed  and  established, — and  by  these   presents 


,€; 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TARGET  (MT-3) 


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FhotogiHiJiic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


13  VMttT  MAIN  tTRHT 

WnSTM.N.V.  MSM 

(714)  in  IS03 


652  APPENDIX.  - 

'*  '''  signed  with  our  own  hand,  we  do  appoint,  ordain,  make,  constitute 

and  establish  you,  our  Lieutenant  General,  to  represent  our  person 
in  the  country,  territory,  coasta  and  confines  of  Acadia,  from 
the  40th,  to  the  46th  degree, — and  within  tliis  extent,  or  any  part 
thereof,  as  far  inland  as  may  be  practicable,  to  establish,  extend 
and  make  known  our  name,  power  and  authority, — and  thereunto 
subject,  cause  to  submit  and  obey,  all  the  people  of  the  said  land, 
and  circumjacent  country ;  and  by  virtue  hereof,  and  by  all  other 
lawful  ways,  to  call,  instruct,  move  and  stir  them  up  to  the  knowl- 
edge of  God,  and  to  the  light  of  the  christian  faith  and  religion ; 
to  e!»tablish  it  there,  and  in  the  exercise  and  possession  of  it,  to 
maintain,  keep  and  preserve  the  said  people,  and  all  others  inhab- 
iting said  places;  and  in  peace,  quiet  and  tranquillity  to  command 
there,  as  well  by  sea  as  by  land  ;  to  order,  determine  and  cause  to 
be  executed  every  thing  which  you  shall  judge  can  and  onght  to  be 
done  to  maintain,  keep  and  preserve  the  said  places  under  our 
power  and  authority,  by  the  forms,  ways  and  means  prescribed  by 
our  ordinances.  And  for  your  assistance  in  the  premises,  to  ap- 
point, establish  and  constitute  all  necessary  officers,  as  well  in  affairs 
of  war,  as  in  justice  and  policy,  in  the  first  instance,  and  from 
thence  in  future  to  nominate  and  present  them  to  us  for  our  approba- 
tion ;  and  to  give  .  ach  commissions,  titles  and  grants  as  shall  be 
necessary. 

And  as  circumstances  shall  require,  yourself,  with  the  advice  of 
prudent  and  capable  persons,  to  prescribe  under  our  good  pleasure, 
laws,  statutes  and  ordinances,  (conformable  to  ours  as  far  as  may 
be)  especially  in  such  matters  and  things  as  are  not  provided  for  by 
these  presents ;  to  treat,  and  effectually  contract  peace,  alliance  and 
confederation,  good  friendship,  correspondence  and  communication 
with  the  said  people,  and  their  princes,  or  others  having  power  and 
command  over  them ;  to  maintain,  keep  and  carefully  observe  the 
treaties  and  alliances  you  shall  stipulate  with  them,  provided  they 
on  their  part  faithfully  observe  them  ;  and  in  default  thereof  to 
make  open  war  against  them,  to  compel  and  bring  them  back  to 
such  reason  as  you  !<hall  judge  ti*.  for  the  honor,  obedience  and 
service  of  God,  and  the  cstabli<>hing,  upholding  and  preserving  our 
said  authority  among  them ;  at  least  to  visit  and  frequent  them  by 
yourself  and  all  our  subjects,  in  all  security,  liberty,  frequentation 
and  communication  ;  to  negotiate,  and  traffick  there,  amicably  and 
peaceably  ;  to  grant  them  favors  and  privileges,  and  bestow  on  them 
employments  and  honors.  Which  entire  power  above-said,  we  also 
will,  and  ordain,  that  you  have  over  all  our  said  subjects,  and  others 


APPBRDIX. 

who  shall  remore  and  inhabit  there,  to  trafiick,  and  trade,  and  reside 
in  the  said  places ;  to  hold,  take,  reserve  and  appropriate  to  jrour' 
self  what  you  shall  wish,  and  shall  see  to  be  most  convenient  and 
fit  for  your  rank,  condition  and  use.  To  parcel  out  such  parts  and 
portions  of  said  lands, — to  give  and  attribute  to  them  such  titles, 
honors,  rights,  powers  and  faculties  as  you  shall  see  fit,  according 
to  the  rank,  condition  and  merits  of  the  people  of  the  country  or 
others  ;  especially  to  people,  cultivate,  and  cau!>e  the  said  lands  to 
be  settled  the  most  speedily,  carefully  and  skilfully  that  time,  places 
and  conveniences  will  permit ,  to  this  end,  to  make,  or  cause  to  be 
made  the  discovery  and  examination,  of  them,  along  the  extent  of 
the  seacoasts,  and  other  countries  of  the  main  land,  that  you  shall 
order  and  prescribe,  within  the  said  limit  of  the  40th  degree  to  the 
46th  or  otherwise,  as  fur  as  may  be  done  along  the  said  seacoasts, 
and  into  the  main  land  ;  carefully  to  search  after  and  to  distinguish 
all  sorts  of  mines  of  gold  and  silver,  copper  and  other  metals  and 
minerals ;  to  dig  for  and  collect  them,  and  purify  and  refine  them 
for  use  ;  to  dispose  of,  as  we  have  directed  in  the  edicts  and  regU' 
lations  that  we  have  made  in  this  kingdom,  the  profit  and  emolu* 
ment  thereof,  by  yourself,  or  by  those  you  may  appoint  for  that  pur* 
pose, — reserving  unto  us  only  the  tenth  part  of  the  produce  of  the 
gold,  silver  and  copper, — appropriating  to  yourself  our  portion  of  the 
other  metals  and  minerals,  to  aid  and  relieve  you  in  the  great  expen* 
sea,  which  the  said  charge  may  bring  upon  you.  Meantime,  for 
your  safety  and  comfort,  and  for  that  of  all  our  subjects,  who  shall 
go  to  those  parts,  and  shall  dwell  and  traffick  in  the  said  lands,  as 
generally  all  others,  who  shall  place  themselves  under  our  power 
and  protection, — we  authorize  you  to  build  and  construct  one  or  more 
forts,  places,  towns,  and  all  other  houses,  dwellings  and  habita* 
tions,  ports,  havens,  retreatj  and  lodgements  that  you  may  consider 
proper,  useful  and  necessary  to  the  rxecution  of  (he  said  enterprize  ; 
to  establish  garrisons,  and  soldiers  to  protect  them  ;  and  to  employ, 
for  aid  in  the  aforesaid  purposes,  vagabonds,  idle  and  dissolute  per* 
sons,  as  well  from  the  towns  as  from  the  country, — and  also  those 
condemned  to  perpetual  banishment  or  for  three  years  at  least,  be* 
yond  our  realms — provided  this  be  done  by  the  advice  and  consent, 
and  by  the  authority  of  our  officers. 

Besides  the  preceding  (and  that  which  is  elswhcre  appointed, 
directed  and  ordained  to  you  by  the  commissioners  and  authorities 
given  you  by  our  very  dear  cousin  the  Sieur  de  Danville,*  Admiral 


*  Ancilli  is  an  error  in  Haiard'*  copy— for  it  ap|>eari  Troin  hiitory,  that  Charlai  Monl- 
moranei,  Due  de  Danvilla,  wai  at  that  time  Admiral  or  Franc*. 

Vol.  I.  70 


008 


Itll 


■M\ 


i 


■^Wfl 


!!1!' 


554  APPENDIX. 

of  France  for  that  which  expreMly  concerns  the  admirality  in  the 
achievement,  expedition  and  execution  of  the  aaid  things) — to  do 
generally  for  the  conquest,  peopling,  settlement  and  preservation  of 
the  said  land  of  Acadia,  and  of  the  coasts,  circumjacent  territories, 
and  of  their  appurtenances  and  dependences,  under  our  name  and 
authority,  all  we  ourselves  could  do,  or  cause  to  be  done,  if  we 
were  there  present  in  person,  even  in  cases  requiring  more  special 
direction,  than  we  have  provided  for  by  these  presents  ;  to  the  con* 
tents  of  which  we  direct,  ordain,  and  expressly  enjoin  all  our  jus* 
tices,  officers  and  subjects  to  conform  themselves,  and  obey  you,and 
give  attention  to  you  in  all  the  said  things,  their  circumstances  and 
dependencies. 

To  give  you  also  in  the  execution  of  them  all  aid  and  comfort, 
main  strength  and  assistance  of  which  you  shall  have  need,  and 
shall  be  by  you  required, — all  under  the  pains  of  rebellion  and  dis- 
obedience. And  in  order  that  no  one  may  pretend  cause  of  ignor- 
ance of  this  our  intention,  and  be  disposed  to  intermeddle  in 
'  whole  or  in  part,  with  the  charge,  dignity  and  authority,  that  we  give 
you  by  these  presents ;  we  have,  of  our  certain  knowledge,  full 
power  and  royal  authority,  revoked,  suppressed,  and  declared  null  and 
of  no  effect,  henceforth  and  from  the  present  time,  all  other  powers 
and  commissions,  letters  and  despatches  given  and  delivered  to  any 
person  whomsoever,  to  discover,  people  and  inhabit  said  lands,  in 
the  said  extent  contained  within  the  said  40th  degree,  to  the  46th 
degree,  whatsoever  they  may  be. 

And  furthermore,  we  direct  and  command  all  our  said  officers, 
of  whatever  rank  condition  they  may  be,  that  these  presents, 
or  a  certification  jof  duly   compared  herewith,  by  some  one 

of  our  beloved  and  faithful  counsellors,  notaries  and  secretaries,  or 
other  royal  notary,  they  the  said  officers  cause,  at  your  request,  ap- 
plication and  suit,  or  at  the  suit  of  our  attornies,  to  be  read,  publish- 
ed ai'd  registered  in  the  registers  of  their  several  jurisdictions,  au- 
thorititn  and  districts,  preventing  as  much  as  shall  belong  to  them, 
all  troubles  and  hindrances  contrary  hereunto.  For  such  is  our  plea- 
sure. Given  at  Fontainbleau  the  eighth  day  of  November,  in  the 
,  year  of  Grace,  one  thousand  six  hundred  and  three,  and  of  our  reign 
the  fifteenth. 

Signed,  HENRY. 

[And  lower  down — by  the  king,  Potif.r. — And  scaled  upon  a  sim- 
ple label,  with  yellow  Wax.] 


the  neccss 
ited  or  occ 
faith,  is  a 
For  the 
and  accep 
be  perforn 

WlLU.\M 

land, that 
expense,  ; 
included  v 
our  royal  i 
th^  wealtl: 
kingdom 
cousin  an( 
Lords-Cor 
ed  and  tn 
We  do  gi 
heirs,  or  a 
gular  the 
America, 
at  43'  or 
to  say,  fro 
the  west, 
the  north, 
bay  whic 
Souriquoi 
and  to  tl 
west  to  m 
straight  i 


?3}  t3M.«»,««lir;  ^.'i,  i  ;« 


APPENDIX. 

No.  2. 


055 


SIR  WILLIAM  ALEXANDER'S  PATENT  OF  NOVA  SCOTIA,  SEPT.  10,  1611. 

[From  John  PalairtCi  Dtseription  of  tht  English  and  French  posstuiont  in  ^'orth 

America.] 

James,  by  the  Grace  of  God,  King  of  England,  Scotland,  France 
and  Ireland,  Defender  of  the  Faith,  dtc. — To  all  the  Clergy  and 
Laity  of  his  Dominionis — Greeting. 

Be  it  known,  that  we*  have  ever  been  careful  to  embrace  every 
opportunity,  that  offered,  for  the  honor  and  advantage  of  our  king- 
dom of  Scotland,  and  that  we  think  there  is  no  acquisition  more 
easy  and  more  innocent,  than  those  which  may  be  made  by  carry- 
ing  new  colonies  into  foreign  and  uncultivated  countries,  where  are 
the  necessaries  of  life ;  especially  if  such  lands  are  either  uninhab- 
ited or  occupied  by  unbelievers,  whom  to  convert  to  the  Christian 
faith,  is  a  duty  of  groat  importance  to  the  glory  of  God,  6lc. 

For  these  causes,  as  well  as  in  consideration  of  the  good,  faithful, 
and  acceptable  favors,  which  have  been  already  and  hereafter  to 
be  performed  to  us  by  our  trusty  and  well  beloved  Councillor,  Sir 
William  Alexander,  Kt.  who  is  the  first  of  our  subjects  of  Scot- 
land, that  undertook  to  carry  over  this  foreign  colony  at  his  own 
expense,  and  has  desired  leave  to  cultivate  lands  and  countries 
included  within  the  limits  undermentioned : — We  therefore,  from 
our  royal  intention  to  extend  the  Christian  religion,  and  to  promote 
thfj  wealth,  prosperity  and  peace  of  the  natural  subjects  of  our  said 
kingdom  of  Scotland,  have,  by  the  advice  and  consent  of  our 
cousin  and  councillor,  John,  Earl  of  Mar,  &c.  and  of  the  other 
Lords-Commissioners  of  the  said  kingdom  of  Scotlanu,  given,  grant- 
ed and  transferred,  and  by  virtue  of  this  present,  issuing  from  us, — 
We  do  give,  grant  and  trans^fer  to  the  said  William  Alexander,  his 
heirs,  or  all  claimants  by  right  of  inheritance  from  him,  all  and  sin- 
gular the  lands  of  the  Continent  and  Islands  situate  and  lying  in 
America,  reckoning  from  the  cape  or  promontory  called  Cape  Sable, 
at  43^  or  thereabouts,  from  the  equator  towards  the  north,  that  is 
to  say,  from  the  said  promontory  along  the  seashore  that  runs  from 
the  west,  as  far  as  St.  Mary's  bay,  and  stretching  from  thence  to 
the  north,  in  a  straight  line,  to  the  entrance  or  mouth  of  that  great 
bay  which  washes  the  eastern  coast,  between  the  countries  ot  the 
Souriquois  and  of  the  Etechemins,  as  far  as  to  the  river  of  St.  Croix,, 
and  to  the  farthest  source  or  spring,  which  first  comes  from  the 
west  to  mingle  its  waters  with  those  of  that  river ;  from  thence  by  a 
straight  imaginary  line,  crossing  the  lands  or  running  towards  the 


'M 


'"ifS 


iMW* 


■tt'lill 


m 


.<'i.t.a 


1 


m 


056  APPENDIX 

north,  as  far  as  the  first  bay,  river  or  spring  whicli  runs  into  the  great 
river  of  Canada ;  and  from  thence  continuing  eastward  to  the  sea  along 
the  shores  of  the  river  of  Canada,  to  the  river,  bay,  port  or  latitude, 
commonly  know  n  by  tiic  name  of  Gachrpe  or  Gaspie ;  and  afterwards, 
from  the  boutli>ea£t  ^ide  as  far  as  the  Isles  cnlled  Baca/aos  or  Cape 
Breton,  leaving  the  .said  Isles  on  the  right,  and  the  gulf  of  the  said 
great  river  of  Canada  or  the  great  bay  and  the  lands  of  Newfound- 
land or  Terra  Nova,  with  the  Isles  thereto  appertaining,  on  the  left ; 
and  thence  pasf^iiig  to  the  said  cape  or  promontory  of  Cape  Breton, 
turning  to  the  south  and  west  as  far  as  the  above  mentioned  Cape 
Sable,  where  begins  the  tract  that  is  to  be  included  and  compre* 
hended,  between  the  said  t-eacoasts  and  their  circumferences  from 
the  sea,  to  all  the  lands  of  the  continent,  with  the  rivers,  bays,  tor- 
rents, roads,  isles  or  lakes  situate  about  six  leagues  from  any  of  the 
parts  both  of  the  said  coasts  and  their  circumferences  either  to  the 
west,  north  or  siouth,  and  from  the  south-east  (in  which  situation  is 
Cape  Breton,)  and  from  the  southern  part,  where  lies  Cape  Sable, 
all  the  seas  and  Islands  to  41)  leagues  of  said  coasts,  therein  includ- 
ing the  great  Island  commonly  called  the  Island  of  Sable  or  Sab- 
Ions,  situate  towards  Carban,  or  south  south-east,  to  about  thirty 
leagues  from  the  said  Cape  Breton  in  the  ocean  and  at  the  44th 
degree  of  latitude,  or  thereabouts. — All  which  said  lands  shall  for 
the  future  bear  the  name  of  New  Scotland,   [Xova  Scotia,]  and 
be  also  divided  into  such  parts  and  portions,  and  be  called  by  such 
names  as  Sir  William  Alexander  shall  think  fit;  together  with  all 
the  mines,  as  well  the  royal  ones  of  gold  and  silver,  as  the  other 
niines  of  iron,  lead,  copper,  pewter,  brass,  &c.     And  if  any  doubts 
or  questions  shall  hereafter  arise  upon  the  interpretation  or  con- 
struction of  any  clause,  in  the  present  letters  patent  contained,  they 
shall  all  be  taken  and  interpreted  in  the  most  extensive  sense,  and 
in  favor  of  the  said  William  Alexander,  his  heirs  and  assigns  afore- 
said.    Furthermore,  we  of  our  certain  knov/ledge,  our  own  mere 
potion,  regal  authority  and  royal  power,  have  made,  united,  annex- 
ed, erected,  created  and  incorporated,  and  we  do,  by  these  our  let- 
ters patent,  make,  unite,  annex,  erect,  create  and  incorporate,  the 
whole  and  entire  Province  and  lands  of  Nova  Scotia,   [New  Scot* 
land]  aforesaid,  witii  all  the  limits  thereof,  seas,  &.c.  officers  and 
jurisdictions,  and    all  other  things  generally  and  specially  above 
mentioned,  into  one  entire  and  free  dominion  and  barony,  to  be 
called  at  all  times  hereafter,  by  the  aforesaid  name  of  Nova  Scotia. 
In  witness  whereof,  we  have  to  these  our  patents  affixed  our  great 
0eal,  in  the  presence  of  our  said  cousins  and  councillors.  Sir  James, 


Marquis 
Damform 
tary,  our 
keeper  of 
Giren  i 
the  year  < 


.    KA 


A  NARR 

idea  of  sa 
when  the 
family,  co: 
northerly  ( 
her  husbai 
and  three 
Indian,  wl 
English  at 
off  eastwa 
bors'  hous 
direful  aft^ 
soon  sepai 
though  we 
allowed  to 
pathies  of 
Indians,  t 
Though  SI 
destitute  o 
and  a  littl 
deed,  was 
At  one  til 
some  fish- 
a  piece  of 
to  my  hun 
bay,  and 
carry  heai 

*  Thoiijl 
y«t  query, 


to  be 


APPENDIX. 

Marquis  of  Hamilton,  George,  Earl  of  Keith,  Alexander,  Earl  of 
Damformlin^,  our  Councillor,  Thomas,  Earl  of  Mclros,  6i,c.  Secre- 
tary, our  beiored  and  priry  councillors,  Mr.  Richard  Cock  burn  the 
keeper  of  the  privy  seal,  Ate.  .U  j*-* ;  ...vi  *5rt/?  iSwn;;.*  ^  ..?«fu^  nn 
Giren  at  eur  castle  at  Windsor,  the  tenth  day  of  September  in 
the  year  of  our  Lord,  1621,  and  of  our  reign  the  55th  and  19th. 


057 


No.  3. 

NARRATIVE  OF  MBS.  HANNAH  SWARTON'S  CAPTIVITY, 
M*v  ICttO— Nov.  1093. 


id 


"  '  [C(mpilnlfrom2dv(il.  Doei.  Malhfr'iMi^alia.] 

A  NARRATIVE  of  Mrs.  Hannah  Siearton's*  captivity,  will  give  some 
idea  of  savage  life  and  the  sufferings  of  captives.      In  May,  1G90, 
when  the  enemy  beset  Falmouth,  her  husband,  herself  and  their 
family,  consisting  of  four  children,  were  dwelling  at  a  short  distance 
northerly  of  the  fort.     The  Indians,  on  entering  the  house,  killed 
her  husband  before  her  eyes  ;    and  carried  her,  and  her  daughter 
and  three  sons  into  captivity. — My  master  (says  she)  was  a  Canada 
Indian,  whose  wife  was  an  eastern  native,  partly  bred  up  among  the 
English  at  Black-point,  but  now  turned  papist.     We  presently  moved 
off  eastward.     The  provi.sions  taken  from  our  own  and  our  neigh- 
bors' houses  were  soon  consumed  ;  and  even  while  they  lasted,  our 
direful  afflictions  deprived  mc  of  all  appetite.      My  children  were 
soon  separated  from  mc,  and  distributed  among  the  captors ;    and 
though  we  were  sometimes  permitted  to  see  each  other,  we  were  not 
allowed  to  converse  much  together  or  mingle  our  tears :  for  the  sym- 
pathies of  natural  affection  unrepressed,  are  always  so  affronting  to 
Indians,  that  they  would  threaten  us  with  instant  death,  if  we  wept. 
Though  sunk  with  fatigue,  we  were,  after  a  week  or  ten  days,  long 
destitute  of  any  food,  except  ground-nuts,  acorns,  roots,  wild  weeds, 
and  a  little  dogs'  flesh  ; — a  sustenance  which,  though  miserable  in- 
deed, was  yet  quite  insufficient  to  satisfy  the  cravings  of  hunger. 
At  one  time  they  killed  a  bear — afterwards  they  took  a  turtle  and 
some  fish — of  which  I  was  allowed  to  be  in  part  a  partaker.     Once, 
a  piece  of  moose's  liver  was  given  me — a  refreshing  morsel  truly, 
to  my  hungry  appetite.     In  our  travels  aliout  the  shores  of  Casco- 
bay,  and  through  the  country  to  Kcnncbeck,  I  was  compelled  to 
carry  heavy  burdens,  and  to  go  at  their  pace  or  be  killed  at  once. 

*  Thoiijli  Dr.  Mather,  [2  JUagnalia,  p.  300 — 12j  calls  her  by  that  name  ; 
yet  query,  if  it  were  not  Suarnton? 


mum 

''t'lslii.'M 

tm 

■  m 


m 


it  I"  "f  I 


!ii 


\>H 


658 


APPENDIX. 


After  my  shoes  and  clothes  became  worn  and  tattered,  my  fe«t  and 
limbs  were  often  wounded  and  bleeding ;  and  by  reason  of  toil  and 
faintnesa,  my  pace  was  so  checked,  that  I  was  often  threatened  with 
an  uplifted  tomahawk  over  my  head.  One  John  York,  a  fellow*8uf- 
ferer,  being  entirely  exhausted,  was  taken  aside  and  despatched 
outright.  4.     :;  •.  r?i. 

Once,  my  mistress  and  myself  were  left  'six  days   without  food, 
except  the  tainted  bladder  of  a  moose.     This  being  too  tough  and 
loathsome  to  eat,  we  boiled  it  and  drank  the  broth.     At  length  she 
directed  me,  to  go  and  make  a  fire  on  a  remote  point  of  the  shore, 
in  hopes  by  the  smoke  to  invite,  fortuitously,  a  visit  of  the  Indians. 
Espying  a  canoe,  I  beckoned  it  ashore,  when  the  squaws  in  it  came, 
and  gave  me  a  roasted  eel ; — and  never  had  I  tasted  meat  more  pal- 
atable.    Through  the  whole  summer  and  autumn,  I  was  hurried  up 
and  down  the  wilderness ;  for  wherever  an  Indian  happens  to  be, 
he  is  on  the  point  of  going  somewhere  else,  never  contented,  nor  at 
rest.     They    are  no  economists;    they  eat  excessively,  whenever 
possessed  of  enough,  and  then  have  nothing.      In  the  season  of 
fruit,  I  lived  on  wortleberries,  and  a  kind  of  wild  cherries,  which 
grew  on  bushes  ;  being  obliged  also,  to  gather  them  for  my  mistress, 
so  long  as  any  remained.     When  winter  commenced,  they  put  upon 
me  an  Indian  dress ;  giving  me  a  slight  blanket,  a  pair  of  leathern 
stockings,  and  moccasins : — Yet  many  times,  my  limbs  were  nearly 
frozen.     Even  in  their  huts,  the  smoke  and  stench,  cold  and  fam- 
ine,  made  suffering  more  extreme,  and  slavery  more  dreadful.     A 
rush  of  recollections  often  filled  my  soul  with  anguish,  which  no 
tongue  nor  pen  can  describe.    Woman-like,  I  reflected  upon  my- 
self with  tears,  that  I  ever  left  the  privileges  of  my  birth-place,  and 
the  smiles  of  kindreds, — public  worship  and  the  divine  ordinances. 
But  my  native  Beverly,  was  only  sweet  in  name  and  in  memory ;  and 
as  it  was,  through  ovcr-cmulous  desires,  uf  adding  to  worldly  substance 
that  we  had  exchanged  it,  for  a  new  settlement  destitute  of  church 
privileges  and  the  gospel  ministry,  I  thought  I  had  directly  brought 
upon  myself  the  judgments  of  a  frowning  God.    Now  bereaved  of  hus- 
band, ehildren,  home,  and  every  thing  but  a  miserable  life ;    I  was 
half-distracted.     Languor,  melancholy,  famine  and  suffering,  prey- 
ed upon  my  spirits  and  my  life.     Yet  in  my  distress  I  cried  often 
unto  the  Lord,  (in  the  language  of  another,)  how  long  wilt  thou  hide 
thy  face  from  me  !  how  long  shall  mine  enemy  be  exalted  ovir  me  ! 

To  aggravate,  if  possible,  my  grief  and  distress,  when  we  arrived 
at  Norridgewock,  every  English  prisoner  was  removed  from  our 
company ;  and  I  was  told  my  oldest  son    was   killed — a    fate,   I 


«t  and 
oil  tnd 
ed  with 
low-suf- 
patched 

tit  food, 
ugh  and 
gth  ahe 
le  shore, 
Indians, 
it  came, 
lore  pal- 
irried  up 
is  to  be, 
id,  nor  at 
whenever 
season  of 
!s,  which 
mistress, 
put  upon 
r  leathern 
;re  nearly 
and  fam* 
adful.     A 
which  no 
upon  my* 
>lace,  and 
rdinances. 
mory ;  and 
substance 
of  church 
y  brought 
ved  of  hus- 
fe;    I  was 
ring,  prey- 
•ried  often 
It  thou  hide 
ovtr  me  ! 
we  arrived 
from  our 
-a    fate,   I 


APPENDIX. 

feared,  destined  to  all  my   children,  while    I    had  only   Rachel'i 
consolation,  to  weep  for  them. 

From  that  place,  I  was  obliged  to  take  up  a  long  and  wretched 
journey,  in  the  heart  of  winter,  through  the  wilderness  to  Canada. 
I  travelled  in  deep  snow,  over  steep  hideous  mountains,  through 
swamps  and  thickets,  and  among  windfalls  ;  stepping  from  lojf 
to  log,  near  a  thousand  in  a  day, — at  the  same  time,  carrying  on 
my  shoulders  a  heavy  burden.  So  frequently  did  my  feet  and 
limbs  bleed,  that  my  tracks  in  the  snow  might  be  readily  traced  by 
the  blood.  Without  tasting  of  domestic  meat  or  bread,  or  having  a 
comfortable  night  on  the  way,  I  arrived  at  last,  about  the  middle  of 
February,  ICOl,  in  the  vicinity  of  Quebec  ;  where  my  master  pitch- 
ed his  wigwam,  in  sight  of  a  few  French  habitations.  Sent  thither 
to'beg  food  for  him  and  his  squaw,  I  found  the  inhabitants  kind 
and  generous.  They  fed  mo  with  refreshing  food ;  and  in  the 
second  visit,  I  tarried,  by  my  master's  consent,  over  night.  The 
next  morning  I  was  called  upon  by  an  Englishman,  who  though 
a  prisoner  to  the  French,  ventured  to  attend  me  about  four  miles  to 
Quebec,  and  generously  introduced  me  into  the  family  of  the 
Chief  Justiciary  of  the  Province.  The  Lady  Intendant,  paid  my 
late  Indian  master  a  satisfactory  ransom ;  and  I  became  her  waiting 
servant. 

Kind  and  attached  to  nic,  she  soon  joined  with  the  priests  and  nuns, 
and  strongly  urged  me  to  become  a  disciple  of  the  catholic  religion. 
This,  to  me,  was  a  new  species  of  trial ;  and  I  presently  found  my- 
self transferred  from  one  furnace  of  afflictions  to  anot  her.  I  was  hear- 
tily disposed  to  please  my  worthy  mistress ;  while  I  was  in  conscience 
and  in  duty  bound  not  to  betray  my  Lord,  but  contend  earnestly 
for  the  faith,  once  delivered  to  the  saints,  I  sometimes  attended 
the  papal  worship;  but  at  last  wit)  !■•.. wing,  I  was  treated  with 
harder  usage.  More  than  once,  the  pri  sts  threatened  to  send  me 
to  France,  where  heretics,  they  said,  have  to  take  the  flames. 

At  length,  being  able  to  procure  an  English  bible,  I  searched 
and  read  the  scriptures  daily,  which  yielded  me  the  refreshing  waters 
of  life  : — A  religion  pure  and  simple — at  an  infinite  remove  from 
human  merit  and  catholic  rites.  Col.  Tyng  of  Falmouth,  and  Mr. 
Alden,  fellow  captives,  were  permitted  to  converse  with  me,  and  ap- 
peared to  be  firm  in  the  protestant  doctrines  i  strengthening  me  in 
the  faith  of  them.  Still,  during  this  long  period  of  more  than  four 
years,  my  religious  belief  was  assailed  again  and  again,  and 
sererely  tried,  by  the  superstitious  friars.  But  an  acquaintance, 
formed  about  that  time  with  Margaret  Stilson,  a  pious  captive,  prov- 


059 


m 


.(.:,!!§ 

i':;!"' 


mm 


U'lilltibwi 


I 


liHIk 


11 


li  III 


660  kntnooL 

ed  a  balm  to  my  afflicted  soul.    Oh  the  aeaaons,  neter  ti>  he  forgot* 
ten,  when  we  together  perused  the  sacred  rolume,  and  in  noeial 

prayer  reciprocated  the  devout  sentiments  of  the  holy  Psalmist ; I 

shall  not  die  but  Uve,  and  declare  the  works  of  the  Lord :    Truly 
he  has  chastened  us  sore^  but  he  hat  not  given  us  over  to  death. 

To  my  inexpressible  joy,  when  Capt.  Cary  arrived  in  a  vessel  to 
carry  the  English  captives  home  from  Quebec,  I,  with  my  youngest 
son,  was  admitted  to  a  passage,  leaving,  however,  three  children— 
my  only  daughter,  now  about  20,  supposed  to  be  at  Montreal,  and 
my  other  two  sons,  if  living,  whom  I  had  never  seen  since  the 
morning  after  we  were  taken  captive.  We  arrived  at  Boston  in 
November,  1695,  after  an  absence  of  five  years  and  a  half,  from  my 
beloved  country — and  the  rapturous  joys  of  iriends,  meeting  on  a 
return  from  Indian  captivity,  can  be  more  easily  imagined  than  told. 


.,  ■■  ■■  ;,'■    'ir 


<:■     :Jf  *:■■. 


J*       ■■■■■■-,•*: 


-r 


.,  ^,,-. 


.Ai  1 


\. 


'•    ■■,T 


^i^fif.  ■«* 


APPENDIX. 


-V-jl.*' 

-  i  ■■ 


m 


■    ,.1    ' 


SKETCHES  CF  THE  PRincrPAL  CHARACTERS  !N  MALVE, 

DPiiifO   TBS   FiBtr  ctirruRV,    Am*   ^'H^   tstttiMtm  or   m   coititrt; 

AlphcheticcUy  arranged. 

John  Alden,  one  of  tae  original  band  of  pilgrims,  that  settled 
at  Plymouth,  in  1620,  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  who  sprang 
from  the  boat  upon  the  shore  at  the  time  of  landing.     He  settled 
at  Duxbury,  and  was  an  Assistant  or  Councillor,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  that  Colony,  42  years,  including  his  first  election  in  1633. 
The  same  year  he  was  sent  to  Kennebec  as  a  resident  magistrate  to 
protect  the  trade  on  that  river.     In  1G34  occurred  his  alarming  dif- 
ficulty with  Capt.  Hoskins,  there,  in  which  the  latter  was  killed,  and 
the  former  did  not  escape  censure,  though  the  homicide  itself  was 
deemed  excusable.    This  anecdote  is  told  of  him  ; — as  it  is  said, 
the  celebrated  Miles  Standish  having  buried  his  wife,  within  a  few 
months  after  the  colony  was  planted,  sent  by  Alden,  young,  ruddj^ 
personable,  to  know  if  his  addresses  to  the  daughter  of  William 
MuUins  would  be  acceptable.     The  messenger  accordingly  made 
inquiry  of  the  father,  who  replied,  that '  Precilla'  (for  that  was 
the  daughter's  name)  must  be  consulted  before  he  could  return 
any  answer,  though  he  had  himself  no  particular  objection.     She 
was  therefore  called  into  the  room ;  and  when  she  had  taken  seat,  he 
arose,  and  in  a  most  prepossessing  manner  told  his  errand.      To 
every  word,  she  listened  with  utmost  attention  and  then  casting 
an  open  interested  look  upon  him,  said,  "  prithee,  John,  and  why 
not  rather  speak  for  yourself  ?" — The  answer  was  so  unexpected 
that  he  could  only  bow  obeisance  amidst  a  blush  of  countenance, 
and  take  his  leave.     But  the  hint  was  too  good  not  to  be  improv- 
ed, and  the  acquaintance  in  due  time,  though  piquant  to  the  af- 
fronted Standish,  ripened  into  a  marriage,  the  fruits  of  which  were 
eiglt  children.     He  died  A.  D.  1687,  aged  88  years. 

His  son,  Capt.  John  Alden^  married  Major  Phillips*  daughter 
Elizabeth,  of  Saco ;  and  having  built  a  saw-mill  in  that  place,  re- 
sided there  more  or  less  of  the  time  for  twenty  years.  Meanwhile 
he  •vvas  commander  of  a  sloop  in  the  Colony-service,  employed  in 
supplying  the  eastern  forts  with  stores  and  provisions.  Havin'; 
removed  to  Boston,  he  was  arrested,  in  1692,  for  witchcraft,  and 
thrown  into  prison,  where  he  lay  in  close  confinement,  fifteen 

Vol.  I.  71. 


WXm\ 


iii 


III 


VM 


^ 


662  APPENDIX. 

weeks.  However,  by  the  assistance  of  his  friends,  he  effected  an 
escape,  and  kept  out  of  the  way,  till  the  infatuation  had  effectu- 
ally abated.     He  died,  1702. 

Sir  William  Alexander  was  born  at  Clarkmannanshire,  Scotland, 
in  1680,  and  married  the  daughter  and  heiress,  of  Sir  William 
Eiskine.  He  had  a  liberal  education,  and  after  travelling  in  for- 
eign countries,  he  joined  the  court  of  King  James,  and  attended 
him  into  England.  On  the  transfer  of  his  majesty  to  the  throne 
of  that  kingdom,  he  wrote  a  gratulatory  poem.  In  short,  he  was 
so  fond  of  the  muses,  that  his  royal  master  called  him  *  his  philo. 
sophical  poet.'  In  1613,  he  was  selected  one  of  the  gentleman 
ushers  to  prince  Charles,  appointed  master  of  requests,  and  re- 
ceived the  honor  of  Knighthood.  But  this  was  only  the  beginning 
of  preferments  and  favor,  for  his  king  gave  him  a  Charter  of  No- 
va Scotia,  Sept.  10,  1621  ;  the  office  of  Secretary  of  State  for 
Scotland,  in  1626  ;  a  peerage  of  that  kingdom,  in  1630,  by  the 
title  of  Viscount  Sterling ;  and  June  14,  1633,  raised  him  to  the 
grade  of  earl.  These  dignities  were  perhaps  more  readily  con. 
ferred  upon  him  because  his  master  had  taken  from  him  his  prov- 
ince, sometimes  called  Acadia,  and  resigned  it  to  France,  under  the 
treaty  of  St.  Germains  ; — actual  possession  being  assumed  by  his 
subjects  during  the  last  mentioned  year.  He  was  further  remu- 
nerated by  having  one  of  the  twelve  royal  Provinces  assigned  to 
him  in  1635,  situate  between  Pemaquid  and  St.  Croix,  and  also 
Long  Island,  or  Isle  Sterling,  opposite  Connecticut.  He  was  evi- 
dently more  of  a  scholar,  than  a  statesman.  Sir  Thomas  Urqu- 
hart,  a  cotemporary  countryman  of  his,  tartly  remarks,  that  he 
was  not  satisfied  with  plucking  a  laurel  from  the  muses  and  being 
a  prince  among  the  poets  ;  but  like  another  Alexander  craved  the 
region  of  some  New-lbundland,  and  the  sovereignty  of  another 
Scotland.  He  died  A.  D.  1640,  leaving  two  daughters — both  his 
sons  having  deceased  before  him.  William,  his  lordship's  eldest 
son's  heir,  succeeded  to  the  grandfather's  estate  and  dignities,  but 
survived  him  only  a  short  time,  and  left  no  heir :  therefore  the 
heirs  of  Sir  William's  second  son,  Henry,  took  the  inheritance. 
The  descendants  have  always  said,  that  earl  Henry  never  sold  the 
province  between  Pemaquid  and  St.  Croix,  to  the  Duke  of  York ; 
but  only  loaned  to  him  the  title-deed,  to  take  a  description  of  the 
Island  Sterling,  and  he  improperly  caused  the  whole  to  be  insert- 
ed in  his  original  ducal  Patent,  of  March  12,  1664.  William 
Alexander,  a  native  of  New- York  City,  and  a  distinguished  offi- 


APPElfOtX. 

eer  of  the  Revolution,  is  t  descendant.  He  went  to  Great  Britain 
A.  D.  1760,  in  pursuit  of  his  titular  dignity  and  ancestral  estate ; 
and  though  he  failed  of  obtaining  the  acknowledgement  of  them, 
he  was  uniformly  called  and  addressed  by  the  title  of  Lord  Ster- 
ling. ■-■ '  '■  ,  *..^', 

Isaac  AUerton^  one  of  the  first  that  settled  at  Plymouth,  origin- 
ally opened  and  commenced  the  trade  with  our  Eastern  Indians. 
By  a  little  barter  from  year  to  year  at  Monhegan  and  the  vicinity, 
he  became  acquainted  with  the  fur  trade  and  fishery  in  this  quar- 
ter,; and  in  1625,  a  shallop  loaded  with  corn  was  sent  from  Ply- 
mouth up  Kennebec  river,  which  was  exchanged  for  700  lbs.  of 
beaver,  besides  other  furs.  Next  year  a  small  trading-house  was 
erected  at  Penobscot  [Biguyduce] ;  and  in  1627,  Mr.  Allerton 
took  a  voyage  to  England  and  obtained  from  the  Plymouth  Coun- 
cil, the  first  patent  for  trade  on  the  Kennebec  ;  and  the  year  fol- 
lowing, a  truck-house  was  established  on  the  banks  of  that  river. 
In  1629,  January  13th,  he  obtained  another  Patent  with  more  ex- 
tended privileges;  and  in  1633,  he  was  engaged  in  establishing  a 
trading-house  at  Machias.  When  he  returned  from  England,  with 
the  last  mentioned  patent,  he  took  passage,  on  boH.rd  of  the  Lyon, 
William  Pierce,  master,  who  sailed  from  Bristol,  England,  in  the 
spring  following  for  Penobscot,  having  in  the  vessel,  the  agent  of 
the  Muscongus  Patentees,  and  four  or  five  men  sent  to  establish  a 
trading-house,  at  the  mouth  of  St.  Georges'  river.  He  removed 
to  New-Haven  in  1643,  where  he  resided  at  least  fifteen  years. 

John  Archdale  came  over  from  England  to  Maine  in  the  autumn 
of  1663  ;  or  according  to  Joscelyn,  hia  arrival  was  early  the  next 
year.  He  appeared  in  the  capacity  of  agent  and  Deputy-gover- 
nor under  Ferdinando  Gorges,  Esq.  grandson  of  the  patentee  and 
proprietor  of  Maine.  It  seems,  that  on  the  restoration  of  Charles 
II.,  Gorges  spread  his  claim  to  the  Province,  before  the  throne  ; 
entered  into  a  correspondence  with  some  of  his  friends  here  ;  and 
so  far  as  defective  records  enable  us  to  judge,  obtained  a  royal 
decision  in  his  favor,  and  formed  a  plan  of  government,  which,  in 
some  respects  innovated  upon  that  of  his  grandfather.  Certain  it 
is,  that  Archdale  came  into  the  Province  with  commissions  to 
these  twelve  men  as  Councillors  or  magistrates ;  namely,  Fran- 
cis Champernoon,  and  Thomas  Withers  of  Kittery,  Edward 
Rishworth  and  Francis  Raynes  of  York,  Joseph  Bowles  of  Wells, 
Francis  Hook  of  Saco,  Henry  Watts  of  Blue-point,  Henry  Jos- 
celyn of  Black-point,  Robert  Jordan  of  Spurwink,  Francis  Neale 


'f.Stl 


<!hi  I(U.| 


'*..„ 


teiP 


nii-i! 


iili'iHIl 


liiN 


!"imH 


'Wl 


6M 


APPfSfDIX. 

of  Caseo,  and  Thomas  Purchas  of  Pegypscot :— also  another  to 
James  Wiggins,  who  was  appointed  mtirshall.  On  the  distriba- 
tion  of  these  commissions,  a  warfare  was  commenced  by  Massa- 
chusetts against  these  magistrates  and  their  party,  and  several  of 
them  were  indicted  and  punished,  for  their  rebellion;  so  that  the 
provincials  were  in  a  state  of  revolution,  in  1664,  bordering  on 
downright  anarchy ; — Massachusetts  exercising  absolute  command, 
reckless  of  the  king's  order,  requiring  a  restoration  of  the  province 
to  Gorges ;  while  some  of  Archdale's  or  Gorge's  new  magistrates 
were  "  granting  warrants  and  other  precepts,  taking  depositions 
and  hearing  causes."  The  same  year,  the  four  Royal  Commis- 
sioners, Nichols,  Cartwright,  Carr  and  Maverick,  arrived ;  and  in 
June  of  the  following  year  they  visited  Maine  and  put  an  end  to 
Archdale's  short  administration. 

Lewis  Bane,  a  worthy  inhabitant  of  York,  represented  his  town 
in  the  General  Court,  in  1704,  and  afterwards  had  eight  elections. 
His  mind  was  of  a  military  and  mechanical  turn ;  he  commanded 
the  town-company  several  years  ;  and  was  appointed  with  Major  Jo- 
seph Hammond,  to  the  erection  of  fort  Mary  at  Winter-harbor,  Saco, 
in  1708.  His  son  Jonathan  succeeded  Capt.  Bradbury  in  command 
of  the  Block-house,  which  stood  in  the  upper  part  of  the  plantation. 
— Joseph  BanCj  of  the  same  place  and  probably  a  kindred,  or  broth- 
er, bom  in  1676,  was  taken  by  the  Indians  in  1692,  and  detained 
a  captive  among  them,  seven  years  and  ten  months.  During  his 
captivity,  he  travelled  with  them  extensively  over  the  country,  and 
learned  to  speak  their  language  with  so  much  facility,  as  to  ren- 
der him  exceedingly  useful  afterwards,  as  an  interpreter.  His  re- 
turn home,  was  not  till  after  the  close  of  the  second  Indian  war. 

Benjamin  Blachnan,  a  son  of  Rev.  Adam  Blackman,  the  first 
minister  of  Stratford,  Connecticut,  was  a  graduate  of  Harvard 
College,  1663,  and  afterwards  for  several  yeiirs,  a  preacher  of  the 
gospel  at  Maiden,  Massachusetts,  though  his  name  is  not  itali- 
cised in  the  catalogue.  He  was  a  man  of  considerable  talents  and 
learning ;  yet  his  abilities  evidently  rendered  him  more  fit  for 
business  than  for  the  desk.  In  1675,  he  married  at  Boston,  the 
daughter  of  Joshua  Scottow,  wlio  conveyed  to  him,  five  years 
afterwards,  a  tract  of  land,  near  IMnnk-point  ferry ;  upon  which 
he  settled  and  subsequently  resided,  about  seven  or  eight  years; 
after  which  he  removed  to  Saco.  Till  this  time,  he  had  usually 
preached  to  the  settlers  in  his  vicinity;  and  the  next  year,  lfiS3, 
he  represented  the  town  of  Saco  in  the  General  Assembly,  under 


•i^r 


APPENDIX. 

the  provincial  administration  of  President  Danforth,  and  became 
the  proprietor  of  a  large  real  estate.  While  Sir  Edmund  Andros 
was  Chief  Magistiate  of  New-England,  he  commissioned  Mr. 
Blackman  a  Justice  of  Peace ;  and  it  was  he  who  issued  a  warrant 
for  the  arrest  of  twenty  Indians  in  1688 ;  and  yet  it  was  by  the 
Governor's  order,  that  they  were  set  at  liberty.  He  removed,  after 
this,  to  Boston,  but  never  returned. 

Richard  Bonighton  was  a  co-proprietor  with  Thomas  Lewis,  of 
the  Patent  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Saco,  obtained  February  12, 
1629,  old  style.  Having  previously  determined  to  try  their  for- 
tune in  this  eastern  wilderness,  they  both  emigrated  from  England, 
and  entered  upon  the  grant,  in  the  ensuing  June.  The  dwelling- 
house  of  Capt.  Bonighton  stood  a  short  distance,  southerly  of  the 
Lower  Falls,  on  the  easterly  side  of  the  river.  He  was  an  upright, 
sedate  and  sensible  man — and  so  much  a  disciple  of  peace,  that  he 
was  neve^  known,  it  is  said,  to  have  been  a  party  to  a  lawsuit. 
According  to  the  accounts  we  have  of  the  public  trust  confided 
to  him,  he  was  sole  Assistant  to  Mr.  Vines,  the  superintendant  of 
the  Plantation  till  the  arrival  of  Governor  William  Gorges,  in 
1635 ;  and  one  of  the  Council  both  under  his  administration,  and 
under  Sir  Ferdinando's  Charter-government; — an  office  which 
he  held  to  the  time  of  his  death  in  1648.  He  left  one  son  and  two 
daughters,  all  bom  in  England.  John,  his  son,  a  resident  near 
his  father,  was  a  contentious  refractory  man  ;  and  though  he  liv- 
ed to  the  year  1684,  he  was  one  of  the  unhappy  mortals,  that  die 
unlamented.  The  elder  of  his  sisters,  married  Richard  Foxwell 
of  Scarboro'  and  the  other,  Richard  Cummings  of  Saco. 

Robert  Boothe  appears  among  the  original  settlers  of  Wells,  in 
1643.  He  thence  removed  to  Saco ;  and  in  1G48,  he  was  one  of 
the  magistrates,  or  assistants  under  Mr.  Cleaves'  administration  of 
Lygonia.  He  was  a  man  of  sound  sense  and  considerable  educa- 
tion ;  besides  which,  he  possessed  a  mind  so  rarely  gifted,  a  piety 
■o  lively,  and  a  tongue  so  fluent  of  expression,  thai  he  frequently 
officiated  as  a  lay-preacher,  in  religious  assemblies,  profitably  ed- 
ifying those  who  heard  him.  On  the  submission  of  Saco  to  Mas- 
sachusetts, in  1653,  he  was  town-commissioner  and  clerk  of  the 
writs ;  and  in  1659,  he  was  a  deputy  to  the  General  Court  at 
Boston, — being  the  first  representative  the  town  ever  returned. 
He  died  in  1672,  aged  68,  leaving  a  character  worthy  to  be  im- 
itated by  all  such,  as  would  rise  to  distinction  by  their  own  merits. 

Anthony  Bracket  and   Thtmai  Bracket^  brothers,  removed  from 
Portsmouth,  N.  H.  to  Casco-neck,  about  1662-3  ;  married  the 


C65 


■'•I 
If 


•III 


m 


fk    It i  1 


I'll  hij 


Mi 


\  I 


666 


APPENDIX. 


daughters  of  Michael  Mitten,  the  grandchildren  of  George 
Cleaves;  and  settled  not  far  from  the  head  of  Back-cove.  Anthontf 
was  taken  captive  by  the  Indians  in  1676,  and  again  in  1689 ;  and 
was  with  them  about  a  year  in  each  captivity.  He  was  command- 
er of  Fort  Loyal  and  of  the  town-militia  company,  in  1682 ;  and 
in  that  and  the  preceding  years,  was  the  representative  of  Falmouth, 
to  the  Greneral  Assembly,  under  President  Danforth's  administra- 
tion,— a  very  eminent  and  popular  man  of  his  time.  He  died  be- 
fore the  3d  Indian  war,  leaving  several  children.  The  life  of 
Thomat  was  not  a  long  one  ;  he  being  killed  by  the  Indiansi  in 
1676,  when  they  made  their  first  attack  upon  Casco.       '^'■' 

Jolm  Broum  was  one  of  the  earliest  settlers  at  New-harbor  on 
the  western  shore  of  Broad-bay,  [in  Bristol].     This  enterprise 
he  was  probably   induced   to   undertake,  by  one  John  Pierce, 
an  emigrant  from  the  city  of  London,  who  obtained  a  patent,  dated 
June  1,  1621,  from  the  Plymouth  Council,  allowing  him  the  priv- 
ilege of  settling  at  any  place  he  and  his  associates  might  choose, 
not  however  within  ten  miles  of  any  other  settlement,  "  unless 
on  the  opposite  side  of  some  great  and  navigable  river ;"  and  he 
located  on  the  southerly  margin  of  Broad-bay.     Brown  had  a  hab- 
itancy  there  as  early  as  1625  ;  and  the  same  year,  July  15,  pur- 
chased of  the  Indians  a  tract  between  Pemaquid  and  Broad-bay, 
eight  miles  by  twenty-five  in  extent,  including  Muscongus  Island. 
Thus  he  and  Pierce,  whose  father  was  his  brother-in-law,  united 
the  puchase  with  the  patent  and  commenced  a  plantation.     He 
was  alive  in  1660  ;  and  when  he  died,  he  left  a  son  of  the  same 
name,  who  resided  on  the  premises,  and  a  daughter,  who  married 
'Sander  Gould.    The  father,  or  possibly  another  of  his  name,  join- 
ed one  Bateman  in  purchasing,  of  the  Indians  a  considerable  tract, 
in  Woolwich.     John,  junior,  when  he  died,  (1720)  aged  85  years, 
devised  his  Broad-bay  estate  to  his  son,   who  resided  at  Saco. 
From  the  original  settler,  is  deduced  the  famous  "Brown  Right," 
which  has  occasioned  so  much  controversy  in  that  quarter. 

TTiomas  Cammock,  (or  Commock),  who  appears  among  the  early 
emigrants  to  this  country,  originally  settled  on  the  northern  side  of 
the  Piscataqua.  Here,  Walter  Ncale,  resident  agent  of  Sir  Fer- 
dinando  Gorges,  as  well  as  of  John  Mason,  executed  to  Cammock, 
June  2,  1633,  a  territorial  grant,  extending  half  way  from  that  to 
Agamenticus-river.  Displeased  with  this  situation  and  having  pre- 
viously procured  of  the  Plymouth  Council,  in  1630,  a  patent  of 
lands  between  Spurwink  and  Black-point,  [Scarboro'] ;  he  sold 


ence 


in 


APPENDIX. 

the  former  in  1635,  to  James  Trueworthy  and  removing  upon  the 
latter,  settled  at  Front's  Neck,  not  far  from  the  month  of  Dun- 
Stan-river.  Capt.  Cammock  was  a  nephew  of  the  earl  of  War- 
wick ;  and  was  in  1635-6,  one  of  William  Gorges'  councillors  or 
assistants.  He  died  in  1643,  on  a  voyage  to  the  West  Indies ; 
having  previously  conveyed  500  acres  of  his  estate,  to  the  use  of 
his  wife  and  the  residue  to  his  friend  Henry  Joscelyn,  by  deed  to 
take  effect  after  his  death,  provided  he  should  die  without  issue. 
He  did  die  childless  and  Joscelyn  married  his  widow. 

Humphery  Chadboume,  came  over  to  Piscataqua,  as  early  as 
1631,  and  dwelt,  a  few  years,  at  Strawberry-bank,  Portsmouth. 
Next  he  removed  to  Newichawannock,  about  the  year  1638-9 
and  settled  at  Great  Works,  or  Chadbourne's  river,  now  in  South- 
Berwick.  For  the  purpose  of  forming  a  large  establishment  in 
business,  he  procured,  in  164t),  from  Sagamore  Rowles,  a  quit-claim 
of  a  large  ti^act,  at  the  mouth  of  that  river  and  up  its  banks  and 
erected  expensive  saw-mills.  He  was  a  man  of  mind  and  influ- 
ence ;  and  at  his  day,  none  in  enterprise  and  activity  went  before 
him.  In  1657,  and  two  other  years,  he  was  sent  a  deputy  to  the 
Oeneral  Court,  at  Boston,  by  Kittery,  his  plantation  at  Newich- 
awannock, being  then  a  part  of  that  town.  He  was  also,  in  1663, 
one  of  the  County-court  associates.  Benjamin  Chadboume,  his 
great-grandson,  who  was  a  councillor  several  years,  both  under  the 
Province-charter  and  the  Constitution,  was  in  possession  of  the 
ancestral  estate,  to  the  time  of  his  death.  In  1793,  he  remarked 
— "  I  am  now  75  years  old,  and  since  I  can  remember,  there  was 
no  house  betwen  mine  and  Canada.'' 

Frauds  Champemoony  the  cousin  of  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges, 
eame  over  probably,  in  1639,  one  of  his  charter-councillors,  and 
settled  in  Kittery.  He  was  an  inflexible  adherent  to  the  interests 
of  his  worthy  kindred  and  patron ;  and  of  course  a  zealous  foe  to 
all  assumption  of  govcrnui'Mit,  exercised  by  Massachusetts.  Al- 
ways actuated  by  a  spirit  of  firmness  and  consistency,  which  in- 
spired confidence,  he  was  cununissioncd  Justice,  both  under 
Archdale,  in  1663-4,  and  the  king's  commissioners,  in  1665.  He 
held  also,  the  ofl^cc  of  militia-captain — a  post  of  no  inconsiderable 
honor  in  those  times  ;  but  his  political  course  was  unpopular,  and 
he  removed  to  New-Humpshire,  where  he  was  one  of  the  Prov- 
ince-council, in  1684.  He  had  three  daughters,  two  of  whom 
married  into  the  Cults  fumily  ;  and  the  third  married  Humphrey 
Elliot,  whose  son  Champcrnoon,  on  his  grandfather's  death,  in 
1687,  became  a  principal  proprietor  of  his  estate. 


667 


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668 


i 


APPENDIX. 


■"<■ 


George  CUave$t    [otherwise  spelt  Geve  or  CUvei]  emigrtted 
from  England  to  Spurwink,  in  1630 ;  having  hy  possibility,  some 
prior  acquaintance  with  the  original  proprietors  of  the  *'  Plough- 
patent."    The  next  year,  he  and  Richard  Tucker,  with  whom  he 
had  formed  a  connexion  in  business,  removing  from  that  place, 
became  the  earliest  actual  settlers  upon  Casco-neck,  now  the  pen- 
insula of  Portland.     Pleased  with  the  local  situation  and  privi- 
leges of  the  place,  he  in  behalf  of  his  partner,  and  dependants 
presently  laid   claim  to  1,500  acres  of  land,  under  a  proclamap 
tion   of  James  I. ;  whg  ofTered   150  acres  to  every  individual 
subject  of  his,  that  would  emigrate  at  his  own  charge,  and  settle 
on  any  vacant  or  unoccupied  parts  of  his  American  domains..    But 
when  he  found,  that  the  province  of  New-Somersetshire,  which 
was  assigned  to  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,  embraced  all  the  territory 
claimed  by  him   (Cleaves),  for  himself  and  others,  he  took  a 
a  voyage  to  England,  in  1636,  possibly  with  Gov.  William  Gorges 
on  his  return  home.     While  there  he  so  ingratiated  himself  into 
the  favor  of  the  Lord-proprietor  as   to  obtain  from  him,  January 
27,  1637,  a  leasehold, — to  run  3,000  years,  of  all  the  lands  he 
claimed  or  desired  to  hold  on  the  peninsula,  between  Fore-river 
and   Presumpscot,  including  Mountjoy's  Hill  and  Hog  Island. 
He  was  also  impowered  to  lease  or  grant,  with  reservation  of  quit- 
rents,  to  such  as  wished  to  become  actual   settlers,  all  the  lands 
and  Islands,  if  requested,  "  between  Cape  Elizabeth  and  the  en- 
trance of  Sagadahock  river,  and  thence  up  into  the  land,  60  miles." 
On  Cleaves'  return  he  brought  with  him  a  commission  from   Gor- 
ges to  six  of  the  Massachusetts-Assistants,  authorizing  and  re- 
questing them  to  exercise  for  a  short  period,  a  political  superin- 
tendance  over  his  Province.     Still  he  suspected,  the  friends  of 
Gorges  were  secretly  his  foes  ; — a  suspicion  in  which  he  thought 
he  was  fully  confirmed,  when  he  found  himself  not  so   much  no- 
ticed, as  to  be  named,  in  the  Charter-administration  of  1639-40, 
one  of  Gorges'  Standing  Council.     Hence  Mr.  Cleaves  again,  in 
1642,  visited  England ;  and  probably  used  pursuasives  with  Sir 
Alexander  Rigby,  to  purchase  the  Lygonian  Patent ;  for  we  find, 
as  soon  as  he  had  taken  an  assignment  of  it,  he  appointed  Mr. 
Cleaves    deputy-president  of    the    contemplated  administration 
in  his  Province  ; — both  agreeing  well  in  their   episcopal  senti- 
ments and  republican  politics.      But  the  new  office  of  Cleaves, 
necessarily  brought  him  into  collision  with   Gorges'  adherents, 
and  rendered  it  expedient  to  secure,  if  possible,  the  favor  of  Mas- 


Mclraset 
sought,  ( 
he  and  h 
with  the 
cision  in 
Cleaves 
six   A.sst 
four  or  fi 
the  Assi! 
those  wli 
Robert  J 
ter  Hill 
Cleaves  ^ 
a  fact  of 
«bout  a  t 
then  tool 
with  Sir 
him,  that 
were  sent 
sisted  the 
when  he 
Upon  this 
1663  and 
Court  at  '. 
one  child 
1682.     I( 
stacles  ar 
of  his  pu: 
ty.    The 
blance  of 
hallowed 
eredit  the 
Edwan 
habitants 
early  as  T 
at  Dover ; 
ton.     Ab( 
man  of  m 
Chester,  IV 
turned  a  c 
town  in  1 
Vol.  I 


-   -:    %-, 


grated 
,  some 
lough- 
lomhe 

I^ace, 
le  pen- 
1  privi- 
indanU 
}clamap 
lividual 
1  settle 
s..   But 

which 
territory 

took  a 
I  Gorges 
self  into 

January 
lands  he 
ore-river 
I  Island, 
a  of  quit- 
he  lands 
I  the  en- 
0  miles." 
om  Gor- 
and  re- 

superin- 

riends  of 

thought 

nuch  no- 

1639-40, 

again,  in 

with  Sir 
we  find, 

nted  Mr. 

nistration 

lal  senti- 

Cleaves, 

idherents, 

)r  of  Mas- 


APPENDIX. 

SAcliiisetts.    For  this  pnrpofle,  he  went  to  Boston  in  1644,  ud 
sought,  though  in  vafn.  her  auxiliary  interposition.   Consequently, 
he  and  his  coadjutors  contended  singlehanded,  for  jurisdiction, 
with  the  nilers  under  Gorges,  till  March,  1646 ;  when  by  a  de- 
cision in  England,  Rigby's  right  and  title  were  fully  established. 
Cleaves  then  assumed  the   government ;  had  a  Board  of  five  or 
six   \ssistants ;    called  General  Assemblies ;    and  held   Courts, 
four  or  five  times  in  the  year.     When  acting  judicially,  he  and 
the  Assistants  constituted  the  Supreme  Court ;  and  the  names  of 
those  who  acted  as  such  at  different  times,  were  Henry  Joscelyn, 
Robert  Jordan,  William  Royall,  Henry  Watts,  John   Cossins,  Pe- 
ter Hill   and  Robert  Boothe.     But  as  the  commission  of  Mr. 
Cleaves  was  at  an  end,  when  his  patron  died,  in  August,  1650,— 
a  fact  of  which  he  had  full  information,  the  next  year,  he  waited 
about  a  twelve-month  for  instructions  without  receiving  any,  and 
then  took  another  trip  to  England.     There  he   had  an   interview 
with  Sir  Alexander's  son  ;  yet  he  received  no  other  orders  from 
him,  than  to  have  an  oversight  of  the  Province,  till  commissions 
were  sent  to  him.     Of  course,  after  his  return,  he  resolutely  re- 
sisted the  jurisdictional  claim  of  Massachusetts,  till  July,  1658  ; 
when  he  and  the  Lygonian  Provincials  thought  it  best  to  submit. 
Upon  this  change,  he  was  appointed  town-commissioner ;  and  in 
1663  and  4,  represented  the  town  of   Falmouth  in  the  General 
Court  at  Boston.     He  died  about  1666,  an  aged  man,  leaving  only 
one  child,  the  wife  of  Michael  Mitten,  who, .3  death   occurred  in 
1682.     It  fell  to  the  lot  of  Mr.  Cleaves,  to  encounter  many  oh* 
stacles  and  embarrassments,  political  and  pecuniary,  in  the  course 
of  his  pursuits  ;  and  he  died  the  possessor  of  little  or  no  proper- 
ty.    The  traits  of  his  character  were  such  as  to  give  it  the   sem- 
blance of  contrarieties ;  for  while  his  foes  accused  him  of  an  un- 
hallowed ambition  and  a  litigious  spirit ;  others  have  set  to  his 
credit  the  merits  of  honor,  energy,  enterprize  and  perseverance. 

Edward  and  Richard  CallicoH  [or  Collicott]  were  both  early  in- 
habitants of  Maine.  Edward  first  settled  in  New-Hampshire  as 
early  as  1631 ;  acted  several  years  as  Governor  of  the  plantations 
at  Dover;  and  in  1642,  was  a  deputy  in  the  General  Court  at  Bos- 
ton. About  the  year,  1659,  he  removed  to  Saco.  Richard  was  a 
man  of  more  intelligence  and  distinction.  He  removed  from  Dor- 
chester, Massachusetts,  to  Falmouth,  in  1657  or  8;  and  was  re- 
turned a  deputy  or  representative  to  the  General  Court,  for  that 
town  in  1669,  and  in  1672  for  Saco.     Twenty  years  before  he  re- 

VoL.  I.  72 


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APPENDIX.  ,(  I 

moved  into  the  eMtern  country,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Ancient 

and  Honorable  Artillery  company ;  and  in  1G74  he  was  commis- 
sioned by  Massachusetts,  with  others,  to  establish  the  County  of 
Devonshire;  and  was  appointed  one  of  the  special  Commission- 
ers, to  hold  Courts  there,  iu  lieu  of  associates  in  other  counties. 
His  last  place  of  residence  was  in  Boston,  where  he  died,  in  1686. 
John  Cossitu  [Cousin]  born  in  England,  A.  D.  1596,  resided  on  a 
beautiful  Island,  afterwards  known  by  his  name,  situated  near  the 
mouth  of  RoyalUriver  in  North-Yarmouth  ;  which  he  purchased, 
in  1645,  of  Richard  Vines,  the  agent  of  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges. 
After  residing  upon  it  about  thirty  years,  he  was  compelled  to 
leave  it,  in  1675,  at  the  opening  of  the  first  Indian  war.  He  re- 
moved to  York,  where  he  died,  in  1683,  at  an  advanced  age.  While 
he  dwelt  upon  the  Island,  he  was  one  of  Mr.  Cleaves'  Assistants 
in  his  government  of  Lygonia  ; — a  roan  much  esteemed  for  his  in- 
tegrity and  diligence. 

..  Robert,  John  and  Richard  Cults  [or  Cutt]  three  brothers,  emi- 
grated from  Wales,  to  the  Isles  of  Shoals,  as  early  as  1645.  In 
a  few  years,  however,  Robert  removed,  first  to  Barbadoes,  then  to 
Great  Island,  New-Hampshire,  and  lastly,  to  Kittery-point,  and 
his  brothers  to  Portsmouth,  all  of  whom  became  eminent  men. 
From  these  three  are  descended  all  those  of  their  name  in  Maine 
and  New-Hampshire.  Robert  established  a  ship-yard,  and  carried 
on  ship-building  very  extensively.  Being  strongly  attached  to 
the  interests  of  Gorges,  he  accepted  the  office  of  Justice,  in  1664 
and  5,  both  under  Archdale  and  the  king's  commissioners.  When 
he  died,  in  1672,  he  left  a  large  estate  to  his  son  Richard,  whose 
son  of  the  same  name,  the  grandson  of  Robert,  born  in  1693,  and 
settled  on  Cutts'  Island,  in  Kittery,  represented  his  town,  in  1734 
and  seven  other  years,  in  the  General  Court,  and  in  1755,  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Council — a  seat  which  he  held  eight 
years.  Col.  Thomas  Cutts,  son  of  the  latter,  settled  in  Saco  about 
1768 ;  and  by  means  of  an  extensive  business  in  ship-building, 
navigation  and  merchandize,  acquired  a  large  estate.  He  convert- 
ed Indian  Island,  into  a  high  state  of  culture,  and  erected  upon  it 
a  spacious  mansion-house,  where  he  passed  the  closing  years  of 
his  active  life.  Edward  Cutts,  probably  his  brother,  after  having 
represented  Kittery,  his  native  town,  seven  years  in  the  Legisla- 
ture, was  elected  into  the  Council,  in  1779,  and  succeeded  Mr. 
Simpson,  in  his  judicial  capacity,  both  as  Judge  of  the  Common 
Pleas  and  Judge  of  Probate.  He  was  also  two  years  in  the  Sen- 
ate under  the  State-constitution. 


■'■7ii'^';-r 


APPENDIX. 

Owrgty  Hwnphrey  and  John  Davie  are  all  mentioned  in  the  hit- 
tory  of  Maine.  The  first  commenced  an  earl  j  settlement  at  Wii- 
casset-point ;  and  in  1663,  purchased  a  considerable  territoiy 
there  of  the  natives.  His  dwellinKhouse  was  on  the  westerly 
bank  of  the  river,  in  the  midst  of  what  is  now  the  village.  About 
the  time  Sheepscot-settlement  was  destroyed  by  the  Indians,  in 
1688,  he  retired  to  some  older  place,  for  more  safety.  Htumphreif 
claimed  Swan  Island  in  the  Kennebec,  under  an  Indian  deed, 
dated  1669.  He  was  a  man  of  some  note  ;  being  one  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts' Commissioners,  appointed  to  establish  and  organize  the 
county  of  Devon,  or  Devonshire,  in  1674.  That  Island  of  his 
was  afterwards  claimed  by  Sir  John  Davicy  a  sergeant  at  law,  who 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  College,  in  1681,  and  at  length  became 
the  inheritor  of  a  large  estate  in  England,  from  which  he  derived 
the  title  of  baronet,  and  upon  which  he  afterwards  resided. 

John  Davis,  a  man  of  very  considerable  abilities,  natural  and  ac- 
quired, and  of  a  military  taste  and  turn  of  mind,  was  an  inhabi- 
tant of  York.  Taught  by  experience,  that  a  people's  prosperity 
as  well  as  security,  essentially  depended  upon  a  methodical  and 
energetic  government,  he  espoused  the  coalescence  of  Maine  with 
Massachusetts,  in  1652  ;  and  took  an  interested  part  in  promot- 
ing the  union.  At  first  he  was  licensed  to  keep  the  town  ordinal 
ry;  and  yet  during  the  whole  of  President  Dantorth's  adminis- 
tration he  was  one  of  the  Standing  Council ;  and  also  the  succes- 
sor of  Major  Pendleton,  Deputy-President  of  Maine,  in  1684,  and 
had  command  of  the  militia. 

Sylvamis  Davis  first  settled  at  Damariscotta,  where  he,  in  1659 
and  1665,  purchased  considerable  lands  of  three  Indian  Sagamores. 
Afterwards,  when  Clark  and  Lake  had  formed  an  establishment  on 
Arrowsick,  he  removed  to  that  Island,  and  became  their  general 
agent.  The  place  exhibited  a  flourishing  appearance,  till  the  In- 
dian massacre,  August  14,  1676  ;  when  he  was  severely  wounded 
and  hardly  escaped  with  his  life.  Within  a  year  or  two  after 
peace,  he  settled  on  Casco-Neck,  Falmouth,  and  took  from  Pres- 
ident Danforth,  a  grant  of  Little  Gebeag,  and  from  the  town-trus- 
tees, a  sectional  assignment  of  lots.  He  was  in  general  highly 
esteemed ;  yet  his  eflbrts  in  1687-8,  under  Andros'  administration, 
to  persuade  the  people  to  take  from  the  Governor,  new  patents  of 
their  lands,  deducted  much  from  his  popularity — as  it  unfolded  a 
tint  of  the  parasite.  Yet  in  1690,  he  had  commbnd  of  Fort  Loyal, 
when  the  French  and  Indians,  after  a  most  obstinate  siege,  com- 


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pelled  him  to  surrender  it,  and  to  see  every  article  of  capitulation 
violated,  and  most  of  the  garrison  put  to  death.  He  was  himself 
carried  to  Canada  and  detained  in  captivity  more  than  four  months. 
v  '  His  subsequent  residence  was  in  Boston.  Being  a  landholder  in 
the  province  of  Sagadahock,  and  a  man  of  considerable  distinc- 
tion, he  found  his  name  inserted  in  the  Charter  of  William  and 
Mary,  as  one  of  the  Council ;  and  by  two  subsequent  elections, 
he  was  chosen  to  fill  the  same  office.  He  died,  in  1703,  without 
issue ;  leaving  his  estate  to  his  wife  and  the  daughters  of  his 
friend,  James  English. — See  Coll.  Mass.  His.  Soc.  3  «erte«,  i.  vol. 
p.  101—102.  i 

Henry  Donne/,  an  inhabitant  of  York,  removed  from  that  town, 
about  1658,  to  Jewel's  Island,  in  Casco-bay,  on  which  he  resided 
and  had  a  fishing  station,  till  the  commencement  of  the  second 
Indian  war,  in  1688.  Unable  to  dwell  there  longer  in  safety,  he 
returned  to  his  former  residence.  His  sons  were  Henry  and  Sam- 
uel,— the  latter  was  one  of  the  Councillors  named  for  Maine,  in 
the  Province-charter  of  1691,  and  subsequently  received  two  elec- 
tions to  the  same  place. 

Rev.  Shubael  Dummer^*  a  giaduate  of  Harvard  College,  in  1656, 
was  ordained  at  York,  to  the  pastoral  office,  in  1673 ;  being  the 
first  settled  minister  of  that  town.  His  wife  was  the  daughter  of 
Edward  Rishworth,  Esq.,  and  their  dwellinghouse  was  eastward 
of  the  present  village,  about  thirty  rods  from  the  seashore.  Mr. 
Dummer  was  a  serious  godly  man,  devoted  to  his  charge,  and  if 
not  eloquent,  he  was  a  sound  and  interesting  preacher.  At  the 
time  of  his  settlement,  so  small  in  number  were  his  brethren  in 
the  ministry,  that  he  of  necessity  preached  his  own  ordination 
sermon.  His  faithful  labors  and  ardent  zeal  for  his  people's  good, 
through  a  period  of  nineteen  years,  mutually  endeared  them  to 
each  other,  and  rendered  the  circumstances  6f  their  final  separa- 
tion highly  painful.  For  on  the  fatal  morning  of  Feb.  5,  1692, 
when  the  Indians  made  an  assault  upon  the  town,  burning,  killing 
and  plundering,  he  was  shot  dead  at  his  own  dooi.  His  lovely 
and  excellent  wife,  who  was  carried  into  captivity,  soon  died  of 
suffering  and  grief.     Mr.  Dummer  was  in  the  56th  or  7th  year  of 


*  His  father  was  Richard  Dummer  of  Newbury,  born  1591,  came  to  New- 
England  in  1G32,  lived  first  in  Rnxbnry  und  was  an  Assistant  l(i40  uiid  l(i45 ; 
and  then  removed  to  the  former  |»laco.  \\\s  snug  were  Pbuliael,  Jeremiah, 
Richard,  and  William  who  was  father  of  Lieutenant-Governor.  William  Dum- 
mer. Shubael  waa  born  February  17, 1G3C ;  commenced  preaching  at  York  in 
1663 


APPENDIX. 

bia  «ge ; — and  according  to  Doct.  Mather,  his  heart  whh  touched, 
like  the  prophet's  lips,  as  with  'a  live  coal  from  the  altar.' 

Thomas  Danforth,  bom  at  Framlingham  in  Suft'olk,  Ent^land, 
A.D.  1622,  emigrated  with  his  father,  Nicholas  Danforth,  to  New- 
England,  in  1634  and  settled  in  Cambridge.     He  was  admitted 
freeman  in  1643 ;  chosen  a  representative  of  his  toAvn  in   1657-8, 
an  Assistant  first  in  1659,  afterwards  being  a  member  of  the  Board 
20  years.    He  was  Deputy-governor  from  1679  to  1 680,  inclusive, 
and  again  after  the  revolution,  he  filled  the  same  oifice  three  years, 
and  once  he  came  within  61  votes  of  being  elected  governor.     He 
was  a  man  of  unquestionable  integrity  and  great  firmness ;  a  high- 
toned  republican  of  the  old  scho(fI ;  and  acted  a  distinguished  part 
in  public  affairs.     Subsequently  to  the  purchase  of  Muine,  he  was 
appointed  by  the  General  Court  of  Massachusetts,  or  rather  by 
the  Board  of  Assistants,  May  11,  1681,  (new  style)  the  President 
of  the  Province,  an  office  he  filled  till  the  Charter  of  William  and 
Mary  was  received ;  except  during  the   interruptions,  occasioned 
by  the  short  administration  of  Dudley  and  Andros.     Though  his 
established  residence  was  in  Cambridge,  he  repaired  frequently  to 
the  Province,  while  at  the  head  of  its  government  ;  and  sometimes 
continued  his  visit  for  weeks.     He  was  a  great  favorite  of  the 
people  and  a  coadjutor  with  Gookin,  Cooke  and  others  in  opposing 
the  acts  of  trade  and  in  vindicating  chartered  rights,  against  every 
encroachment  of  arbitrary  power.     Hence   he  rendered  himself 
obnoxious  to  the  British  politicians,  an^  consequently,  his  name 
was  not  allowed  to  be  inserted  in  the  Province-charter,  (in  1691,) 
as  one  of  the  Council.     But  in  the  organization  of  government, 
he   was  appointed  one  of  the  Judges  on  the  Supreme   Bench 
— a  seat  he  filled  till  his  death,  Nov.  5,  1699,  aged  77  years.     In 
evidence  of  his  intelligence  and  correct  judgment,  he  pointedly 
condemned  the  proceedings  of  the  Courts  nirainst  witchcraft,  as 
the  offspring  of  delusion.     He  had  12  chiidren,  two  of  whom 
were  sons,  viz.  Samuel,  graduated  at  Harvard  College,   1671,  a 
distinguished  scholar,  who  died  at  London,  in  Dec.   1676,  un- 
married ;  and  Jonathan,  who  was  graduated  at  the  same  College, 
1679,  and  died  in  1682,  in  whom  the  male  line  became  extinct. 

Cfiiea  Elbridge  was  co-proprietor  with  Rol)ert  Aldsworth,  alder- 
man of  the  city — Bristol,  England,  in  their  patent  of  Pemaquid, 
obtained  Feb.  20,  1631.  Their  particular  attention  was  first  turned 
towards  this  section  of  country  probably  by  the  views  given  of  it 
by  the  celebrated  adventurer,  Capt.  John  Smith.    Having,  in  1625, 


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APPENDIX. 

purchased  Monbegan,  they  determined  now  to  improve  and  enlarge 
the  infant  settlements,  both  on  the  Island  and  within  the  limita  of 
their  new  patent ;  and  give  the  planters  an  established  form  of 
civil  government.  But  they  labored  under  a  mistake  not  uncom> 
mon  in  those  days,  which  was,  to  imagine  they  could  bring  into 
existence  a  flourishing  plantation  or  colony  in  the  wilderness,  with- 
out  residing  upon  it,  or  even  visiting  it ;  for  neither  of  the  pv 
tentees  ever  so  much  as  saw  this  country.  In  a  few  years, 
Aldsworth  died,  when  the  whole  patent  enured  to  Elbridge  by 
survivorship ;  and  hence  his  sons,  John  in  the  tirst  instance,  and 
then  Thomas,  became  sole  proprietors  of  it.  The  former  took  it  by 
descent  and  the  latter  by  his  brother's  will  of  Sept.  11,  1646; 
after  which  he  came  over  to  Pemaquid,  dwelt  there  several  years; 
and  at  length,  by  two  assignments,  dated  Feb.  1, 1651,  and  Sept.  3, 

1657,  he  conveyed  away  the  whole  patent.  Still  he  resided  there; 
and  in  1665,  came  into  the  court  of  the  king's  commissioners  and 
swore  allegiance  to  the  Duke  of  York,  as  proprietary  of  Sag^da- 
hock.  The  property  afterwards  passing  through  several  hands, 
ultimately  rested  in  the  wife  of  Shem  Drowne,  and  hence  the 
origin  of  the  '■^  Drotone  Claim."  While  Thomas  Elbridge  was  a 
resident  at  Pemaquid,  he  made  grants  of  land ;  held  courts,  tried 
causes ;  and  punished  offences.  But  still  the  government  exercis- 
ed or  formed  by  him  was  probably  little  more  than  a  conservation 
of  the  peace. 

Richard  Foxwell  removed  from  Scituate  and  settled  at  Blue-point 
in  Scarborough,  A.  D.  1636,  when  he  was  Si  years  of  age.  His 
wife  was  the  daughter  of  Richard  Bonighton.  Though  he  was  not 
a  man  of  very  much  note,  he  was  well  esteemed ;  he  had  been  a 
*'  merchant ;"  and  in  1648  his  town  sent  him  a  deputy  to  the 
General  Assembly  of  Lygonia.  He  died  in  1677,  leaving  eight 
children. 

Nicholas  and  Charles  Frost,  father  and  son,  dwelt  at  Sturgeon- 
creek  in  Kittery ;  the  former  being  one  of  the  early  settlers  of  that 
place ;  and  a  constable  under  the  Charter-government  of  Gorges. 
He  lived  till  the  year  16G3. — Charles  wafi  one  of  the  most  eminent 
and  public  spirited  men  of  that  age,  within  the  Province.     In 

1658,  and  subsequently,  he  was  the  representative  of  his  town, 
five  years,  in  the  General  Court  at  Boston ;  he  was  a  member  of 
the  Provincial  Council,  during  the  whole  of  President  Danforth's 
administration  ;  he  had  also  command  of  the  Yorkshire  Regiment 
of  militia ;  and  at  the  time  he  was  shot  by  the  Indians,  July  4, 


APPENDIX. 

MOV,  he  held  »  seat  in  the  Council  and  upon  the  Bench  of  the 
Common  Pleas.  His  death  w»»  very  deeply  lamenti'd  ;  as  it  oc- 
curred  in  the  height  of  his  iisft'iiliiess  and  fame,  and  at  a  time  when 
his  services  were  greatly  needed.  „'  ><<  i  s       ;  -j^ 

Roger  Garde  was  an  early  inhabitant  of  Againenticus.  Having 
some  knowledge  of  letters  and  a  good  a(-(|iiuintance  with  penman- 
ship, he  was  appointed  in  1640,  ProvinciHl  Register  under  the 
charter-government  of  Gorges;  elected  mayor  of  the  city,  Gor- 
geana;  and  in  1644,  promoted  to  a  seat  in  the  Council.  But  being 
a  warm  adherent  to  the  rights  and  interest  of  the  Lord-proprietor, 
and  a  toe  to  the  claim  of  Massachusetts  ;  he  was  const''ained  to 
find  amid  the  political  changes  of  liis  time,  that  his  popularity 
was  hardly  commensurate  with  his  life. 

ThomQta  Gardiner,  reputed  to  have  l)een  a  very  worthy  man, 
was  an  early  settler  at  Pemaquid.  In  1665,  he  was  appointed  by 
the  king's  commissioners,  or^c  of  the  magistrates  for  the  Duke's 
province ;  and  in  1674,  when  Devonshire  was  established  by 
Massachusetts,  he  was  appointed  to  the  same  office  and  also  to 
the  command  of  the  militia,  in  the  new  county. 

Sir  Ferdinando,  Robert,  Willianij  Thomas^  and  a  second  Ferdi- 
nando  Gorges.,  are  all  entitled  to  notice  in  the  early  settlement 
of  this  State.  The  first,  through  a  period  of  forty  years,  greatly 
interested  himself  in  the  discovery,  colonization  and  other  affairs 
of  this  £astern  Country ; — a  biographical  sketch  of  whose  char- 
acter appears  in  the  preceding  History. — Robert,  his  son,  took 
from  the  Plymouth  Council,  Dec.  13,  1622,  a  patent  of  lands,  30 
miles  by  10,  about  Cape  Anne ;  and  in  Septemlier  of  the  next 
year,  came  with  several  passengers  and  families  to  begin  a  planta- 
tion. He  had  also  a  commission,  as  Governor  and  Lieutenant  Gen- 
eral of  New-England ; — and  the  habitancy  he  selected,  was  at 
Weymouth.  But  this,  the  primary  essay  to  establish  a  general 
government,  met  with  no  success  ;  and  he  returned  to  England  at 
the  end  of  one  year. —  William  Gorges,  a  nephew  of  Sir  Ferdinan- 
do, is  said  by  one  to  have  come  over  first,  in  1624,  a  companion 
of  Col.  Francis  Norton — and  to  have  been  furnished  with  "  divers 
workmen  for  the  building  of  mills  and  houses  and  with  all  things 
necessary  for  a  settlement,"  at  Agamenticus  ;  while  another  ac- 
count says,  it  was  Ferdinando,  the  proprietor's  grandson,  who  came 
over  with  Norton.  However  this  may  be — William,  called  Capt. 
Gorges,  was  appointed  Governor  of  New-Somersetshire,  by  his 
uncle  in  1635,  soon  after  the  12  provinces  were  formed — out  of 


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the  Grand  Patent,  and  he  had  taken  an  auignment.    Re 
over  early  the  next  sprinj;,  and  immediately  proceeded  to  mettorei 
for  the  government  of  the  Province.    He  appointed  a  Conncil,  held 
courts  at  Saco,  and  exercised  an  official  jurisdiction,  about  two 
years  before  his  return.     Chalmer  says,  "  he  ruled  for  some  years, 
a  few  traders  and  fisliermen,  wlih  a  good  sense,  equal  to  the  im- 
portance of  the  trust." — Thomiis  ^Jorgeif,  the  cousin  of  Sir  Fer- 
dinando,  arrived  in  the  Province  of  Maine  during  the  spring  of 
1640  ;  bringing  with  him  from  the  Lord-proprietor  a  commission 
of  Deputy-governor.    He  opened  his  court  at  Saco,  which  had  reg- 
ular sessions; — giving  to  his  administration  the  characteristics  of 
energy,  justice  and  considerable  system.     He  was  n  r'\?x  of  pure 
principles,  and  very  handsome  abilities, — gravp  in  n  -  1e',;'.!^ment 
and  by  profession  a  lawyer;  having  pursued  wrui  fini.<iLed  his  course 
of  legal  studies  at  the  Inns  of  Court  in  Vrestiu'ni.  .1.     He  return^ 
ed  home  in  1643,  when  his  comm.ssion  ex':'ired,  though  the  Lord- 
proprietor  gave  him  some  large  tracts    >!  land,  and  pressed  upon 
him  every  motive,  to  abide  longer  time  in  the  Province. — FertU- 
nando  Gorges,  Esq.  was  thr  son  of  John  Gorges  and  grandson  of 
the  Lord-proprietor.     It   is  said  by  two  writers,  that  he  came 
over  with  Col.  Norton  in  1624,  to  settle  Agamenticus,  with  "  a 
patent  of  12,000  acres  on  the  east  side  and  12,000  to  the  west 
side  of  the  river ;  and  that  they  had  hopes  of  a  happy  success." 
If  he  did  visit  this  country  his  abode  here  was  short.     Certainly,  to 
him  at  lenc;th,  descended  the  whole  provincial  patent  of  Maine ; 
about  which  he  had  a  controversy  with  Massachusetts,  from  1652 
to  1677;  when  he  sold  the  whole  to  her  for  iS  1,250  sterling. 
His  grandfather's  History  of  America  painted  to  the  lifCf  enlarged 
by  him  and  published  in  1658,  contains  many  original,  rare  and 
curious  facts,  which  will  be  ever  precious  to  the  antiquarian. 

Walter  Gendelly  dwelt  at  Spurwink,  [Cape  Elizabeth,]  as  early  as 
1666.  He  was  a  great  fur-trader  with  the  Indians,  and  supposed 
he  had  secured  their  friendship  and  confidence.  But  in  1676, 
being  the  second  year  of  king  Philip's  war,  they  made  him  pris- 
oner at  Richraou-i  jLii  a  ad  und  carried  him  to  Penobscot;  where 
in  a  few  month  ji'r  v.  n  1  at  liber  under  Mugg's  treaty,  and 
conveyed  to  Bu:;ii.a  oy  Capt.  More.  Being  convicted  of  having 
had  a  treacherous  intercourse  with  the  Natives,  he  was  sentenced 
to  forfeit  his  lands,  to  pay  costs  of  prosecution,  to  run  the  "  gaunt- 
let" through  the  military  companies  of  that  town ;  and  then  to 
depart  the  colony. — He  returned  into  Maine ;  and  it  appears,  he 


H 


>-J: 


an 


WM  ftftei  ./ud«  rettored  to  dl  he  had  lost ;  for  ia  1680,  he  wu 
one  of  the  Falmoath-commiasionen ;  in  1693,  •  •uperintendant  of 
Fort  LovaI;  and  the  next  year,  a  deputy  from  that  town  to  the 
General  Assembly,  under  the  administration  of  Prrsideot  Daiw> 
forth.  Ffe  was  aisu  one  of  the  trustees,  in  the  re-fp-ttnt  or  rvviTal 
of  North«VHrmouth  ;  at  which  place  he  was  killed  by  the  Indiana, 
in  Au^'Mst,  1688,  0.  ing  among  the  very  first  that  fell,  in  the  aee- 
ond  Indian  war.     He  left  i\o  child  but  some  property. 

Edward  Godfrey^  came  over  about  the  year,  1629,  and  took  from 
Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,  Jubn  Mason,  and  their  associates,  an 
agency  for  the  management  of  their  affairs  at  the  Piscataqua. 
Captivated  with  the  situation  of  Agamcaticas-plantation,  begun 
by  his  friends.  Col.  Norton  and  young  Ferdinando  Gorges,  he  ron- 
eluded  to  settle  there ;  and  it  is  said,  he  built  one  of  the  first 
framed  houseii,  ever  erected  in  the  place.  He  became  interested 
in  two  considerable  tracts  of  laud  in  the  vicinity ; — one  was  » 
grant  on  the  north  side  of  Agamenticus-river,  which  Sir  Ferdi- 
nando made,  Dec.  1,  1631,  to  him  and  three  associates, — \\  iiliam 
Hooke,  his  neighbor,  Samuel  Mavenck,  of  Noddle's  Island,  and 
Wil Ham  Jefferies,  of  Weymouth;  the  other  was  a  lease-hold  of 
1,500  acres,  on  the  northerly  side  of  (ape  Neddock  Creek,  which 
Gorges  granted,  in  16.38,  to  Mr.  Godfrey,  his  son  Oliver  and  Rich- 
ard Rowe,  conditioned  to  pay  an  annual  quitrent  of  2a.  on  every 
one  hundred  acre  lot.  Mr.  Godfrey  was  a  man  of  zeal  and  perse- 
verance  in  every  enterprize  he  undertook  ;  and  such  was  hii 
character  and  conduct, — such  his  untiring  efforts  to  promote  the 
settlement  and  best  interests  of  this  plantation — and  so  much  was 
he  a  favorite  of  the  Lord-proprietor,  as  to  secure  entirely  his  con- 
fidence and  esteem,  and  merit  the  honor  of  being  appointed  by 
him,  in  1640,  an  original  member  of  his  Charter-council.  In 
fact,  he  had  previously  belonged  to  the  board  of  Assistants  under 
William  Gorges  ;  and  in  1642,  he  was  Mayor  of  the  city  Gorge- 
ana.  He  manfully  resisted  Col.  RigLv's  claim  to  Lygonia  till 
there  was  a  decision  in  his  favor ;  after  which,  he  succeeded  Mr. 
Vines,  in  1646,  as  Governor  of  what  remained  t)  Sir  Ferdinando-— 
an  office  which  he  filled,  with  credit  to  himself  for  several  years. 
During  a  part  of  that  period,  commencing  with  1649,  when  it 
was  understood  that  John  Gorges,  the  heir  to  the  Province,  was 
disinclined  to  assume  the  government  of  it,  the  inhabitants  formed 
a  "  Combination,"  under  the  Charter,  and  annually  elected  Mr. 
Godfrey,  Governor,  by  voting  at  town  meeting,  in  manner  of  elec- 

VoL.  I.  73 


fiiti 


I  if  I 


iMHiJI 

i; 


m. 


'■■4 


M 


Q«jrg  APPENDIX. 

tioDS,  pursued  by  the  freemen  of  Massachusetts.  With  great  spirit, 
he  opposed  the  jurisdictional  claim,  which  that  Colony  raised  to 
Maine,  till  Kittery  and  Agamenticus  were  Induced  to  submit,  in 
1652 ; — then  he  yielded  to  constraint  and  took  the  oath  of  allegi* 
ance,  to  her  government.  Disposed  still  to  conciliate  him  and  his 
partisans,  her  commissioners  immediately  appointed  him  town  and 
county  commissioner ;  and  the  next  year,  the  provincials  elected 
him  senior  associate  upon  the  bench  of  the  county-court.  He  died 
about  the  year,  1661  or  2,  highly  esteenitd  for  his  firmness  intel- 
ligence and  integrity.  ^  .  .      -  ,   . 

Peter  and  Joseph  Hill,  have  been  noticed  in  the  early  history  of 
this  State.  The  former,  who  resided  in  Saco,  was  a  deputy  to  the 
General  Assembly  of  Lygonia,  in  1648;  and  a  short  time,  one  of 
Mr.  Cleaves'  Assistants.  Nevertheless,  he  submitted  to  Massa- 
chusetts, in  16.53,  and  his  useful  life  was  prolonged  to  the  year, 
1667. — Joseph  Hill,  his  grandson,  wlM)^e  father's  name  was  Roger, 
was  born,  in  1671,  married  Joseph  Bowles'  daughter  of  Wells, 
and  in  1689,  settled  in  that  town.  Still,  when  Fort  Mary,  at 
Saco,  was  erected,  in  1693,  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  two  su- 
perintendauts.  lie  was  a  brave  man  ;  and  being  commander  of 
the  militia-company,  in  Wells,  was  probably  singled  out  by  the 
enemy,  in  their  attack  upon  the  place,  in  August,  1703  ;  for  he 
was,  at  that  time,  taken  and  carried  a  captive  to  Canada.  Two 
years  afterwards,  he  was  sent  bv  the  (ioveiiior  of  that  province, 
to  effect  an  exchange  of  prisoners;  who  reported  on  his  return 
home,  that  there  were  "  with  the  Freneh  114  captives,  besides 
70  with  the  Indians."  His  grandson,  J<»seph  Hill,  of  the  same 
town,  was  29  years  a  member  of  the  Council,  and  13,  a  judge  of 
the  Common  Pleas. 

W^Uiam  and  Francis  Hooke,  [or  Hook]  were  probably  kindreds, 
though  it  is  not  ascertained  in  what  degree.  The  former,  an  em- 
igrant from  Bristol  in  England,  became  associated  with  Edward 
Godfrey,  in  a  purchase  made  at  Agamenticus,  A.  D.  1631,  and 
finally  settled  there.  He  was  one  of  the  first  Clinrler-couneillors 
under  Gorges,  when  the  administration  was  framed,  in  10  10;  but 
he  never  took  his  seat  nt  the  Board.  Marrying  about  that  time 
the  widow  of  Capt.  Walter  Norton,  he  removed  to  Salisbury, 
Mass.  from  which  was  sent  a  deputy  to  the  General  Court,  in 
1643  and  7,  and  where  he  died,  in  16.')4;  leaving  a  widow  with- 
out any  children  ;  Mr.  Winthrop  speaks  of  him,  as  '  a  godly  gen- 
tleman.' 


Phillips 


rt'tuin 
K  sides 
le  same 
iitlge  of 

indreds, 
on  em- 
Edward 
31,   mid 
iiicillors 
10 j  but 
lul   time 
isbiiiy, 
'(lint,   in 
w  wilb- 
jdly  gfU- 


APPE?n)IX. 

Francis  ffooke  is  first  introduced  to  us  as  a  pious  man  and  preacher 
of  the  gospel.  He  selected  his  place  of  abode  at  Winter^harbor, 
in  Saco,  where  mention  is  made  of  him  in  1660.  Inflexibly  at- 
tached as  he  was,  to  the  interests  of  Gorges,  in  belief  that  his  right 
waa  well-founded,  he  was  appointed  a  Justice,  both  under  Arch- 
dale  in  1663-4,  and  by  the  king's  Commissioners  in  1665.  For 
a  period,  his  acceptance  of  these  offices,  in  connexion  with  his 
political  sentiments,  might  have  rendered  him  unpopular  among 
the  partizans  of  Massachusetts  ;  yet  so  entirely  had  he  regained 
the  public  esteem  in  1680,  as  to  be  appointed  first  County-treasu- 
rer under  Pres.  Danforth's  administration,  and  a  member  of  the 
Council  during  the  whole  period  of  his  presidency.  He  seems  to 
have  had  the  singular  good  fortune  of  a  very  few  public  men, 
that  is — to  be  popular  with  all  parties.  For  in  1692  and  3,  he 
was  a  member  of  the  Province-council  under  the  Charter  of 
William  and  Mary,  a  judge  of  Probate  two  years,  and  also  a  Judge 
upon  the  bench  of  the  Common  Pleas.  He  removed  to  Kittery 
before  the  commencement  of  the  2d  Indian  war,  where  he  died 
in  January  1095.  In  a  word,  such  was  Francis  Hooke,  that  none 
other  at  that  age  in  the  Province  was  more  public  spirited  and 
highly  useful — none  hotter  beloved. 

Hutchinson  was  a  distinguished  name  in  Massachusetts  and  this 
State,  from  the  early  settlement  of  the  country,  to  the  war  of  the 
Revolution.  ^^"^I^Kf^n  Ilntch'mHon  was  an  emigrant  to  Boston,  as 
early  as  1631,  and  the  hnsljuud  of  the  famous  Anne  Hutchinson,* 
the  "  Antinomian."  He  dii'd  in  1G42  ;  atid  his  sou  Edward^  a 
brave  u\ilitary  ollicer,  lost  his  life  in  a  battle  with  the  Indians  in 
King  l'hili|)'s  war.  Actuated  by  u  spirit  of  speculation  or  perhaps 
thoughts  of  removal,  tbe  same  Kdward,  in  1673,  two  years  before 
his  death,  purchased  of  William  I'liillipsof  Saco,  considerable  tracts 
of  land,  on  the  westerly  side  of  the  river  in  that  place  ;  at  the  same 
time  owning  mills  at  Newichawannock,  burnt  two  years  afterwards 
by  the  Indians.  In  KiTO,  Mr.  Phillips  distributed  among  his 
children  and  donees,  the  extensive  territory,  which  he  had  pur- 
chased of  tbe  Sagamores,  several  ye.trs  before,  embracing  the 
present  Sandford,  Alfred  and  \Viilerl)orough  ;  when  ov^e  share  be- 
came the  property   of   Kli^hn    lliit<-liinsnii\i  wife,   who  was   Mrs, 

Phillips'  daughter,  by  a  former  husband,  John  Sandfcud,    Ksquire, 


679 


.'  '.^1 


i^i 


•  Artrr  Ikt  liii(tbarnl's  ■'•■.itli,  bHc  n-ninvod  to  the  Diitcti  Cmnilry,  (N.  Y.)  ; 
And  in  1(>I:<,  Bh<'  ond  nil  li(<:  family,  cxcppt  una  dau^fliter,  being  ir>  perpona, 
were  killed  by  thf  liiUiiiti* 


680 


APPENDIX. 

of  Rhode  Island.  The  said  EHsha,  grudeon  of  the  above  Wil- 
liam, and  son  of  Edward,  was  a  Tery  distinguished  man,  represen- 
tative of  Boston,  in  1680 — 3;  Assistant,  in  1684,  6  and  6;  Chief- 
commander  of  the  Massachusetts'  militia,  a  charter-member  of 
the  Council  in  1692 ;  and  being  a  freeholder  in  Maine,  in  right 
of  his  wife,  and  perhaps  otherwise,  he  was  elected  for  that  prov> 
ince,  to  a  seat  at  the  same  Board  two  successive  years,  1708  and  9. 
He  died,  in  1717,  at  the  age  of  78.  His  son  ThonuUj  who  died, 
in  Dec.  1739,  was  father  of  the  Governor*  and  Historian  of 
Ma$$achusett$. — Eliakim  Hutchinson,  another  son  of  Edward,  seems 
to  have  inherited  his  fathet's  estate  at  Saco;  in  virtue  of  which 
as  a  prerequisite  qualification,  required  by  Charter,  he  was  chosen 
for  Maine,  into  the  Council,  in  1695  ;  receiving  in  all  21  elections. 
He  died  in  1718,  in  the  77th  year  of  his  age.  His  son,  Edward 
Hutchinson^  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Board  for  the  same  Prov- 
ince, in  1725-6  ;  being  a  landholder,  either  as  heir  or  devisee  of 
the  Saco  estate,  which,  however,  he  sold  in  1750,  to  a  Mr.  Allen 
for  £1,200. 

George  Ingeraol,  bom  in  1618,  was  the  son  of  Richard  Ingersol, 
who  emigrated  in  1629,  from  Bedfordshire,  England,  to  Salem, 
Massachusetts.  The  residence  af  George  at  Back-cove,  Falmouth, 
in  1657,  is  the  first  notice  of  him  recollected.  His  military  tal- 
ents and  taste,  procured  his  promotion,  in  16G8,  to  the  command 
of  the  town-militia  company, — an  ofhce  he  filled  with  much  rep- 
utation to  himself,  through  the  first  Indian  war.  In  1683  and  5, 
he  was  sent  by  his  town,  a  representative  to  the  General  Assem- 
bly, under  President  Danforth's  administration ;  but  before  the 
second  Indian  war,  he  removed  to  Salem,  where  he  died,  in  1694 ; 
leaving  two  sons, — George,  who  was  Shipwrecked,  and  Samuel, 
who  settled  at  Stroudwater. 

Robert  Jordan^  a  young  epLscopal  clergyman,  emigrated  from  the 
west  of  England,  in  1G40,  and  settled  at  Spurwink.  He  was, 
without  doubt,  a  man  of  talents  and  considerable  learning.  In  a 
short  time,  he  married  at  that  place,  Sarah,  the  only  daughter  of 
John  Winter;  in  the  settlement  of  whose  estate,  about  the  years, 
1647  and  8,  he  became  the  proprietor  of  a  large  landed  estate. 
Both  his  religious  and  political  sentiments,  made  him  a  great 
friend  to  the  interests  of  Gorges ;  and  of  course,  as  great  a  foe  to 


*  Goy.  Thomu  Hutchinion,  had  throe  loni,  Thomu,  Eliaht  and  William 
Budford,  who  were  graduated  at  Harvard  College,  1756, 1763,  and  1770— S«f 
Farmtr't  Omitaiogitt. 


APPElfDIX. 

MuiMhtuetts.  But  he  muiiiested  do  great  opposition  to  the  elun 
of  Col.  Rigby;  and  therefore,  aAer  it  wu  decided,  in  Much,  1647, 
that  the  Plough  Patent  in  Lygonia  belonged  to  him,  and  an  ad- 
ministration of  government  was  about  to  be  formed  bj  Mr. 
Cleaves,  Jordan  was  appointed  one  of  his  Assistants,  or  a  mem- 
ber of  his  Council ;  and  continued  to  hold  the  place,  till  the  ter- 
mination of  Rigby's  jurisdictional  claim.  Yet  even  at  that  time, 
especially  in  1653-4,  when  Massachusetts  asserted  her  right  by 
Charter  to  embrace  Lygonia,  within  her  jurisdiction ;  his  resist- 
ance of  her  claim  was  so  violent,  as  to  render  him  obnoxious  to 
proisecutions ;  and  several  presentments  were  threatened  against 
him.  Unrestrained  and  unawed,  however,  by  these  measures,  he 
was  finally  arrested  in  1657,  and  carried  to  Boston  for  trial ;  where 
he  barely  escaped  penance,  by  a  wise  and  timely  lubmission. 
Though  he  afterwards,  in  1659,  and  two  following  years,  was 
elected  to  the  office  of  an  Associate,  in  the  County-court ;  his 
obstinacy  was  by  no  means  subdued ;  for  in  1664-5,  he  accepted 
commissions  of  the  peace,  both  from  John  Archdale  and  the 
king's  commissioners,  and  exerted  himself  to  maintain  the  new- 
established  authorities  against  Massachusetts.  To  such  a  height 
was  his  opposition  carried,  when  she  resumed  the  jurisdiction  of 
Maine,  in  1668,  that  the  Grand-jury  of  Yorkshire  Court,  in  that  year, 
returned  several  indictments  against  him  for  breaches  of  his  alle- 
giance and  contempts  of  her  authority.  Besides  these  difficul- 
ties, he  hardly  escaped,  in  1675,  the  savage  tommahawk;  hi* 
dwellinghousc  being  laid  in  ashes,  by  the  Indians,  soon  after  he 
left  it.  He  first  removed  to  Great  Island,  now  Newcastle,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Piscataqua,  and  thence  to  Portsmouth,  where  he 
died,  in  1678,  aged  68  years.  Though  he  retained  his  mental 
faculties  to  the  last,  he  lost  so  entirely  the  use  of  his  hands  in 
the  latter  part  of  his  life,  that  he  became  wholly  unable  to  write. 
He  sustained  a  fair  moral  character ;  was  strongly  attached  to  the 
Episcopal  liturgy ;  and  for  thirty  years,  he  occasionally  delivered 
religious  diacourses,  and  administered  the  christian  ordinances, 
according  to  the  rites  of  his  sacerdotal  order.  Still  he  was  evi- 
dently much  better  fitted  and  qualified  for  secular  business  than 
for  the  ministry — a  man  rather  austere  than  courtly— rather  re- 
spected than  beloved.  To  his  wife  and  six  surviving  sons,  he  left 
a  large  real  estate,  which  was  situated  in  Spurwiuk,  Purpoodic 
and  Scarborough.  His  son,  Dominicus,  who  married  Ralph  Tris- 
tram's daughter  of  Saco,  lived  in  a  gorrisou-house,  on  the  old 


681 


11 


n 


«82 


t- 


APPENDIX. 

estate  at  Spurwink.    At  a  time  in  the  2d  Indian  war,  when  it 
was  furiously  besieged,  a  savage  bawled  out,  you  no  ^seape^  Do- 
mimeut,  here  be  ten  hundred  Indian  : — /  don^t  care,  said  he,  if  there 
be  ten  thousand.    Afterwards,  when  danger  was  little  apprehended, 
a  large  party  entered  his  house,  and  as  one  began  to  talk,  another 
buried  his  hatchet  in  Jordan's  head,  and  exclaimed,  there,  Domin- 
icut,  ntw  kill  ^em  ten  thousand  Indian.     He  being  thus  dispatched, 
his  family  were  carried  capti\  (>>i  to  Canada.     A  young  daughter, 
Mary  Ann,  whom  her  master  renamed  Arabella,  married  a  French- 
man at  Trois  Revieres,  and  never  returned.    Her  brother  Domini- 
cus,  when  13  years  of  age,  escaped  from  captivity,  and  lived  till 
1749.     Rishworth  and  Samuel  Jordan,  were  from  the  same  stock. 
Henry  Joscelt/n  came  over  about  the  year  1634,  in  the  interest 
of  Capt.  John  Mason,  with  an  intent  to  settle  at  Piscataqua.     But 
being  thwarted  in  his  expectations,  by  that  gentlemaii's  death,  he 
proceeded  next  year  to  Scarboro',  and  took  up  his  abode  at  Black- 
point.     At  the  same  time,  he  was  appointed  by  William  Gorges, 
one  of  his  Assistants ;  and  in  1639-40,  be  was  honored  by  Sir 
Ferdinando,  with  a  seat  at  the  board  of  his  Charter-council.     So 
good  was  his  standing,  that  on  the  departure  of   Mr.  Vines,  in 
1645,  he  was  Deputy-governor  the  remainder  of  the  year.     He 
was  an  opponent  of  Col.   Rigby;    yet  when  he  found  Lygonia 
was  assigned  to  him  and  himself  within  its  limits,  he    accepted 
the  office  of  Assistant  under  Mr.  Cleaves ;  and  in  another  change, 
when  Scarboro'  submitted  to    Massachusetts  in    1658,  he   was 
chosen  an  Associate,  and  in  1660,  was  returned  by  that  town  and 
Falmouth,  a  Deputy  to  the  Gen.  Court  at  Boston,     Still,  as  often 
as  occasion  occr.rred,  he  espoused  the  provincial  rights  of  Gorges  ; 
and  therefore,  at  the  time  the  king's  Commissioners  undertook  to 
establish  a  form  of   government  for  Maine  and    Sagadabock,   in 
1665,  he  accepted  the  office  of  Senior  Juslico,  for  both  provinces. 
But  so  great  after  this  was  his  variance  with  Massachusetts,  that 
on  her  resuming  the  government  -f  Maine,  in  16C8,  he  retired  in 
disgust  to  Pemaquid,     Here  be  resided  till  the  first  Indian  war, 
in  1675,  when  he  removed  to    Plymouth,   where  he  passed  the 
last  days  of  his  life.     He  left  one  son,  of   the   same  christian 
name,  who  was  afterwards  the  father  of  13  children.     Mr,  Jos- 
celyn,  whose  wife  was  the  relict  of  Capt.  Cammock,  removed  to 
Prout's  Neck  in  Scarboro',  after  the   marriage,  and  resided   their 
26  years  before  his  removal  to  P.imaquid.     Sometinae  prior  to  his 
leaving  Prout's  Neck,  he  being  embarrassed,  assigned  hi«  estate 


in 


APPENDIX. 

to  Joslitift  Scottow  of  Boston,  in  discharge  of  his  ;lebt9.  Mr. 
Joscelyn  manifestly  lived  in  troublous  times, — a  man  entitled  to 
far  more  respect  than  his  adversaries  were  willinj^  to  allow  him. 
His  brother,  John  Joscelyn,  resided  with  him  at  Front's  Neck,  the 
^ater  part  of  a  year;  and  diirinpr  that  time,  he  collected  many 
valuable  facts,  which  appear  in  the  narrative  of  his  '<  Voyages,'* 
afterwards  published. 

Christopher  Lawson,hoTn  1616,  was  one  among  others,  who  con- 
sidered himself  persecuted  by  the  government  of  Massachusetts. 
Therefore  he  left  Exeter,  N.  H.  wrth  Rev.  John  Wheelwright, 
in  1643,  and  after  a  short  stay  at  Wells,  proceeded  to  Sagadahock. 
Pleased  with  the  situation  of  the  lands  northward  of  Woolwich, 
he  purchased  of  the  Indians,  1649,  a  large  tract  in  that  vicinity, 
a  part  of  which  he  assigned  in  1653,  to  Thomas  Clark  and  Biby 
Lake.  Major  Clark  was  a  man  of  great  enterprize  and  of  so 
much  note  as  to  be  appointed  one  of  the  commissioners  to  estab- 
lish Devonshire,  in  1674.  Capt.  Thom»s  Lake  was  killed  at 
Arrowsick  by  the  Indians,  in  August,  1G7G.  In  respect  to  Law- 
son,  his  hostility  to  Massachusetts,  and  her  pretended  eastern 
claims,  rather  increased  than  abated ;  and  he  hesitated  not  to 
pronounce  her  a  persecutor  and  usurper.  Hence,  he  was  arrested 
and  tried,  io  1669,  on  a  charge  pf  contempt  for  her  courts  and 
authority,  and  sentenced  to  set  an  hour  in  the  stocks. 

Richard  Leader,  a  resident  freeholder  at  Newichawannock,  in 
possession  of  Capt.  John  Mason's  lands,  was  so  highly  esteemed 
by  the  people  as  to  receive  six  elections  into  the  board  of  Assistants 
under  Gov.  Godfrey's  administration,  anterior  to  its  termination  in 
1662  ;  yet  no  mention  of  him  is  made  afterwards.  Probably  his 
opposition  to  Massachusetts  at  that  time,  might  have  cost  him  the 
loss  of  her  favor  and  his  owu  popularity. 

Thomas  Lewis,  co-proprietor  with  Richard  Bonighton,  of  the 
ancient  patent  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  river  Saco,  came  into  the 
country  before  1630  and  settled  at  Winter-harbor.  He  died  in 
1638  ;  and  Francis  Robinson  was  the  executor  of  his  will.  He 
was  one  of  William  Gorges'  Council  and  much  esteemed  for  his 
virtues.  His  daughter  married  James  Gibbins,  who  removed  from 
Saco  to  Kittery  in  1642,  where  he  died  in  1683. 

Michael  Mitten  [Mitton]  came  over  probably  with  Mr.  Cleaves, 
when  he  returned  from  England,  in  1637;  and  settled  on  Casco- 
neck.  His  wife  was  Cleaves'  only  child,  and  his  children  were 
daughters,  the  wives  of  Anthony  and  Thomas  Bracket,  Thaddeus 
Clark  and  James  \adrewB.     His  character  for  honor  and  chastity 


688 


illil 


(I 


084 


iMWf  iaMible  itains ;  for  he  seduced,  in  hit  own  home,  Richard 
Mutin**  daoghter,  who  wu  entmsted  to  his  protection ;  and  who 
titer  retiring  to  Boston,  endeavored  to  secrete  her  shame  by  taking 
her  infant's  life,— a  crime  for  which  she,  in  1647,  died  on  the 
scaffold. 

Arthur  Macworth  settled  in  1632,  on  the  eastern  side  of  Pre- 
snmpscot-river,  and  southerly  of  the  Clapboard  Islands,  at  a  place 
since  called,  "  Mackey's  point."  His  wife  was  the  relict  of  Sam- 
uel Andrews,  whose  daughter  married  Francis  Neal  of  Falmouth. 
He  was  an  Assistant,  or  Magistrate,  in  1645,  under  the  administra- 
tion of  Governor  Vines ; — having  ten  years  previously,  received 
from  him  a  deed  of  his  lands,  and  been  himself,  to  some  extent,  an 
agent  of  Sir  Ferdinando.  He  was  opposed  to  Col.  Rigby ;  and 
consequently  C'.eaves  would  not  admit  him  into  his  council.  Ue 
died  in  1657. 

Nichoku  Manning  probably  resided  at  Damariscotta.  In  1688, 
when  Sir  Edmund  Andros,  assumed  the  exercise  of  government, 
over  the  duke's  province  of  Sagadahock,  he  appointed  Manning 
presiding  sole  magistrate  or  senior  justice  within  the  ducal  ju- 
risdiction, provided  Henry  Joscelyn  was  not  present.  Mr.  Man- 
ning was  moreover  directed  to  lay  out  or  survey  a  road  from  Pem- 
aquid,  through  !New-Dartmouth  to  Kennebec.  But  a  second 
Indian  war  soon  terminated  all  his  official  services,  and  occasioned 
his  withdrawal  to  a  place  of  more  safety. 

Rev.  Samuel  Moody  was  bom  at  Newbury,  January  4,  1676, 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1697,  and  settled  in  the  ministry  at  Fork 
in  December,  1700. — His  grandfather,  William,  emigrated  from 
Wales  to  Newbury  as  early  as  1634,  and  had  three  sons,  Joshua, 
Samuel,  and  Caleb.  Joshua,  bom  in  England,  was  the  first  min- 
ister of  Portsmouth ;  and  Caleb's  son,  Samuel,  first  above  men- 
tioned, was  the  second  ordained  minister  of  York.  Rev.  Joseph 
Moody,  his  son,  settled  in  1732,  over  the  2d  Church  in  York,  was 
the  father  of  the  celebrated  master  Samuel  Moody,  who  was  30 
years  preceptor  of  Dummer  Academy.  The  pious  minister  of  York 
died  in  1747 — the  epitaph  on  whose  grave-stone  is  in  these 
words ; — "  Here  lies  the  body  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  Moody,  A.  M. 
"  the  zealous,  faithful  and  successful  pastor  of  the  first  Church  of 
"Christ  in  York." — [See,  in  Doct.  Alliums  Biog.  Diet,  well  written 
noltees  of  Rev.  Meun.  Joshua  and  Samuel  Moody.'] 

Oeorge  Mouwtjoy^  ("  or  Munjoy,")  bora  in  1626,  was  the  son  of 
John  Mountjoy,  an  emigrant  from  Abbotiham,  in  Devonshire,  £ng- 


VOL. 


ichwd 
id  who 
taking 
on  the 

of  Pre- 
apl&ee 
of  Sam- 
,1  mouth. 
ainiBtraf 
received 
itent,  an 
by;  and 
cil.    Ue 

In  1688, 
ernment, 
Manning 
ducal  ju- 
ilr.  Man- 
:om  Pem- 
a  second 
ccasioned 

4,  1676, 
y  at  York 
ated  from 
8,  Joshua, 
first  min- 
)ove  men- 
iv.  Joseph 
York,  was 
o  was  30 
er  of  York 
in  these 
)dy,  A.  M. 
Church  of 
oeU  written 

\  the  son  of 
ihire,  Eng- 


APPEIfDIX. 

land.  George  removed  from  Boston  to  Falmouth,  in  1669,  and 
located  his  dwellinghouse  on  the  north-easterly  part  of  Casco- 
neck,  below  the  burying-place ;  though  he  owned  the  high-grounds 
above  it,  called  "Mountjoy's  Hill."  He  is  reputed  to  have  been 
a  man  of  critical  observation  and  correct  habits,  of  undisputed 
enterprize,  considerable  education  and  some  wealth.  He  was  one 
of  the  most  celebrated  surveyors  of  lands  and  draftsmen  in  his 
time.  In  1664,  he  was  a  County-associate  under  Massachusetts ; 
and  yet  he  was  appointed,  the  next  year,  by  the  king's  Commis- 
ers,  one  of  their  Justices  for  Maine.  At  his  death,  in  1680,  he 
leit  several  children,  and  a  wife,  who  was  the  daughter  of  John 
Phillips,  Boston. 

Walter  and  Francis  NeaUy  [orNeal]  came  early  into  this  country, 
from  England ;  and  though  they  are  of  the  same  surname,  they 
are  not  known  to  be  kindred.  Walter  arrived  at  Piscataqua,  in 
the  spring  of  1630,  the  commissioned  agent  of  both  Gorges  and 
Mason,  in  all  their  plantation  affairs  ;  and  the  next  year,  we  find, 
he  "was  styled  the  Governor  of  Piscataqua."  He  made  territo- 
rial grants  in  Kittery  as  well  as  in  Portsmouth,  and  put  Mr.  Brad- 
shaw  in  possession  of  a  large  tract  at  Spurwink,  granted  by  the 
Plymouth  Council, — afterwards  purchased  by  Richard  Tucker,  the 
first  settler.  >  He  left  for  England,  in  August,  1633. — Francis 
Netdcy  resided  on  the  easterly  side  of  the  Presumpscot,  in  Fal- 
mouth, as  early  as  1658.  He  was  town-commissioner  several 
years ;  one  of  John  Archdale's  Justices  in  1664 ;  an  associate 
under  Massachusetts,  in  1668,  and  the  two  following  years ;  and 
in  1670,  deputy  of  his  town  to  the  General  Court  at  Boston. 

John  Oldham  arrived  at  Plymouth,  in  July,  1623,  with  a  family 
of  ten  persons  and  resided  successively  at  that  place,  at  Hull  and 
at  Cape  Anne,  and  finally  settled  at  Watertown.  Revisiting  Eng- 
land, he  was  induced  to  unite  with  Richard  Vines,  in  1630,  and 
take  a  joint  patent  of  lands  on  the  western  side  of  the  Saco.  For 
reasons  unexplained,  he  never  resided  upon  it,  but  resigned  it 
entirely  to  his  co-proprietor.  In  his  trade  with  the  Indians,  which 
was  extensive,  he  in  some  way  so  affronted  them  that  the  Pequods, 
in  1636  killed  him,  at  Block  Island,  southerly  of  Newport — a 
murder,  which  with  other  wrongs  of  theirs,  occasioned  a  war,  and 
the  overthrow  of  the  tribe. 

John  Parker,  was  the  earliest  permanent  settler  on  the  Island 
Erascohegan,  since  called  by  his  name,  lying  in  the  mouth  of  the 
Vol.  I.  74 


686 


)i 


if 


iii 


lir 


i  ":(• 


!t 


686 


■\J^ 


APPENDIX. 

river  Sagadahock.  He  dwelt  upon  it,  during  the  winter  1629-30, 
and  purchased  it  of  a  Sagamore,  in  1643.  When  a  government 
was  instituted  at  Kennebec,  in  1654,  by  Thomas  Prince,  under 
authority  from  Plymouth-colony ;  Mr.  Parker,  desirous  of  estab- 
lished order  and  protection,  took  the  oath  of  allegiance,  though 
doubting,  if  her  jurisdiction  extended  so  far  as  to  embrace  his 
Island.  He  died  before  the  first  Indian  war;  and  his  descendants 
have  held  the  lands  under  the  ancestral  purchase  of  the  Natives. 

Bryan  Pendleton,  born  1599,  came  over  to  New-England  early, 
and  settled  in  Watertown,  prior  to  1634 ;  which  he  represent- 
ed in  the  General  Court,  six  years  before  1646.  In  the  mean-time, 
he  was  a  member  of  the  ancient  Artillery  company  in  Boston,  and 
captain  of  the  Militia.  He  removed  to  Portsmouth  about  the 
year  1650-1 ;  and  in  1652,  he  was  one  of  the  Massachusetts  com- 
missioners appointed  to  take  the  submission  of  Maine.  While  re- 
siding at  Portsmouth,  he  was  engaged  in  commerce  and  acquired 
a  considerable  estate ;  and  also  represented  that  town  in  the  Gen- 
eral Court  at  Boston,  5  years.  In  1658,  he  purchased  200  acres 
of  land  at  the  Neck,  near  Winter  Harbor  in  Saco,  and  settled  upon 
it,  in  1665.  His  political  and  military  knowledge  with  good  nat- 
ural abilities,  immediately  gave  him  great  weight  of  Character 
among  his  new  acquaintances;  and  therefore,  in  1667,  <^ under  the 
"government of  the  king's  commissioners,  he  was  elected  a  burgess, 
*•  to  attend  the  General  Court  of  the  Province."  The  same  year, 
under  the  new  governmental  order  of  affairs,  he  and  two  others 
were  chosen  by  the  town,  "  the  judges  of  small  causes  under  ten 
pounds."  Nevertheless  being  always  well  affected  towards  Mas- 
sachusetts, especially  when  her  commissioners  resumed  the  gov- 
ernment of  Maine,  he  was  appointed  by  them  one  of  the  associ- 
ates and  Sergeant-major  of  the  military,  that  is,  Major-command- 
ant of  the  Yorkshire  Militia.  He  was  also  one  of  the  county- 
associates  for  several  years.  However,  for  the  sake  of  more  safe- 
ty, he  lived  in  Portsmouth,  during  the  first  Indian  war;  and  after- 
wards, on  his  return  to  Saco,  he  appears  to  have  been  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  men  in  the  Province.  For  under  the  adminis- 
tration of  President  Danforth,  he  was  appointed,  in  1680,  senior 
member  of  his  Council  and  Deputy-president, — offices  holden  by 
him  at  the  time  of  his  death,  which  occurred  the  following  year. 
He  left  two  children,  James,  who  removed  from  Portsmouth  to  Ston- 
ington,  Connecticut,  about  the  time  of  his  father's  death,  and  was 
the  father  of  four  sons  and  one  daughter.     She  married,  in  1665, 


19-30, 
ament 
under 
estab' 
hough 
ce  his 
ndants 
ives. 
early, 
resent- 
a-time, 
on,  and 
3ut  the 
ts  com- 
hile  re- 
icquired 
he  Gen- 
lO  acres 
ed  upon 
ood  nat- 
haracter 
nder  the 
burgess, 
tne  year, 
0  others 
nder  ten 
rd»  Mas- 
le  gov- 
associ- 
)mmand- 
county- 
lore  safe- 
,nd  after- 
le  of  the 
adminis- 
0,  senior 
olden  by 
ing  year. 
1  to  Ston- 
and  was 
in  1665, 


APPENDIX. 

Rev.  Seth  Fletcher,  then  the  minister  of  Wells,  who  was  in  six  or 
seven  years  afterwards,  reinstalled  at  o.  Their  only  child 
was  Pendleton  Fletcher,  whom  his  grandfather  adopted,  about 
1670,  when  13  or  14  years  old;  giving  him  a  large  estate,  of 
which  he  took  possession  on  coming  of  lawful  age.  What  ren- 
dered him  distinguished  was  his  misfortunes ;  for  he  was  taken 
captive  four  times  by  the  Indians;  when  he  died  in  1747,  he 
left  six  sons,  whose  descendants  are  spread  over  the  country. 

William  Pcpperell,  a  native  of  Cornwall,  England,  emigrated  to 
the  Isles  of  Shoals,  in  1676,  where  he  lived  upwards  of  20  years, 
and  carried  on  a  large  fishery.     Next  he  removed  to  Kittery-point, 
where  he  became  a  worthy  merchant  and  a  distinguished  magis- 
trate, and  where  he  died  in  1734. — He  left  one  son,  born  in  1696, 
afterwards  Sir  William  Pepperell, — the  most  famous  man 
Maine  ever  produced.     He  was  a  member  of  the  Province-council 
32  years,  a  Lieutenant-general,  and  in  reward  for  his  brilliant  servi- 
ces, merits  and  successes  in  the  capture  of  Louisburg,  in  174S, 
the  king  ennobled  him  with  the  title  and  dignity  of  Baronet  of 
Great  Britain, — an  honor  never  before  nor  since  conferred   on  a 
native  of  |4^ew-EngIand.     He  died  at  his  seat  in  Kittery,  July  6, 
1769,  aged  63  years. — [See  biographical  sketches  o J  him  in  the  Biog. 
Die.  of  Doct.  Allen  and  Doct.  Elliot.']     He  had  two  children, 
namely,  a  son,  Andrew,  who  graduated  at  Harvard  College  1743, 
and  died  March  1,  1751,  aged  26  years ;   and  Elizabeth,  his  only 
daughter,  born  1723,  who  married  Col.  Nathaniel   Sparhawk,  of 
Kittery*  and  who  survived  her  father.     To  their  second  son,  Wil- 
liam Pepperell  Sparhawk,  Sir  William  devised  his  great  estate  and 
'  titled  dignity'  upon  condition — he   renounced  and  dropped  his 
suniame,  on  or  before  arriving  at  lawful  age.     Such  a  compliance 
probably  cost  him  no  great  effort ;  aud  accordingly  we  find  at  the 
head  of  the  Harvard  Catalogue  of  graduates,  in   1766,   <*  William 
Pepperell,  Mr.  "  Baronettus".     He  settled  in  Boston  ;  was  a  man  of 
eminence,  one  of  the  Mandamus  Council,  and  consequently  a  noted 
loyalist   in  the  Revolution. — He  abandoned   his  spacious  man- 
sion house  there  when  the  enemy  left  the  town  ;  which  was  oc- 


687 


"  Col.  Sparhawk,  whose  ancestors  lived  in  Cambridge,  is  of  the  4th  generation ; 
his  father,  John  Sparhawk,  minister  of  Bristol,  graduated  at  Harvard  College, 
1689,  left  two  sons,  John,  minister  of  Salem,  and  the  Col.  who  was  a  Councillor 
and  Judge  of  the  Common  Pleas  in  York  County.  He  had  three  sons  graduated 
at  Harvard  College,  viz.  Nathaniel,  in  1765,  CSir)  William,  17G(i,  and  Samuel, 
1771. 


ggg  APPENDIX. 

cupied  for  a  period  by  Major  General  Heath,  and  afterwards  in 
1778,  confiscated.  He  died  in  London,  Dec.  17,  1816,  when  the 
title  probably  became  extinct. 

l^iam  Phillipsj  a  distinguished  man  in  Maine,  removed  from 
'  .^  Boston  to  Saco,  in  1660.    His  wife  was  the  relict  of  John  Sand- 

ford,  Secretary  of  Rhode- Island,  whose  son,  Peleg,  was  the  Gover- 
nor of  that   Colony,  and  whose   elder  daughter  married  Elisha 
Hutchinson  of  Boston.     The  children  of  Mr.  Phillips,  after  mar- 
riage with  Mrs.  Sandford,  were  three  sons  and  five  daughters. 
He  soon  became,  it   seems,  a  great  landholder  in  the  county  of 
York  ;  for  it  is  found  that  all  the  unsold  'patented'  lands  of  Rich- 
ard Vines,  situate  on  the  southern  side  of  the  Saco,  were  conveyed 
by  him  in  1645,  to  Robert  Childs ;  by  him  in  1647,  to  John  Beex 
and  Company,  in  London,  great  traders  to  New-England ;  and  by 
them  in  1656  and  9,  for  d£90,  to  Mr.  Fhillips ;  and  the  General 
Court,  in  1660,  quieted  all  ih'i  settlers  under  Vines,  upon  the  'pa- 
tent' territory.    Phillips  pur/;^i'ised  likewise  of  Sagamore  Fluellen, 
in  1661,  the  territory  between  Mousum  and  Little  Ossipee  rivers, 
embracing  most  of  the  present  Sandford,  Alfred  and  Waterborough ; 
and  in  1664,  he  procured  from  Sagamore  Mogg  Hegone  a  quit- 
claim of  all  the  lands  between  the  Saco  and  the  Kennebunk  rivers, 
extending  from  the  seacoast  to  a  line  parallel  therewith,  which 
was  to  run  from  Salmon  Falls  in  the  Saco  to  the  Kennebunk.   This 
included  the  jiLove  *  patented'  purchase.     He  also  made  in  the 
same  year,  two  other  purchases,  one  of  Hobinowell  and  the  other 
of  Captain  Sundy,  embracing  the  upper  part  of  the  present  Hollis 
and  the  most  of  Limington.     Still  it  was  his  good  sense  and  his 
merits,  more  than  his  wealth,  that  gave  him  rank  and  influence. 
Amidst  all  the  political  changes  of  his  time,  he  was  highly  es- 
teemed by  all  parties,  and  much  in  office.     Within  two  years  after 
he  settled  in  the  Province,  he  was  elected  one  of  the  county-asso- 
ciates ;  and  was  likew^ise  **■  legally  chosen  by  the  major  part  of  the 
"  freemen  and  fidelity-men  of  this  county,  to  exercise  the  place  of 
"  Sergeant-major,  [or  commandant  of  the  York  hire  Regiment] 
"  for  the  year  ensuing,  and  his  oath  was  given  him  at  this  Court, 
"hoiden  at  Wells,  September  29,  1663."     Though  he  was  ihen 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  Massachusetts ;    he,  through  an  honest 
conviction  of  Gorges'  rights,  espoused  his  cause  with  spirit  and 
,  perseverance,  whenever  the  justice  of  counter  claims  was  under 

discussion  ;  and  therefore  at  the  time  the  king's  commissioners 
undertook  to  new-model  the  governi:nent,  in  1665,  he  accepted 


APPENDIX 

from  them  the  office  of  magistrate  and  was  reappointed  ccunafl^ 
er  of  the  regiment.  But  this  course  of  conduct,  while  it  >'<hM(- 
ed  largely  from  his  great  popularity,  gave  so  much  uin'  i^p  to 
Massachusetts,  that  when  she  resumed  the  government,  in  1*  >H, 
she  treated  him  with  entire  neglect;  appointing  in  his  8tead, 
Bryan  Pendleton,  to  the  command  of  the  Yorkshire  regiment. 
Inclined  at  length  to  dispose  of  his  real  estate,  he  sold,  before  the 
year  1670,  to  Richard  Hutchinson  J,000  acres;  to  Edward  Tyng, 
1,500  ;  to  Richard  Russel,  2,000  acres  ;  and  three  square  miles,  to 
Lieutenant-Governor  Leverett.  In  October,  1675,  his  dwelling- 
house  was  laid  in  ashes  by  the  savages ;  after  which  event,  he 
removed  to  Boston.  The  next  year,  he  made  partition  of  his  east- 
ern estate,  among  his  own  children,  and  those  of  his  wife  by  a 
former  husband,  Elisha  Hutchinson's  wife  having  one  share,  as 
previously  mentioned.  He  died  in  1683,  having  devised  the  res- 
idue of  his  valuable  property  to  his  wife  and  three  sons,  Nathan- 
iel, Samuel,  and  William.  Nor  ought  the  fact  to  be  passed  unno- 
ticed, that  when  Gorges  assigned  Maine  to  Massachusetts,  May 
6,  1677,  he  made  a  special  reservation  of  all  the  grants  made  by 
William*  Phillips. 

Walter  Phillips  was  an  early  settler  on  the  south-westerly  side  of 
the  Damariscotta,  in  New-Dartmouth,  [Newcastle,]  a  little  south- 
erly of  the  Lower  Falls ;  where,  in  1661  and  2,  and  in  1674,  he 
purchased  large  tracts  of  the  Sagamores.  He  appears  to  have 
been  a  sensible  man,  worthy  of  public  confidence,  and  acquainted 
with  penmanship ;  for  when  the  king's  commissioners,  in  1665, 
held  a  session  at  the  house  of  John  Mason,  on  Great  Neck,  east- 
erly of  the  Sheepscot,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  govern- 
ment within  the  Duke's  province  of  Sagadahock,  they  appointed 
Phillips,  clerk,  and  county-recorder.  He  was  faithful  to  his  trust, 
and  registered  many  deeds  and  other  valuable  papers  ;  so  that  the 
"  Sheepscott  Records,"  kept  by  him,  were,  till  burnt  with  the 
Boston  Courthouse,  in  1748,  often  both  examined  and  mentioned,  as 
documentary  evidence  of  land-titles  and  facts.  He  retired  from 
the  Province,  when  the  second  Indian  war  commenced,  about 
1688,  and  afterwards  resided  in  Salem,  some  15  or  16  years.  In 
1702,  he  conveyed  his  eastern  estate  to  Christopher  Tappan  of  New- 
bury, and  hence  the  "  Tappan  Right,"  subsequently  the  occasion 
of  so  much  altercation  and  controversy. 


•^ 


fe 


Called  in  the  Msignment,  "  .Xathanicl,"  by  a  mistake  of  Uic  name 


It 


^90  APPEXDIX. 

Roger  Plaisted,  early  settled  at  Berwick,  the  north  precinct  of 
Kittery ;  being  one  of  the  most  excellent  public-spirited  nnen  in 
his  time.  In  1663,  and  three  other  years,  he  represented  Kittery  in 
the  General  Court,  at  Boston,  and  two  years  he  was  an  Associate. 
But  his  life  was  not  a  long  one  ;  for  as  early  in  the  first  Indian  war, 
as  October,  1675,  he  being  only  48  years  of  age,  and  also  two  of  his 
sons,  all  men  of  Spartan  valor,  were  slain  in  a  battle  with  the 
savage  enemy  ;  he  being  at  the  time  commander  of  the  military 
company  and  of  the  garrison,  in  that  place. 

Abraham  Preble  removed  from  Soituate  to  Agamenticus  in  1642, 
and  the  same  year  purchased  of  Edward  Godfrey,  a  tract  of  land 
upon  which  he  settled.  He  was  one  of  the  Council  or  Magistra- 
cy, under  Sir  Ferdinando's  Charter,  from  1645,  to  the  time  when 
the  province  was  adopted,  or  subjugated  by  Massachusetts,  in 
1652.  Immediately,  and  for  several  years,  he  was  one  of  the 
Associates,  and  in  1660,  he  was  appointed  County-treasurer.  He 
died  in  1663,  in  the  height  of  public  esteem.  His  son,  Abraham, 
who  died  in  1723,  in  his  50th  year,  was  a  distinguished  man  : — 
his  grandson  was  the  famous  Brigadier  Preble  of  Falmouth  ;  and 
his  great-grandson  was  Commodore  Edward  Preble. 

Thomas  Purchaa  was  the  first  settler  at  Pegypscot,  [Brunswick] 
probably  as  early  as  1625  or  6.  His  companion  was  George 
Way ;  and  it  is  said,  that  in  1632-3,  they  took  from  the  Ply- 
mouth-council, a  joint  Patent  of  lands  on  both  sides  of  the  An- 
droscoggin, from  the  Lower  Falls  to  its  mouth ;  and  that  he  pur- 
chased the  same  tract  of  the  Natives.  He  lived  on  the  southerly 
side  of  Stevens'  river  near  its  head  ;  and  was  engaged  in  the  fur- 
trade.  He  was  so  much  noticed  by  Gov.  William  Gorges,  as  to 
be  selected  by  him,  in  1635,  one  of  his  Council.  Becoming  ap- 
prehensive for  his  own  safety,  however,  or  supposing  himself  neg- 
lected by  Sir  Ferdinando,  in  forming  his  new  administration,  he 
assigned  the  greater  part  of  his  wild  lands,  to  Massachusetts,  in 
1639  ;  and  at  the  same  time,  as  well  as  in  1642,  he  put  himself  and 
his  plantation  under  the  protection  of  her  government.  As  this 
measure  probably  answered  no  great  purpose,  he  submitted,  in 
1654,  to  the  New-Plymouth-government  on  the  Kennebec  ;  took 
the  oath  of  allegiance ;  and  was  elected  sole  Assistant  to  Mr. 
Prince,  the  Colony-commissioner.  It  appears,  however,  that  he 
was  one  of  those  flexible  patriots,  who  could  accommodate  his  poli- 
tics to  the  changes  of  the  times,  as  he  accepted  the  office  of  Jus- 
tice under  Archdale's  brief  authority,  in  1664  ;  though  it  is  true, 


APPENDIX. 

he  might  have  justly  believed,  that  all  the  civil  and  political  rights 
of  that  Colony,  within  the  Kennebec  Patent,  had  ceased  with  the 
sale  of  it,  three  years  before,  and  the  arceptance  of  his  new  ap- 
pointment perfectly  consistent.  His  house  was  pliuulcred  by  the 
Indians,  in  September,  1675 ;  when  he  left  Ponypscot,  and  we 
know  nothing  of  his  return. 

Francia  Rat/nes,  an  inhabitant  of  York,  noticed  for  his  intelli- 
gence and  his  friendship  to  Gorges,  was  appointed,  in  1664,  one 
of  Archdale's  Justices.  Nevertheless,  on  the  re-assumption  of 
government  by  Massachusetts,  in  1668,  he  was  chosen  an  Associ- 
ate, and  subsequently  took  an  active  part  in  political  allairs. 

NichoUu  Reynal,  who  resided  on  the  easterly  side  of  Sagada- 
hock,  is  a  man  whose  name  is  not  noticed,  till  1()65.  Yet  his 
character  for  respectability  must  have  been  previously  known  ;  as 
the  king's  commissioners,  while  they  were  at  Sheepscot,  that 
year,  appointed  him  a  Justice  of  the  peace  for  the  Duke's  province. 

Edward  Rishworlh,  removed,  in  1643,  from  Exeter,  N.  H.,  to 
Wells,  with  his  minister,  Rev.  John  Wheelwright,  whose  daugh- 
ter he  had  married.  Leaving  that  place  in  a  few  years,  he  finally 
settled  at  Agamenticus.  He  was  a  man  of  good  education,  and 
considerable  abilities,  but  what  rendered  him  principally  distin- 
guished was  his  gentlemanly  manners,  his  penmanship  and  cler- 
ical correctness.  Immediately  on  the  assumption  of  government 
in  Maine  by  Massachusetts,  iu  1652,  he  was  appointed  Recorder 
and  one  of  the  Associates,  and  continued  to  hold  the  same  offices 
through  a  series  of  years.  Als),  between  1653  and  1679,  both  in- 
clusive, he  had  13  elections  as  a  Deputy  from  his  town  to  the 
General  Court  at  Boston,  and  one  year,  1659,  he  was  returned 
for  Falmouth  and  Scarborough  united ;  it  being  no  uncommon 
thing  in  his  days,  for  towns  to  elect  non-residents,  their  represent- 
atives. Being  a  professed  friend  to  Massachusetts,  he  lost  some 
part  of  her  favor,  by  consenting  to  accept,  as  he  did,  the  office  of 
Justice,  under  Archdale  and  under  the  king's  commissioners,  in 
1664  and  5 ;  yet  he  afterwards  so  retrieved  his  reputation  and  re- 
gained his  popularity,  as  to  be  appointed  under  President  Dan- 
forth's  administration,  in  1680,  one  of  the  standing  Council  and 
the  Recorder.  These  places  he  faithfully  filled  till  his  death, 
which  occurred  probably  about  the  time  the  Charter  of  William 
and  Mary  arrived.  The  tragic  death  of  his  only  daughter,  the 
wife  of  Rev.  Shubael  Dummer,  has  been  previously  mentioned. 

William  RoyaU,  an  emigrant  to  Salem,  as  early  as  1629,  became 
subsequently  an  original  seUler  of   North-Yarmouth,  near  the 


691 


\ 


%: 


692  APPENDIX. 

mouth  of  Westgustego-river,  which  from  him  took  its  new  name. 
On  its  easterly  side,  he  purchased  of  Gov.  Thomas  Gorges,  a 
tract  of  land,  upon  which  he  ultimately  established  his  residence. 
He  was  an  Assistant,  in  1636,  under  William  Gorges'  short  admin- 
istration of  New-Somersetshire ;  and  again,  in  1648,  under  that 
of  Mr  Cleaves  in  Lygonia.  Though  no  mention  is  made  of  him 
in  the  first  Indian  war,  we  find  the  savages  made  him  a  prisoner, 
in  1688 ;  and  Baron  de  Castine,  very  generously  ransomed  him  and 
set  him  at  liberty.  He  had  two  sons — John,  who  lived  in  York, 
and  William,  born  in  1640,  who  died  in  1724.  Hon.  Isaac  Roy- 
all  was  William's  son,  born  in  1672,  who  returned  from  An- 
tigua, in  1737,  his  previous  place  of  residence  several  years,  and 
died,  1739. 

Robert  Sankey,  settled  at  Winter-harbor  in  Saco,  was  provost- 
marshall  under  the  administration  of  Gov.  Thomas  Gorges,  in 
1640  ;  and  likewise  under  that  organized  by  Mr.  Cleaves,  in  1646, 
over  Lygonia. 

Humphrey  Scamman,  born  at  Portsmouth,  in  1640,  resided,  after 
he  was  21,  successively,  at  Kittery,  at  Cape  Porpoise,  and  ulti- 
mately at  Saco,  near  the  ferry,  where  he  settled,  about  the  year 
1680.  The  fear  of  suffering  from  the  Indians  was  at  that  period 
by  no  means  imaginary ;  for  in  1697,  he  and  his  family  were  taken 
and  carried  away  captive  by  them  to  Canada ;  where  they  were 
detained  so  long  that  Mary,  one  of  his  daughters,  became  weaned 
of  home,  and  married  a  Frenchman,  and  never  returned.  Mr. 
Scamman  was  a  Representative  to  the  General  Court,  in  1719, 
and  died  in  1727;  of  whose  posterity,  there  have  arisen  several 
distinguished  men. 

Joshua  Scottow — was  a  freeman  in  Boston,  in  1639  ;  and  some 
years  afterwards  Captain  of  the  Artillery  Company, — also  author 
of  a  couple  of  literary  tracts.  Becoming,  in  1660  and  6,  the  as- 
signee and  otherwise,  the  owner  of  Abraham  and  Henry  Joscelyn's 
several  farms  in  Scarboro',  he  removed  thither  after  the  first  In- 
dian war  and  settled  at  Prout's  Neck.  At  the  commencement  of 
President  Danforth's  administration,  in  1680,  he  was  one  of  the 
Standing  Council ;  in  1683,  the  trustee  of  Scarborough  and  Fal- 
mouth townships ;  and  in  1688,  a  Judge  of  Probate  under  Gov- 
ernor Andros.  He  died  in  1698,  at  Boston  ;  leaving  two  daughters, 
who  married  in  that  town,  and  a  third  who  married  Rev.  Bejamin 
Blackman  of  Saco.  He  also  left  one  son,  Thomat  Scottow,  a  very 
worthy  young  man,  who,  when  he  had  completed  his  education 


APPENDIX. 

and  taken  his  degree  at  Harvard  College,  in  16T7,  returned  to  hit 
father's  family ;  vf&s  appointed,  in  1688,  Register  of  Probate,  and 
County-commissioner,  under  Sir  Edmund  Andros'  short  adminis* 
tration ;  and  the  next  year  had  command  of  the  garrison  in  hit 
town.  But  savage  hostilities  and  his  father's  death,  induced 
him  to  leave  the  place  entirely ;  and  in  1728  the  estate  was  con- 
veyed to  Timothy  Prout,  Esq.  from  whom  the  <  Neck'  has  deriv- 
ed its  name. 

Nicholas  Shaplcigh^  an  early  settler  in  Kittery,  was  one  of  the 
first,  who,  in  1652,  surrendered  to  Massachusetts,  and  consented 
to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance.  His  example  had  great  influence; 
and  indeed  such  was  his  weight  of  character,  and  so  great  hit 
popularity,  that  in  the  course  of  a  few  years,  he  was  either  ap- 
pointed or  elected  to  most  of  the  offices,  in  the  power  of  the  gov- 
ernment or  the  people  to  give  him.  In  the  outset,  he  was  a  special 
commissioner  for  holding  courts ;  first  county-treasurer;  in  1656, 
surgeant-major  of  Yorkshire  Militia;  also  several  years,  an  As- 
sociate. But  at  length,  he  became  so  much  a  proselyte  to  the 
sentiments  of  the  Quakers,  that  after  he  was  elected  an  Associate 
in  1663,  he  refused  to  be  sworn.  This  raised  in  Massachusetts, 
and  among  many  in  Maine,  a  persecuting  spirit  against  him  which 
ran  to  such  a  height,  as  to  arouse  in  him  a  proportionate  opposition. 
He  accepted,  at  the  hand  of  Archdale,  the  appointment  of  com- 
missioner, from  Gorges,  the  Lord-proprietor's  heir  of  the  Province ; 
espousing  boldly  his  rights,  and  protesting  with  great  zeal,  againtt 
all  the  acts  and  orders  of  Massachusetts,  within  the  Province  o^ 
Maine.  His  chief  colleagues  in  the  opposition,  were  Joscelyn, 
Jordan  and  Champernoon ;  all  of  whom  were  indicted  by  the 
Grand-jury,  at  the  ensuing  term  of  Yorkshire  court,  for  divert 
contempts  and  political  misdemeanors.  But  he  utterly  refuted  to 
hold  any  office,  under  the  king's  commissioners  r  and  his  wisdom, 
fidelity  and  conscientious  circumspection,  apparent  in  the  discharge 
of  every  duty,  through  a  period  of  several  years,  greatly  mitigated 
the  asperity  of  public  feeling ;  and  partially  restored  him  to  favor; 
BO  that  he  was  appointed,  at  the  close  of  king  Phillip't  war,  a 
commissioner  to  treat  with  the  Indians, — a  trust  which  he  execut- 
ed April  12,  1676.  He  was  also  a  deputy  from  Kittery,  in  1689, 
to  the  General  Assembly,  under  Danforth's  administration. — It  it 
supposed,  that  Benjamin  Shapleigh,  bom  in  Boaton,  1645,  wat 
his  only  son. 

Vol.  I.  75 


693 


Q94  APPENDIX. 

Abraham  Shurte,*  when  quite  a  young  man,  came  over  to  our 
shores,  under  the  auspices  of  Gyles  Elbridge,  and  Robert  Aids- 
worth,  in  1625;  and  one  of  the  first  acts,  we  find  of  his  as  their 
agent,  was  the  purchase  of  Monhegan,  the  same  year.  He  resid- 
ed at  Pemaquid,  was  superintendant  of  their  afl'airs,  and  sole 
or  chief  magistrate  of  the  people,  till  Thomas  Elbridge  came 
over  and  took  possession  of  the  Patent  under  his  brother's  will, 
executed  September  11,  1646.  We  hear  little  of  Mr.  Shurte,  for 
the  succeeding  forty  years.  He  was  probably  the  assistant  of  El- 
bridge in  the  management  of  aflairs,  civil  and  political,  before 
and  after  his  sale  of  the  Patent  in  1051  and  7,  till  the  king's  Com- 
missioners assumed  the  government  in  Soptcmber,  1665.  Of  those 
who  took  the  oath  of  allegiance  at  that  time  to  the  Duke  of 
York,  we  find  the  name  of  Elbridge,  not  that  of  Shurte.  The 
latter  was  a  man  of  great  prudence  and  discretion.  As  the  com- 
missioners had  their  session  at  Great  Neck,  on  the  Sheepscot, 
and  he  had  chosen  a  residence  in  the  wilderness  for  the  sake  of 
liberty,  perhaps  he  thought  it  fraught  with  circumspection  to  re- 
remain  at  home.  No  notice  appears  to  have  been  taken  of  him 
in  any  of  their  measures  ;  nor  by  Massachusetts  in  1674,  when 
she  established  Devonshire ;  though  she  made  Pemaquid  the 
county-town.  His  conduct  towards  the  natives  was  always  evin- 
jj.  '  cive  of  good  sense,  and  exhibited  exemplary  kindness.  In  1631, 
he  restored  to  Lynn,  a  Sagamore,  his  wife,  who  had  been  made  a 
captive  by  a  party  of  the  Abenaques  ;  and  in  king  Philip's  war, 
he  made  repeated  efforts — not  without  success,  to  conciliate  the 
temper  of  the  Indians,  and  counteract  a  rising  spirit  among  the 
whites,  incentive  to  hostilities.  He  was  uniformly  a  useful 
man,  being  in  1680,  "town  clerk  of  Pemaquid,"  when  he  must 
^  have  been  upwards  of  80  years  of  age.  It  is  said  he  died  in  1690. 
^  Roger  Spencer  removed  from  Charleston  to  Saco  in  1658  ;  and 
two  years  afterwards,  joined  Thomas  Clark  in  the  purchase  of  Ar- 
rowsick  Island.  He  also  joined  Major  Pendleton  in  the  purchase  of 
the  Neck,  where  he  settled,  and  built  the  first  mill  ever  erected 
on  Saco-river.  At  the  end  if  ten  years  he  returned  to  Boston. 
He  had  several  children  ;  and  it  is  interesting  to  know,  that  one  of 
his  daughters  had  two  hu^'^und'',  the  first  was  j,)hn  Hull,  a  trader  in 
that  town,  and  the  other  was  [Sir]  VVilmam  Pmps  ;  and  another 


*  SoiiietiniFn  ipelt  "  Shurd,  '  or  oven  "  fcihort, '  but  lie  wrote  hii  own  name 
"  Bhurto." 


own  name 


APPENDIX.  '  -^ 

naferried  Doct.  David  Bennet  of  Rowley,  Massachusetts.  Ben- 
net's  son,  Spenrer,  adopted  by  Sir  William,  who  had  no  child, 
took  his  surname  and  succcoded  to  his  fortune.  He  head^  the  list 
of  graduates  at  Harvard  College  in  1703  ;  was  Province-councillor 
and  Lieutenant-governor;  and  died  April  1757,  aged  73  years. 
His  son,  William  Phips,   was   graduated   at  the  same   college  in 

1728.  . :  -    ':'■''' ' 

Edward  Tynfj  was  the  second  son  of   his   father,  whose  chris- 
tian name  he  bore,  and  who  came  over  in    1630,   and   settled   at  ' 
Boston.     The  father  was  an  eminent  man,  being  an    Assistant  14 
years,  and  Col.  of  Sulfolk  regiment.     Edward,  the  son,  removed 
to  Falmouth  Neck,  about  1678-9,  where  he  married  the  daughter 
of  Thaddeus  Clark,  son-in-law  of  George  Cleaves.     Being  a  man 
of  more  than  common  intellect,  and  of  great  military   taste — well 
acquainted  with  public    Hairs,  he    soon  entered  upon   a  political 
career,  which  continued  to  his   death.     It  commenced   with   the 
administration  of  Pres.  Danforth,  in   1680,  when   he  was  imme- 
diately appointed  to  the  command   of   Fort  Loyul ;    a  trustee  of 
Falmouth-township  ;  and  a  member  of  the  Provincial  -council ; — 
ofTices  which  he  held  with  honor  to  himself,  till    the   commence- 
ment of  the  revolutionary  changes   under  Pres.   Dudley,  in  1686, 
and  of  Gov.  Andros,  in  1687.     Nor  was  it  very  unexpected,  that, 
as  the  former  had  married  his  sister,  he  should   be  appointed,  as 
he  was,  a  member  of  the  Council  under  Mr.  Dudley  and  Mr.  An- 
dros, in  each  of  their  administrations.     The  latter  also  gave    him 
a   Colonel's   commission,   which  embraced  the  militia,   both  in 
Maine  and  the  Duke's  province  ;  and  when  the  re-organization  of 
government  under  Pres.  Danforth,  in  May,  1689,   was  confirmed, 
Col.  Tyng  was  one  of  his  Council — and  re-appointed  commander  of 
the  Eastern  Regiment, — as  Mnjor  Charles  Frost  was  of  the  west- 
ern one.     In  short,  such  was  the  grade  he  held  in  public    estima- 
tion, that  he  was  selected  and  subse(piently  appointed  Governor  o( 
Nova  Scotia,  after  the  Province  was  subdued  by  Phips,  in   May, 
1690.     But  in  his  passage  to  Annapolis,  he  was  taken  prisoner  by 
the  French  and  sent  to  France  where  he  died.     He  left  two  sons 
and  two  daughters.       1.    Kdward,   born     1683,  was  the  brave 
naval  Commodore,  at  the   siege   ()<"  l.nni.sbourg,    (174.5)  ;  and  2, 
Jonathan,  of  VVoburn,  a  incniher  of  Ai\dros'  Council  and  a  magis- 
trate ot  influence,  who  also  had  two  sons.     These  were,  1,  John, 
who  was  graduated  at  Harvard  College,  1691,  lived  at  Chelmsford, 
was  a  Major,  killed  by  the  Indians  in  1710,  nnd  left  a  son,    'ohn, 


695 


696 


# 
■^ 


It ' 


APPENDIX. 

graduated  at  the  same  College,  1725,  the  eccentric  Judge  Tyag 
of  T]mgsboro,  Mass. ;  and  2,  Eleazer,  Colonel  of  the  Middlesex 
Regiment.  William  Tyng,  who  was  Sheriff  of  Cumberland 
County,  Maine,  and  died  sometime  since,  at  Oorham,  was  the 
son  of  Commodore  Tyng. 

Richard  Vines,  who  first  visited  Maine  in  1609,  and  again  in 
1616,  could  boast  of  having  been  in  the  country  several  years 
before  any  other  inhabitant  that  could  be  found.  His  voyages 
hither,  were  under  the  direction  of  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges ;  who 
induced  him  and  his  companions  to  come  over,  explore  the  coun> 
try  and  select  a  place  for  settlement.  Accordingly,  they  passed 
the  winter  1616-17,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Saco,  since  called 
<  Winter  Harbor,'  and  on  the  12th  of  February,  1629,  old  style, 
Vines  and  John  Oldham  took  from  the  Plymouth-council,  a  patent 
of  lands,  eight  miles  on  the  western  side  of  the  river  by  four  on 
the  coast, — Vines  having  already  resided  there  five  or  six  years, 
and  becoming  subsequently  sole  patentee.  He  was  principal  su- 
perintendant  of  the  plantation,  till  the  arrival  of  Gov.  William 
Gorges  in  1635,  who  appointed  him  one  of  his  Council  or  Assist- 
ants. Next,  in  1640,  he  was  constituted  one  of  Sir  Ferdinando's 
charter-council,  and  appointed  his  steward-general, — places  which 
he  filled  till  the  year  1643,  when,  on  the  departure  of  Thomas 
Gorges,  he  was  promoted  to  the  office  of  Deputy-governor.  He 
looked  with  carefulness  to  his  own  affairs  and  was  considered  at 
one  time  a  man  of  considerable  wealth.  But  in  consequence  of 
heavy  losses  sustained  by  d'Aulney  and  others,  at  the  same  time 
determined  never  to  be  a  subject  of  Col.  Rigby's  government,  he 
sold  his  whole  patent,  Oct.  20,  1645,  to  Doct.  Robert  Childs, 
and  after  a  residence  of  22  years,  at  Saco,  he  removed  to  the  Isl- 
and Barbadoes.  Though  Mr.  Vines  was  an  Episcopalian  and  roy- 
alist, his  sentiments  were  ingenuous,  and  he  sustained  an  excel- 
lent character.  Subsequent  to  his  removal,  he  had  a  correspond- 
ence with  Gov.  Winthrop  of  Boston,  in  1647  and  8,  by  which,  in 
taking  our  farewell  of  him,  we  are  enabled  to  form  a  very  favor- 
able opinion  of  his  pious  principles  as  well  as  his  good  sense. 


*^ 


-«-. '       t 


ge  Tyng 

liddlesex 

mberland 

was  the 


fc-./, 


V 


again  in 
ral  years 
I  voyages 
jes ;  who 
the  coun- 
ey  passed 
ice  called 
old  style, 
1,  a  patent 
(y  four  on 
six  years, 
ncipal  su- 
.  William 
or  Assist- 
srdinando's 
ices  which 
)f  Thomas 
ernor.    He 
isidered  at 
equence  of 
same  time 
;mment,  he 
ert  Childs, 
[  to  the  Isl- 
ian  and  roy- 
i  an  excel- 
correspond- 
ly  which,  in 
very  favor- 
1  sense. 


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